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Arora A, Baksi SD, Weisbach N, Amini H, Bhuvanesh N, Gladysz JA. Monodisperse Molecular Models for the sp Carbon Allotrope Carbyne; Syntheses, Structures, and Properties of Diplatinum Polyynediyl Complexes with PtC20Pt to PtC52Pt Linkages. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2023; 9:2225-2240. [PMID: 38161378 PMCID: PMC10755852 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.3c01090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Extended conjugated polyynes provide models for the elusive sp carbon polymer carbyne, but progress has been hampered by numerous synthetic challenges. Stabilities appear to be enhanced by bulky, electropositive transition-metal endgroups. Reactions of trans-(C6F5)(p-tol3P)2Pt(C≡C)nSiEt3 (n = 4-6, PtCxSi (x = 2n)) with n-Bu4N+F-/Me3SiCl followed by excess tetrayne H(C≡C)4SiEt3 (HC8Si) and then CuCl/TMEDA and O2 give the heterocoupling products PtCx+8Si, PtCx+16Si, and sometimes higher homologues. The PtCx+16Si species presumably arise via protodesilylation of PtCx+8Si under the reaction conditions. Chromatography allows the separation of PtC16Si, PtC24Si, and PtC32Si (from n = 4), PtC18Si and PtC26Si (n = 5), or PtC20Si and PtC28Si (n = 6). These and previously reported species are applied in similar oxidative homocouplings, affording the family of diplatinum polyynediyl complexes PtCxPt (x = 20, 24, 28, 32, 36, 40 in 96-34% yields and x = 44, 48, 52 in 22-7% yields). These are carefully characterized by 13C NMR, UV-visible, and Raman spectroscopy and other techniques, with particular attention to behavior as the Cx chain approaches the macromolecular limit and endgroup effects diminish. The crystal structures of solvates of PtC20Pt, PtC24Pt, and PtC26Si, which feature the longest sp chains structurally characterized to date, are analyzed in detail. All data support a polyyne electronic structure with a nonzero optical band gap and bond length alternation for carbyne.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nancy Weisbach
- Department of Chemistry, Texas
A&M University, P.O. Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77842-3012, United
States
| | - Hashem Amini
- Department of Chemistry, Texas
A&M University, P.O. Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77842-3012, United
States
| | - Nattamai Bhuvanesh
- Department of Chemistry, Texas
A&M University, P.O. Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77842-3012, United
States
| | - John A. Gladysz
- Department of Chemistry, Texas
A&M University, P.O. Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77842-3012, United
States
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2
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Cao W, Xu H, Liu P, He Y, Yang G. The kinked structure and interchain van der Waals interaction of carbyne nanocrystals. Chem Sci 2023; 14:338-344. [PMID: 36687340 PMCID: PMC9811524 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc04926k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbyne with one-dimensional sp-hybridized carbon atoms is the third form of carbon following diamond and graphite. Although carbyne nanocrystals have been synthesized, little is known about its structural details. Here, we report experimental evidence of the kinked structure of carbon chains and interchain van der Waals interaction of carbyne nanocrystals by near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy. We measure the resonance and the feature peaks of the kinked configuration of carbon chains and the van der Waals interaction between chains of carbyne nanocrystals using NEXAFS spectroscopy. We also perform theoretical calculations of density functional theory and simulations based on the super-cell core-hole method for carbon K-edge NEXAFS. The theoretical results are in good agreement with the experimental measurements, which demonstrates that carbyne nanocrystals are van der Waals crystals with kinked chains as structural units. Note that the peak at 288.5 eV in the simulated NEXAFS spectrum implies the possible presence of hydrogen-terminated kinks or hydrogen-terminated chains in carbyne nanocrystals, which clarifies the understanding of the C-H bond in carbyne nanocrystals. These findings are enlightening and significant for pursuing physics and potential applications of carbyne.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Nanotechnology Research Center, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou 510275GuangdongP. R. China
| | - Huakai Xu
- College of Science, Guangdong University of Petrochemical TechnologyMaoming525000GuangdongP. R. China
