1
|
Collins AR, Zhang B, Bennison MJ, Evans RC. Ambient solid-state triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion in ureasil organic-inorganic hybrid hosts. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. C 2024; 12:6310-6318. [PMID: 38707254 PMCID: PMC11064974 DOI: 10.1039/d4tc00562g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Triplet-triplet-annihilation upconversion (TTA-UC) has attracted significant attention as an approach to harvest low energy solar photons that cannot be captured by conventional photovoltaic devices. However, device integration requires the design of solid-state TTA-UC materials that combine high upconversion efficiency with long term stability. Herein, we report an efficient solid-state TTA-UC system based on organic-inorganic hybrid polymers known as ureasils as hosts for the archetypal sensitiser/emitter pair of palladium(ii) octaethylporphyrin and diphenylanthracene. The role of the ureasil structure on the TTA-UC performance was probed by varying the branching and molecular weight of the organic precursor to tune the structural, mechanical, and thermal properties. Solid-state green-to-blue UC quantum yields of up to 1.86% were observed under ambient conditions. Notably, depending on the ureasil structure, UC emission could be retained for >70 days without any special treatment, including deoxygenation. Detailed analysis of the structure-function trends revealed that while a low glass transition temperature is required to promote TTA-UC molecular collisions, a higher inorganic content is the primary factor that determines the UC efficiency and stability, due to the inherent oxygen barrier provided by the silica nanodomains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abigail R Collins
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge 27 Charles Babbage Road Cambridge CB3 0FS UK
| | - Bolong Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge 27 Charles Babbage Road Cambridge CB3 0FS UK
| | - Michael J Bennison
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge 27 Charles Babbage Road Cambridge CB3 0FS UK
| | - Rachel C Evans
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge 27 Charles Babbage Road Cambridge CB3 0FS UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang Q, Luo G, Hu R, Yang G, Chen J, Yu T, Zeng Y, Li Y. Crystalline hydrogen-bonded organic framework for air-tolerant triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:4475-4478. [PMID: 38563956 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc00742e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
A hydrogen-bonded organic framework (HOF) consisting of a 9,10-diphenylanthracene carboxylic derivative, DPACOOH, was developed for solid state triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion (TTA-UC). The HOF sample shows a 70% increase in upconversion quantum yield and a lower threshold value of 126.0 mW cm-2 compared to those of the disordered powder sample, due to a 43% longer triplet diffusion length in HOF than that in the powder sample.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Guiwen Luo
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Rui Hu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Guoqiang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jinping Chen
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
| | - Tianjun Yu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
| | - Yi Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yi Li
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Banerjee A, De K, Bhattacharjee U. Aggregation-Induced Fluorescence Upconversion of Pyrene under Low Fluence: In Solutions and Polymeric Nanoparticles. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:849-856. [PMID: 38228290 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c06349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
In this study, aggregation-induced photon upconversion (iPUC) is demonstrated in the small polyaromatic molecule, pyrene. In binary-solvent mixtures, water, which induces the aggregation of polyaromatic molecules, assisted in triplet-triplet annihilation-based upconversion. No upconverted emission was observed in a dry solvent. Although upconverted emission in the absence of a triplet sensitizer was assigned to pyrene-aggregate-induced sensitization, the presence of a triplet sensitizer enhanced the upconversion efficiency. This experimental finding was further simulated to explore the possibility of iPUC in the condensed-phase polymer matrix. We studied 2-aminoethyl methacrylate hydrochloride-polystyrene copolymer nanoparticles embedded with the molecular upconversion system. The nanoparticle iPUC agreed with the proposition that water domains were present in polymer nanoparticles and helped aggregate pyrene in the host polymer. Despite the low systemic upconversion efficiency, this study provides a method for achieving fluorescence upconversion in relatively simple systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anwesha Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology (IIEST) Shibpur, Howrah, West Bengal 711103, India
| | - Kheyali De
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology (IIEST) Shibpur, Howrah, West Bengal 711103, India
| | - Ujjal Bhattacharjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology (IIEST) Shibpur, Howrah, West Bengal 711103, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Murakami Y, Enomoto R. Stable and low-threshold photon upconversion in nondegassed water by organic crystals. Front Chem 2023; 11:1217260. [PMID: 37521013 PMCID: PMC10373875 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1217260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Photon upconversion (UC) is a technology that converts lower-energy photons (longer wavelength light) into higher-energy photons (shorter wavelength light), the opposite of fluorescence. Thus, UC is expected to open a vast domain of photonic applications that are not otherwise possible. Recently, UC by triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA) between organic molecules has been studied because of its applicability to low-intensity light, although the majority of such studies have focused on liquid samples in the form of organic solvent solutions. To broaden the range of applications, solid-state UC materials have been an active area of research. We recently developed air-stable, high-performance molecular UC crystals that utilize a stable solid-solution phase of bicomponent organic crystals. This article begins with a brief overview of previous challenges in developing and improving solid-state TTA-UC materials. Then, we briefly review and explain the concept as well as advantages of our molecular solid-solution UC crystals. We applied these organic crystals for the first time to a water environment. We observed blue UC emission upon photoexcitation at 542 nm (green-yellow light) and then measured the excitation intensity dependence as well as the temporal stability of the UC emission in air-saturated water. In nondegassed water, these organic crystals were stable, functioned with a low excitation threshold intensity of a few milliwatts per square centimeter, and exhibited high photo-irradiation durability at least over 40 h; indicating that the developed organic crystals are also viable for aqueous conditions. Therefore, the organic crystals presented in this report are expected to extend the domain of UC-based photonic applications in practical water systems including in vivo diagnostic, clinical, and therapeutic applications.
