1
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Bisquert J, Roldán JB, Miranda E. Hysteresis in memristors produces conduction inductance and conduction capacitance effects. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:13804-13813. [PMID: 38655741 PMCID: PMC11078199 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp00586d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Memristors are devices in which the conductance state can be alternately switched between a high and a low value by means of a voltage scan. In general, systems involving a chemical inductor mechanism as solar cells, asymmetric nanopores in electrochemical cells, transistors, and solid state memristive devices, exhibit a current increase and decrease over time that generates hysteresis. By performing small signal ac impedance spectroscopy, we show that memristors, or any other system with hysteresis relying on the conductance modulation effect, display intrinsic dynamic inductor-like and capacitance-like behaviours in specific input voltage ranges. Both the conduction inductance and the conduction capacitance originate in the same delayed conduction process linked to the memristor dynamics and not in electromagnetic or polarization effects. A simple memristor model reproduces the main features of the transition from capacitive to inductive impedance spectroscopy spectra, which causes a nonzero crossing of current-voltage curves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Bisquert
- Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM), Universitat Jaume I, 12006 Castelló, Spain.
| | - Juan B Roldán
- Departamento de Electrónica y Tecnología de Computadores, Universidad de Granada, Facultad de Ciencias, Avd. Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Enrique Miranda
- Dept. Enginyeria Electrònica, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
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2
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Yudco S, Bisquert J, Etgar L. Enhanced LED Performance by Ion Migration in Multiple Quantum Well Perovskite. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:11610-11617. [PMID: 38100371 PMCID: PMC11163466 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c02822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Here we study the effect of ion migration on the performance of perovskite light emitting diodes (PeLEDs). We compared aromatic and linear barrier molecules in Ruddlesden-Popper and Dion-Jacobson two-dimensional perovskites having multiple quantum well (MQW) structures. PeLED devices were fabricated by using the same conditions and architecture, while their electroluminescence properties and ion migration behavior were investigated. Impedance spectroscopy measurements were used to analyze the PeLEDs, which found a direct link between the barrier molecule type, the device efficiency, and ion migration. The best performing LEDs were based on the aromatic barriers, which present dominant inductive impedance, indicating an earlier onset voltage of radiative recombination. These findings present an approach of how to control radiative emission in perovskite LEDs which opens the way for further improvement in PeLEDs and memristors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shir Yudco
- Institute
of Chemistry, Casali Center for Applied Chemistry and the Center for
Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew
University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Juan Bisquert
- Institute
of Advanced Materials (INAM), Universitat
Jaume I, 12006 Castelló, Spain
| | - Lioz Etgar
- Institute
of Chemistry, Casali Center for Applied Chemistry and the Center for
Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew
University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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3
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Wei X, Zhang P, Xu T, Zhou H, Bai Y, Chen Q. Chemical approaches for electronic doping in photovoltaic materials beyond crystalline silicon. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:10016-10063. [PMID: 36398768 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00110a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Electronic doping is applied to tailor the electrical and optoelectronic properties of semiconductors, which have been widely adopted in information and clean energy technologies, like integrated circuit fabrication and PVs. Though this concept has prevailed in conventional PVs, it has achieved limited success in the new-generation PV materials, particularly in halide perovskites, owing to their soft lattice nature and self-compensation by intrinsic defects. In this review, we summarize the evolution of the theoretical understanding and strategies of electronic doping from Si-based photovoltaics to thin-film technologies, e.g., GaAs, CdTe and Cu(In,Ga)Se2, and also cover the emerging PVs including halide perovskites and organic solar cells. We focus on the chemical approaches to electronic doping, emphasizing various chemical interactions/bonding throughout materials synthesis/modification to device fabrication/operation. Furthermore, we propose new classifications and models of electronic doping based on the physical and chemical properties of dopants, in the context of solid-state chemistry, which inspires further development of optoelectronics based on perovskites and other hybrid materials. Finally, we outline the effects of electronic doping in semiconducting materials and highlight the challenges that need to be overcome for reliable and controllable doping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyuan Wei
- Experimental Centre for Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China.
| | - Pengxiang Zhang
- Experimental Centre for Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China.
| | - Tailai Xu
- Experimental Centre for Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China.
| | - Huanping Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Yang Bai
- Experimental Centre for Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China.
| | - Qi Chen
- Experimental Centre for Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China.