| | - Pu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Nanotechnology Research Center, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou 510275GuangdongP. R. China
| | - Yan He
- College of Science, Guangdong University of Petrochemical TechnologyMaoming525000GuangdongP. R. China
| | - Guowei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Nanotechnology Research Center, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou 510275GuangdongP. R. China
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3
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Condorelli M, Speciale A, Cimino F, Muscarà C, Fazio E, D’Urso L, Corsaro C, Neri G, Mezzasalma AM, Compagnini G, Neri F, Saija A. Nano-Hybrid Au@LCCs Systems Displaying Anti-Inflammatory Activity. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:3701. [PMID: 35629727 PMCID: PMC9143445 DOI: 10.3390/ma15103701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) have received great attention owing to their biocompatible nature, environmental, and widespread biomedical applications. Au NPs are known as capable to regulate inflammatory responses in several tissues and organs; interestingly, lower toxicity in conjunction with anti-inflammatory effects was reported to occur with Au NPs treatment. Several variables drive this benefit-risk balance, including Au NPs physicochemical properties such as their morphology, surface chemistry, and charge. In our research we prepared hybrid Au@LCC nanocolloids by the Pulsed Laser Ablation, which emerged as a suitable chemically clean technique to produce ligand-free or functionalized nanomaterials, with tight control on their properties (product purity, crystal structure selectivity, particle size distribution). Here, for the first time to our knowledge, we have investigated the bioproperties of Au@LCCs. When tested in vitro on intestinal epithelial cells exposed to TNF-α, Au@LCCs sample at the ratio of 2.6:1 showed a significantly reduced TNF gene expression and induced antioxidant heme oxygenase-1 gene expression better than the 1:1 dispersion. Although deeper investigations are needed, these findings indicate that the functionalization with LCCs allows a better interaction of Au NPs with targets involved in the cell redox status and inflammatory signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Condorelli
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, V.le A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; (M.C.); (L.D.); (G.C.)
| | - Antonio Speciale
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno D’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (A.S.); (F.C.); (C.M.); (G.N.)
| | - Francesco Cimino
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno D’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (A.S.); (F.C.); (C.M.); (G.N.)
| | - Claudia Muscarà
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno D’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (A.S.); (F.C.); (C.M.); (G.N.)
| | - Enza Fazio
- Department of Mathematical and Computational Sciences, Physical Sciences and Earth Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno D’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (E.F.); (C.C.); (A.M.M.)
| | - Luisa D’Urso
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, V.le A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; (M.C.); (L.D.); (G.C.)
| | - Carmelo Corsaro
- Department of Mathematical and Computational Sciences, Physical Sciences and Earth Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno D’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (E.F.); (C.C.); (A.M.M.)
| | - Giulia Neri
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno D’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (A.S.); (F.C.); (C.M.); (G.N.)
| | - Angela Maria Mezzasalma
- Department of Mathematical and Computational Sciences, Physical Sciences and Earth Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno D’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (E.F.); (C.C.); (A.M.M.)
| | - Giuseppe Compagnini
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, V.le A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; (M.C.); (L.D.); (G.C.)
| | - Fortunato Neri
- Department of Mathematical and Computational Sciences, Physical Sciences and Earth Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno D’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (E.F.); (C.C.); (A.M.M.)
| | - Antonina Saija
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno D’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (A.S.); (F.C.); (C.M.); (G.N.)
