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Reuter T, Zorn D, Naumann R, Klett J, Förster C, Heinze K. A Tetracarbene Iron(II) Complex with a Long-lived Triplet Metal-to-Ligand Charge Transfer State due to a Triplet-Triplet Barrier. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202406438. [PMID: 38946322 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202406438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Mixed N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) / pyridyl iron(II) complexes have attracted a great deal of attention recently because of their potential as photocatalysts and light sensitizers made from Earth-abundant elements. The most decisive challenge for their successful implementation is the lifetime of the lowest triplet metal-to-ligand charge transfer state (3MLCT), which typically decays via a triplet metal-centered (3MC) state back to the ground state. We reveal by variable-temperature ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy that the tripodal iron(II) bis(pyridine) complex isomers trans- and cis-[Fe(pdmi)2]2+ with four NHC donors show 3MLCT→3MC population transfers with very different barriers and rationalize this by computational means. While trans-[Fe(pdmi)2]2+ possesses an unobservable activation barrier, the cis isomer exhibits a barrier of 492 cm-1, which leads to a nanosecond 3MLCT lifetime at 77 K. The kinetic and quantum chemical data were analyzed in the context of semi-classical Marcus theory revealing a high reorganization energy and small electronic coupling between the two triplet states. This highlights the importance of detailed structural control and kinetic knowledge for the rational design of photosensitizers from first row transition metals such as iron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Reuter
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Dimitri Zorn
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Robert Naumann
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jan Klett
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Christoph Förster
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Katja Heinze
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
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2
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Kim P, Roy S, Valentine AJS, Liu X, Kromer S, Kim TW, Li X, Castellano FN, Chen LX. Real-time capture of nuclear motions influencing photoinduced electron transfer. Chem Sci 2024:d4sc01876a. [PMID: 39184296 PMCID: PMC11339639 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc01876a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Although vibronic coupling phenomena have been recognized in the excite state dynamics of transition metal complexes, its impact on photoinduced electron transfer (PET) remains largely unexplored. This study investigates coherent wavepacket (CWP) dynamics during PET processes in a covalently linked electron donor-acceptor complex featuring a cyclometalated Pt(ii) dimer as the donor and naphthalene diimide (NDI) as the acceptors. Upon photoexciting the Pt(ii) dimer electron donor, ultrafast broadband transient absorption spectroscopy revealed direct modulation of NDI radical anion formation through certain CWP motions and correlated temporal evolutions of the amplitudes for these CWPs with the NDI radical anion formation. These results provide clear evidence that the CWP motions are the vibronic coherences coupled to the PET reaction coordinates. Normal mode analysis identified that the CWP motions originate from vibrational modes associated with the dihedral angles and bond lengths between the planes of the cyclometalating ligand and the NDI, the key modes altering their π-interaction, consequently influencing PET dynamics. The findings highlight the pivotal role of vibrations in shaping the favorable trajectories for the efficient PET processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pyosang Kim
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory Lemont IL 60439 USA
- Chemistry Department, Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Subhangi Roy
- Chemistry Department, North Carolina State University Raleigh NC 27695-8204 USA
| | | | - Xiaolin Liu
- Chemistry Department, University of Washington Seattle WA 98195 USA
| | - Sarah Kromer
- Chemistry Department, North Carolina State University Raleigh NC 27695-8204 USA
| | - Tae Wu Kim
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory Lemont IL 60439 USA
| | - Xiaosong Li
- Chemistry Department, University of Washington Seattle WA 98195 USA
| | - Felix N Castellano
- Chemistry Department, North Carolina State University Raleigh NC 27695-8204 USA
| | - Lin X Chen
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory Lemont IL 60439 USA
- Chemistry Department, Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208 USA
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3
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Nowakowski M, Huber-Gedert M, Elgabarty H, Kalinko A, Kubicki J, Kertmen A, Lindner N, Khakhulin D, Lima FA, Choi TK, Biednov M, Schmitz L, Piergies N, Zalden P, Kubicek K, Rodriguez-Fernandez A, Salem MA, Canton SE, Bressler C, Kühne TD, Gawelda W, Bauer M. Ultrafast Two-Color X-Ray Emission Spectroscopy Reveals Excited State Landscape in a Base Metal Dyad. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2404348. [PMID: 39099343 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202404348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
