1
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Wallick R, Chakrabarti S, Burke JH, Gnewkow R, Chae JB, Rossi TC, Mantouvalou I, Kanngießer B, Fondell M, Eckert S, Dykstra C, Smith LE, Vura-Weis J, Mirica LM, van der Veen RM. Excited-State Identification of a Nickel-Bipyridine Photocatalyst by Time-Resolved X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:4976-4982. [PMID: 38691639 PMCID: PMC11089568 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c00226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Photoassisted catalysis using Ni complexes is an emerging field for cross-coupling reactions in organic synthesis. However, the mechanism by which light enables and enhances the reactivity of these complexes often remains elusive. Although optical techniques have been widely used to study the ground and excited states of photocatalysts, they lack the specificity to interrogate the electronic and structural changes at specific atoms. Herein, we report metal-specific studies using transient Ni L- and K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy of a prototypical Ni photocatalyst, (dtbbpy)Ni(o-tol)Cl (dtb = 4,4'-di-tert-butyl, bpy = bipyridine, o-tol = ortho-tolyl), in solution. We unambiguously confirm via direct experimental evidence that the long-lived (∼5 ns) excited state is a tetrahedral metal-centered triplet state. These results demonstrate the power of ultrafast X-ray spectroscopies to unambiguously elucidate the nature of excited states in important transition-metal-based photocatalytic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel
F. Wallick
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois at
Urbana—Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Sagnik Chakrabarti
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois at
Urbana—Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - John H. Burke
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois at
Urbana—Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Richard Gnewkow
- Department
of Atomic-Scale Dynamics in Light-Energy Conversion, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Berlin 14109, Germany
- Institute
of Optics and Atomic Physics, Technische
Universität Berlin, Berlin 10623, Germany
| | - Ju Byeong Chae
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois at
Urbana—Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Thomas C. Rossi
- Department
of Atomic-Scale Dynamics in Light-Energy Conversion, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Berlin 14109, Germany
| | - Ioanna Mantouvalou
- Department
of Atomic-Scale Dynamics in Light-Energy Conversion, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Berlin 14109, Germany
- Institute
of Optics and Atomic Physics, Technische
Universität Berlin, Berlin 10623, Germany
| | - Birgit Kanngießer
- Department
of Atomic-Scale Dynamics in Light-Energy Conversion, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Berlin 14109, Germany
- Institute
of Optics and Atomic Physics, Technische
Universität Berlin, Berlin 10623, Germany
| | - Mattis Fondell
- Department
of Atomic-Scale Dynamics in Light-Energy Conversion, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Berlin 14109, Germany
| | - Sebastian Eckert
- Department
of Atomic-Scale Dynamics in Light-Energy Conversion, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Berlin 14109, Germany
| | - Conner Dykstra
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois at
Urbana—Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Laura E. Smith
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois at
Urbana—Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Josh Vura-Weis
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois at
Urbana—Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Liviu M. Mirica
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois at
Urbana—Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Renske M. van der Veen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois at
Urbana—Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department
of Atomic-Scale Dynamics in Light-Energy Conversion, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Berlin 14109, Germany
- Institute
of Optics and Atomic Physics, Technische
Universität Berlin, Berlin 10623, Germany
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2
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Freibert A, Mendive-Tapia D, Huse N, Vendrell O. Time-Dependent Resonant Inelastic X-ray Scattering of Pyrazine at the Nitrogen K-Edge: A Quantum Dynamics Approach. J Chem Theory Comput 2024; 20:2167-2180. [PMID: 38315564 PMCID: PMC10938531 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c01259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
We calculate resonant inelastic X-ray scattering spectra of pyrazine at the nitrogen K-edge in the time domain including wavepacket dynamics in both the valence and core-excited state manifolds. Upon resonant excitation, we observe ultrafast non-adiabatic population transfer between core-excited states within the core-hole lifetime, leading to molecular symmetry distortions. Importantly, our time-domain approach inherently contains the ability to manipulate the dynamics of this process by detuning the excitation energy, which effectively shortens the scattering duration. We also explore the impact of pulsed incident X-ray radiation, which provides a foundation for state-of-the-art time-resolved experiments with coherent pulsed light sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Freibert
- Department
of Physics, University of Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Theoretical
Chemistry, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - David Mendive-Tapia
- Theoretical
Chemistry, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nils Huse
- Department
of Physics, University of Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Oriol Vendrell
- Theoretical
Chemistry, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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3
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Banerjee A, Jay RM, Leitner T, Wang RP, Harich J, Stefanuik R, Coates MR, Beale EV, Kabanova V, Kahraman A, Wach A, Ozerov D, Arrell C, Milne C, Johnson PJM, Cirelli C, Bacellar C, Huse N, Odelius M, Wernet P. Accessing metal-specific orbital interactions in C-H activation with resonant inelastic X-ray scattering. Chem Sci 2024; 15:2398-2409. [PMID: 38362433 PMCID: PMC10866335 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc04388f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Photochemically prepared transition-metal complexes are known to be effective at cleaving the strong C-H bonds of organic molecules in room temperature solutions. There is also ample theoretical evidence that the two-way, metal to ligand (MLCT) and ligand to metal (LMCT), charge-transfer between an incoming alkane C-H group and the transition metal is the decisive interaction in the C-H activation reaction. What is missing, however, are experimental methods to directly probe these interactions in order to reveal what determines reactivity of intermediates and the rate of the reaction. Here, using quantum chemical simulations we predict and propose future time-resolved valence-to-core resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (VtC-RIXS) experiments at the transition metal L-edge as a method to provide a full account of the evolution of metal-alkane interactions during transition-metal mediated C-H activation reactions. For the model system cyclopentadienyl rhodium dicarbonyl (CpRh(CO)2), we demonstrate, by simulating the VtC-RIXS signatures of key intermediates in the C-H activation pathway, how the Rh-centered valence-excited states accessible through VtC-RIXS directly reflect changes in donation and back-donation between the alkane C-H group and the transition metal as the reaction proceeds via those intermediates. We benchmark and validate our quantum chemical simulations against experimental steady-state measurements of CpRh(CO)2 and Rh(acac)(CO)2 (where acac is acetylacetonate). Our study constitutes the first step towards establishing VtC-RIXS as a new experimental observable for probing reactivity of C-H activation reactions. More generally, the study further motivates the use of time-resolved VtC-RIXS to follow the valence electronic structure evolution along photochemical, photoinitiated and photocatalytic reactions with transition metal complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambar Banerjee
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University 751 20 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Raphael M Jay
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University 751 20 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Torsten Leitner
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University 751 20 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Ru-Pan Wang
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Department of Physics, University of Hamburg 22761 Hamburg Germany
| | - Jessica Harich
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Department of Physics, University of Hamburg 22761 Hamburg Germany
| | - Robert Stefanuik
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University 751 20 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Michael R Coates
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center 106 91 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Emma V Beale
- Paul Scherrer Institute CH-5232 Villigen PSI Switzerland
| | | | | | - Anna Wach
- Paul Scherrer Institute CH-5232 Villigen PSI Switzerland
- Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences PL-31342 Krakow Poland
| | - Dmitry Ozerov
- Paul Scherrer Institute CH-5232 Villigen PSI Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Nils Huse