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4
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Patrick CW, Woods JF, Gawel P, Otteson CE, Thompson AL, Claridge TDW, Jasti R, Anderson HL. Polyyne [3]Rotaxanes: Synthesis via Dicobalt Carbonyl Complexes and Enhanced Stability. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202116897. [PMID: 34995402 PMCID: PMC9302669 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202116897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
New strategies for synthesizing polyyne polyrotaxanes are being developed as an approach to stable carbyne “insulated molecular wires”. Here we report an active metal template route to polyyne [3]rotaxanes, using dicobalt carbonyl masked alkyne equivalents. We synthesized two [3]rotaxanes, both with the same C28 polyyne dumbbell component, one with a phenanthroline‐based macrocycle and one using a 2,6‐pyridyl cycloparaphenylene nanohoop. The thermal stabilities of the two rotaxanes were compared with that of the naked polyyne dumbbell in decalin at 80 °C, and the nanohoop rotaxane was found to be 4.5 times more stable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor W Patrick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Joseph F Woods
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Przemyslaw Gawel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Claire E Otteson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Amber L Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Tim D W Claridge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Ramesh Jasti
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Harry L Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
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5
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Patrick CW, Woods JF, Gawel P, Otteson CE, Thompson AL, Claridge TDW, Jasti R, Anderson HL. Polyyne [3]rotaxanes: Synthesis via dicobalt carbonyl complexes and enhanced stability. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202116897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Harry Laurence Anderson
- University of Oxford Department of Chemistry 12 Mansfield RoadChemistry Research Laboratory OX1 3TA Oxford UNITED KINGDOM
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6
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Yang F, Li C, Li J, Liu P, Yang G. Carbyne Nanocrystal: One-Dimensional van der Waals Crystal. ACS NANO 2021; 15:16769-16776. [PMID: 34609830 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c06863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In terms of carbon-atom hybridization, well-established forms of carbon are the first carbon diamond with three-dimensional sp3-hybridized carbon atoms and the second carbon graphite with two-dimensional sp2-hybridized carbon atoms which have been known and utilized for millennia. Sequentially, there is the third carbon, i.e., carbyne with one-dimensional (1D) sp-hybridized carbon atoms, which would result in an allotrope of carbon. Here, we demonstrate that carbyne nanocrystals (CNCs) are 1D van der Waals crystals (1D-vdWCs) composed of 1D carbon chains with sp-hybridized carbon atoms, and van der Waals action occurs between carbon chains based on an atomic insight into 1D sp-carbon chains. CNCs are synthesized by laser ablation in liquids, and the relevant spectroscopic analyses confirm that CNCs are composed of 1D carbon chains with the alternating carbon-carbon single and triple bonds. The crystal structure of CNCs is determined by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), including selective electron diffraction (SAED), high-resolution TEM (HRTEM), and scanning TEM (STEM) and the corresponding simulations. SAED and HRTEM images reveal the translational symmetry of CNCs, and STEM images show the specific position of the carbon chain in CNCs and the arrangement of atoms on the carbon chain. Experimental data are in good agreement with the simulations, which demonstrate that CNCs are 1D-vdWCs with a hexagonal lattice in which the 1D carbon chain has a kinked structure consisting of an alternating carbon-carbon single bond and a triple bond of eight carbon atoms in a cycle. These findings bring out an emerging era of the third carbon carbyne.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Nanotechnology Research Center, School of Physics, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Chao Li
- Center for Electron Microscopy, TUT-FEI Joint Laboratory, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Porous Functional Materials, Institute for New Energy Materials & Low-Carbon Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Jiling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Nanotechnology Research Center, School of Physics, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Pu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Nanotechnology Research Center, School of Physics, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Guowei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Nanotechnology Research Center, School of Physics, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong, P.R. China
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7
