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Ibele LM, Sangiogo Gil E, Villaseco Arribas E, Agostini F. Simulations of photoinduced processes with the exact factorization: state of the art and perspectives. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024. [PMID: 39417703 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp02489c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2024]
Abstract
This perspective offers an overview of the applications of the exact factorization of the electron-nuclear wavefunction to the domain of theoretical photochemistry, where the aim is to gain insights into the ultrafast dynamics of molecular systems via simulations of their excited-state dynamics beyond the Born-Oppenheimer approximation. The exact factorization offers an alternative viewpoint to the Born-Huang representation for the interpretation of dynamical processes involving the electronic ground and excited states as well as their coupling through the nuclear motion. Therefore, the formalism has been used to derive algorithms for quantum molecular-dynamics simulations where the nuclear motion is treated using trajectories and the electrons are treated quantum mechanically. These algorithms have the characteristic features of being based on coupled and on auxiliary trajectories, and have shown excellent performance in describing a variety of excited-state processes, as this perspective illustrates. We conclude with a discussion on the authors' point of view on the future of the exact factorization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Maria Ibele
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Physique UMR8000, Orsay, 91405, France.
| | - Eduarda Sangiogo Gil
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Physique UMR8000, Orsay, 91405, France.
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Evaristo Villaseco Arribas
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Physique UMR8000, Orsay, 91405, France.
- Department of Physics, Rutgers University, Newark 07102, New Jersey, USA
| | - Federica Agostini
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Physique UMR8000, Orsay, 91405, France.
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2
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Sangiogo Gil E, Lauvergnat D, Agostini F. Exact factorization of the photon-electron-nuclear wavefunction: Formulation and coupled-trajectory dynamics. J Chem Phys 2024; 161:084112. [PMID: 39189656 DOI: 10.1063/5.0224779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024] Open
Abstract
We employ the exact-factorization formalism to study the coupled dynamics of photons, electrons, and nuclei at the quantum mechanical level, proposing illustrative examples of model situations of nonadiabatic dynamics and spontaneous emission of electron-nuclear systems in the regime of strong light-matter coupling. We make a particular choice of factorization for such a multi-component system, where the full wavefunction is factored as a conditional electronic amplitude and a marginal photon-nuclear amplitude. Then, we apply the coupled-trajectory mixed quantum-classical (CTMQC) algorithm to perform trajectory-based simulations, by treating photonic and nuclear degrees of freedom on equal footing in terms of classical-like trajectories. The analysis of the time-dependent potentials of the theory along with the assessment of the performance of CTMQC allows us to point out some limitations of the current approximations used in CTMQC. Meanwhile, comparing CTMQC with other trajectory-based algorithms, namely multi-trajectory Ehrenfest and Tully surface hopping, demonstrates the better quality of CTMQC predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduarda Sangiogo Gil
- CNRS, Institut de Chimie Physique UMR8000, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - David Lauvergnat
- CNRS, Institut de Chimie Physique UMR8000, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Federica Agostini
- CNRS, Institut de Chimie Physique UMR8000, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France
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3
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Dutta A, Tiainen V, Sokolovskii I, Duarte L, Markešević N, Morozov D, Qureshi HA, Pikker S, Groenhof G, Toppari JJ. Thermal disorder prevents the suppression of ultra-fast photochemistry in the strong light-matter coupling regime. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6600. [PMID: 39097575 PMCID: PMC11297929 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50532-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Strong coupling between molecules and confined light modes of optical cavities to form polaritons can alter photochemistry, but the origin of this effect remains largely unknown. While theoretical models suggest a suppression of photochemistry due to the formation of new polaritonic potential energy surfaces, many of these models do not account for the energetic disorder among the molecules, which is unavoidable at ambient conditions. Here, we combine simulations and experiments to show that for an ultra-fast photochemical reaction such thermal disorder prevents the modification of the potential energy surface and that suppression is due to radiative decay of the lossy cavity modes. We also show that the excitation spectrum under strong coupling is a product of the excitation spectrum of the bare molecules and the absorption spectrum of the molecule-cavity system, suggesting that polaritons can act as gateways for channeling an excitation into a molecule, which then reacts normally. Our results therefore imply that strong coupling provides a means to tune the action spectrum of a molecule, rather than to change the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpan Dutta