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4
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Sakhatskyi K, John RA, Guerrero A, Tsarev S, Sabisch S, Das T, Matt GJ, Yakunin S, Cherniukh I, Kotyrba M, Berezovska Y, Bodnarchuk MI, Chakraborty S, Bisquert J, Kovalenko MV. Assessing the Drawbacks and Benefits of Ion Migration in Lead Halide Perovskites. ACS ENERGY LETTERS 2022; 7:3401-3414. [PMID: 36277137 PMCID: PMC9578653 DOI: 10.1021/acsenergylett.2c01663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Since the inception of the unprecedented rise of halide perovskites for photovoltaic research, ion migration has shadowed this material class with undesirable hysteresis and degradation effects, limiting its practical implementations. Unfortunately, the localized doping and electrochemical reactions triggered by ion migration cause many more undesirable effects that are often unreported or misinterpreted because they deviate from classical semiconductor behavior. In this Perspective, we provide a concise overview of such effects in halide perovskites, such as operational instability in photovoltaics, polarization-induced abnormal external quantum efficiency in light-emitting diodes, and energy channel shift and anomalous sensitivities in hard radiation detection. Finally, we highlight a unique use case of exploiting ion migration as a boon to design emerging memory technologies such as memristors for information storage and computing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kostiantyn Sakhatskyi
- Laboratory
of Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Laboratory
for Thin Films and Photovoltaics, Empa −
Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Rohit Abraham John
- Laboratory
of Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Laboratory
for Thin Films and Photovoltaics, Empa −
Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Antonio Guerrero
- Institute
of Advanced Materials (INAM), Universitat
Jaume I, 12006 Castelló, Spain
| | - Sergey Tsarev
- Laboratory
of Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Laboratory
for Thin Films and Photovoltaics, Empa −
Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Sabisch
- Laboratory
of Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Tisita Das
- Materials
Theory for Energy Scavenging (MATES) Lab, Harish-Chandra Research Institute (HRI) Allahabad, HBNI, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh 211019, India
| | - Gebhard J. Matt
- Laboratory
of Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Laboratory
for Thin Films and Photovoltaics, Empa −
Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Sergii Yakunin
- Laboratory
of Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Laboratory
for Thin Films and Photovoltaics, Empa −
Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Ihor Cherniukh
- Laboratory
of Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Laboratory
for Thin Films and Photovoltaics, Empa −
Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Martin Kotyrba
- Laboratory
of Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Laboratory
for Thin Films and Photovoltaics, Empa −
Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Yuliia Berezovska
- Laboratory
of Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Laboratory
for Thin Films and Photovoltaics, Empa −
Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Maryna I. Bodnarchuk
- Laboratory
of Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Laboratory
for Thin Films and Photovoltaics, Empa −
Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Sudip Chakraborty
- Materials
Theory for Energy Scavenging (MATES) Lab, Harish-Chandra Research Institute (HRI) Allahabad, HBNI, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh 211019, India
| | - Juan Bisquert
- Institute
of Advanced Materials (INAM), Universitat
Jaume I, 12006 Castelló, Spain
- Yonsei
Frontier Lab, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, South Korea
| | - Maksym V. Kovalenko
- Laboratory
of Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Laboratory
for Thin Films and Photovoltaics, Empa −
Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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5
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Abstract
A multitude of chemical, biological, and material systems present an inductive behavior that is not electromagnetic in origin. Here, it is termed a chemical inductor. We show that the structure of the chemical inductor consists of a two-dimensional system that couples a fast conduction mode and a slowing down element. Therefore, it is generally defined in dynamical terms rather than by a specific physicochemical mechanism. The chemical inductor produces many familiar features in electrochemical reactions, including catalytic, electrodeposition, and corrosion reactions in batteries and fuel cells, and in solid-state semiconductor devices such as solar cells, organic light-emitting diodes, and memristors. It generates the widespread phenomenon of negative capacitance, it causes negative spikes in voltage transient measurements, and it creates inverted hysteresis effects in current-voltage curves and cyclic voltammetry. Furthermore, it determines stability, bifurcations, and chaotic properties associated to self-sustained oscillations in biological neurons and electrochemical systems. As these properties emerge in different types of measurement techniques such as impedance spectroscopy and time-transient decays, the chemical inductor becomes a useful framework for the interpretation of the electrical, optoelectronic, and electrochemical responses in a wide variety of systems. In the paper, we describe the general dynamical structure of the chemical inductor and we comment on a broad range of examples from different research areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Bisquert
- Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM), Universitat Jaume I, Castelló 12006, Spain
- Yonsei Frontier Lab, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, South Korea
| | - Antonio Guerrero
- Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM), Universitat Jaume I, Castelló 12006, Spain
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6
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Taukeer Khan M, Khan F, Al-Ahmed A, Ahmad S, Al-Sulaiman F. Evaluating the Capacitive Response in Metal Halide Perovskite Solar Cells. CHEM REC 2022; 22:e202100330. [PMID: 35199444 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The perovskites solar cells (PSCs) is composed of multifaceted device architecture and involve complex charge extraction (both electronic and ionic), this makes the task demanding to unlock the origin of the different physical process that occurs in a PSC. The capacitance in PSCs depends on several external perturbations including frequency, illumination, temperature, applied bias, and importantly on the interface modification of perovskites/charge selective contact. Arguably, different features including interfacial and bulk; ionic, and electronic charge transport in PSCs occur at different time scales. Capacitance spectroscopy is a prevailing technique to unravel the various physical phenomenon that occurs in a PSC at different time scales. A deeper knowledge of the capacitive response of a PSCs is essential to understand the charge carrier kinetics and unlock the device physics. This work highlights the capacitive response of PSCs and its application to unlock the device physics which is essential for the further optimization and improvement of the device performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Taukeer Khan
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Islamic University of Madinah, Al Jamiah, Madinah, 42351, Saudi Arabia
| | - Firoz Khan
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Renewable Energy and Power Systems (IRC-REPS), Research Institute, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amir Al-Ahmed