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Blaško M, Pašteka LF, Urban M. DFT Functionals for Modeling of Polyethylene Chains Cross-Linked by Metal Atoms. DLPNO-CCSD(T) Benchmark Calculations. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:7382-7395. [PMID: 34428051 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c04793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Density functional theory (DFT) functionals for calculations of binding energies (BEs) of the polyethylene (PE) chains cross-linked by selected metal atoms (M) are benchmarked against DLPNO-CCSD(T) and DLPNO-CCSD(T1) data. PEX-M-PEX complexes as compared with plain parallel PEX···PEX chains with X = 3-9 carbon atoms are model species characterized by a cooperative effect of covalent C-M-C bonds and interchain dispersion interactions. The accuracy of DLPNO-CC methods was assessed by a comparison of BEs with the canonical CCSD(T) results for small PE3-M-PE3 complexes. Functionals for PEX···PEX and closed-shell PEX-M-PEX complexes (M = Be, Mg, Zn) were benchmarked against DLPNO-CCSD(T) BEs; open-shell complexes (M = Li, Ag, Au) were benchmarked against the DLPNO-CCSD(T1) method with iterative triples. Three dispersion corrections were combined with 25 DFT functionals for calculations of BEs with respect to PEX-M and PEX fragments employing def2-TZVPP and def2-QZVPP basis sets. Accuracy to within 5% for the closed-shell PEX-M-PEX complexes was achieved with five functionals. Less accurate are functionals for the open-shell PEX-M-PEX complexes; only two functionals deviate by less than 15% from DLPNO-CCSD(T1). Particularly problematic were PEX-Li-PEX complexes. A reasonable overall performance across all complexes in terms of the mean absolute percentage error is found for the range-separated hybrid functionals ωB97X-D3 and CAM-B3LYP/D3(BJ)-ABC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Blaško
- FunGlass, A. Dubček University of Trenčín, Študentská 2, 911 50 Trenčín, Slovakia
| | - Lukáš F Pašteka
- Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 6, 84215 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Miroslav Urban
- Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 6, 84215 Bratislava, Slovakia
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Gawel P, Woltering SL, Xiong Y, Christensen KE, Anderson HL. Masked Alkyne Equivalents for the Synthesis of Mechanically Interlocked Polyynes*. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:5941-5947. [PMID: 33253464 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202013623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Polyyne polyrotaxanes, encapsulated cyclocarbon catenanes and other fascinating mechanically interlocked carbon-rich architectures should become accessible if masked alkyne equivalents (MAEs) can be developed that are large enough to prevent unthreading of a macrocycle, and that can be cleanly unmasked under mild conditions. Herein, we report the synthesis of a new bulky MAE based on t-butylbicyclo[4.3.1]decatriene. This MAE was used to synthesize a polyyne [2]rotaxane and a masked-polyyne [3]rotaxane by Cadiot-Chodkiewicz coupling. Glaser cyclo-oligomerization of the [2]rotaxane gave masked cyclocarbon catenanes. The unmasking behavior of the catenanes and rotaxanes was tested by photolysis at a range of UV wavelengths. Photochemical unmasking did not proceed cleanly enough to prepare extended encapsulated polyyne polyrotaxanes. We highlight the scope and challenges involved with this approach to interlocked carbon-rich architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Przemyslaw Gawel
- Department of Chemistry, Oxford University, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.,Current address: Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka, 44/52, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Steffen L Woltering
- Department of Chemistry, Oxford University, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Yaoyao Xiong
- Department of Chemistry, Oxford University, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Kirsten E Christensen
- Department of Chemistry, Oxford University, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Harry L Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, Oxford University, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
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Qasemnazhand M, Khoeini F, Marsusi F. Predicting the new carbon nanocages, fullerynes: a DFT study. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2511. [PMID: 33510291 PMCID: PMC7844298 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82142-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, based on density functional theory, we propose a new branch of pseudo-fullerenes which contain triple bonds with sp hybridization. We call these new nanostructures fullerynes, according to IUPAC. We present four samples with the chemical formula of C4nHn, and the structures derived from fulleranes. We compare the structural and electronic properties of these structures with those of two common fullerenes and fulleranes systems. The calculated electron affinities of the sampled fullerynes are negative, and much smaller than those of fullerenes, so they should be chemically more stable than fullerenes. Although fulleranes also exhibit higher chemical stability than fullerynes, but pentagon or hexagon of the fullerane structures cannot pass ions and molecules. Applications of fullerynes can be included in the storage of ions and gases at the nanoscale. On the other hand, they can also be used as cathode/anode electrodes in lithium-ion batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Farhad Khoeini
- Department of Physics, University of Zanjan, P.O. Box 45195-313, Zanjan, Iran.