- Nanoscience Center and Department of Physics, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Turku, 20014, Turku, Finland
| | - Ville Tiainen
- Nanoscience Center and Department of Physics, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Ilia Sokolovskii
- Nanoscience Center and Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Luís Duarte
- Nanoscience Center and Department of Physics, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nemanja Markešević
- Nanoscience Center and Department of Physics, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
- CNR-INO Istituto Nazionale di Ottica del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche and LENS European Laboratory for Nonlinear Spectroscopy, Via Nello Carrara 1, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Italy
| | - Dmitry Morozov
- Nanoscience Center and Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Hassan A Qureshi
- Nanoscience Center and Department of Physics, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Turku, 20014, Turku, Finland
| | - Siim Pikker
- Nanoscience Center and Department of Physics, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
- Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, W. Ostwaldi 1, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Gerrit Groenhof
- Nanoscience Center and Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - J Jussi Toppari
- Nanoscience Center and Department of Physics, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland.
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4
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Sokolovskii I, Groenhof G. Non-Hermitian molecular dynamics simulations of exciton-polaritons in lossy cavities. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:092501. [PMID: 38426514 DOI: 10.1063/5.0188613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The observation that materials can change their properties when placed inside or near an optical resonator has sparked a fervid interest in understanding the effects of strong light-matter coupling on molecular dynamics, and several approaches have been proposed to extend the methods of computational chemistry into this regime. Whereas the majority of these approaches have focused on modeling a single molecule coupled to a single cavity mode, changes to chemistry have so far only been observed experimentally when very many molecules are coupled collectively to multiple modes with short lifetimes. While atomistic simulations of many molecules coupled to multiple cavity modes have been performed with semi-classical molecular dynamics, an explicit description of cavity losses has so far been restricted to simulations in which only a very few molecular degrees of freedom were considered. Here, we have implemented an effective non-Hermitian Hamiltonian to explicitly treat cavity losses in large-scale semi-classical molecular dynamics simulations of organic polaritons and used it to perform both mean-field and surface hopping simulations of polariton relaxation, propagation, and energy transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilia Sokolovskii
- Nanoscience Center and Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Gerrit Groenhof
- Nanoscience Center and Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
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5
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Weight BM, Li X, Zhang Y. Theory and modeling of light-matter interactions in chemistry: current and future. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:31554-31577. [PMID: 37842818 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp01415k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Light-matter interaction not only plays an instrumental role in characterizing materials' properties via various spectroscopic techniques but also provides a general strategy to manipulate material properties via the design of novel nanostructures. This perspective summarizes recent theoretical advances in modeling light-matter interactions in chemistry, mainly focusing on plasmon and polariton chemistry. The former utilizes the highly localized photon, plasmonic hot electrons, and local heat to drive chemical reactions. In contrast, polariton chemistry modifies the potential energy curvatures of bare electronic systems, and hence their chemistry, via forming light-matter hybrid states, so-called polaritons. The perspective starts with the basic background of light-matter interactions, molecular quantum electrodynamics theory, and the challenges of modeling light-matter interactions in chemistry. Then, the recent advances in modeling plasmon and polariton chemistry are described, and future directions toward multiscale simulations of light-matter interaction-mediated chemistry are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braden M Weight
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA.
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
| | - Xinyang Li
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA.
| | - Yu Zhang
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA.