Collapse
|
5
|
Naimovičius L, Bharmoria P, Moth-Poulsen K. Triplet-triplet annihilation mediated photon upconversion solar energy systems. MATERIALS CHEMISTRY FRONTIERS 2023; 7:2297-2315. [PMID: 37313216 PMCID: PMC10259159 DOI: 10.1039/d3qm00069a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Solar energy harvesting is among the best solutions for a global transition toward carbon-neutral energy technologies. The existing solar energy harvesting technologies like photovoltaics (PV) and emerging molecular concepts such as solar fuels and molecular solar thermal energy storage (MOST) are rapidly developing. However, to realize their full potential, fundamental solar energy loss channels like photon transmission, recombination, and thermalization need to be addressed. Triplet-triplet annihilation mediated photon upconversion (TTA-UC) is emerging as a way to overcome losses due to the transmission of photons below the PV/chromophore band gap. However, there are several challenges related to the integration of efficient solid-state TTA-UC systems into efficient devices such as: wide band absorption, materials sustainability, and device architecture. In this article, we review existing work, identify and discuss challenges as well as present our perspective toward possible future directions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Naimovičius
- The Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC Bellaterra 08193 Barcelona Spain
- Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnology, Vilnius University Saulėtekio av. 3 LT-10257 Vilnius Lithuania
| | - Pankaj Bharmoria
- The Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC Bellaterra 08193 Barcelona Spain
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- The Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC Bellaterra 08193 Barcelona Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research & Advanced Studies, ICREA Pg. Lluís Companys 23 08010 Barcelona Spain
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, EEBE Eduard Maristany 10-14 08019 Barcelona Spain
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology Kemivagen 4 Gothenburg 412 96 Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chen H, Roy I, Myong MS, Seale JSW, Cai K, Jiao Y, Liu W, Song B, Zhang L, Zhao X, Feng Y, Liu F, Young RM, Wasielewski MR, Stoddart JF. Triplet-Triplet Annihilation Upconversion in a Porphyrinic Molecular Container. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:10061-10070. [PMID: 37098077 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c13846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Triplet-triplet annihilation-based molecular photon upconversion (TTA-UC) is a photophysical phenomenon that can yield high-energy emitting photons from low-energy incident light. TTA-UC is believed to fuse two triplet excitons into a singlet exciton through several consecutive energy-conversion processes. When organic aromatic dyes─i.e., sensitizers and annihilators─are used in TTA-UC, intermolecular distances, as well as relative orientations between the two chromophores, are important in an attempt to attain high upconversion efficiencies. Herein, we demonstrate a host-guest strategy─e.g., a cage-like molecular container incorporating two porphyrinic sensitizers and encapsulating two perylene emitters inside its cavity─to harness photon upconversion. Central to this design is tailoring the cavity size (9.6-10.4 Å) of the molecular container so that it can host two annihilators with a suitable [π···π] distance (3.2-3.5 Å). The formation of a complex with a host:guest ratio of 1:2 between a porphyrinic molecular container and perylene was confirmed by NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) as well as by DFT calculations. We have obtained TTA-UC yielding blue emission at 470 nm when the complex is excited with low-energy photons. This proof-of-concept demonstrates that TTA-UC can take place in one supermolecule by bringing together the sensitizers and annihilators. Our investigations open up some new opportunities for addressing several issues associated with supramolecular photon upconversion, such as sample concentrations, molecular aggregation, and penetration depths, which have relevance to biological imaging applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou 311215, China
| | - Indranil Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Michele S Myong
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - James S W Seale
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Kang Cai
- College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yang Jiao
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Wenqi Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Bo Song
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Long Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Xingang Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Yuanning Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Fangjun Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou 311215, China
| | - Ryan M Young
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Michael R Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - J Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry, Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou 311215, China
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bharmoria P, Edhborg F, Bildirir H, Sasaki Y, Ghasemi S, Mårtensson A, Yanai N, Kimizuka N, Albinsson B, Börjesson K, Moth-Poulsen K. Recyclable optical bioplastics platform for solid state red light harvesting via triplet-triplet annihilation photon upconversion. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. A 2022; 10:21279-21290. [PMID: 36325268 PMCID: PMC9578683 DOI: 10.1039/d2ta04810h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Sustainable photonics applications of solid-state triplet-triplet annihilation photon upconversion (TTA-UC) are limited by a small UC spectral window, low UC efficiency in air, and non-recyclability of polymeric materials used. In a step to overcome these issues, we have developed new recyclable TTA-UC bioplastics by encapsulating TTA-UC chromophores liquid inside the semicrystalline gelatin films showing broad-spectrum upconversion (red/far-red to blue) with high UC efficiency in air. For this, we synthesized a new anionic annihilator, sodium-TIPS-anthracene-2-sulfonate (TIPS-AnS), that combined with red/far-red sensitizers (PdTPBP/Os(m-peptpy)2(TFSI)2), a liquid surfactant Triton X-100 reduced (TXr) and protein gelatin (G) formed red/far-red to blue TTA-UC bioplastic films just by air drying of their aqueous solutions. The G-TXr-TIPS-AnS-PdTPBP film showed record red to blue (633 to 478 nm) TTA-UC quantum yield of 8.5% in air. The high UC quantum yield has been obtained due to the fluidity of dispersed TXr containing chromophores and oxygen blockage by gelatin fibers that allowed efficient diffusion of triplet excited chromophores. Further, the G-TXr-TIPS-AnS-Os(m-peptpy)2(TFSI)2 bioplastic film displayed far-red to blue (700-730 nm to 478 nm) TTA-UC, demonstrating broad-spectrum photon harvesting. Finally, we demonstrated the recycling of G-TXr-TIPS-AnS-PdTPBP bioplastics by developing a downstream approach that gives new directions for designing future recyclable photonics bioplastic materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Bharmoria
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology Kemivägen 4 Gothenburg 412 96 Sweden
| | - Fredrik Edhborg
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology Kemivägen 4 Gothenburg 412 96 Sweden
| | - Hakan Bildirir
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology Kemivägen 4 Gothenburg 412 96 Sweden
| | - Yoichi Sasaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Shima Ghasemi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology Kemivägen 4 Gothenburg 412 96 Sweden
| | - Anders Mårtensson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology Kemivägen 4 Gothenburg 412 96 Sweden
| | - Nobuhiro Yanai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Nobuo Kimizuka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Bo Albinsson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology Kemivägen 4 Gothenburg 412 96 Sweden
| | - Karl Börjesson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology Kemivägen 10 Gothenburg 412 96 Sweden
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology Kemivägen 4 Gothenburg 412 96 Sweden
- The Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC Bellaterra Barcelona, 08193 Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research & Advanced Studies, ICREA Pg. Lluís Companys 23 Barcelona Spain
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Recent Advances in the Photoreactions Triggered by Porphyrin-Based Triplet–Triplet Annihilation Upconversion Systems: Molecular Innovations and Nanoarchitectonics. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23148041. [PMID: 35887385 PMCID: PMC9323209 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23148041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Triplet–triplet annihilation upconversion (TTA-UC) is a very promising technology that could be used to convert low-energy photons to high-energy ones and has been proven to be of great value in various areas. Porphyrins have the characteristics of high molar absorbance, can form a complex with different metal ions and a high proportion of triplet states as well as tunable structures, and thus they are important sensitizers for TTA-UC. Porphyrin-based TTA-UC plays a pivotal role in the TTA-UC systems and has been widely used in many fields such as solar cells, sensing and circularly polarized luminescence. In recent years, applications of porphyrin-based TTA-UC systems for photoinduced reactions have emerged, but have been paid little attention. As a consequence, this review paid close attention to the recent advances in the photoreactions triggered by porphyrin-based TTA-UC systems. First of all, the photochemistry of porphyrin-based TTA-UC for chemical transformations, such as photoisomerization, photocatalytic synthesis, photopolymerization, photodegradation and photochemical/photoelectrochemical water splitting, was discussed in detail, which revealed the different mechanisms of TTA-UC and methods with which to carry out reasonable molecular innovations and nanoarchitectonics to solve the existing problems in practical application. Subsequently, photoreactions driven by porphyrin-based TTA-UC for biomedical applications were demonstrated. Finally, the future developments of porphyrin-based TTA-UC systems for photoreactions were briefly discussed.
