1
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Wei YC, Hsu LY. Wide-Dynamic-Range Control of Quantum-Electrodynamic Electron Transfer Reactions in the Weak Coupling Regime. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:7403-7410. [PMID: 38995883 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c01265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
Catalyzing reactions effectively by vacuum fluctuations of electromagnetic fields is a significant challenge within the realm of chemistry. As opposed to most studies based on vibrational strong coupling, we introduce an innovative catalytic mechanism driven by weakly coupled polaritonic fields. Through the amalgamation of macroscopic quantum electrodynamics (QED) principles with Marcus electron transfer (ET) theory, we predict that ET reaction rates can be precisely modulated across a wide dynamic range by controlling the size and structure of nanocavities. Compared to QED-driven radiative ET rates in free space, plasmonic cavities induce substantial rate enhancements spanning the range from 103- to 10-fold. By contrast, Fabry-Perot cavities engender rate suppression spanning the range from 10-2- to 10-1-fold. This work overcomes the necessity of using strong light-matter interactions in QED chemistry, opening up a new era of manipulating QED-based chemical reactions in a wide dynamic range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chen Wei
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 106, Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
- Department of Applied Physics and Science Education, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Liang-Yan Hsu
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 106, Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
- National Center for Theoretical Sciences, Taipei 106, Taiwan
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2
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Fábri C, Császár AG, Halász GJ, Cederbaum LS, Vibók Á. Coupling polyatomic molecules to lossy nanocavities: Lindblad vs Schrödinger description. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:214308. [PMID: 38836455 DOI: 10.1063/5.0205048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The use of cavities to impact molecular structure and dynamics has become popular. As cavities, in particular plasmonic nanocavities, are lossy and the lifetime of their modes can be very short, their lossy nature must be incorporated into the calculations. The Lindblad master equation is commonly considered an appropriate tool to describe this lossy nature. This approach requires the dynamics of the density operator and is thus substantially more costly than approaches employing the Schrödinger equation for the quantum wave function when several or many nuclear degrees of freedom are involved. In this work, we compare numerically the Lindblad and Schrödinger descriptions discussed in the literature for a molecular example where the cavity is pumped by a laser. The laser and cavity properties are varied over a range of parameters. It is found that the Schrödinger description adequately describes the dynamics of the polaritons and emission signal as long as the laser intensity is moderate and the pump time is not much longer than the lifetime of the cavity mode. Otherwise, it is demonstrated that the Schrödinger description gradually fails. We also show that the failure of the Schrödinger description can often be remedied by renormalizing the wave function at every step of time propagation. The results are discussed and analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Fábri
- HUN-REN-ELTE Complex Chemical Systems Research Group, P.O. Box 32, H-1518 Budapest 112, Hungary
- Department of Theoretical Physics, University of Debrecen, P.O. Box 400, H-4002 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Attila G Császár
- HUN-REN-ELTE Complex Chemical Systems Research Group, P.O. Box 32, H-1518 Budapest 112, Hungary
- Laboratory of Molecular Structure and Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor J Halász
- Department of Information Technology, University of Debrecen, P.O. Box 400, H-4002 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Lorenz S Cederbaum
- Theoretische Chemie, Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ágnes Vibók
- Department of Theoretical Physics, University of Debrecen, P.O. Box 400, H-4002 Debrecen, Hungary
- ELI-ALPS, ELI-HU Non-Profit Ltd., Dugonics tér 13, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
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3
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Patrahau B, Piejko M, Mayer RJ, Antheaume C, Sangchai T, Ragazzon G, Jayachandran A, Devaux E, Genet C, Moran J, Ebbesen TW. Direct Observation of Polaritonic Chemistry by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202401368. [PMID: 38584127 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202401368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Polaritonic chemistry is emerging as a powerful approach to modifying the properties and reactivity of molecules and materials. However, probing how the electronics and dynamics of molecular systems change under strong coupling has been challenging due to the narrow range of spectroscopic techniques that can be applied in situ. Here we develop microfluidic optical cavities for vibrational strong coupling (VSC) that are compatible with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy using standard liquid NMR tubes. VSC is shown to influence the equilibrium between two conformations of a molecular balance sensitive to London dispersion forces, revealing an apparent change in the equilibrium constant under VSC. In all compounds studied, VSC does not induce detectable changes in chemical shifts, J-couplings, or spin-lattice relaxation times. This unexpected finding indicates that VSC does not substantially affect molecular electron density distributions, and in turn has profound implications for the possible mechanisms at play in polaritonic chemistry under VSC and suggests that the emergence of collective behavior is critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Patrahau
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS & icFRC, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - M Piejko
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS & icFRC, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - R J Mayer
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS & icFRC, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - C Antheaume
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS & icFRC, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - T Sangchai
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS & icFRC, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - G Ragazzon
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS & icFRC, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - A Jayachandran
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS & icFRC, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - E Devaux
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS & icFRC, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - C Genet
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS & icFRC, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - J Moran
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS & icFRC, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - T W Ebbesen
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS & icFRC, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000, Strasbourg, France
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4
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Rider MS, Johnson EC, Bates D, Wardley WP, Gordon RH, Oliver RDJ, Armes SP, Leggett GJ, Barnes WL. Strong coupling in molecular systems: a simple predictor employing routine optical measurements. NANOPHOTONICS 2024; 13:2453-2467. [PMID: 38836102 PMCID: PMC11147498 DOI: 10.1515/nanoph-2023-0879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
We provide a simple method that enables readily acquired experimental data to be used to predict whether or not a candidate molecular material may exhibit strong coupling. Specifically, we explore the relationship between the hybrid molecular/photonic (polaritonic) states and the bulk optical response of the molecular material. For a given material, this approach enables a prediction of the maximum extent of strong coupling (vacuum Rabi splitting), irrespective of the nature of the confined light field. We provide formulae for the upper limit of the splitting in terms of the molar absorption coefficient, the attenuation coefficient, the extinction coefficient (imaginary part of the refractive index) and the absorbance. To illustrate this approach, we provide a number of examples, and we also discuss some of the limitations of our approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie S. Rider
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, DevonEX4 4QL, UK
| | - Edwin C. Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, S3 7HF, UK
| | - Demetris Bates
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, S3 7HF, UK
| | - William P. Wardley
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, DevonEX4 4QL, UK
| | - Robert H. Gordon
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Hicks Building, Hounsfield Road, Sheffield, S3 7RH, UK
| | - Robert D. J. Oliver
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Hicks Building, Hounsfield Road, Sheffield, S3 7RH, UK
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sir Robert Hadfield Building, Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK
| | - Steven P. Armes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, S3 7HF, UK
| | - Graham J. Leggett
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, S3 7HF, UK
| | - William L. Barnes
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, DevonEX4 4QL, UK
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5
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Sidler D, Schnappinger T, Obzhirov A, Ruggenthaler M, Kowalewski M, Rubio A. Unraveling a Cavity-Induced Molecular Polarization Mechanism from Collective Vibrational Strong Coupling. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:5208-5214. [PMID: 38717382 PMCID: PMC11103705 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c00913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
We demonstrate that collective vibrational strong coupling of molecules in thermal equilibrium can give rise to significant local electronic polarizations in the thermodynamic limit. We do so by first showing that the full nonrelativistic Pauli-Fierz problem of an ensemble of strongly coupled molecules in the dilute-gas limit reduces in the cavity Born-Oppenheimer approximation to a cavity-Hartree equation for the electronic structure. Consequently, each individual molecule experiences a self-consistent coupling to the dipoles of all other molecules, which amount to non-negligible values in the thermodynamic limit (large ensembles). Thus, collective vibrational strong coupling can alter individual molecules strongly for localized "hotspots" within the ensemble. Moreover, the discovered cavity-induced polarization pattern possesses a zero net polarization, which resembles a continuous form of a spin glass (or better polarization glass). Our findings suggest that the thorough understanding of polaritonic chemistry, requires a self-consistent treatment of dressed electronic structure, which can give rise to numerous, so far overlooked, physical mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Sidler
- Laboratory
for Materials Simulations, Paul Scherrer
Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- Max
Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center
for Free-Electron Laser Science, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- The
Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Schnappinger
- Department
of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, SE-106
91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anatoly Obzhirov
- Max
Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center
for Free-Electron Laser Science, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- The
Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Ruggenthaler
- Max
Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center