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6
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Tichauer RH, Sokolovskii I, Groenhof G. Tuning the Coherent Propagation of Organic Exciton-Polaritons through the Cavity Q-factor. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2302650. [PMID: 37818758 PMCID: PMC10667804 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202302650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Transport of excitons in organic materials can be enhanced through polariton formation when the interaction strength between these excitons and the confined light modes of an optical resonator exceeds their decay rates. While the polariton lifetime is determined by the Q(uality)-factor of the optical resonator, the polariton group velocity is not. Instead, the latter is solely determined by the polariton dispersion. Yet, experiments suggest that the Q-factor also controls the polariton propagation velocity. To understand this observation, the authors perform molecular dynamics simulations of Rhodamine chromophores strongly coupled to Fabry-Pérot cavities with various Q-factors. The results suggest that propagation in the aforementioned experiments is initially dominated by ballistic motion of upper polariton states at their group velocities, which leads to a rapid expansion of the wavepacket. Cavity decay in combination with non-adiabatic population transfer into dark states, rapidly depletes these bright states, causing the wavepacket to contract. However, because population transfer is reversible, propagation continues, but as a diffusion process, at lower velocity. By controlling the lifetime of bright states, the Q-factor determines the duration of the ballistic phase and the diffusion coefficient in the diffusive regime. Thus, polariton propagation in organic microcavities can be effectively tuned through the Q-factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth H. Tichauer
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada and Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC)Universidad Autónoma de MadridMadridE‐28049Spain
| | - Ilia Sokolovskii
- Nanoscience Center and Department of ChemistryUniversity of JyväskyläP.O. Box 35, 40014JyväskyläFinland
| | - Gerrit Groenhof
- Nanoscience Center and Department of ChemistryUniversity of JyväskyläP.O. Box 35, 40014JyväskyläFinland
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7
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Sokolovskii I, Tichauer RH, Morozov D, Feist J, Groenhof G. Multi-scale molecular dynamics simulations of enhanced energy transfer in organic molecules under strong coupling. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6613. [PMID: 37857599 PMCID: PMC10587084 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42067-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Exciton transport can be enhanced in the strong coupling regime where excitons hybridize with confined light modes to form polaritons. Because polaritons have group velocity, their propagation should be ballistic and long-ranged. However, experiments indicate that organic polaritons propagate in a diffusive manner and more slowly than their group velocity. Here, we resolve this controversy by means of molecular dynamics simulations of Rhodamine molecules in a Fabry-Pérot cavity. Our results suggest that polariton propagation is limited by the cavity lifetime and appears diffusive due to reversible population transfers between polaritonic states that propagate ballistically at their group velocity, and dark states that are stationary. Furthermore, because long-lived dark states transiently trap the excitation, propagation is observed on timescales beyond the intrinsic polariton lifetime. These insights not only help to better understand and interpret experimental observations, but also pave the way towards rational design of molecule-cavity systems for coherent exciton transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilia Sokolovskii
- Nanoscience Center and Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, Jyväskylä, 40014, Finland
| | - Ruth H Tichauer
- Nanoscience Center and Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, Jyväskylä, 40014, Finland
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada and Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Dmitry Morozov
- Nanoscience Center and Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, Jyväskylä, 40014, Finland
| | - Johannes Feist
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada and Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gerrit Groenhof
- Nanoscience Center and Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, Jyväskylä, 40014, Finland.