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Department of Physics, University of Hamburg 22761 Hamburg Germany
| | - Michael Odelius
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center 106 91 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Philippe Wernet
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University 751 20 Uppsala Sweden
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4
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Mascarenhas EJ, Fondell M, Büchner R, Eckert S, Vaz da Cruz V, Föhlisch A. The Role of the Lowest Excited Triplet State in Defining the Rate of Photoaquation of Hexacyanometalates. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:241-247. [PMID: 38164541 PMCID: PMC10788954 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c02775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Photosolvation is a type of ligand substitution reaction started by irradiation of a solution with light, triggering the replacement of a ligand with a molecule from the solvent. The excited state is created through many possible pathways. For the class of hexacyanides of groups 8 and 9 of the periodic table, irradiation in the ligand field band is followed by intersystem crossing to the lowest excited triplet state, which we propose to mediate the photoaquation reaction in this class of complexes. In this study, we present time-resolved X-ray absorption data showing indications of the triplet intermediate state in the cobalt(III) hexacyanide complex and we discuss general aspects of the photoaquation reaction in comparison with reported data on the isoelectronic iron(II) hexacyanide. Quantum chemical calculations are analyzed and suggest that the nature of the lowest excited triplet state in each complex can explain the drastically different rate of reactions observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J. Mascarenhas
- Institute
for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und
Energie GmbH, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Mattis Fondell
- Institute
for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und
Energie GmbH, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Robby Büchner
- Institute
for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und
Energie GmbH, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Eckert
- Institute
for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und
Energie GmbH, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Vinicius Vaz da Cruz
- Institute
for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und
Energie GmbH, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Föhlisch
- Institute
for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und
Energie GmbH, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Institute
of Physics and Astronomy, Universität
Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
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5
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Jay RM, Banerjee A, Leitner T, Wang RP, Harich J, Stefanuik R, Wikmark H, Coates MR, Beale EV, Kabanova V, Kahraman A, Wach A, Ozerov D, Arrell C, Johnson PJM, Borca CN, Cirelli C, Bacellar C, Milne C, Huse N, Smolentsev G, Huthwelker T, Odelius M, Wernet P. Tracking C-H activation with orbital resolution. Science 2023; 380:955-960. [PMID: 37262165 DOI: 10.1126/science.adf8042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Transition metal reactivity toward carbon-hydrogen (C-H) bonds hinges on the interplay of electron donation and withdrawal at the metal center. Manipulating this reactivity in a controlled way is difficult because the hypothesized metal-alkane charge-transfer interactions are challenging to access experimentally. Using time-resolved x-ray spectroscopy, we track the charge-transfer interactions during C-H activation of octane by a cyclopentadienyl rhodium carbonyl complex. Changes in oxidation state as well as valence-orbital energies and character emerge in the data on a femtosecond to nanosecond timescale. The x-ray spectroscopic signatures reflect how alkane-to-metal donation determines metal-alkane complex stability and how metal-to-alkane back-donation facilitates C-H bond cleavage by oxidative addition. The ability to dissect charge-transfer interactions on an orbital level provides opportunities for manipulating C-H reactivity at transition metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael M Jay
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ambar Banerjee
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Torsten Leitner
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ru-Pan Wang
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Department of Physics, University of Hamburg, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jessica Harich
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Department of Physics, University of Hamburg, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Robert Stefanuik
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hampus Wikmark
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Michael R Coates
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Emma V Beale
- Paul-Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Anna Wach
- Paul-Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, PL-31342 Krakow, Poland
| | - Dmitry Ozerov
- Paul-Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Nils Huse
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Department of Physics, University of Hamburg, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Michael Odelius
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Philippe Wernet
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
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6
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Reinhard M, Gallo A, Guo M, Garcia-Esparza AT, Biasin E, Qureshi M, Britz A, Ledbetter K, Kunnus K, Weninger C, van Driel T, Robinson J, Glownia JM, Gaffney KJ, Kroll T, Weng TC, Alonso-Mori R, Sokaras D. Ferricyanide photo-aquation pathway revealed by combined femtosecond Kβ main line and valence-to-core x-ray emission spectroscopy. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2443. [PMID: 37147295 PMCID: PMC10163258 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37922-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Reliably identifying short-lived chemical reaction intermediates is crucial to elucidate reaction mechanisms but becomes particularly challenging when multiple transient species occur simultaneously. Here, we report a femtosecond x-ray emission spectroscopy and scattering study of the aqueous ferricyanide photochemistry, utilizing the combined Fe Kβ main and valence-to-core emission lines. Following UV-excitation, we observe a ligand-to-metal charge transfer excited state that decays within 0.5 ps. On this timescale, we also detect a hitherto unobserved short-lived species that we assign to a ferric penta-coordinate intermediate of the photo-aquation reaction. We provide evidence that bond photolysis occurs from reactive metal-centered excited states that are populated through relaxation of the charge transfer excited state. Beyond illuminating the elusive ferricyanide photochemistry, these results show how current limitations of Kβ main line analysis in assigning ultrafast reaction intermediates can be circumvented by simultaneously using the valence-to-core spectral range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Reinhard
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA.
| | | | - Meiyuan Guo
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | | | - Elisa Biasin
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Kathryn Ledbetter
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Clemens Weninger
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Tim van Driel
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Thomas Kroll
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Tsu-Chien Weng
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
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7
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McNicholas BJ, Nie C, Jose A, Oyala PH, Takase MK, Henling LM, Barth AT, Amaolo A, Hadt RG, Solomon EI, Winkler JR, Gray HB, Despagnet-Ayoub E. Boronated Cyanometallates. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:2959-2981. [PMID: 36534001 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c03066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Thirteen boronated cyanometallates [M(CN-BR3)6]3/4/5- [M = Cr, Mn, Fe, Ru, Os; BR3 = BPh3, B(2,4,6,-F3C6H2)3, B(C6F5)3] and one metalloboratonitrile [Cr(NC-BPh3)6]3- have been characterized by X-ray crystallography and spectroscopy [UV-vis-near-IR, NMR, IR, spectroelectrochemistry, and magnetic circular dichroism (MCD)]; CASSCF+NEVPT2 methods were employed in calculations of electronic structures. For (t2g)5 electronic configurations, the lowest-energy ligand-to-metal charge-transfer (LMCT) absorptions and MCD C-terms in the spectra of boronated species have been assigned to transitions from cyanide π + B-C borane σ orbitals. CASSCF+NEVPT2 calculations including t1u and t2u orbitals reproduced t1u/t2u → t2g excitation energies. Many [M(CN-BR3)6]3/4- complexes exhibited highly electrochemically reversible redox couples. Notably, the reduction formal potentials of all five [M(CN-B(C6F5)3)6]3- anions scale with the LMCT energies, and Mn(I) and Cr(II) compounds, [K(18-crown-6)]5[Mn(CN-B(C6F5)3)6] and [K(18-crown-6)]4[Cr(CN-B(C6F5)3)6], are surprisingly stable. Continuous-wave and pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR; hyperfine sublevel correlation) spectra were collected for all Cr(III) complexes; as expected, 14N hyperfine splittings are greater for (Ph4As)3[Cr(NC-BPh3)6] than for (Ph4As)3[Cr(CN-BPh3)6].