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Renewable Energy and Power Systems (IRC-REPS), Research Institute, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shahzada Ahmad
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, Bld. Martina Casiano, UPV/EHU Science Park, Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940, Leioa, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, 48009, Spain
| | - Fahad Al-Sulaiman
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Renewable Energy and Power Systems (IRC-REPS), Research Institute, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
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7
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Guerrero A, Bisquert J, Garcia-Belmonte G. Impedance Spectroscopy of Metal Halide Perovskite Solar Cells from the Perspective of Equivalent Circuits. Chem Rev 2021; 121:14430-14484. [PMID: 34845904 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Impedance spectroscopy (IS) provides a detailed understanding of the dynamic phenomena underlying the operation of photovoltaic and optoelectronic devices. Here we provide a broad summary of the application of IS to metal halide perovskite materials, solar cells, electrooptic and memory devices. IS has been widely used to characterize perovskite solar cells, but the variability of samples and the presence of coupled ionic-electronic effects form a complex problem that has not been fully solved yet. We summarize the understanding that has been obtained so far, the basic methods and models, as well as the challenging points still present in this research field. Our approach emphasizes the importance of the equivalent circuit for monitoring the parameters that describe the response and providing a physical interpretation. We discuss the possibilities of models from the general perspective of solar cell behavior, and we describe the specific aspects and properties of the metal halide perovskites. We analyze the impact of the ionic effects and the memory effects, and we describe the combination of light-modulated techniques such as intensity modulated photocurrent spectroscopy (IMPS) for obtaining more detailed information in complex cases. The transformation of the frequency to time domain is discussed for the consistent interpretation of time transient techniques and the prediction of features of current-voltage hysteresis. We discuss in detail the stability issues and the occurrence of transformations of the sample coupled to the measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Guerrero
- Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM), Universitat Jaume I, 12006 Castelló, Spain
| | - Juan Bisquert
- Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM), Universitat Jaume I, 12006 Castelló, Spain.,Yonsei Frontier Lab, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, South Korea
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8
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Bou A, Bisquert J. Impedance Spectroscopy Dynamics of Biological Neural Elements: From Memristors to Neurons and Synapses. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:9934-9949. [PMID: 34436891 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c03905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the operation of neurons and synapses is essential to reproducing biological computation. Building artificial neuromorphic networks opens the door to a new generation of faster and low-energy-consuming electronic circuits for computation. The main candidates to imitate the natural biocomputation processes, such as the generation of action potentials and spiking, are memristors. Generally, the study of the performance of material neuromorphic elements is done by the analysis of time transient signals. Here, we present an analysis of neural systems in the frequency domain by small-amplitude ac impedance spectroscopy. We start from the constitutive equations for the conductance and memory effect, and we derive and classify the impedance spectroscopy spectra. We first provide a general analysis of a memristor and demonstrate that this element can be expressed as a combination of simple parts. In particular, we derive a basic equivalent circuit where the memory effect is represented by an RL branch. We show that this ac model is quite general and describes the inductive/negative capacitance response in many systems such as halide perovskites and organic LEDs. Thereafter, we derive the impedance response of the integrate-and-fire exponential adaptative neuron model that introduces a negative differential resistance and a richer set of spectra. On the basis of these insights, we provide an interpretation of the varied spectra that appear in the more general Hodgkin-Huxley neuron model. Our work provides important criteria to determine the properties that must be found in material realizations of neuronal elements. This approach has the great advantage that the analysis of highly complex phenomena can be based purely on the shape of experimental impedance spectra, avoiding the need for specific modeling of rather involved material processes that produce the required response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustín Bou
- Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM), Universitat Jaume I, 12006 Castelló, Spain
| | - Juan Bisquert
- Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM), Universitat Jaume I, 12006 Castelló, Spain
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9
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Tailor NK, Senanayak SP, Abdi-Jalebi M, Satapathi S. Low-frequency carrier kinetics in triple cation perovskite solar cells probed by impedance and modulus spectroscopy. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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10
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Bisquert J, Guerrero A, Gonzales C. Theory of Hysteresis in Halide Perovskites by Integration of the Equivalent Circuit. ACS PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY AU 2021; 1:25-44. [PMID: 36855663 PMCID: PMC9718316 DOI: 10.1021/acsphyschemau.1c00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Perovskite solar cells show a number of internal electronic-ionic effects that produce hysteresis in the current-voltage curves and a dependence of the temporal response on the conditions of the previous stimulus applied to the sample. There are many models and explanations in the literature, but predictive methods that may lead to an assessment of the solar cell behavior based on independent measurements are needed. Here, we develop a method to predict time domain response starting from the frequency domain response measured by impedance spectroscopy over a collection of steady states. The rationale of the method is to convert the impedance response into a set of differential equations, in which the internal state variables emerge naturally and need not be predefined in terms of a physical (drift/diffusion/interfaces) model. Then, one solves (integrates) the evolution for a required external perturbation such as voltage sweep at a constant rate (cyclic voltammetry). Using this method, we solve two elementary but relevant equivalent circuit models for perovskite solar cells and memristors, and we show the emergence of hysteresis in terms of the relevant time and energy constants that can be fully obtained from impedance spectroscopy. We demonstrate quantitatively a central insight in agreement with many observations: regular hysteresis is capacitive, and inverted hysteresis is inductive. Analysis of several types of perovskite solar cells shows excellent correlation of the type of equivalent circuit and the observed hysteresis. A new phenomenon of transformation from capacitive to inductive hysteresis in the course of the current-voltage curve is reported.