for Free-Electron Laser Science, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- The
Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markus Kowalewski
- Department
of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, SE-106
91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Angel Rubio
- Max
Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center
for Free-Electron Laser Science, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- The
Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Center
for Computational Quantum Physics, Flatiron
Institute, 162 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10010, United States
- Nano-Bio
Spectroscopy Group, University of the Basque
Country (UPV/EHU), 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
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6
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Zhou Z, Chen HT, Sukharev M, Subotnik JE, Nitzan A. On the nature of two-photon transitions for a collection of molecules in a Fabry-Perot cavity. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:094107. [PMID: 38426526 DOI: 10.1063/5.0180910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
We investigate the effect of a cavity on nonlinear two-photon transitions of a molecular system and we analyze how such an effect depends on the cavity quality factor, the field enhancement, and the possibility of dephasing. We find that the molecular response to strong light fields in a cavity with a variable quality factor can be understood as arising from a balance between (i) the ability of the cavity to enhance the field of an external probe and promote multiphoton transitions more easily and (ii) the fact that the strict selection rules on multiphoton transitions in a cavity support only one resonant frequency within the excitation range. Although our simulations use a classical level description of the radiation field (i.e., we solve Maxwell-Bloch or Maxwell-Liouville equations within the Ehrenfest approximation for the field-molecule interaction), based on experience with this level of approximation in the past studies of plasmonic and polaritonic systems, we believe that our results are valid over a wide range of external probing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyu Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Hsing-Ta Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 251 Nieuwland Science Hall, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Maxim Sukharev
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
- College of Integrative Sciences and Arts, Arizona State University, Mesa, Arizona 85212, USA
| | - Joseph E Subotnik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Abraham Nitzan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
- Department of Physical Chemistry, School of Chemistry, The Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences and The Sackler Center for Computational Molecular and Materials Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
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7
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Schäfer C, Fojt J, Lindgren E, Erhart P. Machine Learning for Polaritonic Chemistry: Accessing Chemical Kinetics. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:5402-5413. [PMID: 38354223 PMCID: PMC10910569 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c12829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Altering chemical reactivity and material structure in confined optical environments is on the rise, and yet, a conclusive understanding of the microscopic mechanisms remains elusive. This originates mostly from the fact that accurately predicting vibrational and reactive dynamics for soluted ensembles of realistic molecules is no small endeavor, and adding (collective) strong light-matter interaction does not simplify matters. Here, we establish a framework based on a combination of machine learning (ML) models, trained using density-functional theory calculations and molecular dynamics to accelerate such simulations. We then apply this approach to evaluate strong coupling, changes in reaction rate constant, and their influence on enthalpy and entropy for the deprotection reaction of 1-phenyl-2-trimethylsilylacetylene, which has been studied previously both experimentally and using ab initio simulations. While we find qualitative agreement with critical experimental observations, especially with regard to the changes in kinetics, we also find differences in comparison with previous theoretical predictions. The features for which the ML-accelerated and ab initio simulations agree show the experimentally estimated kinetic behavior. Conflicting features indicate that a contribution of dynamic electronic polarization to the reaction process is more relevant than currently believed. Our work demonstrates the practical use of ML for polaritonic chemistry, discusses limitations of common approximations, and paves the way for a more holistic description of polaritonic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Schäfer
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96, Göteborg, Sweden
- Department
of Microtechnology and Nanoscience, MC2, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Jakub Fojt
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Eric Lindgren
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Paul Erhart
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96, Göteborg, Sweden
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8
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Parolin G, Peruffo N, Mancin F, Collini E, Corni S. Molecularly Detailed View of Strong Coupling in Supramolecular Plexcitonic Nanohybrids. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:2273-2281. [PMID: 38261782 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c04514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Plexcitons constitute a peculiar example of light-matter hybrids (polaritons) originating from the (strong) coupling of plasmonic modes and molecular excitations. Here we propose a fully quantum approach to model plexcitonic systems and test it against existing experiments on peculiar hybrids formed by Au nanoparticles and a well-known porphyrin derivative, involving the Q branch of the organic dye absorption spectrum. Our model extends simpler descriptions of polaritonic systems to account for the multilevel structure of the dyes, spatially varying interactions with a given plasmon mode, and the simultaneous occurrence of plasmon-molecule and intermolecular interactions. By keeping a molecularly detailed view, we were able to gain insights into the local structure and individual contributions to the resulting plexcitons. Our model can be applied to rationalize and predict energy funneling toward specific molecular sites within a plexcitonic assembly, which is highly valuable for designing and controlling chemical transformations in the new polaritonic landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Parolin
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Nicola Peruffo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Mancin
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Collini
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Padua Quantum Technologies Research Center, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Stefano Corni
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Padua Quantum Technologies Research Center, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
- CNR Institute of Nanoscience, 41125 Modena, Italy
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9
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Castagnola M, Haugland TS, Ronca E, Koch H, Schäfer C. Collective Strong Coupling Modifies Aggregation and Solvation. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:1428-1434. [PMID: 38290530 PMCID: PMC10860139 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c03506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Intermolecular (Coulombic) interactions are pivotal for aggregation, solvation, and crystallization. We demonstrate that the collective strong coupling of several molecules to a single optical mode results in notable changes in the molecular excitations around a single perturbed molecule, thus representing an impurity in an otherwise ordered system. A competition between short-range coulombic and long-range photonic correlations inverts the local transition density in a polaritonic state, suggesting notable changes in the polarizability of the solvation shell. Our results provide an alternative perspective on recent work in polaritonic chemistry and pave the way for the rigorous treatment of cooperative effects in aggregation, solvation, and crystallization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Castagnola
- Department
of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science
and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Tor S. Haugland
- Department
of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science
and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Enrico Ronca
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Universitá
degli Studi di Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Henrik Koch
- Department
of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science
and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
- Scuola
Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Christian Schäfer
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
- Department
of Microtechnology and Nanoscience (MC2), Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
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10
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Kang H, Ma J, Li J, Zhang X, Liu X. Exciton Polaritons in Emergent Two-Dimensional Semiconductors. ACS NANO 2023; 17:24449-24467. [PMID: 38051774 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c07993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
The "marriage" of light (i.e., photon) and matter (i.e., exciton) in semiconductors leads to the formation of hybrid quasiparticles called exciton polaritons with fascinating quantum phenomena such as Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) and photon blockade. The research of exciton polaritons has been evolving into an era with emergent two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors and photonic structures for their tremendous potential to break the current limitations of quantum fundamental study and photonic applications. In this Perspective, the basic concepts of 2D excitons, optical resonators, and the strong coupling regime are introduced. The research progress of exciton polaritons is reviewed, and important discoveries (especially the recent ones of 2D exciton polaritons) are highlighted. Subsequently, the emergent 2D exciton polaritons are discussed in detail, ranging from the realization of the strong coupling regime in various photonic systems to the discoveries of attractive phenomena with interesting physics and extensive applications. Moreover, emerging 2D semiconductors, such as 2D perovskites (2DPK) and 2D antiferromagnetic (AFM) semiconductors, are surveyed for the manipulation of exciton polaritons with distinct control degrees of freedom (DOFs). Finally, the outlook on the 2D exciton polaritons and their nonlinear interactions is presented with our initial numerical simulations. This Perspective not only aims to provide an in-depth overview of the latest fundamental findings in 2D exciton polaritons but also attempts to serve as a valuable resource to prospect explorations of quantum optics and topological photonic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Kang
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro/Nano Structure of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Jingwen Ma
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, P. R. China
| | - Junyu Li
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro/Nano Structure of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, P. R. China
- Department of Physics, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoze Liu
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro/Nano Structure of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
- Wuhan Institute of Quantum Technology, Wuhan, 430206, P. R. China
- Wuhan University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518057, P. R. China