| | - Farah Marsusi
- Department of Physics and Energy Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, P.O. Box 15875-4413, Tehran, Iran
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Gawel P, Woltering SL, Xiong Y, Christensen KE, Anderson HL. Masked Alkyne Equivalents for the Synthesis of Mechanically Interlocked Polyynes**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202013623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Przemyslaw Gawel
- Department of Chemistry Oxford University Chemistry Research Laboratory Oxford OX1 3TA UK
- Current address: Institute of Organic Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44/52 Warsaw Poland
| | - Steffen L. Woltering
- Department of Chemistry Oxford University Chemistry Research Laboratory Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Yaoyao Xiong
- Department of Chemistry Oxford University Chemistry Research Laboratory Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Kirsten E. Christensen
- Department of Chemistry Oxford University Chemistry Research Laboratory Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Harry L. Anderson
- Department of Chemistry Oxford University Chemistry Research Laboratory Oxford OX1 3TA UK
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11
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12
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Woltering SL, Gawel P, Christensen KE, Thompson AL, Anderson HL. Photochemical Unmasking of Polyyne Rotaxanes. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:13523-13532. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c05308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steffen L. Woltering
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Przemyslaw Gawel
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Kirsten E. Christensen
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Amber L. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Harry L. Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
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13
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Li P, Yang Z, Zhang Z, Pu L, King RB. Understanding the singlet–triplet energy splittings in transition metal-capped carbon chains. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:2858-2869. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp06591a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Density functional theory and molecular orbital analysis suggest that the odd–even alternation of singlet–triplet energy separations is a general feature of transition metal-capped carbon chains, determined primarily by the carbon chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peizhi Li
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy
- Northwest A&F University
- Yangling
- P. R. China
| | - Zhipeng Yang
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy
- Northwest A&F University
- Yangling
- P. R. China
| | - Zhong Zhang
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy
- Northwest A&F University
- Yangling
- P. R. China
| | - Liang Pu
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy
- Northwest A&F University
- Yangling
- P. R. China
| | - R. Bruce King
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Computational Chemistry
- University of Georgia
- Athens
- USA
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14
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15
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Rabia A, Tumino F, Milani A, Russo V, Li Bassi A, Achilli S, Fratesi G, Onida G, Manini N, Sun Q, Xu W, Casari CS. Scanning tunneling microscopy and Raman spectroscopy of polymeric sp-sp 2 carbon atomic wires synthesized on the Au(111) surface. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:18191-18200. [PMID: 31560011 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr06552k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Long linear carbon nanostructures based on sp-hybridization can be synthesized by exploiting on-surface synthesis of halogenated precursors evaporated on Au(111), thus opening a way to investigations by surface-science techniques. By means of an experimental approach combining scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy (STM and STS) with ex situ Raman spectroscopy we investigate the structural, electronic and vibrational properties of polymeric sp-sp2 carbon atomic wires composed by sp-carbon chains connected through phenyl groups. Density-functional-theory (DFT) calculations of the structure and the electronic density of states allow us to simulate STM images and to compute Raman spectra. The comparison of experimental data with DFT simulations unveil the properties and the formation stages as a function of the annealing temperature. Atomic-scale structural information from STM complement the Raman sensitivity to the single molecular bond to open the way to detailed understanding of these novel carbon nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andi Rabia
- Department of Energy, Politecnico di Milano, via Ponzio 34/3, I-20133 Milano, Italy.