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendon J McNicholas
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, California91125, United States
| | - Cherish Nie
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, California91125, United States
| | - Anex Jose
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, 333 Campus Drive, Stanford, California94305, United States
| | - Paul H Oyala
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, California91125, United States
| | - Michael K Takase
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, California91125, United States
| | - Larry M Henling
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, California91125, United States
| | - Alexandra T Barth
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, California91125, United States
| | - Alessio Amaolo
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, California91125, United States
| | - Ryan G Hadt
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, California91125, United States
| | - Edward I Solomon
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, 333 Campus Drive, Stanford, California94305, United States
| | - Jay R Winkler
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, California91125, United States
| | - Harry B Gray
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, California91125, United States
| | - Emmanuelle Despagnet-Ayoub
- Department of Chemistry, Occidental College, 1600 Campus Road, Los Angeles, California90041, United States
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8
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Uemura Y, Ismail ASM, Park SH, Kwon S, Kim M, Elnaggar H, Frati F, Wadati H, Hirata Y, Zhang Y, Yamagami K, Yamamoto S, Matsuda I, Halisdemir U, Koster G, Milne C, Ammann M, Weckhuysen BM, de Groot FMF. Hole Dynamics in Photoexcited Hematite Studied with Femtosecond Oxygen K-edge X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:4207-4214. [PMID: 35512383 PMCID: PMC9125685 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c00295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Hematite (α-Fe2O3) is a photoelectrode for the water splitting process because of its relatively narrow bandgap and abundance in the earth's crust. In this study, the photoexcited state of a hematite thin film was investigated with femtosecond oxygen K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) at the PAL-XFEL in order to follow the dynamics of its photoexcited states. The 200 fs decay time of the hole state in the valence band was observed via its corresponding XAS feature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Uemura
- Inorganic
Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitslaan 99, Utrecht, 3584 CG, The Netherlands
- Laboratory
of Environmental Chemistry, Energy and Environment Research Division, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, 5232, Switzerland
- European
XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, Schenefeld, 22869, Germany
| | - Ahmed S. M. Ismail
- Inorganic
Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitslaan 99, Utrecht, 3584 CG, The Netherlands
| | - Sang Han Park
- PAL-XFEL, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Soonnam Kwon
- PAL-XFEL, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Minseok Kim
- PAL-XFEL, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Hebatalla Elnaggar
- Inorganic
Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitslaan 99, Utrecht, 3584 CG, The Netherlands
| | - Federica Frati
- Inorganic
Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitslaan 99, Utrecht, 3584 CG, The Netherlands
| | - Hiroki Wadati
- Institute
for Solid State Physics, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan
- Graduate
School of Material Science, University of
Hyogo, Kamigori, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Hirata
- Institute
for Solid State Physics, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan
| | - Yujun Zhang
- Institute
for Solid State Physics, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan
| | - Kohei Yamagami
- Institute
for Solid State Physics, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan
| | - Susumu Yamamoto
- Institute
for Solid State Physics, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan
| | - Iwao Matsuda
- Institute
for Solid State Physics, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan
| | - Ufuk Halisdemir
- Faculty
of
Science and Technology and MESA + Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 2171, Enschede, 7500 AE, The Netherlands
| | - Gertjan Koster
- Faculty
of
Science and Technology and MESA + Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 2171, Enschede, 7500 AE, The Netherlands
| | - Christopher Milne
- European
XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, Schenefeld, 22869, Germany
- SwissFEL, Paul
Scherrer Institut, Villigen, 5232, Switzerland
| | - Markus Ammann
- Laboratory
of Environmental Chemistry, Energy and Environment Research Division, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, 5232, Switzerland
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Inorganic
Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitslaan 99, Utrecht, 3584 CG, The Netherlands
| | - Frank M. F. de Groot
- Inorganic
Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitslaan 99, Utrecht, 3584 CG, The Netherlands
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9
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Kunnus K, Guo M, Biasin E, Larsen CB, Titus CJ, Lee SJ, Nordlund D, Cordones AA, Uhlig J, Gaffney KJ. Quantifying the Steric Effect on Metal-Ligand Bonding in Fe Carbene Photosensitizers with Fe 2p3d Resonant Inelastic X-ray Scattering. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:1961-1972. [PMID: 35029978 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c03124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the electronic structure and chemical bonding of transition metal complexes is important for improving the function of molecular photosensitizers and catalysts. We have utilized X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS) at the Fe L3 edge to investigate the electronic structure of two Fe N-heterocyclic carbene complexes with similar chemical structures but different steric effects and contrasting excited-state dynamics: [Fe(bmip)2]2+ and [Fe(btbip)2]2+, bmip = 2,6-bis(3-methyl-imidazole-1-ylidine)pyridine and btbip = 2,6-bis(3-tert-butyl-imidazole-1-ylidene)pyridine. In combination with charge transfer multiplet and ab initio calculations, we quantified how changes in Fe-carbene bond length due to steric effects modify the metal-ligand bonding, including σ/π donation and π back-donation. We find that σ donation is significantly stronger in [Fe(bmip)2]2+, whereas the π back-donation is similar in both complexes. The resulting stronger ligand field and nephelauxetic effect in [Fe(bmip)2]2+ lead to approximately 1 eV destabilization of the quintet metal-centered 5T2g excited state compared to [Fe(btbip)2]2+, providing an explanation for the absence of a photoinduced 5T2g population and a longer metal-to-ligand charge-transfer excited-state lifetime in [Fe(bmip)2]2+. This work demonstrates how combined modeling of XAS and RIXS spectra can be utilized to understand the electronic structure of transition metal complexes governed by correlated electrons and donation/back-donation interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristjan Kunnus
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States.,Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, W. Ostwaldi 1, Tartu EE-50411, Estonia
| | - Meiyuan Guo
- Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Lund SE-22100, Sweden
| | - Elisa Biasin
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Christopher B Larsen
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Charles J Titus
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Sang Jun Lee
- SSRL, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Dennis Nordlund
- SSRL, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Amy A Cordones
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Jens Uhlig
- Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Lund SE-22100, Sweden
| | - Kelly J Gaffney
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
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10
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Jay RM, Kunnus K, Wernet P, Gaffney KJ. Capturing Atom-Specific Electronic Structural Dynamics of Transition-Metal Complexes with Ultrafast Soft X-Ray Spectroscopy. Annu Rev Phys Chem 2022; 73:187-208. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physchem-082820-020236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The atomic specificity of X-ray spectroscopies provides a distinct perspective on molecular electronic structure. For 3 d metal coordination and organometallic complexes, the combination of metal- and ligand-specific X-ray spectroscopies directly interrogates metal–ligand covalency—the hybridization of metal and ligand electronic states. Resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS), the X-ray analog of resonance Raman scattering, provides access to all classes of valence excited states in transition-metal complexes, making it a particularly powerful means of characterizing the valence electronic structure of 3 d metal complexes. Recent advances in X-ray free-electron laser sources have enabled RIXS to be extended to the ultrafast time domain. We review RIXS studies of two archetypical photochemical processes: charge-transfer excitation in ferricyanide and ligand photodissociation in iron pentacarbonyl. These studies demonstrate femtosecond-resolution RIXS can directly characterize the time-evolving electronic structure, including the evolution of the metal–ligand covalency. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Physical Chemistry, Volume 73 is April 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael M. Jay
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden;,
| | - Kristjan Kunnus
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California, USA
| | - Philippe Wernet
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden;,
| | - Kelly J. Gaffney
- PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory and Stanford University, Menlo Park, California, USA
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11