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11
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Sidler D, Ruggenthaler M, Rubio A. Numerically Exact Solution for a Real Polaritonic System under Vibrational Strong Coupling in Thermodynamic Equilibrium: Loss of Light-Matter Entanglement and Enhanced Fluctuations. J Chem Theory Comput 2023; 19:8801-8814. [PMID: 37972347 PMCID: PMC10720342 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
The first numerically exact simulation of a full ab initio molecular quantum system (HD+) under strong ro-vibrational coupling to a quantized optical cavity mode in thermal equilibrium is presented. Theoretical challenges in describing strongly coupled systems of mixed quantum statistics (bosons and Fermions) are discussed and circumvented by the specific choice of our molecular system. Our numerically exact simulations highlight the absence of zero temperature for the strongly coupled matter and light subsystems, due to cavity-induced noncanonical conditions. Furthermore, we explore the temperature dependency of light-matter quantum entanglement, which emerges for the ground state but is quickly lost already in the deep cryogenic regime. This is in contrast to predictions from the Jaynes-Cummings model, which is the standard starting point to model collective strong-coupling chemistry phenomenologically. Moreover, we find that the fluctuations of matter remain modified by the quantum nature of the thermal and vacuum-field fluctuations for significant temperatures, e.g., at ambient conditions. These observations (loss of entanglement and coupling to quantum fluctuations) have implications for the understanding and control of polaritonic chemistry and materials science, since a semiclassical theoretical description of light-matter interaction becomes reasonable, but the typical (classical) canonical equilibrium assumption for the nuclear subsystem remains violated. This opens the door for quantum fluctuation-induced stochastic resonance phenomena under vibrational strong coupling, which have been suggested as a plausible theoretical mechanism to explain the experimentally observed resonance phenomena in the absence of periodic driving that has not yet been fully understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Sidler
- Max
Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center
for Free-Electron Laser Science, Luruper Chaussee 149, Hamburg 22761, Germany
- The
Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, Hamburg 22761, Germany
| | - Michael Ruggenthaler
- Max
Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center
for Free-Electron Laser Science, Luruper Chaussee 149, Hamburg 22761, Germany
- The
Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, Hamburg 22761, Germany
| | - Angel Rubio
- Max
Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center
for Free-Electron Laser Science, Luruper Chaussee 149, Hamburg 22761, Germany
- The
Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, Hamburg 22761, Germany
- Center
for Computational Quantum Physics, Flatiron Institute, 162 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10010, United States
- Nano-Bio
Spectroscopy Group, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastián 20018, Spain
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12
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Pavošević F, Smith RL, Rubio A. Cavity Click Chemistry: Cavity-Catalyzed Azide-Alkyne Cycloaddition. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:10184-10188. [PMID: 37992280 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c06285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Click chemistry, which refers to chemical reactions that are fast and selective with high product yields, has become a powerful approach in organic synthesis and chemical biology. Due to the cytotoxicity of the transition metals employed in click chemistry reactions, a search for novel metal-free alternatives continues. Herein, we demonstrate that an optical cavity can be utilized as a metal-free alternative in the click chemistry cycloaddition reaction between cyanoacetylene and formylazide using the quantum electrodynamics coupled cluster method. We show that by changing the molecular orientation with respect to the polarization of the cavity mode(s), the reaction can be selectively catalyzed to form a major 1,4-disubstituted or 1,5-disubstituted product. This work highlights that a cavity has the same effect on the investigated cycloaddition as the transition metal catalysts traditionally employed in click chemistry reactions. We expect our findings to further stimulate research on cavity-assisted click chemistry reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabijan Pavošević
- Center for Computational Quantum Physics, Flatiron Institute, 162 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10010, United States
- Algorithmiq Ltd, Kanavakatu 3C, FI-00160 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Robert L Smith
- Center for Computational Quantum Physics, Flatiron Institute, 162 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10010, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Angel Rubio
- Center for Computational Quantum Physics, Flatiron Institute, 162 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10010, United States
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center for Free-Electron Laser Science & Department of Physics, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
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13
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Ebbesen TW, Rubio A, Scholes GD. Introduction: Polaritonic Chemistry. Chem Rev 2023; 123:12037-12038. [PMID: 37936399 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Ebbesen
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS & icFRC, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Angel Rubio
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Center for Computational Quantum Physics, Flatiron Institute, 162 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10010, United States
| | - Gregory D Scholes
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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14
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Ruggenthaler M, Sidler D, Rubio A. Understanding Polaritonic Chemistry from Ab Initio Quantum Electrodynamics. Chem Rev 2023; 123:11191-11229. [PMID: 37729114 PMCID: PMC10571044 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we present the theoretical foundations and first-principles frameworks to describe quantum matter within quantum electrodynamics (QED) in the low-energy regime, with a focus on polaritonic chemistry. By starting from fundamental physical and mathematical principles, we first review in great detail ab initio nonrelativistic QED. The resulting Pauli-Fierz quantum field theory serves as a cornerstone for the development of (in principle exact but in practice) approximate computational methods such as quantum-electrodynamical density functional theory, QED coupled cluster, or cavity Born-Oppenheimer molecular dynamics. These methods treat light and matter on equal footing and, at the same time, have the same level of accuracy and reliability as established methods of computational chemistry and electronic structure theory. After an overview of the key ideas behind those ab initio QED methods, we highlight their benefits for understanding photon-induced changes of chemical properties and reactions. Based on results obtained by ab initio QED methods, we identify open theoretical questions and how a so far missing detailed understanding of polaritonic chemistry can be established. We finally give an outlook on future directions within polaritonic chemistry and first-principles QED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Ruggenthaler
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Struktur und Dynamik der Materie, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- The
Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dominik Sidler
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Struktur und Dynamik der Materie, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- The
Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Angel Rubio
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Struktur und Dynamik der Materie, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- The
Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Center
for Computational Quantum Physics, Flatiron Institute, 162 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10010, United States
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15
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Schnappinger T, Sidler D, Ruggenthaler M, Rubio A, Kowalewski M. Cavity Born-Oppenheimer Hartree-Fock Ansatz: Light-Matter Properties of Strongly Coupled Molecular Ensembles. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:8024-8033. [PMID: 37651603 PMCID: PMC10510432 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c01842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Experimental studies indicate that optical cavities can affect chemical reactions through either vibrational or electronic strong coupling and the quantized cavity modes. However, the current understanding of the interplay between molecules and confined light modes is incomplete. Accurate theoretical models that take into account intermolecular interactions to describe ensembles are therefore essential to understand the mechanisms governing polaritonic chemistry. We present an ab initio Hartree-Fock ansatz in the framework of the cavity Born-Oppenheimer approximation and study molecules strongly interacting with an optical cavity. This ansatz provides a nonperturbative, self-consistent description of strongly coupled molecular ensembles, taking into account the cavity-mediated dipole self-energy contributions. To demonstrate the capability of the cavity Born-Oppenheimer Hartree-Fock ansatz, we study the collective effects in ensembles of strongly coupled diatomic hydrogen fluoride molecules. Our results highlight the importance of the cavity-mediated intermolecular dipole-dipole interactions, which lead to energetic changes of individual molecules in the coupled ensemble.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Schnappinger
- Department
of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dominik Sidler
- Max
Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center
for Free-Electron Laser Science, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- The
Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Ruggenthaler
- Max
Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center
for Free-Electron Laser Science, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- The
Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Angel Rubio
- Max
Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center
for Free-Electron Laser Science, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- The
Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Center
for Computational Quantum Physics, Flatiron
Institute, 162 Fifth
Avenue, New York, New York 10010, United States
- Nano-Bio
Spectroscopy Group, University of the Basque
Country (UPV/EHU), 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Markus Kowalewski
- Department
of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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16
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Mandal A, Taylor MA, Weight BM, Koessler ER, Li X, Huo P. Theoretical Advances in Polariton Chemistry and Molecular Cavity Quantum Electrodynamics. Chem Rev 2023; 123:9786-9879. [PMID: 37552606 PMCID: PMC10450711 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