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Neugebauer TS, Franz M, Frankenberger S, Tykwinski RR, Drewello T. Laser desorption vs. electrospray of polyyne-threaded rotaxanes: Preventing covalent cross-linking and promoting noncovalent aggregation. J Chem Phys 2018; 148:064308. [PMID: 29448797 DOI: 10.1063/1.5013123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Laser-induced cross-linking of polyynes is successfully hindered when the polyyne is encapsulated as part of a rotaxane and therefore protected by a surrounding macrocycle. When the rotaxane is electrosprayed, however, noncovalent aggregate ions are efficiently formed. Aggregates of considerable size (including more than 50 rotaxane molecules with masses beyond 100k Da) and charge states (up to 13 charges and beyond) have been observed. Either protons or sodium cations act as the charge carriers. These aggregates are not formed when the individual components of the rotaxane, i.e., the macrocycle or the polyyne, are separately electrosprayed. This underlines the structural importance of the rotaxane for the aggregate formation. Straightforward force field calculations indicate that the polyyne thread hinders the folding of the macrocycles, which facilitates the bonding interaction between the two components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas S Neugebauer
- Physical Chemistry I, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Franz
- Organic Chemistry I, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Henkestraße 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stephanie Frankenberger
- Organic Chemistry I, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Henkestraße 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rik R Tykwinski
- Organic Chemistry I, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Henkestraße 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas Drewello
- Physical Chemistry I, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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17
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Pu L, Zhang Z, King RB, Allen WD. Most favorable cumulenic structures in iron-capped linear carbon chains are short singlet odd-carbon dications: a theoretical view. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:15496-15506. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp08673c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
DFT computations suggest that the odd iron-capped linear-carbon dications exhibit large ΔES–T values and more cumulenic structures than short even-carbon chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Pu
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy
- Northwest A&F University
- Yangling
- P. R. China
| | - Zhong Zhang
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy
- Northwest A&F University
- Yangling
- P. R. China
| | - R. Bruce King
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Computational Chemistry
- University of Georgia
- Athens
- USA
| | - Wesley D. Allen
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Computational Chemistry
- University of Georgia
- Athens
- USA
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18
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Abstract
The buta-1,3-diyne synthon 1,4-bis(trimethylsilyl)buta-1,3-diyne (1) is an important building block for the introduction of butadiyne motifs into organic and organometallic structures. Although 1 is commonly prepared from the Hay homo-coupling of trimethylsilylacetylene (catalytic CuI/tetramethylethynylenediamine, O2, acetone), the report of a significant explosion during this preparation, likely arising from a static discharge during addition of the catalyst solution to the alkyne/acetone/O2 rich atmosphere, prompts consideration of alternative procedures. Here we report the use of the robust Navale catalyst system (CuI/N,N-dimethylaminopyridine, O2, NCMe) in the multigram-scale preparation of 1 with minimal manipulation of all-glass apparatus, greatly simplifying the process and minimising risks associated with the preparation of this useful compound.
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19
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Dozhdikov VS, Basharin AY, Levashov PR, Minakov DV. Atomistic simulations of the equation of state and hybridization of liquid carbon at a temperature of 6000 K in the pressure range of 1-25 GPa. J Chem Phys 2017; 147:214302. [PMID: 29221406 DOI: 10.1063/1.4999070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The equation of state and the structure of liquid carbon are studied by molecular simulation. Both classical and quantum molecular dynamics (QMD) are used to calculate the equation of state and the distribution of chemical bonds at 6000 K in the pressure range 1-25 GPa. Our calculations and results of other authors show that liquid carbon has a fairly low density on the order of 1.2-1.35 g/cm3 at pressures about 1 GPa. Owing to the coordination number analysis, this fact can be attributed to the high content of sp1-bonded atoms (more than 50% according to our ab initio computations). Six empirical potentials have been tested in order to describe the density dependence of pressure and structure at 6000 K. As a result, only one potential, ReaxFF/lg, was able to reproduce the QMD simulations for both the equation of state and the fraction of sp1, sp2, sp3-bonded atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- V S Dozhdikov