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8
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Mandal A, Taylor MA, Weight BM, Koessler ER, Li X, Huo P. Theoretical Advances in Polariton Chemistry and Molecular Cavity Quantum Electrodynamics. Chem Rev 2023; 123:9786-9879. [PMID: 37552606 PMCID: PMC10450711 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
When molecules are coupled to an optical cavity, new light-matter hybrid states, so-called polaritons, are formed due to quantum light-matter interactions. With the experimental demonstrations of modifying chemical reactivities by forming polaritons under strong light-matter interactions, theorists have been encouraged to develop new methods to simulate these systems and discover new strategies to tune and control reactions. This review summarizes some of these exciting theoretical advances in polariton chemistry, in methods ranging from the fundamental framework to computational techniques and applications spanning from photochemistry to vibrational strong coupling. Even though the theory of quantum light-matter interactions goes back to the midtwentieth century, the gaps in the knowledge of molecular quantum electrodynamics (QED) have only recently been filled. We review recent advances made in resolving gauge ambiguities, the correct form of different QED Hamiltonians under different gauges, and their connections to various quantum optics models. Then, we review recently developed ab initio QED approaches which can accurately describe polariton states in a realistic molecule-cavity hybrid system. We then discuss applications using these method advancements. We review advancements in polariton photochemistry where the cavity is made resonant to electronic transitions to control molecular nonadiabatic excited state dynamics and enable new photochemical reactivities. When the cavity resonance is tuned to the molecular vibrations instead, ground-state chemical reaction modifications have been demonstrated experimentally, though its mechanistic principle remains unclear. We present some recent theoretical progress in resolving this mystery. Finally, we review the recent advances in understanding the collective coupling regime between light and matter, where many molecules can collectively couple to a single cavity mode or many cavity modes. We also lay out the current challenges in theory to explain the observed experimental results. We hope that this review will serve as a useful document for anyone who wants to become familiar with the context of polariton chemistry and molecular cavity QED and thus significantly benefit the entire community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkajit Mandal
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 120 Trustee Road, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Michael A.D. Taylor
- The
Institute of Optics, Hajim School of Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Braden M. Weight
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University of
Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United
States
| | - Eric R. Koessler
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 120 Trustee Road, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Xinyang Li
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 120 Trustee Road, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
- Theoretical
Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Pengfei Huo
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 120 Trustee Road, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
- The
Institute of Optics, Hajim School of Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
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9
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Davidsson E, Kowalewski M. The role of dephasing for dark state coupling in a molecular Tavis-Cummings model. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:044306. [PMID: 37493131 PMCID: PMC7615654 DOI: 10.1063/5.0155302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The collective coupling of an ensemble of molecules to a light field is commonly described by the Tavis-Cummings model. This model includes numerous eigenstates that are optically decoupled from the optically bright polariton states. Accessing these dark states requires breaking the symmetry in the corresponding Hamiltonian. In this paper, we investigate the influence of non-unitary processes on the dark state dynamics in the molecular Tavis-Cummings model. The system is modeled with a Lindblad equation that includes pure dephasing, as it would be caused by weak interactions with an environment, and photon decay. Our simulations show that the rate of pure dephasing, as well as the number of two-level systems, has a significant influence on the dark state population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Davidsson
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, Albanova University Center, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Markus Kowalewski
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, Albanova University Center, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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10
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Hu D, Huo P. Ab Initio Molecular Cavity Quantum Electrodynamics Simulations Using Machine Learning Models. J Chem Theory Comput 2023; 19:2353-2368. [PMID: 37000936 PMCID: PMC10134431 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c00137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
We present a mixed quantum-classical simulation of polariton dynamics for molecule-cavity hybrid systems. In particular, we treat the coupled electronic-photonic degrees of freedom (DOFs) as the quantum subsystem and the nuclear DOFs as the classical subsystem and use the trajectory surface hopping approach to simulate non-adiabatic dynamics among the polariton states due to the coupled motion of nuclei. We use the accurate nuclear gradient expression derived from the Pauli-Fierz quantum electrodynamics Hamiltonian without making further approximations. The energies, gradients, and derivative couplings of the molecular systems are obtained from the on-the-fly simulations at the level of complete active space self-consistent field (CASSCF), which are used to compute the polariton energies and nuclear gradients. The derivatives of dipoles are also necessary ingredients in the polariton nuclear gradient expression but are often not readily available in electronic structure methods. To address this challenge, we use a machine learning model with the Kernel ridge regression method to construct the dipoles and further obtain their derivatives, at the same level as the CASSCF theory. The cavity loss process is modeled with the Lindblad jump superoperator on the reduced density of the electronic-photonic quantum subsystem. We investigate the azomethane molecule and its photoinduced isomerization dynamics inside the cavity. Our results show the accuracy of the machine-learned dipoles and their usage in simulating polariton dynamics. Our polariton dynamics results also demonstrate the isomerization reaction of azomethane can be effectively tuned by coupling to an optical cavity and by changing the light-matter coupling strength and the cavity loss rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deping Hu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Pengfei Huo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
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