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11
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Yao D, Hoang MT, Wang H. Low-Dimensional-Networked Perovskites with A-Site-Cation Engineering for Optoelectronic Devices. SMALL METHODS 2021; 5:e2001147. [PMID: 34928083 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202001147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Low-dimensional-networked (LDN) perovskites denote materials in which the molecular structure adopts 2D, 1D, or 0D arrangement. Compared to conventional 3D structured lead halide perovskite (chemical formula: ABX3 where A: monovalent cations, B: divalent cations, X: halides) that have been studied widely as light absorber and used in current state-or-the-art solar cells, LDN perovskite have unique properties such as more flexible crystal structure, lower ion transport mobility, robust stability against environmental stress such as moisture, thermal, etc., making them attractive for applications in optoelectronic devices. Since 2014, reports on LDN perovskite materials used in perovskite solar cells, light emitting diodes (LEDs), luminescent solar concentrators (LSC), and photodetectors have been reported, aiming to overcome the obstacles of conventional 3DN perovskite materials in these optoelectronic devices. In this review, the variable ligands used to make LDN perovskite materials are summarized, their distinct properties compared to conventional 3D perovskite materials. The research progress of optoelectronic devices including solar cells, LEDs, LSCs, and photodetectors that used different LDNs perovskite, the roles and working mechanisms of the LDN perovskites in the devices are also demonstrated. Finally, key research challenges and outlook of LDN materials for various optoelectronic applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Disheng Yao
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4001, Australia
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4001, Australia
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Minh Tam Hoang
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4001, Australia
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4001, Australia
| | - Hongxia Wang
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4001, Australia
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4001, Australia
- Centre for Clean Energy Technologies and Practices, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4001, Australia
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12
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Khan MT, Huang P, Almohammedi A, Kazim S, Ahmad S. Mechanistic origin and unlocking of negative capacitance in perovskites solar cells. iScience 2020; 24:102024. [PMID: 33521597 PMCID: PMC7820557 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.102024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We have unlocked the mechanistic behavior of negative capacitance in perovskite solar cells (PSCs) by analyzing impedance spectra at variable photovoltage and applied bias, temperature-dependent capacitance versus frequency (C-f) spectra, and current-voltage (J-V) characteristics. We noted that p-i-n type PSCs having PEDOT:PSS or PTAA as hole transport layer display negative capacitance feature at low and intermediate frequencies. The activation energies (Ea) for the observance of negative capacitance were found to be in a similar order of magnitude required for the ionic migration. Moreover, the kinetic relaxation time (τkin) estimated to be in the same order of magnitude required to activate the halide ion migration. Our investigation suggests that the primary reason for the appearance of negative capacitance in PSCs with a p-i-n configuration is associated with the migration of halide ions and vacancies in the perovskite layers. Negative capacitance in p-i-n device was unraveled from immittance spectroscopy Under external bias, halide ions/vacancies migrate toward HTL/perovskites interface Charge carriers discharge in trap states leading to the negative capacitance In p-i-n devices PTAA-based HTL display improved charge transport compared with PEDOT:PSS
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Taukeer Khan
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, 48940 Leioa, Spain.,Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Islamic University of Madinah, Prince Naifbin Abdulaziz, Al Jamiah, Madinah 42351, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Peng Huang
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Abdullah Almohammedi
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Islamic University of Madinah, Prince Naifbin Abdulaziz, Al Jamiah, Madinah 42351, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Samrana Kazim
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, 48940 Leioa, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Shahzada Ahmad
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, 48940 Leioa, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
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13
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Bou A, Pockett A, Raptis D, Watson T, Carnie MJ, Bisquert J. Beyond Impedance Spectroscopy of Perovskite Solar Cells: Insights from the Spectral Correlation of the Electrooptical Frequency Techniques. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:8654-8659. [PMID: 32955259 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c02459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Small perturbation techniques have proven to be useful tools for the investigation of perovskite solar cells. A correct interpretation of the spectra given by impedance spectroscopy (IS), intensity-modulated photocurrent spectroscopy (IMPS), and intensity-modulated photovoltage spectroscopy (IMVS) is key for the understanding of device operation. The utilization of a correct equivalent circuit to extract real parameters is essential to make this good interpretation. In this work, we present an equivalent circuit, which is able to reproduce the general and the exotic behaviors found in impedance spectra. From the measurements, we demonstrate that the midfrequency features that may appear to depend on the active layer thickness, and we also prove the spectral correlation of the three techniques that has been suggested theoretically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustín Bou
- Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM), Universitat Jaume I, 12006 Castelló, Spain
| | - Adam Pockett
- SPECIFIC, Materials Research Center, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Bay Campus, Swansea SA1 8EN, United Kingdom
| | - Dimitrios Raptis
- SPECIFIC, Materials Research Center, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Bay Campus, Swansea SA1 8EN, United Kingdom
| | - Trystan Watson
- SPECIFIC, Materials Research Center, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Bay Campus, Swansea SA1 8EN, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J Carnie
- SPECIFIC, Materials Research Center, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Bay Campus, Swansea SA1 8EN, United Kingdom
| | - Juan Bisquert
- Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM), Universitat Jaume I, 12006 Castelló, Spain
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14
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Abdulrahim SM, Ahmad Z, Bahadra J, Al-Thani NJ. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Analysis of Hole Transporting Material Free Mesoporous and Planar Perovskite Solar Cells. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E1635. [PMID: 32825347 PMCID: PMC7558988 DOI: 10.3390/nano10091635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The future photovoltaic technologies based on perovskite materials are aimed to build low tech, truly economical, easily fabricated, broadly deployable, and trustworthy solar cells. Hole transport material (HTM) free perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are among the most likely architectures which hold a distinctive design and provide a simple way to produce large-area and cost-effective manufacture of PSCs. Notably, in the monolithic scheme of the HTM-free PSCs, all layers can be printed using highly reproducible and morphology-controlled methods, and this design has successfully been demonstrated for industrial-scale fabrication. In this review article, we comprehensively describe the recent advancements in the different types of mesoporous (nanostructured) and planar HTM-free PSCs. In addition, the effect of various nanostructures and mesoporous layers on their performance is discussed using the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) technique. We bring together the different perspectives that researchers have developed to interpret and analyze the EIS data of the HTM-free PSCs. Their analysis using the EIS tool, the limitations of these studies, and the future work directions to overcome these limitations to enhance the performance of HTM-free PSCs are comprehensively considered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zubair Ahmad
- Center for Advanced Materials (CAM), Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar;
| | - Jolly Bahadra
- Qatar University-Young Scientists Center (QU-YSC), Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; (J.B.); (N.J.A.-T.)
| | - Noora J. Al-Thani
- Qatar University-Young Scientists Center (QU-YSC), Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; (J.B.); (N.J.A.-T.)