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Eckert S, Vaz da Cruz V, Ochmann M, von Ahnen I, Föhlisch A, Huse N. Breaking the Symmetry of Pyrimidine: Solvent Effects and Core-Excited State Dynamics. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:8637-8643. [PMID: 34472857 PMCID: PMC8436212 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c01865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Symmetry and its breaking crucially define the chemical properties of molecules and their functionality. Resonant inelastic X-ray scattering is a local electronic structure probe reporting on molecular symmetry and its dynamical breaking within the femtosecond scattering duration. Here, we study pyrimidine, a system from the C2v point group, in an aqueous solution environment, using scattering though its 2a2 resonance. Despite the absence of clean parity selection rules for decay transitions from in-plane orbitals, scattering channels including decay from the 7b2 and 11a1 orbitals with nitrogen lone pair character are a direct probe for molecular symmetry. Computed spectra of explicitly solvated molecules sampled from a molecular dynamics simulation are combined with the results of a quantum dynamical description of the X-ray scattering process. We observe dominant signatures of core-excited Jahn-Teller induced symmetry breaking for resonant excitation. Solvent contributions are separable by shortening of the effective scattering duration through excitation energy detuning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Eckert
- Institute
for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und
Energie GmbH, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Vinícius Vaz da Cruz
- Institute
for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und
Energie GmbH, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Miguel Ochmann
- Center
for Free-Electron Laser Science, Institute for Nanostructure and Solid
State Physics, University of Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Inga von Ahnen
- Center
for Free-Electron Laser Science, Institute for Nanostructure and Solid
State Physics, University of Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Föhlisch
- Institute
for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und
Energie GmbH, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Institut
für Physik und Astronomie,Universität
Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Nils Huse
- Center
for Free-Electron Laser Science, Institute for Nanostructure and Solid
State Physics, University of Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
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12
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Jay RM, Eckert S, Van Kuiken BE, Ochmann M, Hantschmann M, Cordones AA, Cho H, Hong K, Ma R, Lee JH, Dakovski GL, Turner JJ, Minitti MP, Quevedo W, Pietzsch A, Beye M, Kim TK, Schoenlein RW, Wernet P, Föhlisch A, Huse N. Following Metal-to-Ligand Charge-Transfer Dynamics with Ligand and Spin Specificity Using Femtosecond Resonant Inelastic X-ray Scattering at the Nitrogen K-Edge. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:6676-6683. [PMID: 34260255 PMCID: PMC8312498 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c01401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate for the case of photoexcited [Ru(2,2'-bipyridine)3]2+ how femtosecond resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS) at the ligand K-edge allows one to uniquely probe changes in the valence electronic structure following a metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (MLCT) excitation. Metal-ligand hybridization is probed by nitrogen-1s resonances providing information on both the electron-accepting ligand in the MLCT state and the hole density of the metal center. By comparing to spectrum calculations based on density functional theory, we are able to distinguish the electronic structure of the electron-accepting ligand and the other ligands and determine a temporal upper limit of (250 ± 40) fs for electron localization following the charge-transfer excitation. The spin of the localized electron is deduced from the selection rules of the RIXS process establishing new experimental capabilities for probing transient charge and spin densities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael M. Jay
- Institut für Physik und Astronomie,
Universität Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam,
Germany
| | - Sebastian Eckert
- Institut für Physik und Astronomie,
Universität Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam,
Germany
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for
Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für
Materialien und Energie, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Miguel Ochmann
- Department of Physics, University of
Hamburg and Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, 22761 Hamburg,
Germany
| | - Markus Hantschmann
- Institut für Physik und Astronomie,
Universität Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam,
Germany
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for
Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für
Materialien und Energie, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Amy A. Cordones
- Ultrafast X-ray Science Lab, Chemical Sciences
Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley,
California 94720, United States
| | - Hana Cho
- Ultrafast X-ray Science Lab, Chemical Sciences
Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley,
California 94720, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute of Functional
Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241,
South Korea
| | - Kiryong Hong
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute of Functional
Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241,
South Korea
| | - Rory Ma
- Department of Physics, University of
Hamburg and Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, 22761 Hamburg,
Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute of Functional
Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241,
South Korea
| | - Jae Hyuk Lee
- Ultrafast X-ray Science Lab, Chemical Sciences
Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley,
California 94720, United States
| | - Georgi L. Dakovski
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC
National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025,
United States
| | - Joshua J. Turner
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC
National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025,
United States
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences,
Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305,
United States
| | - Michael P. Minitti
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC
National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025,
United States
| | - Wilson Quevedo
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for
Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für
Materialien und Energie, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Annette Pietzsch
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for
Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für
Materialien und Energie, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Beye
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for
Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für
Materialien und Energie, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tae Kyu Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei
University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Robert W. Schoenlein
- Ultrafast X-ray Science Lab, Chemical Sciences
Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley,
California 94720, United States
| | - Philippe Wernet
- Department of Physics and Astronomy,
Uppsala University, 75120 Uppsala,
Sweden
| | - Alexander Föhlisch
- Institut für Physik und Astronomie,
Universität Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam,
Germany
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for
Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für
Materialien und Energie, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Nils Huse
- Department of Physics, University of
Hamburg and Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, 22761 Hamburg,
Germany
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13
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Bergmann U, Kern J, Schoenlein RW, Wernet P, Yachandra VK, Yano J. Using X-ray free-electron lasers for spectroscopy of molecular catalysts and metalloenzymes. NATURE REVIEWS. PHYSICS 2021; 3:264-282. [PMID: 34212130 PMCID: PMC8245202 DOI: 10.1038/s42254-021-00289-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The metal centres in metalloenzymes and molecular catalysts are responsible for the rearrangement of atoms and electrons during complex chemical reactions, and they enable selective pathways of charge and spin transfer, bond breaking/making and the formation of new molecules. Mapping the electronic structural changes at the metal sites during the reactions gives a unique mechanistic insight that has been difficult to obtain to date. The development of X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) enables powerful new probes of electronic structure dynamics to advance our understanding of metalloenzymes. The ultrashort, intense and tunable XFEL pulses enable X-ray spectroscopic studies of metalloenzymes, molecular catalysts and chemical reactions, under functional conditions and in real time. In this Technical Review, we describe the current state of the art of X-ray spectroscopy studies at XFELs and highlight some new techniques currently under development. With more XFEL facilities starting operation and more in the planning or construction phase, new capabilities are expected, including high repetition rate, better XFEL pulse control and advanced instrumentation. For the first time, it will be possible to make real-time molecular movies of metalloenzymes and catalysts in solution, while chemical reactions are taking place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Bergmann
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jan Kern
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Robert W. Schoenlein
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Philippe Wernet
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Vittal K. Yachandra
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Junko Yano
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
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14