Collapse
|
9
|
Lee H, Lee MS, Uji M, Harada N, Park JM, Lee J, Seo SE, Park CS, Kim J, Park SJ, Bhang SH, Yanai N, Kimizuka N, Kwon OS, Kim JH. Nanoencapsulated Phase-Change Materials: Versatile and Air-Tolerant Platforms for Triplet-Triplet Annihilation Upconversion. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:4132-4143. [PMID: 35019270 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c21080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Efficient and long-term stable triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion (TTA-UC) can be achieved by effectively protecting the excited organic triplet ensembles from photoinduced oxygen quenching, and discovery of a new material platform that promotes TTA-UC in ambient conditions is of paramount importance for practical applications. In this study, we present the first demonstration of an organic nonparaffin phase-change material (PCM) as an air-tolerant medium for TTA-UC with a unique solid-liquid phase transition in response to temperature variation. For the proposed concept, 2,4-hexadien-1-ol is used and extensively characterized with several key features, including good solvation capacity, mild melting point (30.5 °C), and exclusive antioxidant property, enabling a high-efficiency, low-threshold, and photostable TTA-UC system without energy-intensive degassing processes. In-depth characterization reveals that the triplet diffusion among the transient species, i.e., 3sensitizer* and 3acceptor*, is efficient and well protected from oxygen quenching in both aerated liquid- and solid-phase 2,4-hexadien-1-ol. We also propose a new strategy for the nanoencapsulation of PCM by employing hollow mesoporous silica nanoparticles as vehicles. This scheme is applicable to both aqueous- and solid-phase TTA-UC systems as well as suitable for various applications, such as thermal energy storage and smart drug delivery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haklae Lee
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Myung-Soo Lee
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
| | - Masanori Uji
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Harada
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Jeong-Min Park
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
| | - Jiyeon Lee
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Sung Eun Seo
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Chul Soon Park
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Jinyeong Kim
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Seon Joo Park
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Suk Ho Bhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Nobuhiro Yanai
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- PRESTO, JST, Honcho 4-1-8, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Nobuo Kimizuka
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Oh Seok Kwon
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
- Nanobiotechnology and Bioinformatics (Major), University of Science & Technology (UST), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Jae-Hyuk Kim
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kashino T, Haruki R, Uji M, Harada N, Hosoyamada M, Yanai N, Kimizuka N. Design Guidelines for Rigid Epoxy Resins with High Photon Upconversion Efficiency: Critical Role of Emitter Concentration. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:22771-22780. [PMID: 35014267 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c17021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
For the practical application of triplet-triplet annihilation-based photon upconversion (TTA-UC), the development of rigid, transparent, air-stable, and moldable materials with a high TTA-UC efficiency remains a challenging issue. In addition to the noncovalent introduction of ionic liquid emitters into the epoxy network, we covalently introduce emitters with polymerization sites to increase the emitter concentration to 35.6 wt %. A TTA-UC quantum yield ΦUC of 5.7% (theoretical maximum: 50%) or a TTA-UC efficiency ηUC of 11.4% (theoretical maximum: 100%) is achieved, which is the highest value ever achieved for a rigid polymer material. More importantly, the high emitter concentration speeds up the triplet diffusion and suppresses the back energy transfer from the emitter to sensitizer so that the sensitized emitter triplet can be effectively utilized for TTA. The generality of our finding is also confirmed for epoxy resins of similar emitter unit concentrations without the ionic liquid. This work provides important design guidelines for achieving highly efficient TTA-UC in rigid solid materials, which has been very difficult to achieve in the past. Furthermore, the solid-state TTA-UC exhibits high air stability, reflecting the high oxygen barrier performance of epoxy resins. The high moldability of epoxy resins allows the construction of upconversion materials with complex geometries at nano- to macroscopic scales.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tsubasa Kashino
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Nissan Chemical Corporation, Funabashi 274-0069, Japan
| | - Rena Haruki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Nissan Chemical Corporation, Funabashi 274-0069, Japan
| | - Masanori Uji
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Harada
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Masanori Hosoyamada
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Yanai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- JST-PRESTO, Honcho 4-1-8, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Nobuo Kimizuka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Enomoto R, Hoshi M, Oyama H, Agata H, Kurokawa S, Kuma H, Uekusa H, Murakami Y. van der Waals solid solution crystals for highly efficient in-air photon upconversion under subsolar irradiance. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2021; 8:3449-3456. [PMID: 34751288 DOI: 10.1039/d1mh01542g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Triplet-sensitized photon upconversion (UC) has been proposed for broad applications. However, the quest for superior solid materials has been challenged by the poor exciton transport often caused by low crystallinity, a small crystal domain, and aggregation of triplet sensitizers. Here, we demonstrate substantial advantages of the van der Waals solid solution concept to yield molecular crystals with extraordinary performance. A 0.001%-order porphyrin sensitizer is dissolved during recrystallization into the molecular crystals of a blue-fluorescent hydrocarbon annihilator, 9-(2-naphthyl)-10-[4-(1-naphthyl)phenyl]anthracene (ANNP), which contains bulky side groups. This attempt yields millimeter-sized, uniformly colored, transparent solid solution crystals, which resolves the long-standing problem of sensitizer aggregation. After annealing, the crystals exhibit unprecedented UC performance (UC quantum yield reaching 16% out of a maximum of 50% by definition; excitation intensity threshold of 0.175 sun; and high photostability of over 150 000 s) in air, which proves that this concept is highly effective in the quest for superior UC solid materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Riku Enomoto
- School of Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan.
| | - Megumi Hoshi
- School of Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan.
| | - Hironaga Oyama
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
| | - Hideki Agata
- Nissan Motor Co., Ltd., 2 Takaracho, Kanagawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 220-8623, Japan
| | - Shinichi Kurokawa
- Idemitsu Kosan Co., Ltd., 1-2-1 Otemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-8321, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Kuma
- Idemitsu Kosan Co., Ltd., 1-2-1 Otemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-8321, Japan
| | - Hidehiro Uekusa
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
| | - Yoichi Murakami
- School of Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan.