Effective photoinduced charge transfer makes molecular bimetallic assemblies attractive for applications as active light-induced proton reduction systems. Developing competitive base metal dyads is mandatory for a more sustainable future. However, the electron transfer mechanisms from the photosensitizer to the proton reduction catalyst in base metal dyads remain so far unexplored. A Fe─Co dyad that exhibits photocatalytic H2 production activity is studied using femtosecond X-ray emission spectroscopy, complemented by ultrafast optical spectroscopy and theoretical time-dependent DFT calculations, to understand the electronic and structural dynamics after photoexcitation and during the subsequent charge transfer process from the FeII photosensitizer to the cobaloxime catalyst. This novel approach enables the simultaneous measurement of the transient X-ray emission at the iron and cobalt K-edges in a two-color experiment. With this methodology, the excited state dynamics are correlated to the electron transfer processes, and evidence of the Fe→Co electron transfer as an initial step of proton reduction activity is unraveled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Nowakowski
- Chemistry Department and Center for Sustainable Systems Design (CSSD), Faculty of Science, Paderborn University, Warburger Straße 100, 33098, Paderborn, Germany
| | - Marina Huber-Gedert
- Chemistry Department and Center for Sustainable Systems Design (CSSD), Faculty of Science, Paderborn University, Warburger Straße 100, 33098, Paderborn, Germany
| | - Hossam Elgabarty
- Chemistry Department and Center for Sustainable Systems Design (CSSD), Faculty of Science, Paderborn University, Warburger Straße 100, 33098, Paderborn, Germany
| | - Aleksandr Kalinko
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607, Notkestr. 85, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jacek Kubicki
- Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 2, Poznań, 61-614, Poland
| | - Ahmet Kertmen
- Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 2, Poznań, 61-614, Poland
| | - Natalia Lindner
- Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 2, Poznań, 61-614, Poland
| | - Dmitry Khakhulin
- European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser Facility GmbH, 22869, Holzkoppel 4, Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Frederico A Lima
- European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser Facility GmbH, 22869, Holzkoppel 4, Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Tae-Kyu Choi
- European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser Facility GmbH, 22869, Holzkoppel 4, Schenefeld, Germany
- PAL-XFEL, Jigok-ro 127-80, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Mykola Biednov
- European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser Facility GmbH, 22869, Holzkoppel 4, Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Lennart Schmitz
- Chemistry Department and Center for Sustainable Systems Design (CSSD), Faculty of Science, Paderborn University, Warburger Straße 100, 33098, Paderborn, Germany
| | - Natalia Piergies
- Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, 31-342, Poland
| | - Peter Zalden
- European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser Facility GmbH, 22869, Holzkoppel 4, Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Katerina Kubicek
- European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser Facility GmbH, 22869, Holzkoppel 4, Schenefeld, Germany
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, 22761, Luruper Chaussee 149, Hamburg, Germany
- Fachbereich Physik, Universität Hamburg, 22607, Notkestraße 9-11, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Mohammad Alaraby Salem
- Chemistry Department and Center for Sustainable Systems Design (CSSD), Faculty of Science, Paderborn University, Warburger Straße 100, 33098, Paderborn, Germany
| | - Sophie E Canton
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, DK-2800, Denmark
| | - Christian Bressler
- European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser Facility GmbH, 22869, Holzkoppel 4, Schenefeld, Germany
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, 22761, Luruper Chaussee 149, Hamburg, Germany
- Fachbereich Physik, Universität Hamburg, 22607, Notkestraße 9-11, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas D Kühne
- Chemistry Department and Center for Sustainable Systems Design (CSSD), Faculty of Science, Paderborn University, Warburger Straße 100, 33098, Paderborn, Germany
- Center for Advanced Systems Understanding (CASUS), Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 02826, Untermarkt 20, Görlitz, Germany
- Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Chair of Computational System Sciences, Technische Universität Dresden, 01187, Helmholtzstr. 10, Dresden, Germany
| | - Wojciech Gawelda
- Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 2, Poznań, 61-614, Poland
- IMDEA Nanociencia, Calle Faraday 9, Madrid, 28049, Spain