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15
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Wygant BR, Ye AZ, Dolocan A, Vu Q, Abbot DM, Mullins CB. Probing the Degradation Chemistry and Enhanced Stability of 2D Organolead Halide Perovskites. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:18170-18181. [PMID: 31630513 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b08895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recent work on quasi-2D Ruddlesden-Popper phase organolead halide perovskites has shown that they possess many interesting optical and physical properties. Most notably, they are significantly more stable when exposed to moisture when compared to the typical 3D perovskite methylammonium lead iodide (MAPI); direct evidence for the chemical source of this stability remains elusive, however. Here, we present a detailed study of the superior moisture stability of a quasi-2D Ruddlesden-Popper perovskite, n-butylammonium methylammonium lead iodide (nBA-MAPI), compared to that of MAPI, and examine a simple, yet efficient, methodology to improve the stability of MAPI devices through the application of a thin layer of nBA-MAPI to the surface. By employing a variety of analytical techniques (photoluminescence, time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry, cyclic voltammetry, X-ray diffraction) we determine that the improved stability of Ruddlesden-Popper perovskites is a consequence of a unique degradation pathway which produces a passivating surface layer, composed of increasingly stable phases of the 2D perovskite, via disproportionation. Our work establishes that this protective material isolates the bulk of the perovskite from a newly identified hydration layer which is found to accumulate at the C60/perovskite interface of full devices, slowing further hydrolysis reactions that would damage the device. As MAPI devices degrade quickly without any protection, a surface treatment of nBA-MAPI is an efficient way to delay device deterioration by creating an artificial 2D surface layer that similarly inhibits interaction with the hydration layer.
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16
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Origin of apparent light-enhanced and negative capacitance in perovskite solar cells. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1574. [PMID: 30952882 PMCID: PMC6450882 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09079-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
So-called negative capacitance seems to remain an obscure feature in the analysis of the frequency-dependent impedance of perovskite solar cells. It belongs to one of the puzzling peculiarities arising from the mixed ionic-electronic conductivity of this class of semiconductor. Here we show that apparently high capacitances in general (positive and negative) are not related to any capacitive feature in the sense of a corresponding charge accumulation. Instead, they are a natural consequence of slow transients mainly in forward current of the diode upon ion displacement when changing voltage. The transient current leads to a positive or negative ‘capacitance’ dependent on the sign of its gradient. The ‘capacitance’ appears so large because the associated resistance, when thinking of a resistor-capacitor element, results from another physical process, namely modified electronic charge injection and transport. Observable for a variety of devices, it is a rather universal phenomenon related to the hysteresis in the current–voltage curve. The apparent negative capacitance remains elusive in the impedance analysis of metal halide perovskite solar cells. Here Ebadi et al. show that it can be attributed to slow transients in the injection current instead of classical capacitive effect, i.e. charge accumulation.
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Jena AK, Kulkarni A, Miyasaka T. Halide Perovskite Photovoltaics: Background, Status, and Future Prospects. Chem Rev 2019; 119:3036-3103. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1368] [Impact Index Per Article: 273.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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18
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LiTFSI/TBP-free hole transport materials with nonlinear π-conjugation for efficient inverted perovskite solar cells. Electrochim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.11.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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19
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Purohit Z, Verma D, Tripathi B. Electro-analytical investigation of potential induced degradation in mc-silicon solar cells: case of sodium ion induced inductive loop. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:19168-19176. [PMID: 29978166 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp02703j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Potential induced degradation of the shunt type (PID-s) in multi-crystalline silicon (mc-Si) solar cells is becoming critical for performance reduction of solar panels in large scale photovoltaic (PV) power plants. In this article PID-s has been investigated by applying high voltage stress on mc-Si solar cells for their degradation and recovery and results have been explained on the basis of DC and AC characterization. The efficiency decreases drastically from 15.7% to 2.9% due to a high voltage stress of -800 V at 85 °C for 48 hours, which is attributed to a reduction in shunt resistance and an increase in depletion and diffusion capacitances. The reduction in electrical performance due to PID-s has been further explained by morphological, structural and elemental analysis. Observed negative capacitance behaviour in impedance spectra of mc-Si solar cells after PID-s has been attributed to structural deformation caused by potential induced migration of sodium ions (Na+) into mc-Si. The structural deformation induced by potential induced migration of Na+ ions has been confirmed by using non-destructive and lattice strain sensitive micro-Raman spectroscopy. The obtained experimental results have been correlated with existing theoretical understanding of p-n junction solar cells to explain the consequences of PID-s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeel Purohit
- Department of Science, School of Technology, Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University, Gandhinagar - 382007, India.