When molecules are coupled to an optical cavity, new light-matter hybrid states, so-called polaritons, are formed due to quantum light-matter interactions. With the experimental demonstrations of modifying chemical reactivities by forming polaritons under strong light-matter interactions, theorists have been encouraged to develop new methods to simulate these systems and discover new strategies to tune and control reactions. This review summarizes some of these exciting theoretical advances in polariton chemistry, in methods ranging from the fundamental framework to computational techniques and applications spanning from photochemistry to vibrational strong coupling. Even though the theory of quantum light-matter interactions goes back to the midtwentieth century, the gaps in the knowledge of molecular quantum electrodynamics (QED) have only recently been filled. We review recent advances made in resolving gauge ambiguities, the correct form of different QED Hamiltonians under different gauges, and their connections to various quantum optics models. Then, we review recently developed ab initio QED approaches which can accurately describe polariton states in a realistic molecule-cavity hybrid system. We then discuss applications using these method advancements. We review advancements in polariton photochemistry where the cavity is made resonant to electronic transitions to control molecular nonadiabatic excited state dynamics and enable new photochemical reactivities. When the cavity resonance is tuned to the molecular vibrations instead, ground-state chemical reaction modifications have been demonstrated experimentally, though its mechanistic principle remains unclear. We present some recent theoretical progress in resolving this mystery. Finally, we review the recent advances in understanding the collective coupling regime between light and matter, where many molecules can collectively couple to a single cavity mode or many cavity modes. We also lay out the current challenges in theory to explain the observed experimental results. We hope that this review will serve as a useful document for anyone who wants to become familiar with the context of polariton chemistry and molecular cavity QED and thus significantly benefit the entire community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkajit Mandal
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 120 Trustee Road, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Michael A.D. Taylor
- The
Institute of Optics, Hajim School of Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Braden M. Weight
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University of
Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United
States
| | - Eric R. Koessler
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 120 Trustee Road, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Xinyang Li
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 120 Trustee Road, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
- Theoretical
Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Pengfei Huo
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 120 Trustee Road, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
- The
Institute of Optics, Hajim School of Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
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17
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Davidsson E, Kowalewski M. The role of dephasing for dark state coupling in a molecular Tavis-Cummings model. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:044306. [PMID: 37493131 PMCID: PMC7615654 DOI: 10.1063/5.0155302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The collective coupling of an ensemble of molecules to a light field is commonly described by the Tavis-Cummings model. This model includes numerous eigenstates that are optically decoupled from the optically bright polariton states. Accessing these dark states requires breaking the symmetry in the corresponding Hamiltonian. In this paper, we investigate the influence of non-unitary processes on the dark state dynamics in the molecular Tavis-Cummings model. The system is modeled with a Lindblad equation that includes pure dephasing, as it would be caused by weak interactions with an environment, and photon decay. Our simulations show that the rate of pure dephasing, as well as the number of two-level systems, has a significant influence on the dark state population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Davidsson
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, Albanova University Center, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Markus Kowalewski
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, Albanova University Center, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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18
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Koner A, Du M, Pannir-Sivajothi S, Goldsmith RH, Yuen-Zhou J. A path towards single molecule vibrational strong coupling in a Fabry-Pérot microcavity. Chem Sci 2023; 14:7753-7761. [PMID: 37476723 PMCID: PMC10355109 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01411h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Interaction between light and molecular vibrations leads to hybrid light-matter states called vibrational polaritons. Even though many intriguing phenomena have been predicted for single-molecule vibrational strong coupling (VSC), several studies suggest that these effects tend to be diminished in the many-molecule regime due to the presence of dark states. Achieving single or few-molecule vibrational polaritons has been constrained by the need for fabricating extremely small mode volume infrared cavities. In this theoretical work, we propose an alternative strategy to achieve single-molecule VSC in a cavity-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (CERS) setup, based on the physics of cavity optomechanics. We then present a scheme harnessing few-molecule VSC to thermodynamically couple two reactions, such that a spontaneous electron transfer can now fuel a thermodynamically uphill reaction that was non-spontaneous outside the cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arghadip Koner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego La Jolla California 92093 USA
| | - Matthew Du
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago 5735 S Ellis Ave Chicago Illinois 60637 USA
| | - Sindhana Pannir-Sivajothi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego La Jolla California 92093 USA
| | - Randall H Goldsmith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison Wisconsin 53706-1322 USA
| | - Joel Yuen-Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego La Jolla California 92093 USA
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19
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Gu Y, Gu B, Sun S, Yong H, Chernyak VY, Mukamel S. Manipulating Attosecond Charge Migration in Molecules by Optical Cavities. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37390450 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c03821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
The ultrafast electronic charge dynamics in molecules upon photoionization while the nuclear motions are frozen is known as charge migration. In a theoretical study of the quantum dynamics of photoionized 5-bromo-1-pentene, we show that the charge migration process can be induced and enhanced by placing the molecule in an optical cavity, and can be monitored by time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy. The collective nature of the polaritonic charge migration process is investigated. We find that, unlike spectroscopy, molecular charge dynamics in a cavity is local and does not show many-molecule collective effects. The same conclusion applies to cavity polaritonic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bing Gu
- Department of Chemistry, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310030, Zhejiang, China
| | | | | | - Vladimir Y Chernyak
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
- Department of Mathematics, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
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20
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Kim AJ, Lenk K, Li J, Werner P, Eckstein M. Vertex-Based Diagrammatic Treatment of Light-Matter-Coupled Systems. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:036901. [PMID: 36763380 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.036901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We propose a diagrammatic Monte Carlo approach for quantum impurity models, which can be regarded as a generalization of the strong-coupling expansion for fermionic impurity models. The algorithm is based on a self-consistently computed three-point vertex and a stochastically sampled four-point vertex, and it allows one to obtain numerically exact results in a wide parameter regime. The performance of the algorithm is demonstrated with applications to a spin-boson model representing an emitter in a waveguide. As a function of the coupling strength, the spin exhibits a delocalization-localization crossover at low temperatures, signaling a qualitative change in the real-time relaxation. In certain parameter regimes, the response functions of the emitter coupled to the electromagnetic continuum can be described by an effective Rabi model with appropriately defined parameters. We also discuss the spatial distribution of the photon density around the emitter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaram J Kim
- Department of Physics, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg Switzerland
| | - Katharina Lenk
- Department of Physics, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jiajun Li
- Department of Physics, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg Switzerland
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Condensed Matter Theory, 5352 PSI Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Werner
- Department of Physics, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg Switzerland
| | - Martin Eckstein
- Department of Physics, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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21
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Li TE, Hammes-Schiffer S. QM/MM Modeling of Vibrational Polariton Induced Energy Transfer and Chemical Dynamics. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:377-384. [PMID: 36574620 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c10170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Vibrational strong coupling (VSC) provides a novel means to modify chemical reactions and energy transfer pathways. To efficiently model chemical dynamics under VSC in the collective regime, herein a hybrid quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical (QM/MM) cavity molecular dynamics (CavMD) scheme is developed and applied to an experimentally studied chemical system. This approach can achieve linear scaling with respect to the number of molecules for a dilute solution under VSC by assuming that each QM solute molecule is surrounded by an independent MM solvent bath. Application of this approach to a dilute solution of Fe(CO)5 in n-dodecane under VSC demonstrates polariton dephasing to the dark modes and polariton-enhanced molecular nonlinear absorption. These simulations predict that strongly exciting the lower polariton may provide an energy transfer pathway that selectively excites the equatorial CO vibrations rather than the axial CO vibrations. Moreover, these simulations also directly probe the cavity effect on the dynamics of the Fe(CO)5 Berry pseudorotation reaction for comparison to recent two-dimensional infrared spectroscopy experiments. This theoretical approach is applicable to a wide range of other polaritonic systems and provides a tool for exploring the use of VSC for selective infrared photochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao E Li
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
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22
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Bustamante CM, Gadea ED, Todorov TN, Scherlis DA. Tailoring Cooperative Emission in Molecules: Superradiance and Subradiance from First-Principles Simulations. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:11601-11609. [PMID: 36480910 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c02795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Cooperative optical effects provide a pathway to both the amplification (superradiance) and the suppression (subradiance) of photon emission from electronically excited states. These captivating phenomena offer a rich variety of possibilities for photonic technologies aimed at electromagnetic energy manipulation, including lasers and high-speed emitting devices in the case of superradiance or optical energy storage in that of subradiance. The employment of molecules as the building pieces in these developments requires a precise understanding of the roles of separation, orientation, spatial distribution, and applied fields, which remains challenging for theory and experiments. These questions are addressed here through ab initio quantum dynamics simulations of collective emission on the basis of a novel semiclassical formalism and time-dependent density functional theory. By establishing the configurations leading to decoherence and how the fine-tuning of a pulse can accumulate or release optical energy in H2 arrays, this report provides fundamental insight toward the design of real superradiant and subradiant devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos M Bustamante