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Biasin E, Nascimento DR, Poulter BI, Abraham B, Kunnus K, Garcia-Esparza AT, Nowak SH, Kroll T, Schoenlein RW, Alonso-Mori R, Khalil M, Govind N, Sokaras D. Revealing the bonding of solvated Ru complexes with valence-to-core resonant inelastic X-ray scattering. Chem Sci 2021; 12:3713-3725. [PMID: 34163645 PMCID: PMC8179428 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc06227h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Ru-complexes are widely studied because of their use in biological applications and photoconversion technologies. We reveal novel insights into the chemical bonding of a series of Ru(ii)- and Ru(iii)-complexes by leveraging recent advances in high-energy-resolution tender X-ray spectroscopy and theoretical calculations. We perform Ru 2p4d resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS) to probe the valence excitations in dilute solvated Ru-complexes. Combining these experiments with a newly developed theoretical approach based on time-dependent density functional theory, we assign the spectral features and quantify the metal-ligand bonding interactions. The valence-to-core RIXS features uniquely identify the metal-centered and charge transfer states and allow extracting the ligand-field splitting for all the complexes. The combined experimental and theoretical approach described here is shown to reliably characterize the ground and excited valence states of Ru complexes, and serve as a basis for future investigations of ruthenium, or other 4d metals active sites, in biological and chemical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Biasin
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory Menlo Park CA 94025 USA
| | - Daniel R Nascimento
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland Washington 99352 USA
| | - Benjamin I Poulter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington Seattle Washington 98195 USA
| | - Baxter Abraham
- SSRL, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory Menlo Park California 94025 USA
| | - Kristjan Kunnus
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory Menlo Park CA 94025 USA
- LCLS, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory Menlo Park CA 94025 USA
| | | | - Stanislaw H Nowak
- SSRL, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory Menlo Park California 94025 USA
| | - Thomas Kroll
- SSRL, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory Menlo Park California 94025 USA
| | - Robert W Schoenlein
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory Menlo Park CA 94025 USA
- LCLS, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory Menlo Park CA 94025 USA
| | | | - Munira Khalil
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington Seattle Washington 98195 USA
| | - Niranjan Govind
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland Washington 99352 USA
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15
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Engel RY, Ekimova M, Miedema PS, Kleine C, Ludwig J, Ochmann M, Grimm-Lebsanft B, Ma R, Teubner M, Dziarzhytski S, Brenner G, Czwalinna MK, Rösner B, Kim TK, David C, Herres-Pawlis S, Rübhausen M, Nibbering ETJ, Huse N, Beye M. Shot noise limited soft x-ray absorption spectroscopy in solution at a SASE-FEL using a transmission grating beam splitter. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2021; 8:014303. [PMID: 33564694 PMCID: PMC7847311 DOI: 10.1063/4.0000049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy provides element specificity and is a powerful experimental method to probe local unoccupied electronic structures. In the soft x-ray regime, it is especially well suited for the study of 3d-metals and light elements such as nitrogen. Recent developments in vacuum-compatible liquid flat jets have facilitated soft x-ray transmission spectroscopy on molecules in solution, providing information on valence charge distributions of heteroatoms and metal centers. Here, we demonstrate XANES spectroscopy of molecules in solution at the nitrogen K-edge, performed at FLASH, the Free-Electron Laser (FEL) in Hamburg. A split-beam referencing scheme optimally characterizes the strong shot-to-shot fluctuations intrinsic to the process of self-amplified spontaneous emission on which most FELs are based. Due to this normalization, a sensitivity of 1% relative transmission change is achieved, limited by fundamental photon shot noise. The effective FEL bandwidth is increased by streaking the electron energy over the FEL pulse train to measure a wider spectral window without changing FEL parameters. We propose modifications to the experimental setup with the potential of improving the instrument sensitivity by two orders of magnitude, thereby exploiting the high peak fluence of FELs to enable unprecedented sensitivity for femtosecond XANES spectroscopy on liquids in the soft x-ray spectral region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Y. Engel
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maria Ekimova
- Max Born Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Carlo Kleine
- Max Born Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan Ludwig
- Max Born Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Miguel Ochmann
- Institut for Nanostructure and Solid-State Physics, CFEL, University of Hamburg, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Grimm-Lebsanft
- Institut for Nanostructure and Solid-State Physics, CFEL, University of Hamburg, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Rory Ma
- Institut for Nanostructure and Solid-State Physics, CFEL, University of Hamburg, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Günter Brenner
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Tae Kyu Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, 03722 Seoul, South Korea
| | | | - Sonja Herres-Pawlis
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Michael Rübhausen
- Institut for Nanostructure and Solid-State Physics, CFEL, University of Hamburg, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Erik T. J. Nibbering
- Max Born Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Nils Huse
- Institut for Nanostructure and Solid-State Physics, CFEL, University of Hamburg, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martin Beye
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
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16
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Vaz da Cruz V, Eckert S, Föhlisch A. TD-DFT simulations of K-edge resonant inelastic X-ray scattering within the restricted subspace approximation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:1835-1848. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cp04726k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Truncation of orbital subspaces in TD-DFT yields an accurate description of RIXS spectra for soft X-ray K-edges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinícius Vaz da Cruz
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research
- 12489 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Sebastian Eckert
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research
- 12489 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Alexander Föhlisch
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research
- 12489 Berlin
- Germany
- Universität Potsdam
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17
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Jay RM, Eckert S, Mitzner R, Fondell M, Föhlisch A. Quantitative evaluation of transient valence orbital occupations in a 3d transition metal complex as seen from the metal and ligand perspective. Chem Phys Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2020.137681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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18
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Jay RM, Vaz da Cruz V, Eckert S, Fondell M, Mitzner R, Föhlisch A. Probing Solute-Solvent Interactions of Transition Metal Complexes Using L-Edge Absorption Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:5636-5645. [PMID: 32532156 PMCID: PMC7357850 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c00638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In order to tailor solution-phase chemical reactions involving transition metal complexes, it is critical to understand how their valence electronic charge distributions are affected by the solution environment. Here, solute-solvent interactions of a solvatochromic mixed-ligand iron complex were investigated using X-ray absorption spectroscopy at the transition metal L2,3-edge. Due to the selectivity of the corresponding core excitations to the iron 3d orbitals, the method grants direct access to the valence electronic structure around the iron center and its response to interactions with the solvent environment. A linear increase of the total L2,3-edge absorption cross section as a function of the solvent Lewis acidity is revealed. The effect is caused by relative changes in different metal-ligand-bonding channels, which preserve local charge densities while increasing the density of unoccupied states around the iron center. These conclusions are corroborated by a combination of molecular dynamics and spectrum simulations based on time-dependent density functional theory. The simulations reproduce the spectral trends observed in the X-ray but also optical absorption experiments. Our results underscore the importance of solute-solvent interactions when aiming for an accurate description of the valence electronic structure of solvated transition metal complexes and demonstrate how L2,3-edge absorption spectroscopy can aid in understanding the impact of the solution environment on intramolecular covalency and the electronic charge distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael M Jay
- Universität Potsdam, Institut für Physik und Astronomie, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24/25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Vinícius Vaz da Cruz
- Universität Potsdam, Institut für Physik und Astronomie, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24/25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Sebastian Eckert
- Universität Potsdam, Institut für Physik und Astronomie, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24/25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Mattis Fondell
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rolf Mitzner
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Föhlisch
- Universität Potsdam, Institut für Physik und Astronomie, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24/25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.,Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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19