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20
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Amdursky N, Wang X, Meredith P, Riley DJ, Payne DJ, Bradley DDC, Stevens MM. Electron Hopping Across Hemin-Doped Serum Albumin Mats on Centimeter-Length Scales. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1700810. [PMID: 28561988 PMCID: PMC5788260 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201700810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Exploring long-range electron transport across protein assemblies is a central interest in both the fundamental research of biological processes and the emerging field of bioelectronics. This work examines the use of serum-albumin-based freestanding mats as macroscopic electron mediators in bioelectronic devices. In particular, this study focuses on how doping the protein mat with hemin improves charge-transport. It is demonstrated that doping can increase conductivity 40-fold via electron hopping between adjacent hemin molecules, resulting in the highest measured conductance for a protein-based material yet reported, and transport over centimeter length scales. The use of distance-dependent AC impedance and DC current-voltage measurements allows the contribution from electron hopping between adjacent hemin molecules to be isolated. Because the hemin-doped serum albumin mats have both biocompatibility and fabrication simplicity, they should be applicable to a range of bioelectronic devices of varying sizes, configurations, and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadav Amdursky
- Department of MaterialsDepartment of Bioengineering and Institute of Biomedical EngineeringImperial College LondonLondonSW7 2AZUK
- Schulich Faculty of ChemistryTechnion – Israel Institute of TechnologyHaifa3200003Israel
| | - Xuhua Wang
- Department of Physics and Centre for Plastic ElectronicsImperial College LondonLondonSW7 2AZUK
| | - Paul Meredith
- Department of PhysicsSwansea UniversitySingleton ParkSwanseaSA2 8PPWalesUK
| | - D. Jason Riley
- Department of MaterialsImperial College LondonLondonSW7 2AZUK
| | - David J. Payne
- Department of MaterialsImperial College LondonLondonSW7 2AZUK
| | - Donal D. C. Bradley
- Department of Physics and Centre for Plastic ElectronicsImperial College LondonLondonSW7 2AZUK
- Departments of Engineering Science & Physics Mathematical, Physical and Life Sciences DivisionUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX1 3PDUK
| | - Molly M. Stevens
- Department of MaterialsDepartment of Bioengineering and Institute of Biomedical EngineeringImperial College LondonLondonSW7 2AZUK
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21
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Ma C, Shen D, Qing J, Thachoth Chandran H, Lo MF, Lee CS. Effects of Small Polar Molecules (MA + and H 2O) on Degradation Processes of Perovskite Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:14960-14966. [PMID: 28430418 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b01348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Degradation mechanisms of methylammonium lead halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have drawn much attention recently. Herein, the bulk and surface degradation processes of the perovskite were differentiated for the first time by employing combinational studies using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), capacitance frequency (CF), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies with particular attention on the roles of small polar molecules (MA+ and H2O). CF study shows that short-circuit current density of the PSCs is increased by H2O at the beginning of the degradation process coupled with an increased surface capacitance. On the basis of EIS and XRD analysis, we show that the bulk degradation of PSCs involves a lattice expansion process, which facilitates MA+ ion diffusion by creating more efficient channels. These results provide a better understanding of the roles of small polar molecules on degradation processes in the bulk and on the surface of the perovskite film.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunqing Ma
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute , Shenzhen 518057 Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Dong Shen
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute , Shenzhen 518057 Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Jian Qing
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute , Shenzhen 518057 Guangdong, P. R. China
| | | | - Ming-Fai Lo
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute , Shenzhen 518057 Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Chun-Sing Lee
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute , Shenzhen 518057 Guangdong, P. R. China
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22
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Ghahremanirad E, Bou A, Olyaee S, Bisquert J. Inductive Loop in the Impedance Response of Perovskite Solar Cells Explained by Surface Polarization Model. J Phys Chem Lett 2017; 8:1402-1406. [PMID: 28287736 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b00415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of perovskite solar cells by impedance spectroscopy has provided a rich variety of behaviors that demand adequate interpretation. Two main features have been reported: First, different impedance spectral arcs vary in combination; second, inductive loops and negative capacitance characteristics appear as an intrinsic property of the current configuration of perovskite solar cells. Here we adopt a previously developed surface polarization model based on the assumption of large electric and ionic charge accumulation at the external contact interface. Just from the equations of the model, the impedance spectroscopy response is calculated and explains the mentioned general features. The inductance element in the equivalent circuit is the result of the delay of the surface voltage and depends on the kinetic relaxation time. The model is therefore able to quantitatively describe exotic features of the perovskite solar cell and provides insight into the operation mechanisms of the device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elnaz Ghahremanirad
- Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM), Universitat Jaume I , 12006 Castelló, Spain
- Nano-photonics and Optoelectronics Research Laboratory (NORLab), Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University , 16788-15811 Lavizan, Tehran, Iran
| | - Agustín Bou
- Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM), Universitat Jaume I , 12006 Castelló, Spain
| | - Saeed Olyaee
- Nano-photonics and Optoelectronics Research Laboratory (NORLab), Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University , 16788-15811 Lavizan, Tehran, Iran
| | - Juan Bisquert
- Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM), Universitat Jaume I , 12006 Castelló, Spain
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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23
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Yuan Y, Li T, Wang Q, Xing J, Gruverman A, Huang J. Anomalous photovoltaic effect in organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2017; 3:e1602164. [PMID: 28345043 PMCID: PMC5357127 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1602164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites (OIHPs) have been demonstrated to be highly successful photovoltaic materials yielding very-high-efficiency solar cells. We report the room temperature observation of an anomalous photovoltaic (APV) effect in lateral structure OIHP devices manifested by the device's open-circuit voltage (VOC) that is much larger than the bandgap of OIHPs. The persistent VOC is proportional to the electrode spacing, resembling that of ferroelectric photovoltaic devices. However, the APV effect in OIHP devices is not caused by ferroelectricity. The APV effect can be explained by the formation of tunneling junctions randomly dispersed in the polycrystalline films, which allows the accumulation of photovoltage at a macroscopic level. The formation of internal tunneling junctions as a result of ion migration is visualized with Kelvin probe force microscopy scanning. This observation points out a new avenue for the formation of large and continuously tunable VOC without being limited by the materials' bandgap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongbo Yuan
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588–0656, USA
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Super Microstructure and Ultrafast Process, School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, P. R. China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588–0299, USA
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588–0656, USA
| | - Jie Xing
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588–0656, USA
| | - Alexei Gruverman
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588–0299, USA
| | - Jinsong Huang
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588–0656, USA
- Corresponding author.