- PRESTO, JST, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Gao C, Wong WWH, Qin Z, Lo SC, Namdas EB, Dong H, Hu W. Application of Triplet-Triplet Annihilation Upconversion in Organic Optoelectronic Devices: Advances and Perspectives. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2100704. [PMID: 34596295 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202100704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Organic semiconductor materials have been widely used in various optoelectronic devices due to their rich optical and/or electrical properties, which are highly related to their excited states. Therefore, how to manage and utilize the excited states in organic semiconductors is essential for the realization of high-performance optoelectronic devices. Triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA) upconversion is a unique process of converting two non-emissive triplet excitons to one singlet exciton with higher energy. Efficient optical-to-electrical devices can be realized by harvesting sub-bandgap photons through TTA-based upconversion. In electrical-to-optical devices, triplets generated after the combination of electrons and holes also can be efficiently utilized via TTA, which resulted in a high internal conversion efficiency of 62.5%. Currently, many interesting explorations and significant advances have been demonstrated in these fields. In this review, a comprehensive summary of these intriguing advances on developing efficient TTA upconversion materials and their application in optoelectronic devices is systematically given along with some discussions. Finally, the key challenges and perspectives of TTA upconversion systems for further improvement for optoelectronic devices and other related research directions are provided. This review hopes to provide valuable guidelines for future related research and advancement in organic optoelectronics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Can Gao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Wallace W H Wong
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, School of Chemistry, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Zhengsheng Qin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shih-Chun Lo
- Centre for Organic Photonics and Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Ebinazar B Namdas
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Huanli Dong
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Wenping Hu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Luo G, Chen Y, Zeng Y, Yu T, Chen J, Hu R, Yang G, Li Y. Funneling and Enhancing Upconversion Emission by Light-Harvesting Molecular Wires. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:9525-9530. [PMID: 34559971 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c02717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA) upconversion has shown promising potentials in the augmentation of solar energy conversion. However, challenging issues exist in improving TTA upconversion efficiencies in solid-states, one of which is the back energy transfer from upconverted singlet annihilators to sensitizers, resulting in decreasing upconversion emission. Here we present a light-harvesting molecular wire consisting of dendrons with 9,10-diphenylanthracene derivatives (DPAEH) at the periphery and p-phenylene ethynylene oligomers (PPE) as the wire core. The peripheral DPAEH antenna funnels singlet excitonic energy to the wire on a 12 ps time scale. Incorporating the molecular wire into the TTA upconversion solid consisting of the DPAEH annihilator and the porphyrin sensitizer evidently improves the upconversion quantum yield from 1.5% to 2.7% upon 532 nm excitation by suppressing the back energy transfer from the singlet annihilator to the sensitizer. This finding offers a potential route to use a singlet energy light-harvesting architecture for enhancing TTA upconversion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guiwen Luo
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yeqin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yi Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tianjun Yu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jinping Chen
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Rui Hu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Guoqiang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yi Li
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Rigsby EM, Miyashita T, Fishman DA, Roberts ST, Tang ML. CdSe nanocrystal sensitized photon upconverting film. RSC Adv 2021; 11:31042-31046. [PMID: 35498919 PMCID: PMC9041432 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra06562a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, films using CdSe nanocrystal (NC) triplet photosensitizers in conjunction with diphenylanthracene (DPA) emitters were assembled to address several challenges to practical applications for solution-based photon upconversion. By using poly(9-vinylcarbazole) as a phosphorescent host in this film, volatile organic solvents are eliminated, the spontaneous crystallization of the emitter is significantly retarded, and ∼1.5% photon upconversion quantum yield (out of a maximum of 50%) is obtained. Transient absorption spectroscopy on nanosecond-to-microsecond time scales reveals this efficiency is enabled by an exceptionally long triplet lifetime of 3.4 ± 0.3 ms. Ultimately, we find the upconversion efficiency is limited by incomplete triplet–triplet annihilation, which occurs with a rate 3–4 orders of magnitude slower than in solution-phase upconversion systems. Here, films using CdSe nanocrystal (NC) triplet photosensitizers in conjunction with diphenylanthracene (DPA) emitters doe for the conversion of green to blue light.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily M Rigsby
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Riverside Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Tsumugi Miyashita
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Riverside Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Dmitry A Fishman
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine California 92697 USA
| | - Sean T Roberts
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin Austin TX 78712 USA
| | - Ming L Tang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Riverside Riverside CA 92521 USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Beery D, Schmidt TW, Hanson K. Harnessing Sunlight via Molecular Photon Upconversion. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:32601-32605. [PMID: 34228449 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c08159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Molecular photon upconversion via triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA-UC) is an intriguing strategy to harness sub-bandgap photons and surpass the Shockley-Queisser (SQ) limit for solar energy conversion. In this perspective, we briefly summarize the progress to date harnessing TTA-UC in solar cells using both optically and electrically coupled schemes. We then highlight the efficiency limiting processes for these schemes and outline possible paths toward upconverted photocurrent contributions of >1 mA/cm2. Further progress in red-shifting absorption, coupling to high-energy light harvesting motifs, photon management, sensitizer/annihilator design, and more are necessary for the realization of a viable TTA-UC solar cell that can pass the SQ limit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Drake Beery
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Timothy W Schmidt
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, School of Chemistry, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Kenneth Hanson
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Bennison M, Collins AR, Zhang B, Evans RC. Organic Polymer Hosts for Triplet-Triplet Annihilation Upconversion Systems. Macromolecules 2021; 54:5287-5303. [PMID: 34176961 PMCID: PMC8223484 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion (TTA-UC) is a process by which a lower energy photon can be upconverted to a higher energy state. The incorporation of TTA-UC materials into solid-state hosts has enabled advances in solar energy and many other applications. The choice of host system is, however, far from trivial and often calls for a careful compromise between characteristics such as high molecular mobility, low oxygen diffusion, and high material stability, factors that often contradict one another. Here, we evaluate these challenges in the context of the state-of-the-art of primarily polymer hosts and the advantages they hold in terms of material selection and tunability of their diffusion or mechanical or thermal properties. We encourage more collaborative research between polymer scientists and photophysicists in order to further optimize the current systems and outline our thoughts for the future direction of the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rachel C. Evans
- Department of Materials Science and
Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kashino T, Hosoyamada M, Haruki R, Harada N, Yanai N, Kimizuka N. Bulk Transparent Photon Upconverting Films by Dispersing High-Concentration Ionic Emitters in Epoxy Resins. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:13676-13683. [PMID: 33656328 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c23121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