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Vacher M, Kunnus K, Delcey MG, Gaffney KJ, Lundberg M. Origin of core-to-core x-ray emission spectroscopy sensitivity to structural dynamics. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2020; 7:044102. [PMID: 32665965 PMCID: PMC7340509 DOI: 10.1063/4.0000022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Recently, coherent structural dynamics in the excited state of an iron photosensitizer was observed through oscillations in the intensity of Kα x-ray emission spectroscopy (XES). Understanding the origin of the unexpected sensitivity of core-to-core transitions to structural dynamics is important for further development of femtosecond time-resolved XES methods and, we believe, generally necessary for interpretation of XES signals from highly non-equilibrium structures that are ubiquitous in photophysics and photochemistry. Here, we use multiconfigurational wavefunction calculations combined with atomic theory to analyze the emission process in detail. The sensitivity of core-to-core transitions to structural dynamics is due to a shift of the minimum energy metal-ligand bond distance between 1s and 2p core-hole states. A key effect is the additional contraction of the non-bonding 3s and 3p orbitals in 1s core-hole states, which decreases electron-electron repulsion and increases overlap in the metal-ligand bonds. The effect is believed to be general and especially pronounced for systems with strong bonds. The important role of 3s and 3p orbitals is consistent with the analysis of radial charge and spin densities and can be connected to the negative chemical shift observed for many transition metal complexes. The XES sensitivity to structural dynamics can be optimized by tuning the emission energy spectrometer, with oscillations up to ±4% of the maximum intensity for the current system. The theoretical predictions can be used to design experiments that separate electronic and nuclear degrees of freedom in ultrafast excited state dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mickaël G. Delcey
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kelly J. Gaffney
- PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Marcus Lundberg
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed: and
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20
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Kjellsson L, Nanda KD, Rubensson JE, Doumy G, Southworth SH, Ho PJ, March AM, Al Haddad A, Kumagai Y, Tu MF, Schaller RD, Debnath T, Bin Mohd Yusof MS, Arnold C, Schlotter WF, Moeller S, Coslovich G, Koralek JD, Minitti MP, Vidal ML, Simon M, Santra R, Loh ZH, Coriani S, Krylov AI, Young L. Resonant Inelastic X-Ray Scattering Reveals Hidden Local Transitions of the Aqueous OH Radical. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 124:236001. [PMID: 32603165 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.236001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Resonant inelastic x-ray scattering (RIXS) provides remarkable opportunities to interrogate ultrafast dynamics in liquids. Here we use RIXS to study the fundamentally and practically important hydroxyl radical in liquid water, OH(aq). Impulsive ionization of pure liquid water produced a short-lived population of OH(aq), which was probed using femtosecond x-rays from an x-ray free-electron laser. We find that RIXS reveals localized electronic transitions that are masked in the ultraviolet absorption spectrum by strong charge-transfer transitions-thus providing a means to investigate the evolving electronic structure and reactivity of the hydroxyl radical in aqueous and heterogeneous environments. First-principles calculations provide interpretation of the main spectral features.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Kjellsson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - K D Nanda
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90007, USA
| | - J-E Rubensson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - G Doumy
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - S H Southworth
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - P J Ho
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - A M March
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - A Al Haddad
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Y Kumagai
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - M-F Tu
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - R D Schaller
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - T Debnath
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798
| | - M S Bin Mohd Yusof
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798
| | - C Arnold
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Physics, Universität Hamburg, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
- Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - W F Schlotter
- LCLS, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - S Moeller
- LCLS, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - G Coslovich
- LCLS, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - J D Koralek
- LCLS, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - M P Minitti
- LCLS, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - M L Vidal
- DTU Chemistry-Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - M Simon
- Sorbonne Université and CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-Matière et Rayonnement, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - R Santra
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Physics, Universität Hamburg, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
- Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Z-H Loh
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798
| | - S Coriani
- DTU Chemistry-Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - A I Krylov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90007, USA
| | - L Young
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
- Department of Physics and James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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21
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Källman E, Guo M, Delcey MG, Meyer DA, Gaffney KJ, Lindh R, Lundberg M. Simulations of valence excited states in coordination complexes reached through hard X-ray scattering. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:8325-8335. [PMID: 32236271 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp01003k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Hard X-ray spectroscopy selectively probes metal sites in complex environments. Resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS) makes it is possible to directly study metal-ligand interactions through local valence excitations. Here multiconfigurational wavefunction simulations are used to model valence K pre-edge RIXS for three metal-hexacyanide complexes by coupling the electric dipole-forbidden excitations with dipole-allowed valence-to-core emission. Comparisons between experimental and simulated spectra makes it possible to evaluate the simulation accuracy and establish a best-modeling practice. The calculations give correct descriptions of all LMCT excitations in the spectra, although energies and intensities are sensitive to the description of dynamical electron correlation. The consistent treatment of all complexes shows that simulations can rationalize spectral features. The dispersion in the manganese(iii) spectrum comes from unresolved multiple resonances rather than fluorescence, and the splitting is mainly caused by differences in spatial orientation between holes and electrons. The simulations predict spectral features that cannot be resolved in current experimental data sets and the potential for observing d-d excitations is also explored. The latter can be of relevance for non-centrosymmetric systems with more intense K pre-edges. These ab initio simulations can be used to both design and interpret high-resolution X-ray scattering experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Källman
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Meiyuan Guo
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Mickaël G Delcey
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Drew A Meyer
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Kelly J Gaffney
- PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Roland Lindh
- Department of Chemistry - BMC, Organic Chemistry, Uppsala University, S-75105 Uppsala, Sweden and Uppsala Center for Computational Chemistry (UC3), Uppsala University, P.O. Box 596, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marcus Lundberg
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden.
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22
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Kunnus K, Vacher M, Harlang TCB, Kjær KS, Haldrup K, Biasin E, van Driel TB, Pápai M, Chabera P, Liu Y, Tatsuno H, Timm C, Källman E, Delcey M, Hartsock RW, Reinhard ME, Koroidov S, Laursen MG, Hansen FB, Vester P, Christensen M, Sandberg L, Németh Z, Szemes DS, Bajnóczi É, Alonso-Mori R, Glownia JM, Nelson S, Sikorski M, Sokaras D, Lemke HT, Canton SE, Møller KB, Nielsen MM, Vankó G, Wärnmark K, Sundström V, Persson P, Lundberg M, Uhlig J, Gaffney KJ. Vibrational wavepacket dynamics in Fe carbene photosensitizer determined with femtosecond X-ray emission and scattering. Nat Commun 2020; 11:634. [PMID: 32005815 PMCID: PMC6994595 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14468-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The non-equilibrium dynamics of electrons and nuclei govern the function of photoactive materials. Disentangling these dynamics remains a critical goal for understanding photoactive materials. Here we investigate the photoinduced dynamics of the [Fe(bmip)2]2+ photosensitizer, where bmip = 2,6-bis(3-methyl-imidazole-1-ylidine)-pyridine, with simultaneous femtosecond-resolution Fe Kα and Kβ X-ray emission spectroscopy (XES) and X-ray solution scattering (XSS). This measurement shows temporal oscillations in the XES and XSS difference signals with the same 278 fs period oscillation. These oscillations originate from an Fe-ligand stretching vibrational wavepacket on a triplet metal-centered (3MC) excited state surface. This 3MC state is populated with a 110 fs time constant by 40% of the excited molecules while the rest relax to a 3MLCT excited state. The sensitivity of the Kα XES to molecular structure results from a 0.7% average Fe-ligand bond length shift between the 1 s and 2p core-ionized states surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristjan Kunnus
- PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA.