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física/INQUIMAE, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos AiresC1428EHA, Argentina
| | - Esteban D Gadea
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física/INQUIMAE, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos AiresC1428EHA, Argentina
| | - Tchavdar N Todorov
- Centre for Quantum Materials and Technologies, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University Belfast, BelfastBT7 1NN, United Kingdom
| | - Damián A Scherlis
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física/INQUIMAE, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos AiresC1428EHA, Argentina
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23
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Schäfer C, Flick J, Ronca E, Narang P, Rubio A. Shining light on the microscopic resonant mechanism responsible for cavity-mediated chemical reactivity. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7817. [PMID: 36535939 PMCID: PMC9763331 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35363-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Strong light-matter interaction in cavity environments is emerging as a promising approach to control chemical reactions in a non-intrusive and efficient manner. The underlying mechanism that distinguishes between steering, accelerating, or decelerating a chemical reaction has, however, remained unclear, hampering progress in this frontier area of research. We leverage quantum-electrodynamical density-functional theory to unveil the microscopic mechanism behind the experimentally observed reduced reaction rate under cavity induced resonant vibrational strong light-matter coupling. We observe multiple resonances and obtain the thus far theoretically elusive but experimentally critical resonant feature for a single strongly coupled molecule undergoing the reaction. While we describe only a single mode and do not explicitly account for collective coupling or intermolecular interactions, the qualitative agreement with experimental measurements suggests that our conclusions can be largely abstracted towards the experimental realization. Specifically, we find that the cavity mode acts as mediator between different vibrational modes. In effect, vibrational energy localized in single bonds that are critical for the reaction is redistributed differently which ultimately inhibits the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Schäfer
- grid.469852.40000 0004 1796 3508Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center for Free-Electron Laser Science & Department of Physics, Hamburg, Germany ,The Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Hamburg, Germany ,grid.5371.00000 0001 0775 6028Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden ,grid.5371.00000 0001 0775 6028Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience, MC2, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Johannes Flick
- grid.430264.70000 0004 4648 6763Center for Computational Quantum Physics, Flatiron Institute, New York, NY USA ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XJohn A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA USA ,grid.254250.40000 0001 2264 7145Department of Physics, City College of New York, New York, NY USA ,grid.212340.60000000122985718Department of Physics, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY USA
| | - Enrico Ronca
- Istituto per i Processi Chimico Fisici del CNR (IPCF-CNR), Pisa, Italy
| | - Prineha Narang
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XJohn A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA USA ,grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Physical Sciences, College of Letters and Science, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Angel Rubio
- grid.469852.40000 0004 1796 3508Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center for Free-Electron Laser Science & Department of Physics, Hamburg, Germany ,The Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Hamburg, Germany ,grid.430264.70000 0004 4648 6763Center for Computational Quantum Physics, Flatiron Institute, New York, NY USA
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24
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Vu N, McLeod GM, Hanson K, DePrince AE. Enhanced Diastereocontrol via Strong Light-Matter Interactions in an Optical Cavity. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:9303-9312. [PMID: 36472381 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c07134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The enantiopurification of racemic mixtures of chiral molecules is important for a range of applications. Recent work has shown that chiral group-directed photoisomerization is a promising approach to enantioenrich racemic mixtures of BINOL, but increased control of the diasteriomeric excess (de) is necessary for its broad utility. Here we develop a cavity quantum electrodynamics (QED) generalization of time-dependent density functional theory and demonstrate computationally that strong light-matter coupling can alter the de of the chiral group-directed photoisomerization of BINOL. The relative orientation of the cavity mode polarization and the molecules in the cavity dictates the nature of the cavity interactions, which either enhance the de of the (R)-BINOL diasteriomer (from 17% to ≈40%) or invert the favorability to the (S)-BINOL derivative (to ≈34% de). The latter outcome is particularly remarkable because it indicates that the preference in diasteriomer can be influenced via orientational control, without changing the chirality of the directing group. We demonstrate that the observed effect stems from cavity-induced changes to the Kohn-Sham orbitals of the ground state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam Vu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida32306-4390, United States
| | - Grace M McLeod
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida32306-4390, United States
| | - Kenneth Hanson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida32306-4390, United States
| | - A Eugene DePrince
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida32306-4390, United States
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25
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Wei YC, Hsu LY. Cavity-Free Quantum-Electrodynamic Electron Transfer Reactions. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:9695-9702. [PMID: 36219782 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c02379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Richard Feynman stated that "The theory behind chemistry is quantum electrodynamics". However, harnessing quantum-electrodynamic (QED) effects to modify chemical reactions is a grand challenge and currently has only been reported in experiments using cavities due to the limitation of strong light-matter coupling. In this article, we demonstrate that QED effects can significantly enhance the rate of electron transfer (ET) by several orders of magnitude in the absence of cavities, which is implicitly supported by experimental reports. To understand how cavity-free QED effects are involved in ET reactions, we incorporate the effect of infinite one-photon states into Marcus theory, derive an explicit expression for the rate of radiative ET, and develop the concept of "electron transfer overlap". Moreover, QED effects may lead to a barrier-free ET reaction whose rate is dependent on the energy-gap power law. This study thus provides new insights into fundamental chemical principles, with promising prospects for QED-based chemical reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chen Wei
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei10617, Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei10617, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Yan Hsu
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei10617, Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei10617, Taiwan
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26
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Cohn B, Sufrin S, Basu A, Chuntonov L. Vibrational Polaritons in Disordered Molecular Ensembles. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:8369-8375. [PMID: 36043884 PMCID: PMC9465717 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c02341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Disorder is an intrinsic attribute of any realistic molecular system. It is known to lead to localization, which hampers efficient transport. It was recently proposed that in molecular ensembles strongly coupled to photonic cavities, moderate disorder leads to delocalization and increases of the transport and chemical reaction rates. Vibrational polaritons involve molecular vibrations hybridized with an infrared cavity. When the coupling strength largely exceeds the molecular inhomogeneity, polaritons are unaffected by disorder. However, in many experiments, such a homogeneous limit does not apply. We investigated vibrational polaritons involving molecular ensembles with systematically modified disorder. Counterintuitively, moderate disorder leads to an increase in Rabi splitting and the modification of the polariton bandwidths. Experimental spectroscopic data agree with a Tavis-Cummings-like model that suggests enhanced delocalization of the reservoir states occurs via the admixture of the cavity mode. Our results provide new insights into the paradigm of disorder-induced cavity-assisted delocalization in molecular polaritons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bar Cohn
- Schulich
Faculty of Chemistry, Solid State Institute, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technion−Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Shmuel Sufrin
- Schulich
Faculty of Chemistry, Solid State Institute, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technion−Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Arghyadeep Basu
- Schulich
Faculty of Chemistry, Solid State Institute, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technion−Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Lev Chuntonov
- Schulich
Faculty of Chemistry, Solid State Institute, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technion−Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
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27
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Schäfer C. Polaritonic Chemistry from First Principles via Embedding Radiation Reaction. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:6905-6911. [PMID: 35866694 PMCID: PMC9358701 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c01169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The coherent interaction of a large collection of molecules with a common photonic mode results in strong light-matter coupling, a feature that has proven highly beneficial for chemistry and has introduced the research topics polaritonic and QED chemistry. Here, we demonstrate an embedding approach to capture the collective nature while retaining the full ab initio representation of single molecules─an approach ideal for polaritonic chemistry. The accuracy of the embedding radiation-reaction ansatz is demonstrated for time-dependent density-functional theory. Then, by virtue of a simple proton-tunneling model, we illustrate that the influence of collective strong coupling on chemical reactions features a nontrivial dependence on the number of emitters and can alternate between strong catalyzing and an inhibiting effect. Bridging classical electrodynamics, quantum optical descriptions, and the ab initio description of realistic molecules, this work can serve as a guiding light for future developments and investigations in the quickly growing fields of QED chemistry and QED material design.