It remains challenging to achieve efficient and air-stable photon upconversion (UC) in rigid, technologically valuable transparent films. Here, we report the first example of epoxy resins that show an air-stable and efficient triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA)-based UC. Epoxy resins are thermally cross-linked polymers widely used as coating and sealing materials in actual devices. To achieve efficient TTA-UC in rigid epoxy films, it is essential to execute both the triplet sensitization and triplet exciton diffusion processes without relying on molecular diffusion. This requires homogeneously dispersing emitter molecules without aggregation in three-dimensionally cross-linked rigid polymer networks at a high concentration (ca. 1000 mM) such that the inter-emitter distance is less than 1 nm, where dexter energy transfer can occur. This difficult requirement is solved by employing an ionic liquid emitter that consists of 9,10-diphenylanthracene sulfonate and lipophilic phosphonium ions bearing long alkyl chains. The obtained epoxy resins show a high TTA-UC efficiency (ηUC = 3.8%) and low threshold excitation intensity (Ith = 40 mW cm-2) in air. These UC parameters are achieved by virtue of a very high sensitizer-to-emitter triplet energy-transfer efficiency (92.8%) and a significantly long emitter triplet lifetime (17.8 ms) that reflect the high emitter concentration and the rigid chromophore environment, respectively. The bulk transparent upconverting resins can be prepared in air and function in air, which opens a new avenue toward a wide range of real-world applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tsubasa Kashino
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Nissan Chemical Corporation, Funabashi 274-0069, Japan
| | - Masanori Hosoyamada
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Rena Haruki
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Nissan Chemical Corporation, Funabashi 274-0069, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Harada
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Yanai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- JST-PRESTO, Honcho 4-1-8, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Nobuo Kimizuka
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Wei Y, Xian H, Lv X, Ni F, Cao X, Yang C. Triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion with reversible emission-tunability induced by chemical-stimuli: a remote modulator for photocontrol isomerization. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2021; 8:606-611. [PMID: 34821277 DOI: 10.1039/d0mh01590c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion (TTA-UC) has been widely studied, but a color-tunable TTA-UC system triggered by chemical stimuli has not yet been proposed. Herein, reversible acid/base switching of the TTA-UC emission wavelength is achieved for the first time by a simple platform, composed of a direct singlet-triplet (S0-T1) absorption photosensitizer, and proton-responsive 9,10-di(pyridin-4-yl)anthracene (DPyA) as an acceptor. The photosensitizer-acceptor pair exhibits efficient UC emission (quantum yield up to 3.3%, and anti-Stokes shift up to 0.92 eV) with remarkable contrast upon base/acid treatment (Δλem,max = 82 nm, 0.46 eV). In a proof-of-concept study, the color-adjustable TTA-UC emission was applied as a remote modulator to photo-control reversible chemical reactions for the first time. This platform enriches the portfolio of color-switchable TTA-UC, and the mechanism would inspire further development of smart UC systems and extend the application field of upconversion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaxiong Wei
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Sotani T, Mizokuro T, Yajima T, Sogawa H, Sanda F. Highly photoluminescent poly(norbornene)s carrying platinum–acetylide complex moieties in their side chains: evaluation of oxygen sensing and TTA–UC. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py00665g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Poly(norbornene)s carrying platinum–acetylide complex moieties change their photoluminescence colors in response to oxygen. The polymers serve as excellent sensitizers of TTA–UC with 9,10-diphenylanthracene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taichi Sotani
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering, Kansai University, 3-3-35 Yamate-cho, Suita, Osaka 564-8680, Japan
| | - Toshiko Mizokuro
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Yajima
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering, Kansai University, 3-3-35 Yamate-cho, Suita, Osaka 564-8680, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Sogawa
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering, Kansai University, 3-3-35 Yamate-cho, Suita, Osaka 564-8680, Japan
| | - Fumio Sanda
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering, Kansai University, 3-3-35 Yamate-cho, Suita, Osaka 564-8680, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Barbosa de Mattos DF, Dreos A, Johnstone MD, Runemark A, Sauvée C, Gray V, Moth-Poulsen K, Sundén H, Abrahamsson M. Covalent incorporation of diphenylanthracene in oxotriphenylhexanoate organogels as a quasi-solid photon upconversion matrix. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:214705. [PMID: 33291902 DOI: 10.1063/5.0029307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Triplet-triplet annihilation photon upconversion (TTA-UC) in solid state assemblies are desirable since they can be easily incorporated into devices such as solar cells, thus utilizing more of the solar spectrum. Realizing this is, however, a significant challenge that must circumvent the need for molecular diffusion, poor exciton migration, and detrimental back energy transfer among other hurdles. Here, we show that the above-mentioned issues can be overcome using the versatile and easily synthesized oxotriphenylhexanoate (OTHO) gelator that allows covalent incorporation of chromophores (or other functional units) at well-defined positions. To study the self-assembly properties as well as its use as a TTA-UC platform, we combine the benchmark couple platinum octaethylporphyrin as a sensitizer and 9,10-diphenylanthracene (DPA) as an annihilator, where DPA is covalently linked to the OTHO gelator at different positions. We show that TTA-UC can be achieved in the chromophore-decorated gels and that the position of attachment affects the photophysical properties as well as triplet energy transfer and triplet-triplet annihilation. This study not only provides proof-of-principle for the covalent approach but also highlights the need for a detailed mechanistic insight into the photophysical processes underpinning solid state TTA-UC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deise F Barbosa de Mattos
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ambra Dreos
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mark D Johnstone
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - August Runemark
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Claire Sauvée
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Victor Gray
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Sundén
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maria Abrahamsson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
van Son MHC, Berghuis AM, Eisenreich F, de Waal B, Vantomme G, Gómez Rivas J, Meijer EW. Highly Ordered 2D-Assemblies of Phase-Segregated Block Molecules for Upconverted Linearly Polarized Emission. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2004775. [PMID: 33118197 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202004775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Materials based on the laminar ordering of self-assembled molecules have a unique potential for applications requiring efficient energy migration through densely packed chromophores. Here, employing molecular assemblies of coil-rod-coil block molecules for triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion (TTA-UC) based on triplet energy migration with linearly polarized emission is reported. By covalently attaching discrete-length oligodimethylsiloxane (oDMS) to 9,10-diphenylanthracene (DPA), highly ordered 2D crystalline DPA sheets separated by oDMS layers are obtained. Transparent films of this material doped with small amounts of triplet sensitizer PtII octaethylporphyrin show air-stable TTA-UC under non-coherent excitation. Upon annealing, an increase in TTA-UC up to two orders of magnitude is observed originating from both an improved molecular ordering of DPA and an increased dispersion of the sensitizer. The molecular alignment in millimeter-sized domains leads to upconverted linearly polarized emission without alignment layers. By using a novel technique, upconversion imaging microscopy, the TTA-UC intensity is spatially resolved on a micrometer scale to visually demonstrate the importance of molecular dispersion of sensitizer molecules for efficient TTA-UC. The reported results are promising for anti-counterfeiting and 3D night-vision applications, but also exemplify the potential of discrete oligodimethylsiloxane functionalized chromophores for highly aligned and densely packed molecular materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin H C van Son
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems and Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven, MB, 5600, The Netherlands