| | - Morgane Vacher
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 538, 75121, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tobias C B Harlang
- Department of Chemical Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 12 4, 22100, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kasper S Kjær
- PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
- Department of Chemical Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 12 4, 22100, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kristoffer Haldrup
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Elisa Biasin
- PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Tim B van Driel
- LCLS, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Mátyás Pápai
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 207, DK-2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Pavel Chabera
- Department of Chemical Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 12 4, 22100, Lund, Sweden
| | - Yizhu Liu
- Department of Chemical Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 12 4, 22100, Lund, Sweden
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, 22100, Lund, Sweden
| | - Hideyuki Tatsuno
- Department of Chemical Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 12 4, 22100, Lund, Sweden
| | - Cornelia Timm
- Department of Chemical Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 12 4, 22100, Lund, Sweden
| | - Erik Källman
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 538, 75121, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mickaël Delcey
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 538, 75121, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Robert W Hartsock
- PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Marco E Reinhard
- PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Sergey Koroidov
- PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Mads G Laursen
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Frederik B Hansen
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Peter Vester
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Morten Christensen
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Lise Sandberg
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Lyngby, Denmark
- University of Copenhagen, Niels Bohr Institute, Blegdamsvej 17, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Zoltán Németh
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 49, H-1525, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dorottya Sárosiné Szemes
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 49, H-1525, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Éva Bajnóczi
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 49, H-1525, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - James M Glownia
- LCLS, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Silke Nelson
- LCLS, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Marcin Sikorski
- LCLS, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | | | - Henrik T Lemke
- LCLS, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Sophie E Canton
- ELI-ALPS, ELI-HU Non-Profit Ltd., Dugonics ter 13, Szeged, 6720, Hungary
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestrasse 85, D-22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Klaus B Møller
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 207, DK-2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Martin M Nielsen
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - György Vankó
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 49, H-1525, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kenneth Wärnmark
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, 22100, Lund, Sweden
| | - Villy Sundström
- Department of Chemical Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 12 4, 22100, Lund, Sweden
| | - Petter Persson
- Theoretical Chemistry Division, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, 22100, Lund, Sweden
| | - Marcus Lundberg
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 538, 75121, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jens Uhlig
- Department of Chemical Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 12 4, 22100, Lund, Sweden
| | - Kelly J Gaffney
- PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA.
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23
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Ismail ASM, Uemura Y, Park SH, Kwon S, Kim M, Elnaggar H, Frati F, Niwa Y, Wadati H, Hirata Y, Zhang Y, Yamagami K, Yamamoto S, Matsuda I, Halisdemir U, Koster G, Weckhuysen BM, de Groot FMF. Direct observation of the electronic states of photoexcited hematite with ultrafast 2p3d X-ray absorption spectroscopy and resonant inelastic X-ray scattering. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:2685-2692. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp03374b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Ultrafast Fe L3 XAS and 2p3d RIXS elucidate the photoexcitation process of hematite.
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24
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Ash R, Zhang K, Vura-Weis J. Photoinduced valence tautomerism of a cobalt-dioxolene complex revealed with femtosecond M-edge XANES. J Chem Phys 2019; 151:104201. [PMID: 31521068 DOI: 10.1063/1.5115227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cobalt complexes that undergo charge-transfer induced spin-transitions or valence tautomerism from low spin CoIII to high spin (HS) CoII are potential candidates for magneto-optical switches. We use M2,3-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy with 40 fs time resolution to measure the excited-state dynamics of CoIII(Cat-N-SQ)(Cat-N-BQ), where Cat-N-BQ and Cat-N-SQ are the singly and doubly reduced forms of the 2-(2-hydroxy-3,5-di-tert-butylphenyl-imino)-4,6-di-tert-butylcyclohexa-3,5-dienone ligand. The extreme ultraviolet probe pulses, produced using a tabletop high-harmonic generation light source, measure 3p → 3d transitions and are sensitive to the spin and oxidation state of the Co center. Photoexcitation at 525 nm produces a low-spin CoII ligand-to-metal charge transfer state which undergoes intersystem crossing to high-spin CoII in 67 fs. Vibrational cooling from this hot HS CoII state competes on the hundreds-of-fs time scale with back-intersystem crossing to the ground state, with 60% of the population trapped in a cold HS CoII state for 24 ps. Ligand field multiplet simulations accurately reproduce the ground-state spectra and support the excited-state assignments. This work demonstrates the ability of M2,3-edge XANES to measure ultrafast photophysics of molecular Co complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Ash
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801-3028, USA
| | - Kaili Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801-3028, USA
| | - Josh Vura-Weis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801-3028, USA
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25
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Jay RM, Eckert S, Vaz da Cruz V, Fondell M, Mitzner R, Föhlisch A. Kovalenzgetriebene Erhaltung lokaler Ladungsdichten in einem durch Metall‐Ligand‐Ladungstransfer angeregten Eisenphotosensibilisator. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201904761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raphael M. Jay
- Institut für Physik und AstronomieUniversität Potsdam Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24/25 Potsdam Deutschland
| | - Sebastian Eckert
- Institut für Physik und AstronomieUniversität Potsdam Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24/25 Potsdam Deutschland
- Max Born Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy Max Born Strasse 2A 12489 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Vinícius Vaz da Cruz
- Institut für Physik und AstronomieUniversität Potsdam Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24/25 Potsdam Deutschland
| | - Mattis Fondell
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation ResearchHelmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH Albert-Einstein-Str. 15 12489 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Rolf Mitzner
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation ResearchHelmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH Albert-Einstein-Str. 15 12489 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Alexander Föhlisch
- Institut für Physik und AstronomieUniversität Potsdam Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24/25 Potsdam Deutschland
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation ResearchHelmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH Albert-Einstein-Str. 15 12489 Berlin Deutschland
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26
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Bokarev SI, Kühn O. Theoretical X‐ray spectroscopy of transition metal compounds. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/wcms.1433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Oliver Kühn
- Institut für Physik Universität Rostock Rostock Germany
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27
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Jay RM, Eckert S, Vaz da Cruz V, Fondell M, Mitzner R, Föhlisch A. Covalency-Driven Preservation of Local Charge Densities in a Metal-to-Ligand Charge-Transfer Excited Iron Photosensitizer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:10742-10746. [PMID: 31145507 PMCID: PMC6771958 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201904761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Covalency is found to even out charge separation after photo‐oxidation of the metal center in the metal‐to‐ligand charge‐transfer state of an iron photosensitizer. The σ‐donation ability of the ligands compensates for the loss of iron 3d electronic charge, thereby upholding the initial metal charge density and preserving the local noble‐gas configuration. These findings are enabled through element‐specific and orbital‐selective time‐resolved X‐ray absorption spectroscopy at the iron L‐edge. Thus, valence orbital populations around the central metal are directly accessible. In conjunction with density functional theory we conclude that the picture of a localized charge‐separation is inadequate. However, the unpaired spin density provides a suitable representation of the electron–hole pair associated with the electron‐transfer process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael M Jay
- Institut für Physik und Astronomie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24/25, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Sebastian Eckert
- Institut für Physik und Astronomie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24/25, Potsdam, Germany.,Current address: Max Born Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, Max Born Strasse 2A, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Vinícius Vaz da Cruz
- Institut für Physik und Astronomie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24/25, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Mattis Fondell
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rolf Mitzner
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Föhlisch
- Institut für Physik und Astronomie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24/25, Potsdam, Germany.,Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany
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28
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Wernet P. Chemical interactions and dynamics with femtosecond X-ray spectroscopy and the role of X-ray free-electron lasers. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2019; 377:20170464. [PMID: 30929622 PMCID: PMC6452048 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2017.0464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
X-ray free-electron lasers with intense, tuneable and short-pulse X-ray radiation are transformative tools for the investigation of transition-metal complexes and metalloproteins. This becomes apparent in particular when combining the experimental observables from X-ray spectroscopy with modern theoretical tools for calculations of electronic structures and X-ray spectra from first principles. The combination gives new insights into how charge and spin densities change in chemical reactions and how they determine reactivity. This is demonstrated for the investigations of structural dynamics with metal K-edge absorption spectroscopy, spin states in excited-state dynamics with metal 3p-3d exchange interactions, the frontier-orbital interactions in dissociation and substitution reactions with metal-specific X-ray spectroscopy, and studies of metal oxidation states with femtosecond pulses for 'probe-before-destroy' spectroscopy. The role of X-ray free-electron lasers is addressed with thoughts about how they enable 'bringing back together' different aspects of the same problem and this is thought to go beyond a conventional review paper where these aspects are formulated in italic font type in a prequel, an interlude and in a sequel. This article is part of the theme issue 'Measurement of ultrafast electronic and structural dynamics with X-rays'.