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28
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Li TE, Nitzan A, Subotnik JE. Energy-efficient pathway for selectively exciting solute molecules to high vibrational states via solvent vibration-polariton pumping. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4203. [PMID: 35858927 PMCID: PMC9300737 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31703-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Selectively exciting target molecules to high vibrational states is inefficient in the liquid phase, which restricts the use of IR pumping to catalyze ground-state chemical reactions. Here, we demonstrate that this inefficiency can sometimes be solved by confining the liquid to an optical cavity under vibrational strong coupling conditions. For a liquid solution of 13CO2 solute in a 12CO2 solvent, cavity molecular dynamics simulations show that exciting a polariton (hybrid light-matter state) of the solvent with an intense laser pulse, under suitable resonant conditions, may lead to a very strong (>3 quanta) and ultrafast (<1 ps) excitation of the solute, even though the solvent ends up being barely excited. By contrast, outside a cavity the same input pulse fluence can excite the solute by only half a vibrational quantum and the selectivity of excitation is low. Our finding is robust under different cavity volumes, which may lead to observable cavity enhancement on IR photochemical reactions in Fabry–Pérot cavities. Hybrid light-matter states formed in the strong light-matter coupling regime can alter the molecular ground-state reactivity. Here, Li et al. computationally demonstrate that pumping a collection of solvent molecules forming hybrid vibrational light-matter states in an optical cavity can excite solute molecules to very high excited states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao E Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA. .,Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
| | - Abraham Nitzan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA. .,School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel.
| | - Joseph E Subotnik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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29
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Welakuh DM, Flick J, Ruggenthaler M, Appel H, Rubio A. Frequency-Dependent Sternheimer Linear-Response Formalism for Strongly Coupled Light-Matter Systems. J Chem Theory Comput 2022; 18:4354-4365. [PMID: 35675628 PMCID: PMC9281401 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.2c00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The rapid progress in quantum-optical experiments, especially in the field of cavity quantum electrodynamics and nanoplasmonics, allows one to substantially modify and control chemical and physical properties of atoms, molecules, and solids by strongly coupling to the quantized field. Alongside such experimental advances has been the recent development of ab initio approaches such as quantum electrodynamical density-functional theory (QEDFT), which is capable of describing these strongly coupled systems from first principles. To investigate response properties of relatively large systems coupled to a wide range of photon modes, ab initio methods that scale well with system size become relevant. In light of this, we extend the linear-response Sternheimer approach within the framework of QEDFT to efficiently compute excited-state properties of strongly coupled light-matter systems. Using this method, we capture features of strong light-matter coupling both in the dispersion and absorption properties of a molecular system strongly coupled to the modes of a cavity. We exemplify the efficiency of the Sternheimer approach by coupling the matter system to the continuum of an electromagnetic field. We observe changes in the spectral features of the coupled system as Lorentzian line shapes turn into Fano resonances when the molecule interacts strongly with the continuum of modes. This work provides an alternative approach for computing efficiently excited-state properties of large molecular systems interacting with the quantized electromagnetic field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davis M Welakuh
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center for Free-Electron Laser Science & Department of Physics, Luruper Chaussee 149, Hamburg 22761, Germany.,Harvard John A. Paulson School Of Engineering And Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge 02138, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Johannes Flick
- Center for Computational Quantum Physics, Flatiron Institute, 162 Fifth Avenue, New York 10010, New York, United States
| | - Michael Ruggenthaler
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center for Free-Electron Laser Science & Department of Physics, Luruper Chaussee 149, Hamburg 22761, Germany
| | - Heiko Appel
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center for Free-Electron Laser Science & Department of Physics, Luruper Chaussee 149, Hamburg 22761, Germany
| | - Angel Rubio
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center for Free-Electron Laser Science & Department of Physics, Luruper Chaussee 149, Hamburg 22761, Germany.,Center for Computational Quantum Physics, Flatiron Institute, 162 Fifth Avenue, New York 10010, New York, United States
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30
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Fukushima T, Yoshimitsu S, Murakoshi K. Inherent Promotion of Ionic Conductivity via Collective Vibrational Strong Coupling of Water with the Vacuum Electromagnetic Field. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:12177-12183. [PMID: 35737737 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c02991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen bonding interactions among water molecules play a critical role in chemical reactivity, dynamic proton mobility, static dielectric behavior, and the thermodynamic properties of water. In this study, we demonstrate the modification of ionic conductivity of water through hybridization with a vacuum electromagnetic field by strongly coupling the O─H stretching mode of H2O to a Fabry-Perot cavity mode. The hybridization generates collective vibro-polaritonic states, thereby enhancing the proton conductivity by an order of magnitude at resonance. In addition, the dielectric constants increase at resonance in the coupled state. The findings presented herein reveal how a vacuum electromagnetic environment can be engineered to control the ground-state properties of water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Fukushima
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
| | - Soushi Yoshimitsu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
| | - Kei Murakoshi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
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31
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Sidler D, Ruggenthaler M, Schäfer C, Ronca E, Rubio A. A perspective on ab initio modeling of polaritonic chemistry: The role of non-equilibrium effects and quantum collectivity. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:230901. [PMID: 35732522 DOI: 10.1063/5.0094956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This Perspective provides a brief introduction into the theoretical complexity of polaritonic chemistry, which emerges from the hybrid nature of strongly coupled light-matter states. To tackle this complexity, the importance of ab initio methods is highlighted. Based on those, novel ideas and research avenues are developed with respect to quantum collectivity, as well as for resonance phenomena immanent in reaction rates under vibrational strong coupling. Indeed, fundamental theoretical questions arise about the mesoscopic scale of quantum-collectively coupled molecules when considering the depolarization shift in the interpretation of experimental data. Furthermore, to rationalize recent findings based on quantum electrodynamical density-functional theory (QEDFT), a simple, but computationally efficient, Langevin framework is proposed based on well-established methods from molecular dynamics. It suggests the emergence of cavity-induced non-equilibrium nuclear dynamics, where thermal (stochastic) resonance phenomena could emerge in the absence of external periodic driving. Overall, we believe that the latest ab initio results indeed suggest a paradigmatic shift for ground-state chemical reactions under vibrational strong coupling from the collective quantum interpretation toward a more local, (semi)-classically and non-equilibrium dominated perspective. Finally, various extensions toward a refined description of cavity-modified chemistry are introduced in the context of QEDFT, and future directions of the field are sketched.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Sidler
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Ruggenthaler
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Schäfer
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Enrico Ronca
- Istituto per i Processi Chimico Fisici del CNR (IPCF-CNR), Via G. Moruzzi, 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Angel Rubio
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
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32
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Bonini J, Flick J. Ab Initio Linear-Response Approach to Vibro-Polaritons in the Cavity Born-Oppenheimer Approximation. J Chem Theory Comput 2022; 18:2764-2773. [PMID: 35404591 PMCID: PMC9097282 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.1c01035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Recent years have seen significant developments in the study of strong light-matter coupling including the control of chemical reactions by altering the vibrational normal modes of molecules. In the vibrational strong coupling regime, the normal modes of the system become hybrid modes which mix nuclear, electronic, and photonic degrees of freedom. First-principles methods capable of treating light and matter degrees of freedom on the same level of theory are an important tool in understanding such systems. In this work, we develop and apply a generalized force constant matrix approach to the study of mixed vibration-photon (vibro-polariton) states of molecules based on the cavity Born-Oppenheimer approximation and quantum-electrodynamical density-functional theory. With this method, vibro-polariton modes and infrared spectra can be computed via linear-response techniques analogous to those widely used for conventional vibrations and phonons. We also develop an accurate model that highlights the consistent treatment of cavity-coupled electrons in the vibrational strong coupling regime. These electronic effects appear as new terms previously disregarded by simpler models. This effective model also allows for an accurate extrapolation of single and two molecule calculations to the collective strong coupling limit of hundreds of molecules. We benchmark these approaches for single and many CO2 molecules coupled to a single photon mode and the iron pentacarbonyl Fe(CO)5 molecule coupled to a few photon modes. Our results are the first ab initio results for collective vibrational strong coupling effects. This framework for efficient computations of vibro-polaritons paves the way to a systematic description and improved understanding of the behavior of chemical systems in vibrational strong coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Bonini
- Center for Computational Quantum Physics, Flatiron Institute, 162 Fifth Ave., New York, New York 10010, United States
| | - Johannes Flick
- Center for Computational Quantum Physics, Flatiron Institute, 162 Fifth Ave., New York, New York 10010, United States
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33