| | - Anton M Berghuis
- Department of Applied Physics and Institute for Photonic Integration, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven, MB, 5600, The Netherlands
| | - Fabian Eisenreich
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems and Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven, MB, 5600, The Netherlands
| | - Bas de Waal
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems and Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven, MB, 5600, The Netherlands
| | - Ghislaine Vantomme
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems and Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven, MB, 5600, The Netherlands
| | - Jaime Gómez Rivas
- Department of Applied Physics and Institute for Photonic Integration, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven, MB, 5600, The Netherlands
| | - E W Meijer
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems and Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven, MB, 5600, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Sakamoto Y, Tamai Y, Ohkita H. Sensitizer–host–annihilator ternary-cascaded triplet energy landscape for efficient photon upconversion in the solid state. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:161102. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0025438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Sakamoto
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Yasunari Tamai
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Hideo Ohkita
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Oddo AM, Mani T, Kumar CV. Micelles Embedded in Multiphasic Protein Hydrogel Enable Efficient and Air-Tolerant Triplet Fusion Upconversion with Heavy-Atom and Spin-Orbit Charge-Transfer Sensitizers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:39293-39303. [PMID: 32805935 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c11202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The applications of triplet-triplet annihilation-based photon upconversion (TTA-UC) in solar devices have been limited by the challenges in designing a TTA-UC system that is efficient under aerobic conditions. Efficient TTA-UC under aerobic conditions is typically accomplished by using soft matter or solid-state media, which succeed at protecting the triplet excited states of upconverters (sensitizer and annihilator) from quenching by molecular oxygen but fail at preserving their mobility, thus limiting the TTA-UC efficiency (ΦUC). We showcase a protein/lipid hydrogel that succeeded in doing both of the above due to its unique multiphasic design, with a high ΦUC of 19.0 ± 0.7% using a palladium octaethylporphyrin sensitizer. This hydrogel was made via an industrially compatible method using low-cost and eco-friendly materials: bovine serum albumin (BSA), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and water. A dense BSA network provided oxygen protection while the encapsulation of upconverters within a micellar SDS environment preserved upconverter mobility, ensuring near-unity triplet energy transfer efficiency. In addition to heavy atom-containing sensitizers, several completely organic, spin-orbit charge-transfer intersystem crossing (SOCT-ISC) Bodipy-based sensitizers were also studied; one of which achieved a ΦUC of 3.5 ± 0.2%, the only reported SOCT-ISC-sensitized ΦUC in soft matter to date. These high efficiencies showed that our multiphasic design was an excellent platform for air-tolerant TTA-UC and that it can be easily adapted to a variety of upconverters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Oddo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Tomoyasu Mani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Challa V Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, 91 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
- The Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, 97 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Lin TA, Perkinson CF, Baldo MA. Strategies for High-Performance Solid-State Triplet-Triplet-Annihilation-Based Photon Upconversion. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1908175. [PMID: 32430955 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201908175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Photon upconversion via triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA) has achieved high efficiencies in solution and within polymer matrices that support molecular migration systems. It has diverse potential applications including bioimaging, optical sensors, and photovoltaics. To date, however, the reported performance of TTA in rigid solid-state systems is substantially inferior, which may complicate the integration of TTA in other solid-state devices. Here, solid-state loss mechanisms in a green-to-blue upconversion system are investigated, and three specific losses are identified: energy back transfer, sensitizer aggregation, and triplet-charge annihilation. Strategies are demonstrated to mitigate energy back transfer and sensitizer aggregation, and a completely dry-processed solid-state TTA upconversion system having an upconversion efficiency of ≈2.5% (by the convention of maximum efficiency being 100%) at a relatively low excitation intensity of 238 mW cm-2 is reported. This device is the first demonstration of dry-processed solid-state TTA comparable to solution-processed solid-state systems. The strategies reported here can be generalized to other upconversion systems and offer a route to achieving higher-performance solid-state TTA upconversion devices that are compatible with applications sensitive to solvent damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting-An Lin
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Collin F Perkinson
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Marc A Baldo
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Koh TT, Huang T, Schwan J, Xia P, Roberts ST, Mangolini L, Tang ML. Low temperature radical initiated hydrosilylation of silicon quantum dots. Faraday Discuss 2020; 222:190-200. [PMID: 32104858 DOI: 10.1039/c9fd00144a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The photophysics of silicon quantum dots (QDs) is not well understood despite their potential for many optoelectronic applications. One of the barriers to the study and widespread adoption of Si QDs is the difficulty in functionalizing their surface, to make, for example, a solution-processable electronically-active colloid. While thermal hydrosilylation of Si QDs is widely used, the high temperature typically needed may trigger undesirable side-effects, like uncontrolled polymerization of the terminal alkene. In this contribution, we show that this high-temperature method for installing aromatic and aliphatic ligands on non-thermal plasma-synthesized Si QDs can be replaced with a low-temperature, radical-initiated hydrosilylation method. Materials prepared via this low-temperature route perform similarly to those created via high-temperature thermal hydrosilylation when used in triplet fusion photon upconversion systems, suggesting the utility of low-temperature, radical-initiated methods for creating Si QDs with a range of functional behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy T Koh
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Wieghold S, Bieber AS, Lackner J, Nienhaus K, Nienhaus GU, Nienhaus L. One‐Step Fabrication of Perovskite‐Based Upconversion Devices. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.202000068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Wieghold
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryFlorida State University 95 Chieftan Way Tallahassee FL 32306 USA
| | - Alexander S. Bieber
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryFlorida State University 95 Chieftan Way Tallahassee FL 32306 USA
| | - Jens Lackner
- Institute of Applied Physics (APH)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Wolfgang-Gaede-Str. 1 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Karin Nienhaus
- Institute of Applied Physics (APH)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Wolfgang-Gaede-Str. 1 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - G. Ulrich Nienhaus
- Institute of Applied Physics (APH)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Wolfgang-Gaede-Str. 1 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems (IBCS)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
- Department of PhysicsUniversity of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign 1110 West Green Street Urbana IL 61801 USA
| | - Lea Nienhaus