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Rohringer N. X-ray Raman scattering: a building block for nonlinear spectroscopy. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2019; 377:20170471. [PMID: 30929628 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2017.0471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ultraintense X-ray free-electron laser pulses of attosecond duration can enable new nonlinear X-ray spectroscopic techniques to observe coherent electronic motion. The simplest nonlinear X-ray spectroscopic concept is based on stimulated electronic X-ray Raman scattering. We present a snapshot of recent experimental achievements, paving the way towards the goal of realizing nonlinear X-ray spectroscopy. In particular, we review the first proof-of-principle experiments, demonstrating stimulated X-ray emission and scattering in atomic gases in the soft X-ray regime and first results of stimulated hard X-ray emission spectroscopy on transition metal complexes. We critically asses the challenges that have to be overcome for future successful implementation of nonlinear coherent X-ray Raman spectroscopy. This article is part of the theme issue 'Measurement of ultrafast electronic and structural dynamics with X-rays'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Rohringer
- 1 Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY) , 22607 Hamburg , Germany
- 2 Department of Physics , Universität Hamburg , 20355 Hamburg , Germany
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Błachucki W, Kayser Y, Czapla-Masztafiak J, Guo M, Juranić P, Kavčič M, Källman E, Knopp G, Lundberg M, Milne C, Rehanek J, Sá J, Szlachetko J. Inception of electronic damage of matter by photon-driven post-ionization mechanisms. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2019; 6:024901. [PMID: 31041363 PMCID: PMC6450797 DOI: 10.1063/1.5090332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
"Probe-before-destroy" methodology permitted diffraction and imaging measurements of intact specimens using ultrabright but highly destructive X-ray free-electron laser (XFEL) pulses. The methodology takes advantage of XFEL pulses ultrashort duration to outrun the destructive nature of the X-rays. Atomic movement, generally on the order of >50 fs, regulates the maximum pulse duration for intact specimen measurements. In this contribution, we report the electronic structure damage of a molecule with ultrashort X-ray pulses under preservation of the atoms' positions. A detailed investigation of the X-ray induced processes revealed that X-ray absorption events in the solvent produce a significant number of solvated electrons within attosecond and femtosecond timescales that are capable of coulombic interactions with the probed molecules. The presented findings show a strong influence on the experimental spectra coming from ionization of the probed atoms' surroundings leading to electronic structure modification much faster than direct absorption of photons. This work calls for consideration of this phenomenon in cases focused on samples embedded in, e.g., solutions or in matrices, which in fact concerns most of the experimental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. Błachucki
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Y. Kayser
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, 10587 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - M. Guo
- Department of Chemistry–Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - P. Juranić
- Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
| | - M. Kavčič
- Jozef Stefan Institute, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - E. Källman
- Department of Chemistry–Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - G. Knopp
- Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
| | - M. Lundberg
- Department of Chemistry–Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - C. Milne
- Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
| | - J. Rehanek
- Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
| | - J. Sá
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed:; ; and
| | - J. Szlachetko
- Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-342 Kraków, Poland
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Beye M, Engel RY, Schunck JO, Dziarzhytski S, Brenner G, Miedema PS. Non-linear soft x-ray methods on solids with MUSIX-the multi-dimensional spectroscopy and inelastic x-ray scattering endstation. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2019; 31:014003. [PMID: 30504529 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aaedf3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
With the intense and coherent x-ray pulses available from free-electron lasers, the possibility to transfer non-linear spectroscopic methods from the laser lab to the x-ray world arises. Advantages especially regarding selectivity and thus information content as well as an improvement of signal levels are expected. The use of coherences is especially fruitful and the example of coherent x-ray/optical sum-frequency generation is discussed. However, many non-linear x-ray methods still await discovery, partially due to the necessity for extremely adaptable and versatile instrumentation that can be brought to free-electron lasers for the analysis of the spectral content emitted from the sample into a continuous range of emission angles. Such an instrument (called MUSIX) is being developed and employed at FLASH, the free-electron laser in Hamburg and is described in this contribution together with first results.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Beye
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany. Physics Department, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
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Multiconfigurational Approach to X-ray Spectroscopy of Transition Metal Complexes. TRANSITION METALS IN COORDINATION ENVIRONMENTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-11714-6_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Jay RM, Eckert S, Fondell M, Miedema PS, Norell J, Pietzsch A, Quevedo W, Niskanen J, Kunnus K, Föhlisch A. The nature of frontier orbitals under systematic ligand exchange in (pseudo-)octahedral Fe(ii) complexes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:27745-27751. [PMID: 30211412 PMCID: PMC6240897 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp04341h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The impact of ligand substitution on metal-ligand covalency and the valence excited state landscape is investigated using resonant inelastic soft X-ray scattering.
Understanding and controlling properties of transition metal complexes is a crucial step towards tailoring materials for sustainable energy applications. In a systematic approach, we use resonant inelastic X-ray scattering to study the influence of ligand substitution on the valence electronic structure around an aqueous iron(ii) center. Exchanging cyanide with 2-2′-bipyridine ligands reshapes frontier orbitals in a way that reduces metal 3d charge delocalization onto the ligands. This net decrease of metal–ligand covalency results in lower metal-centered excited state energies in agreement with previously reported excited state dynamics. Furthermore, traces of solvent-effects were found indicating a varying interaction strength of the solvent with ligands of different character. Our results demonstrate how ligand exchange can be exploited to shape frontier orbitals of transition metal complexes in solution-phase chemistry; insights upon which future efforts can built when tailoring the functionality of photoactive systems for light-harvesting applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael M Jay
- Universität Potsdam, Institut für Physik und Astronomie, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
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