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus Cantoblanco, Madrid, 28047, Spain
| | - Matthias Bauer
- Chemistry Department and Center for Sustainable Systems Design (CSSD), Faculty of Science, Paderborn University, Warburger Straße 100, 33098, Paderborn, Germany
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4
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Lindh L, Pascher T, Persson S, Goriya Y, Wärnmark K, Uhlig J, Chábera P, Persson P, Yartsev A. Multifaceted Deactivation Dynamics of Fe(II) N-Heterocyclic Carbene Photosensitizers. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:10210-10222. [PMID: 38000043 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c06983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Excited state dynamics of three iron(II) carbene complexes that serve as prototype Earth-abundant photosensitizers were investigated by ultrafast optical spectroscopy. Significant differences in the dynamics between the investigated complexes down to femtosecond time scales are used to characterize fundamental differences in the depopulation of triplet metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (3MLCT) excited states in the presence of energetically accessible triplet metal-centered (3MC) states. Novel insights into the full deactivation cascades of the investigated complexes include evidence of the need to revise the deactivation model for a prominent iron carbene prototype complex, a refined understanding of complex 3MC dynamics, and a quantitative discrimination between activated and barrierless deactivation steps along the 3MLCT → 3MC → 1GS path. Overall, the study provides an improved understanding of photophysical limitations and opportunities for the use of iron(II)-based photosensitizers in photochemical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linnea Lindh
- Division of Chemical Physics, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
- Division of Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Torbjörn Pascher
- Division of Chemical Physics, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Samuel Persson
- Center for Analysis and Synthesis (CAS), Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Yogesh Goriya
- Center for Analysis and Synthesis (CAS), Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Kenneth Wärnmark
- Center for Analysis and Synthesis (CAS), Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Jens Uhlig
- Division of Chemical Physics, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Pavel Chábera
- Division of Chemical Physics, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Petter Persson
- Division of Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Arkady Yartsev
- Division of Chemical Physics, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
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5
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Gómez-Ruiz FJ, Acevedo OL, Rodríguez FJ, Quiroga L, Johnson NF. Energy transfer in N-component nanosystems enhanced by pulse-driven vibronic many-body entanglement. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19790. [PMID: 37968301 PMCID: PMC10651905 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46256-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The processing of energy by transfer and redistribution, plays a key role in the evolution of dynamical systems. At the ultrasmall and ultrafast scale of nanosystems, quantum coherence could in principle also play a role and has been reported in many pulse-driven nanosystems (e.g. quantum dots and even the microscopic Light-Harvesting Complex II (LHC-II) aggregate). Typical theoretical analyses cannot easily be scaled to describe these general N-component nanosystems; they do not treat the pulse dynamically; and they approximate memory effects. Here our aim is to shed light on what new physics might arise beyond these approximations. We adopt a purposely minimal model such that the time-dependence of the pulse is included explicitly in the Hamiltonian. This simple model generates complex dynamics: specifically, pulses of intermediate duration generate highly entangled vibronic (i.e. electronic-vibrational) states that spread multiple excitons - and hence energy - maximally within the system. Subsequent pulses can then act on such entangled states to efficiently channel subsequent energy capture. The underlying pulse-generated vibronic entanglement increases in strength and robustness as N increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando J Gómez-Ruiz
- Departamento de Física Teórica, Atómica y Óptica, Universidad de Valladolid, 47011, Valladolid, Spain
- Instituto de Física Fundamental IFF-CSIC, Calle Serrano 113b, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Oscar L Acevedo
- Escuela de Ciencias Básicas, Institución Universitaria Politécnico Grancolombiano, Bogotá, D.C, 110231, Colombia
| | - Ferney J Rodríguez
- Departamento de Física, Universidad de los Andes, A.A. 4976, Bogotá, D.C, Colombia
| | - Luis Quiroga
- Departamento de Física, Universidad de los Andes, A.A. 4976, Bogotá, D.C, Colombia
| | - Neil F Johnson
- Physics Department, George Washington University, Washington, D.C, 20052, USA.
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