- Joint Institute for High Temperatures RAS, Izhorskaya 13 Bldg 2, Moscow 125412, Russia
| | - A Yu Basharin
- Joint Institute for High Temperatures RAS, Izhorskaya 13 Bldg 2, Moscow 125412, Russia
| | - P R Levashov
- Joint Institute for High Temperatures RAS, Izhorskaya 13 Bldg 2, Moscow 125412, Russia
| | - D V Minakov
- Joint Institute for High Temperatures RAS, Izhorskaya 13 Bldg 2, Moscow 125412, Russia
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20
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Adam A, Haberhauer G. Twisting of Alkynes towards a Carbon Double Helix. Chemistry 2017; 23:12190-12197. [PMID: 28436131 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201701096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The carbon allotrope exhibiting only one-dimensional sp-hybridized carbon atoms is called carbyne. However, its existence is very controversial. Studies on model compounds for carbyne revealed that many oligoalkynes show not a straight, but a bent structure of the carbon chain. Here, we question whether it would also be possible to obtain a more complex structure from carbyne, such as a dimeric double helix. Based on quantum chemical calculations, we show that only a small energetic expense is needed for the formation of a double helix starting from oligoalkyne chains. In some cases, the double helix-like conformation is more stable than the corresponding conformation with a parallel arrangement of the acetylene chains. Furthermore, model systems were synthesized in which two diphenyl oligoalkyne chains are fixed and twisted by a chiral imidazole-containing clamp. A structural investigation of these model systems was performed based on UV and CD spectroscopy and quantum chemical calculations. The observed twisting in these model systems can be regarded as the first small step towards an imaginable carbon double helix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulselam Adam
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 7, D-45117, Essen, Germany
| | - Gebhard Haberhauer
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 7, D-45117, Essen, Germany
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21
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Pu L, Zhao X, Zhang Z, King RB. Heavier Carbon Subchalcogenides as C 3 Sources for Tungsten-Capped Cumulenes: A Theoretical Study. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:5567-5576. [PMID: 28459557 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b02958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Heavier carbon subchalcogenides C3E2 (E = S, Se) can bind to transition metals through either a C═C or a C═E double bond. These two binding modes on a reactive tungsten (PMe3)4WCl2 site have been explored by density functional theory methods (M06-L/DZP+Lanl2DZ). The important step controlling the reaction direction is the initial binding of the C3E2 ligand. Of particular significance is the M═C═C═C═E fragment resulting from the C═E coordination mode. This fragment can bind to additional C3E2 molecules or bridge to other metals. Ultimately C3E2 serves as a source of C3 units for building C3n carbon sp-hybridized allotropes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Pu
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P. R. China
| | - Xiao Zhao
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P. R. China
| | - Zhong Zhang
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P. R. China
| | - R Bruce King
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Computational Chemistry, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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22
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A comparative DFT study of interactions of Au and small gold clusters Aun (n = 2–4) with CH3S and CH2 radicals. Chem Phys Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2017.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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23
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Antušek A, Blaško M, Urban M, Noga P, Kisić D, Nenadović M, Lončarević D, Rakočević Z. Density functional theory modeling of C–Au chemical bond formation in gold implanted polyethylene. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:28897-28906. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp05637k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We have studied processes of gold ion implantation in polyethylene (PE) by theoretical chemistry methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrej Antušek
- Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava
- ATRI
- Faculty of Materials Science and Technology in Trnava
- 917 24 Trnava
- Slovak Republic
| | - Martin Blaško
- Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry
- Faculty of Natural Sciences
- Comenius University
- Mlynská dolina
- Bratislava
| | - Miroslav Urban
- Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry
- Faculty of Natural Sciences
- Comenius University
- Mlynská dolina
- Bratislava
| | - Pavol Noga
- Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava
- ATRI
- Faculty of Materials Science and Technology in Trnava
- 917 24 Trnava
- Slovak Republic
| | - Danilo Kisić
- University of Belgrade
- INS Vinča
- Laboratory of Atomic Physics
- Belgrade
- Serbia
| | - Miloš Nenadović
- University of Belgrade
- INS Vinča
- Laboratory of Atomic Physics
- Belgrade
- Serbia
| | - Davor Lončarević
- University of Belgrade