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24
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Levine I, Gupta S, Brenner TM, Azulay D, Millo O, Hodes G, Cahen D, Balberg I. Mobility-Lifetime Products in MAPbI 3 Films. J Phys Chem Lett 2016; 7:5219-5226. [PMID: 27973905 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b02287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Photovoltaic solar cells operate under steady-state conditions that are established during the charge carrier excitation and recombination. However, to date no model of the steady-state recombination scenario in halide perovskites has been proposed. In this Letter we present such a model that is based on a single type of recombination center, which is deduced from our measurements of the illumination intensity dependence of the photoconductivity and the ambipolar diffusion length in those materials. The relation between the present results and those from time-resolved measurements, such as photoluminescence that are commonly reported in the literature, is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igal Levine
- Department of Materials & Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Satyajit Gupta
- Department of Materials & Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Thomas M Brenner
- Department of Materials & Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Doron Azulay
- The Racah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University , Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Oded Millo
- The Racah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University , Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Gary Hodes
- Department of Materials & Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - David Cahen
- Department of Materials & Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Isaac Balberg
- The Racah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University , Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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25
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Zarazua I, Han G, Boix PP, Mhaisalkar S, Fabregat-Santiago F, Mora-Seró I, Bisquert J, Garcia-Belmonte G. Surface Recombination and Collection Efficiency in Perovskite Solar Cells from Impedance Analysis. J Phys Chem Lett 2016; 7:5105-5113. [PMID: 27973858 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b02193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The large diffusion lengths recurrently measured in perovskite single crystals and films signal small bulk nonradiative recombination flux and locate the dominant carrier recombination processes at the outer interfaces. Surface recombination largely determines the photovoltaic performance, governing reductions under short-circuit current and open-circuit voltage. Quantification of recombination losses is necessary to reach full understanding of the solar cell operating principles. Complete impedance model is given, which connects capacitive and resistive processes to the electronic kinetics at the interfaces. Carrier collection losses affecting the photocurrent have been determined to equal 1%. Photovoltage loss is linked to the decrease in surface hole density, producing 0.3 V reduction with respect to the ideal radiative limit. Our approach enables a comparison among different structures, morphologies, and processing strategies of passivation and buffer layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Zarazua
- Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM), Universitat Jaume I , 12006 Castelló, Spain
| | - Guifang Han
- Energy Research Institute @NTU (ERI@N), Nanyang Technological University , Research Techno Plaza, X-Frontier Block, Level 5, 50 Nanyang Drive, 637553 Singapore
| | - Pablo P Boix
- Energy Research Institute @NTU (ERI@N), Nanyang Technological University , Research Techno Plaza, X-Frontier Block, Level 5, 50 Nanyang Drive, 637553 Singapore
| | - Subodh Mhaisalkar
- Energy Research Institute @NTU (ERI@N), Nanyang Technological University , Research Techno Plaza, X-Frontier Block, Level 5, 50 Nanyang Drive, 637553 Singapore
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798 Singapore
| | | | - Ivan Mora-Seró
- Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM), Universitat Jaume I , 12006 Castelló, Spain
| | - Juan Bisquert
- Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM), Universitat Jaume I , 12006 Castelló, Spain
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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26
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Wang W, Zhang Z, Cai Y, Chen J, Wang J, Huang R, Lu X, Gao X, Shui L, Wu S, Liu JM. Enhanced performance of CH3NH3PbI3-x Cl x perovskite solar cells by CH3NH3I modification of TiO2-perovskite layer interface. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2016; 11:316. [PMID: 27356563 PMCID: PMC4927553 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-016-1540-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In this work, perovskite solar cells (PSCs) with CH3NH3PbI3-x Cl x as active layer and spiro-OMeTAD as hole-transport media have been fabricated by one-step method. The methylammonium iodide (CH3NH3I) solution with different concentrations is used to modify the interface between mesoporous TiO2 (meso-TiO2) film and CH3NH3PbI3-x Cl x perovskite layer. Several techniques including X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, optical absorption, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and photoluminescence are used to investigate the effect of the interfacial modification. It is found that the interfacial modification by CH3NH3I enhance the crystallinity and increase the grain size of CH3NH3PbI3-x Cl x layer, and improve the surface wetting properties of perovskite precursor on meso-TiO2 film. The sunlight absorption and external quantum efficiency of PSCs in the visible region with wavelength less than 600 nm have been improved. The Nyquist plots obtained from the EIS suggest that the CH3NH3I modification can reduce the charge recombination rates. The photoluminescence measurement shows that the exciton dissociation in the modified devices is more effective than that in the control samples. The photovoltaic performance of the modified devices can be significantly improved with respect to the reference (control) devices. The CH3NH3I modified devices at the optimized concentration demonstrate the average power conversion efficiency of 12.27 % in comparison with the average efficiency of 9.68 % for the reference devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Wang
- Institute for Advanced Materials and Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Zongbao Zhang
- Institute for Advanced Materials and Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yangyang Cai
- Institute for Advanced Materials and Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jinshan Chen
- Institute for Advanced Materials and Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jianming Wang
- Institute for Advanced Materials and Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Riyan Huang
- Institute for Advanced Materials and Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xubing Lu
- Institute for Advanced Materials and Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xingsen Gao
- Institute for Advanced Materials and Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Lingling Shui
- South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Sujuan Wu
- Institute for Advanced Materials and Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Jun-Ming Liu
- Institute for Advanced Materials and Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
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27