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Li TE, Nitzan A, Hammes-Schiffer S, Subotnik JE. Quantum Simulations of Vibrational Strong Coupling via Path Integrals. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:3890-3895. [PMID: 35471100 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c00613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A quantum simulation of vibrational strong coupling (VSC) in the collective regime via thermostated ring-polymer molecular dynamics (TRPMD) is reported. For a collection of liquid-phase water molecules resonantly coupled to a single lossless cavity mode, the simulation shows that as compared with a fully classical calculation, the inclusion of nuclear and photonic quantum effects does not lead to a change in the Rabi splitting but does broaden polaritonic line widths roughly by a factor of 2. Moreover, under thermal equilibrium, both quantum and classical simulations predict that the static dielectric constant of liquid water is largely unchanged inside vs outside the cavity. This result disagrees with a recent experiment demonstrating that the static dielectric constant of liquid water can be resonantly enhanced under VSC, suggesting either limitations of our approach or perhaps other experimental factors that have not yet been explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao E Li
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Abraham Nitzan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | | | - Joseph E Subotnik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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34
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Li TE, Nitzan A, Subotnik JE. Polariton relaxation under vibrational strong coupling: Comparing cavity molecular dynamics simulations against Fermi's golden rule rate. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:134106. [PMID: 35395873 DOI: 10.1063/5.0079784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Under vibrational strong coupling (VSC), the formation of molecular polaritons may significantly modify the photo-induced or thermal properties of molecules. In an effort to understand these intriguing modifications, both experimental and theoretical studies have focused on the ultrafast dynamics of vibrational polaritons. Here, following our recent work [Li et al., J. Chem. Phys. 154, 094124 (2021)], we systematically study the mechanism of polariton relaxation for liquid CO2 under a weak external pumping. Classical cavity molecular dynamics (CavMD) simulations confirm that polariton relaxation results from the combined effects of (i) cavity loss through the photonic component and (ii) dephasing of the bright-mode component to vibrational dark modes as mediated by intermolecular interactions. The latter polaritonic dephasing rate is proportional to the product of the weight of the bright mode in the polariton wave function and the spectral overlap between the polariton and dark modes. Both these factors are sensitive to parameters such as the Rabi splitting and cavity mode detuning. Compared to a Fermi's golden rule calculation based on a tight-binding harmonic model, CavMD yields a similar parameter dependence for the upper polariton relaxation lifetime but sometimes a modest disagreement for the lower polariton. We suggest that this disagreement results from polariton-enhanced molecular nonlinear absorption due to molecular anharmonicity, which is not included in our analytical model. We also summarize recent progress on probing nonreactive VSC dynamics with CavMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao E Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Abraham Nitzan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Joseph E Subotnik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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35
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Yang J, Pei Z, Leon EC, Wickizer C, Weng B, Mao Y, Ou Q, Shao Y. Cavity quantum-electrodynamical time-dependent density functional theory within Gaussian atomic basis. II. Analytic energy gradient. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:124104. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0082386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Following the formulation of cavity quantum-electrodynamical time-dependent density functional theory (cQED-TDDFT) models [Flick et al., ACS Photonics 6, 2757–2778 (2019) and Yang et al., J. Chem. Phys. 155, 064107 (2021)], here, we report the derivation and implementation of the analytic energy gradient for polaritonic states of a single photochrome within the cQED-TDDFT models. Such gradient evaluation is also applicable to a complex of explicitly specified photochromes or, with proper scaling, a set of parallel-oriented, identical-geometry, and non-interacting molecules in the microcavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, USA
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Zheng Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Erick Calderon Leon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, USA
| | - Carly Wickizer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, USA
| | - Binbin Weng
- Microfabrication Research and Education Center and School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, USA
| | - Yuezhi Mao
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Qi Ou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Organic OptoElectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- AI for Science Institute, Beijing 100080, China
| | - Yihan Shao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, USA
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36
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Abstract
Coupling between molecules and vacuum photon fields inside an optical cavity has proven to be an effective way to engineer molecular properties, in particular reactivity. To ease the rationalization of cavity induced effects we introduce an ab initio method leading to the first fully consistent molecular orbital theory for quantum electrodynamics environments. Our framework is non-perturbative and explains modifications of the electronic structure due to the interaction with the photon field. In this work, we show that the newly developed orbital theory can be used to predict cavity induced modifications of molecular reactivity and pinpoint classes of systems with significant cavity effects. We also investigate electronic cavity-induced modifications of reaction mechanisms in vibrational strong coupling regimes. Theoretical description of light-matter coupling in the strong-coupling regime is challenging. Here the authors introduce a fully consistent ab-initio method of molecular orbital theory applicable to material systems in quantum electrodynamics environments.
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37
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Du M, Yuen-Zhou J. Catalysis by Dark States in Vibropolaritonic Chemistry. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 128:096001. [PMID: 35302824 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.096001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Collective strong coupling between a disordered ensemble of N localized molecular vibrations and a resonant optical cavity mode gives rise to two polariton and N-1≫2 dark modes. Thus, experimental changes in thermally activated reaction kinetics due to polariton formation appear entropically unlikely and remain a puzzle. Here we show that the overlooked dark modes, while parked at the same energy as bare molecular vibrations, are robustly delocalized across ∼2-3 molecules, yielding enhanced channels of vibrational cooling, concomitantly catalyzing a chemical reaction. As an illustration, we theoretically show an ≈50% increase in an electron transfer rate due to enhanced product stabilization. The reported effects can arise when the homogeneous linewidths of the dark modes are smaller than their energy spacings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Du
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Joel Yuen-Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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38
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Dunkelberger AD, Simpkins BS, Vurgaftman I, Owrutsky JC. Vibration-Cavity Polariton Chemistry and Dynamics. Annu Rev Phys Chem 2022; 73:429-451. [PMID: 35081324 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physchem-082620-014627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Molecular polaritons result from light-matter coupling between optical resonances and molecular electronic or vibrational transitions. When the coupling is strong enough, new hybridized states with mixed photon-material character are observed spectroscopically, with resonances shifted above and below the uncoupled frequency. These new modes have unique optical properties and can be exploited to promote or inhibit physical and chemical processes. One remarkable result is that vibrational strong coupling to cavities can alter reaction rates and product branching ratios with no optical excitation whatsoever. In this work we review the ability of vibration-cavity polaritons to modify chemical and physical processes including chemical reactivity, as well as steady-state and transient spectroscopy. We discuss the larger context of these works and highlight their most important contributions and implications. Our goal is to provide insight for systematically manipulating molecular polaritons in photonic and chemical applications. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Physical Chemistry, Volume 73 is April 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Blake S Simpkins
- Chemistry Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, USA;
| | - Igor Vurgaftman
- Optical Sciences Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, USA
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39
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Sun S, Gu B, Mukamel S. Polariton ring currents and circular dichroism of Mg-porphyrin in a chiral cavity. Chem Sci 2022; 13:1037-1048. [PMID: 35211270 PMCID: PMC8790894 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc04341b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
By placing Mg-porphyrin molecules in a chiral optical cavity, time reversal symmetry is broken, and polariton ring currents can be generated with linearly polarized light, resulting in a circular dichroism signal. Since the electronic state degeneracy in the molecule is lifted by the formation of chiral polaritons, this signal is one order of magnitude stronger than the bare molecule signal induced by circularly polarized light. Enantiomer-selective photochemical processes in chiral optical cavities is an intriguing future possibility. Placing aromatic molecules in a chiral optical cavity can break time-reversal symmetry and generate polariton ring currents with a linearly polarized pump. Such currents can be probed by circular dichroism, with one order of magnitude enhancement.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Shichao Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of California Irvine USA
| | - Bing Gu
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of California Irvine USA
| | - Shaul Mukamel
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of California Irvine USA
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40
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Sun K, Dou C, Gelin MF, Zhao Y. Dynamics of disordered Tavis-Cummings and Holstein-Tavis-Cummings models. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:024102. [PMID: 35032972 DOI: 10.1063/5.0076485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
By employing the time-dependent variational principle and the versatile multi-D2 Davydov trial states, in combination with the Green's function method, we study the dynamics of the Tavis-Cummings model and the Holstein-Tavis-Cummings model in the presence of diagonal disorder and cavity-qubit coupling disorder. For the Tavis-Cummings model, time evolution of the photon population, the optical absorption spectra, and the hetero-entanglement between the qubits and the cavity mode are calculated by using the Green's function method to corroborate numerically exact results of Davydov's Ansätze. For the Holstein-Tavis-Cummings model, only the latter is utilized to simulate effects of disorder on the photon population dynamics and the absorption spectra. We have demonstrated that the complementary employment of analytical and numerical methods permits uncovering a fairly comprehensive picture of a variety of complex behaviors in disordered multidimensional polaritonic cavity quantum electrodynamics systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kewei Sun
- School of Science, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Cunzhi Dou
- School of Science, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Maxim F Gelin
- School of Science, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
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41