- Institute of Chemistry
- Technology and Metallurgy
- Serbia
| | - Zlatko Rakočević
- University of Belgrade
- INS Vinča
- Laboratory of Atomic Physics
- Belgrade
- Serbia
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24
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Prenzel D, Kirschbaum RW, Chalifoux WA, McDonald R, Ferguson MJ, Drewello T, Tykwinski RR. Polymerization of acetylene: polyynes, but not carbyne. Org Chem Front 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6qo00648e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Polymerization of acetylene in the presence of sterically-hindered endgroups leads to polyynes, but with lengths shorter than by stepwise syntheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Prenzel
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU)
- 91054 Erlangen
- Germany
| | - Rolf W. Kirschbaum
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisclipinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU)
- 91058 Erlangen
- Germany
| | | | | | | | - Thomas Drewello
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisclipinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU)
- 91058 Erlangen
- Germany
| | - Rik R. Tykwinski
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU)
- 91054 Erlangen
- Germany
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Alberta
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25
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Kvashnin DG, Ghorbani-Asl M, Shtansky DV, Golberg D, Krasheninnikov AV, Sorokin PB. Mechanical properties and current-carrying capacity of Al reinforced with graphene/BN nanoribbons: a computational study. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:20080-20089. [PMID: 27892592 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr07206b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Record high values of Young's modulus and tensile strength of graphene and BN nanoribbons as well as their chemically active edges make them promising candidates for serving as fillers in metal-based composite materials. Herein, using ab initio and analytical potential calculations we carry out a systematic study of the mechanical properties of nanocomposites constructed by reinforcing an Al matrix with BN and graphene nanoribbons. We consider a simple case of uniform distribution of nanoribbons in an Al matrix under the assumption that such configuration will lead to the maximum enhancement of mechanical characteristics. We estimate the bonding energy and the interfacial critical shear stress at the ribbon/metal interface as functions of ribbon width and show that the introduction of nanoribbons into the metal leads to a substantial increase in the mechanical characteristics of the composite material, as strong covalent bonding between the ribbon edges and Al matrix provides efficient load transfer from the metal to the ribbons. Using the obtained data, we apply the rule of mixtures in order to analytically assess the relationship between the composite strength and concentration of nanoribbons. Finally, we study carbon chains, which can be referred to as the ultimately narrow ribbons, and find that they are not the best fillers due to their weak interaction with the Al matrix. Simulations of the electronic transport properties of the composites with graphene nanoribbons and carbyne chains embedded into Al show that the inclusion of the C phase gives rise to deterioration in the current carrying capacity of the material, but the drop is relatively small, so that the composite material can still transmit current well, if required.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Kvashnin
- National University of Science and Technology MISiS, Leninskiy prospect 4, Moscow, 119049, Russian Federation. and Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics RAS, 4 Kosigina st., Moscow, 119334, Russian Federation
| | - M Ghorbani-Asl
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01314 Dresden, Germany
| | - D V Shtansky
- National University of Science and Technology MISiS, Leninskiy prospect 4, Moscow, 119049, Russian Federation.
| | - D Golberg
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Namiki 1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050044, Japan and Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, Tennodai 1, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058577, Japan
| | - A V Krasheninnikov
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01314 Dresden, Germany and Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, P.O. Box 11100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - P B Sorokin
- National University of Science and Technology MISiS, Leninskiy prospect 4, Moscow, 119049, Russian Federation. and Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700, 9 Institutsky lane, Dolgoprudny, Russian Federation and Technological Institute for Superhard and Novel Carbon Materials, 7a Centralnaya Street, Troitsk, Moscow, 142190, Russian Federation
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26
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Garner D. Professor Sir Harry Kroto (1939-2016). PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2016; 374:rsta.2016.0279. [PMID: 27501977 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2016.0279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dave Garner
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
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