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Zhang T, Long M, Yan K, Zeng X, Zhou F, Chen Z, Wan X, Chen K, Liu P, Li F, Yu T, Xie W, Xu J. Facet-Dependent Property of Sequentially Deposited Perovskite Thin Films: Chemical Origin and Self-Annihilation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:32366-32375. [PMID: 27933852 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b11986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Quantification of intergrain length scale properties of CH3NH3PbI3 (MAPbI3) can provide further understanding of material physics, leading to improved device performance. In this work, we noticed that two typical types of facets appear in sequential deposited perovskite (SDP) films: smooth and steplike morphologies. By mapping the surface potential as well as the photoluminescence (PL) peak position, we revealed the heterogeneity of SDP thin films that smooth facets are almost intrinsic with a PL peak at 775 nm, while the steplike facets are p-type-doped with 5-nm blue-shifted PL peak. Considering the reaction process, we propose that the smooth facets have well-defined crystal lattices that resulted from the interfacial reaction between MAI and PbI2 domains containing low trap states density. The steplike facets are MAI-rich originated from the grain boundaries of PbI2 film and own more trap states. Conversion of steplike facets to smooth facets can be controlled by increasing the reaction time through Ostwald ripening. The improved stability, photoresponsivity up to 0.3 A/W, on/off ratio up to 3900, and decreased photo response time to ∼160 μs show that the trap states can be annihilated effectively to improve the photoelectrical conversion with prolonged reaction time and elimination of steplike facets. Our findings demonstrate the relationship between the facet heterogeneity of SDP films and crystal growth process for the first time, and imply that the systematic control of crystal grain modification will enable amelioration of crystallinity for more-efficient perovskite photoelectrical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiankai Zhang
- Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingzhu Long
- Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Keyou Yan
- Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoliang Zeng
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Science , Shenzhen, 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengrui Zhou
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Science , Shenzhen, 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Zefeng Chen
- Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Wan
- Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Chen
- Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengyi Liu
- Siyuan Laboratory, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Vacuum Coating Technologies and New Energy Materials, Department of Physics, Jinan University , Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Faming Li
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures & Department of Physics, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Yu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures & Department of Physics, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiguang Xie
- Siyuan Laboratory, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Vacuum Coating Technologies and New Energy Materials, Department of Physics, Jinan University , Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianbin Xu
- Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
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Domanski K, Correa-Baena JP, Mine N, Nazeeruddin MK, Abate A, Saliba M, Tress W, Hagfeldt A, Grätzel M. Not All That Glitters Is Gold: Metal-Migration-Induced Degradation in Perovskite Solar Cells. ACS NANO 2016; 10:6306-14. [PMID: 27187798 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b02613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have now achieved efficiencies in excess of 22%, but very little is known about their long-term stability under thermal stress. So far, stability reports have hinted at the importance of substituting the organic components, but little attention has been given to the metal contact. We investigated the stability of state-of-the-art PSCs with efficiencies exceeding 20%. Remarkably, we found that exposing PSCs to a temperature of 70 °C is enough to induce gold migration through the hole-transporting layer (HTL), spiro-MeOTAD, and into the perovskite material, which in turn severely affects the device performance metrics under working conditions. Importantly, we found that the main cause of irreversible degradation is not due to decomposition of the organic and hybrid perovskite layers. By introducing a Cr metal interlayer between the HTL and gold electrode, high-temperature-induced irreversible long-term losses are avoided. This key finding is essential in the quest for achieving high efficiency, long-term stable PSCs which, in order to be commercially viable, need to withstand hard thermal stress tests.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nicolas Mine
- Laboratory for Nanoscale Materials Science, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Mohammad Khaja Nazeeruddin
- Group for Molecular Engineering of Functional Materials, Institute of Chemical Science and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , CH-1950 Sion, Switzerland
| | - Antonio Abate
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg , CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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Miyano K, Yanagida M, Tripathi N, Shirai Y. Hysteresis, Stability, and Ion Migration in Lead Halide Perovskite Photovoltaics. J Phys Chem Lett 2016; 7:2240-2245. [PMID: 27227427 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b00579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Ion migration has been suspected as the origin of various irreproducible and unstable properties, most notably the hysteresis, of lead halide perovskite photovoltaic (PV) cells since the early stage of the research. Although many evidence of ionic movement have been presented both numerically and experimentally, a coherent and quantitative picture that accounts for the observed irreproducible phenomena is still lacking. At the same time, however, it has been noticed that in certain types of PV cells, the hysteresis is absent or at least within the measurement reproducibility. We have previously shown that the electronic properties of hysteresis-free cells are well represented in terms of the conventional inorganic semiconductors. The reproducibility of these measurements was confirmed typically within tens of minutes under the biasing field of -1 V to +1.5 V. In order to probe the effect of ionic motion in the hysteresis-free cells, we extended the time scale and the biasing rage in the electronic measurements, from which we conclude the following: (1) From various evidence, it appears that ion migration is inevitable. However, it does not cause detrimental effects to the PV operation. (2) We propose, based on the quantitative characterization, that the degradation is more likely due to the chemical change at the interfaces between the carrier selective layers and perovskite rather than the compositional change of the lead iodide perovskite bulk. Together, they give much hope in the use of the lead iodide perovskite in the use of actual application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenjiro Miyano
- Global Research Center for Environment and Energy based on Nanomaterials Science (GREEN), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) , 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Yanagida
- Global Research Center for Environment and Energy based on Nanomaterials Science (GREEN), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) , 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
- Center for Green Research on Energy and Environmental Materials, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) , 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Neeti Tripathi
- Global Research Center for Environment and Energy based on Nanomaterials Science (GREEN), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) , 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Shirai
- Global Research Center for Environment and Energy based on Nanomaterials Science (GREEN), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) , 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
- Center for Green Research on Energy and Environmental Materials, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) , 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
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