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Ahrens A, Huang C, Beutel M, Covington C, Varga K. Stochastic Variational Approach to Small Atoms and Molecules Coupled to Quantum Field Modes in Cavity QED. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:273601. [PMID: 35061426 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.273601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we present a stochastic variational calculation (SVM) of energies and wave functions of few particle systems coupled to quantum fields in cavity QED. The spatial wave function and the photon spaces are optimized by a random selection process. Using correlated basis functions, the SVM approach solves the problem accurately and opens the way to the same precision that is reached the nonlight coupled quantum systems. Examples for a two-dimensional trion and confined electrons as well as for the He atom and the H_{2} molecule are presented showing that the light-matter coupling drastically changes the electronic states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Ahrens
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, USA
| | - Chenhang Huang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, USA
| | - Matt Beutel
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, USA
| | - Cody Covington
- Department of Chemistry, Austin Peay State University, Clarksville, Tennessee 37044, USA
| | - Kálmán Varga
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, USA
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42
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Wiesehan GD, Xiong W. Negligible rate enhancement from reported cooperative vibrational strong coupling catalysis. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:241103. [PMID: 34972384 DOI: 10.1063/5.0077549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the results of an attempt to reproduce a reported cavity catalysis of the ester hydrolysis of para-nitrophenyl acetate due to vibrational strong coupling. While we achieved the same light-matter coupling strength and detuning, we did not observe the reported ten-fold increase in the reaction rate constant. Furthermore, no obvious detuning dependence was observed. The inconsistency with the reported literature suggests that cavity catalysis is sensitive to experimental details beyond the onset of vibrational strong coupling. This indicates that other important factors are involved and have been overlooked so far. We find that more investigation into the limits, key factors, and mechanisms to reliably actualize cavity modified reactions is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garret D Wiesehan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Wei Xiong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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43
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Li TE, Cui B, Subotnik JE, Nitzan A. Molecular Polaritonics: Chemical Dynamics Under Strong Light-Matter Coupling. Annu Rev Phys Chem 2021; 73:43-71. [PMID: 34871038 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physchem-090519-042621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Chemical manifestations of strong light-matter coupling have recently been a subject of intense experimental and theoretical studies. Here we review the present status of this field. Section 1 is an introduction to molecular polaritonics and to collective response aspects of light-matter interactions. Section 2 provides an overview of the key experimental observations of these effects, while Section 3 describes our current theoretical understanding of the effect of strong light-matter coupling on chemical dynamics. A brief outline of applications to energy conversion processes is given in Section 4. Pending technical issues in the construction of theoretical approaches are briefly described in Section 5. Finally, the summary in Section 6 outlines the paths ahead in this exciting endeavor. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Physical Chemistry, Volume 73 is April 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao E Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA;
| | - Bingyu Cui
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; .,School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Joseph E Subotnik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA;
| | - Abraham Nitzan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; .,School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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44
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Wang DS, Yelin SF, Flick J. Defect Polaritons from First Principles. ACS NANO 2021; 15:15142-15152. [PMID: 34459200 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c05600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Control over the optical properties of defects in solid-state materials is necessary for their application in quantum technologies. In this study, we demonstrate, from first principles, how to tune these properties via the formation of defect polaritons in an optical cavity. We show that the polaritonic splitting that shifts the absorption energy of the lower polariton is much higher than can be expected from a Jaynes-Cummings interaction. We also find that the absorption intensity of the lower polariton increases by several orders of magnitude, suggesting a possible route toward overcoming phonon-limited single-photon emission from defect centers. These findings are a result of an effective continuum of electronic transitions near the lowest-lying electronic transition that dramatically enhances the strength of the light-matter interaction. We expect our findings to spur experimental investigations of strong light-matter coupling between defect centers and cavity photons for applications in quantum technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek S Wang
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Susanne F Yelin
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Johannes Flick
- Center for Computational Quantum Physics, Flatiron Institute, New York, New York 10010, United States
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45
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Li TE, Nitzan A, Subotnik JE. Collective Vibrational Strong Coupling Effects on Molecular Vibrational Relaxation and Energy Transfer: Numerical Insights via Cavity Molecular Dynamics Simulations*. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:15533-15540. [PMID: 33957010 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202103920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
For a small fraction of hot CO2 molecules immersed in a liquid-phase CO2 thermal bath, classical cavity molecular dynamics simulations show that forming collective vibrational strong coupling (VSC) between the C=O asymmetric stretch of CO2 molecules and a cavity mode accelerates hot-molecule relaxation. This acceleration stems from the fact that polaritons can be transiently excited during the nonequilibrium process, which facilitates intermolecular vibrational energy transfer. The VSC effects on these rates 1) resonantly depend on the cavity mode detuning, 2) cooperatively depend on Rabi splitting, and 3) collectively scale with the number of hot molecules. For larger cavity volumes, the average VSC effect per molecule can remain meaningful for up to N≈104 molecules forming VSC. Moreover, the transiently excited lower polariton prefers to relax by transferring its energy to the tail of the molecular energy distribution rather than distributing it equally to all thermal molecules. As far as the parameter dependence is concerned, the vibrational relaxation data presented here appear analogous to VSC catalysis in Fabry-Pérot microcavities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao E Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, USA
| | - Abraham Nitzan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, USA.,School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Joseph E Subotnik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, USA
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46
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Li TE, Nitzan A, Subotnik JE. Collective Vibrational Strong Coupling Effects on Molecular Vibrational Relaxation and Energy Transfer: Numerical Insights via Cavity Molecular Dynamics Simulations**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202103920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tao E. Li
- Department of Chemistry University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104 USA
| | - Abraham Nitzan
- Department of Chemistry University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104 USA
- School of Chemistry Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv 69978 Israel
| | - Joseph E. Subotnik
- Department of Chemistry University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104 USA
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47
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Imperatore MV, Asbury JB, Giebink NC. Reproducibility of cavity-enhanced chemical reaction rates in the vibrational strong coupling regime. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:191103. [PMID: 34240900 DOI: 10.1063/5.0046307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most exciting and debated aspects of polariton chemistry is the possibility that chemical reactions can be catalyzed by vibrational strong coupling (VSC) with confined optical modes in the absence of external illumination. Here, we report an attempt to reproduce the enhanced rate of cyanate ion hydrolysis reported by Hiura et al. [chemRxiv:7234721 (2019)] when the collective OH stretching vibrations of water (which is both the solvent and a reactant) are strongly coupled to a Fabry-Pérot cavity mode. Using a piezo-tunable microcavity, we reproduce the reported vacuum Rabi splitting but fail to observe any change in the reaction rate as the cavity thickness is tuned in and out of the strong coupling regime during a given experiment. These findings suggest that there are subtleties involved in successfully realizing VSC-catalyzed reaction kinetics and therefore motivate a broader effort within the community to validate the claims of polariton chemistry in the dark.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario V Imperatore
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - John B Asbury
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Noel C Giebink
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
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48
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Haugland TS, Schäfer C, Ronca E, Rubio A, Koch H. Intermolecular interactions in optical cavities: An ab initio QED study. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:094113. [PMID: 33685159 DOI: 10.1063/5.0039256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Intermolecular bonds are weak compared to covalent bonds, but they are strong enough to influence the properties of large molecular systems. In this work, we investigate how strong light-matter coupling inside an optical cavity can modify intermolecular forces and illustrate the varying necessity of correlation in their description. The electromagnetic field inside the cavity can modulate the ground state properties of weakly bound complexes. Tuning the field polarization and cavity frequency, the interactions can be stabilized or destabilized, and electron densities, dipole moments, and polarizabilities can be altered. We demonstrate that electron-photon correlation is fundamental to describe intermolecular interactions in strong light-matter coupling. This work proposes optical cavities as a novel tool to manipulate and control ground state properties, solvent effects, and intermolecular interactions for molecules and materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tor S Haugland
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Christian Schäfer
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center Free-Electron Laser Science, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Enrico Ronca
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center Free-Electron Laser Science, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Angel Rubio
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center Free-Electron Laser Science, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Henrik Koch
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
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