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryFlorida State University 95 Chieftan Way Tallahassee FL 32306 USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Praveen VK, Vedhanarayanan B, Mal A, Mishra RK, Ajayaghosh A. Self-Assembled Extended π-Systems for Sensing and Security Applications. Acc Chem Res 2020; 53:496-507. [PMID: 32027125 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.9b00580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Molecules and materials derived from self-assembled extended π-systems have strong and reversible optical properties, which can be modulated with external stimuli such as temperature, mechanical stress, ions, the polarity of the medium, and so on. In many cases, absorption and emission responses of self-assembled supramolecular π-systems are manifested several times higher when compared with the individual molecular building blocks. These properties of molecular assemblies encourage scientists to have a deeper understanding of their design to explore them for suitable optoelectronic applications. Therefore, it is important to bring in highly responsive optical features in π-systems, for which it is necessary to modify their structures by varying the conjugation length and by introducing donor-acceptor functional groups. Using noncovalent forces, π-systems can be put together to form assemblies of different shapes and sizes with varied optical band gaps through controlling intermolecular electronic interactions. In addition, using directional forces, it is possible to bring anisotropy to the self-assembled nanostructures, facilitating efficient exciton migration, resulting in the modulation of optical and electron-transport properties. In this Account, we mainly summarize our findings with optically tunable self-assemblies of extended π-systems such as p-phenylenevinylenes (PVs), p-phenyleneethynylenes (PEs), and diketopyrrolopyrroles (DPPs) as different stimuli-responsive platforms to develop sensors and security materials. We start with how PV self-assemblies and their coassemblies with appropriate electron-deficient systems can be used for the sensing of analytes in contact mode or in the vapor phase. For example, whereas the PV having electron-deficient terminal groups has high sensitivity toward trinitrotoluene (TNT) in contact mode, the supercoiled fibers formed by the coassembly of self-sorted stacks of C3-symmetrical PV and C3-symmetrical electron-deficient perylene bisimide are capable of sensing vapors of nitrobenzene and o-toluidine. The power of different functional groups in combination with PVs has been further illustrated by attaching CO2-sensitive tertiary amine moieties to a cyano-substituted PV, which allowed the bimodal detection of CO2 using fluorescence and Raman spectroscopy. Interestingly, the functionalization of PVs with terminal amide groups and chiral alkoxy side chains provided a mechanochromic system that allows self-erasable imaging. Whereas PVs exhibit quenching of fluorescence in most cases during self-assembly, PE derivatives exhibit aggregation-induced emission. This property of PEs has been exploited for the development of stimuli-responsive security materials, especially for currency and documents. For instance, the blue fluorescence of a PE attached to hydrophilic oxyethylene side chains coated on a filter paper upon contact with water changes to cyan emission due to the change in the molecular packing. Interestingly, the molecular packing of a Bodipy-attached PE-based gelator allowed a stress-induced change in the emission behavior, resulting in strong near-infrared (NIR) emission upon the application of mechanical stress or gelation. Finally, the use of DPP-based π-systems for the development of NIR transparent optical filters that block UV-vis light and their security- and forensic-related applications are described. These selected examples of the π-system self-assemblies provide an idea of the current status and future opportunities for scientists interested in this field of self-assembly and soft materials research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vakayil K. Praveen
- Photosciences and Photonics Section, Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram 695019, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Balaraman Vedhanarayanan
- Photosciences and Photonics Section, Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram 695019, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Arindam Mal
- Photosciences and Photonics Section, Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram 695019, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Rakesh K. Mishra
- Photosciences and Photonics Section, Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram 695019, India
| | - Ayyappanpillai Ajayaghosh
- Photosciences and Photonics Section, Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram 695019, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Felter K, Fravventura MC, Koster E, Abellon RD, Savenije TJ, Grozema FC. Solid-State Infrared Upconversion in Perylene Diimides Followed by Direct Electron Injection. ACS ENERGY LETTERS 2020; 5:124-129. [PMID: 31956696 PMCID: PMC6958839 DOI: 10.1021/acsenergylett.9b02361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In this contribution we demonstrate a solid-state approach to triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion for application in a solar cell device in which absorption of near-infrared light is followed by direct electron injection into an inorganic substrate. We use time-resolved microwave photoconductivity experiments to study the injection of electrons into the electron-accepting substrate (TiO2) in a trilayer device consisting of a triplet sensitizer (fluorinated zinc phthalocyanine), triplet acceptor (methyl subsituted perylenediimide), and smooth polycrystalline TiO2. Absorption of light at 700 nm leads to the almost quantitative generation of triplet excited states by intersystem crossing. This is followed by Dexter energy transfer to the triplet acceptor layer where triplet annihilation occurs and concludes by injection of an electron into TiO2 from the upconverted singlet excited state.
Collapse
|
29
|
Gao C, Zhang B, Hall CR, Li L, Chen Y, Zeng Y, Smith TA, Wong WWH. Triplet fusion upconversion using sterically protected 9,10-diphenylanthracene as the emitter. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:6300-6307. [PMID: 32133470 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp06311k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Improving the efficiency of triplet fusion upconversion (TF-UC) in the solid-state is still challenging due to the aggregation and phase separation of chromophores. In this work, two 9,10-diphenylanthracene (DPA) derivatives based on the modification of the 9,10-phenyl rings with bulky isopropyl groups (bDPA-1 and bDPA-2) were used as emitters. By using platinum octaethylporphyrin (PtOEP) as the sensitizer, TF-UC performance was comprehensively investigated in 3 media: toluene solution, polyurethane thin film and nano/micro-crystals in a polyvinyl alcohol matrix. Only a small difference in upconversion efficiency between the bulky DPAs and the DPA reference was observed in toluene solution and polyurethane thin film. However, a large improvement of TF-UC quantum yield was achieved in bDPA-2/PtOEP crystals (ΦUC = (0.92 ± 0.05)%) with a low excitation intensity threshold (52 mW cm-2) compared to that of DPA/PtOEP crystals (ΦUC = (0.09 ± 0.03)%). This difference was largely attributed to improved dispersibility of the PtOEP sensitizer in the bDPA-2 emitter crystals. The bulky DPAs also show excellent stability under UV irradiation with exposure to oxygen compared to DPA. These results provide a strategy for developing efficient solid-state TF-UC systems based on nano/micro-particles of emitter-sensitizer mixtures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Can Gao
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, School of Chemistry, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Bolong Zhang
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, School of Chemistry, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Christopher R Hall
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, School of Chemistry, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Li Li
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yeqin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Trevor A Smith
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, School of Chemistry, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Wallace W H Wong
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, School of Chemistry, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Radiunas E, Dapkevičius M, Raišys S, Juršėnas S, Jozeliūnaitė A, Javorskis T, Šinkevičiūtė U, Orentas E, Kazlauskas K. Impact of t-butyl substitution in a rubrene emitter for solid state NIR-to-visible photon upconversion. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:7392-7403. [PMID: 32215384 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp00144a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Solid state NIR-to-visible photon upconversion (UC) mediated by triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA) is necessitated by numerous practical applications. Yet, efficient TTA-UC remains a highly challenging task. In this work palladium phthalocyanine-sensitized NIR-to-vis solid UC films based on a popular rubrene emitter are thoroughly studied with the primary focus on revealing the impact of t-butyl substitution in rubrene on the TTA-UC performance. The solution-processed UC films were additionally doped with a small amount of emissive singlet sink tetraphenyldibenzoperiflanthene (DBP) for collecting upconverted singlets from rubrene and in this way diminishing detrimental singlet fission. Irrespective of the excitation conditions used, t-butyl-substituted rubrene (TBR) was found to exhibit enhanced TTA-UC performance as compared to that of rubrene at an optimal emitter doping of 80 wt% in polystyrene films. Explicitly, in the TTA dominated regime attained at high excitation densities, 4-fold higher UC quantum yield (ΦUC) achieved in TBR-based films was caused by the reduced fluorescence concentration quenching mainly due to suppressed singlet fission. Under low light conditions, i.e. in the regime governed by spontaneous triplet decay, even though triplet exciton diffusion was obstructed in TBR films by t-butyl moieties, the subsequently reduced TTA rate was counterbalanced by both suppressed singlet fission and non-radiative triplet quenching, still ensuring higher ΦUC of these films as compared to those of unsubstituted rubrene films.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edvinas Radiunas
- Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnology, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio av. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Manvydas Dapkevičius
- Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnology, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio av. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Steponas Raišys
- Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnology, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio av. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Saulius Juršėnas
- Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnology, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio av. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Augustina Jozeliūnaitė
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Tomas Javorskis
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Ugnė Šinkevičiūtė
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Edvinas Orentas
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Karolis Kazlauskas
- Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnology, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio av. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Hisamitsu S, Miyano J, Okumura K, Hui JK, Yanai N, Kimizuka N. Visible-to-UV Photon Upconversion in Nanostructured Chromophoric Ionic Liquids. ChemistryOpen 2020; 9:14-17. [PMID: 31921540 PMCID: PMC6946949 DOI: 10.1002/open.201900304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Visible-to-ultraviolet (vis-to-UV) triplet-triplet annihilation based photon upconversion (TTA-UC) is achieved in a non-volatile chromophoric ionic liquid (IL) for the first time. A novel IL is synthesized by combining UV-emitting anion 4-(2-phenyloxazol-5-yl)benzenesulfonate (PPOS) and trihexyltetradecylphosphonium cation (P66614). The nanostructured organization of chromophoric anions is demonstrated by synchrotron X-ray and optical measurements. When the IL is doped with a triplet sensitizer tris(2-phenylpyridinato)iridium(III) (Ir(ppy)3), the visible-to-UV TTA-UC with a relatively low threshold excitation intensity of 61 mW cm-2 is achieved. This is due to a large triplet diffusion coefficient in the IL (1.4×10-7 cm2 s-1) as well as a high absorption coefficient 15 cm-1 and a long PPOS triplet lifetime of 1.55 ms, all implemented in the condensed IL system. This work demonstrates the unique potential of ILs to control chromophore arrangements for desired functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shota Hisamitsu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems (CMS)Kyushu University744 Moto-oka, Nishi-kuFukuoka819-0395Japan
| | - Junji Miyano
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems (CMS)Kyushu University744 Moto-oka, Nishi-kuFukuoka819-0395Japan
| | - Keisuke Okumura
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems (CMS)Kyushu University744 Moto-oka, Nishi-kuFukuoka819-0395Japan
| | - Joseph Ka‐Ho Hui
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems (CMS)Kyushu University744 Moto-oka, Nishi-kuFukuoka819-0395Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Yanai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems (CMS)Kyushu University744 Moto-oka, Nishi-kuFukuoka819-0395Japan
- JST-PRESTOHoncho 4-1-8, KawaguchiSaitama332-0012Japan
| | - Nobuo Kimizuka
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems (CMS)Kyushu University744 Moto-oka, Nishi-kuFukuoka819-0395Japan
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Li L, Zeng Y, Chen J, Yu T, Hu R, Yang G, Li Y. Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence via Triplet Fusion. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:6239-6245. [PMID: 31580673 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b02393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Manipulating triplet states is technically intriguing for organic semiconductors and photochemical conversion. Sensitized photon upconversion that converts low-energy photons into higher-energy ones via triplet fusion holds great potential in augmentation of photovoltaic devices and photocatalysis. Conventional requirement of exothermic triplet-triplet energy transfer in sensitized upconversion constrains the development of upconversion donor-acceptor pairs. We demonstrate an upconversion system by utilizing a triplet energy-deficient donor within a triplet acceptor matrix, in which efficient thermally activated triplet-triplet energy transfer overcoming an energy barrier of up to 180 meV and an over 5% upconversion quantum yield in the solid state are achieved upon 635 nm irradiation at 195 mW/cm2. The effective solid-state upconversion through thermally activated triplet-triplet energy transfer establishes a new pathway to extract triplet energy from low-lying sensitizers, transcending traditional restriction in matching components energy level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials , Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Yi Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials , Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Jinping Chen
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials , Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China
| | - Tianjun Yu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials , Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China
| | - Rui Hu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China
| | - Guoqiang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Yi Li
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials , Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Tokunaga A, Uriarte LM, Mutoh K, Fron E, Hofkens J, Sliwa M, Abe J. Photochromic Reaction by Red Light via Triplet Fusion Upconversion. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:17744-17753. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b08219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Tokunaga
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Engineering, Aoyama Gakuin University, 5-10-1 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5258, Japan
| | - Lucas Martinez Uriarte
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8516, LASIR, Laboratoire de Spectrochimie
Infrarouge et Raman, F59 000 Lille, France
| | - Katsuya Mutoh
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Engineering, Aoyama Gakuin University, 5-10-1 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5258, Japan
| | - Eduard Fron
- Leuven Chem&Tech: Molecular Imaging and Photonics (MIP), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, P.O. Box 2404, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johan Hofkens
- Leuven Chem&Tech: Molecular Imaging and Photonics (MIP), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, P.O. Box 2404, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michel Sliwa
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8516, LASIR, Laboratoire de Spectrochimie
Infrarouge et Raman, F59 000 Lille, France
| | - Jiro Abe
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Engineering, Aoyama Gakuin University, 5-10-1 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5258, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Han Y, Luo X, Lai R, Li Y, Liang G, Wu K. Visible-Light-Driven Sensitization of Naphthalene Triplets Using Quantum-Confined CsPbBr 3 Nanocrystals. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:1457-1463. [PMID: 30864806 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b00597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Recent years have seen the revived interests in the triplet states of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) due to their potential applications ranging from photon upconversion to photoredox catalysis. Because of their "dark" nature, these triplets have to be generated via triplet energy transfer (TET) from sensitizers. Traditional sensitization schemes introduce a sizable energy loss (ca. ≥ 0.5 eV) resulting from intersystem crossing (ISC) in sensitizers. Consequently, triplets of naphthalene (Nap), the most energetic PAH triplets (∼2.6 eV), have remained relatively underexplored because ultraviolet (UV) photons and wide-energy-gap sensitizers would be required for the sensitization. Here we show that Nap triplets can be efficiently generated using TET from quantum-confined CsPbBr3 perovskite nanocrystals (NCs). Quantum confinement is essential to meet the energetics and electronic coupling requirements in TET. Because of the vanishingly small bright-dark states energy splitting in NCs, this sensitization process can take place at the limit of energy conservation, driven by visible photons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaoyao Han
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics and Dynamics Research Center for Energy and Environmental Materials , Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Dalian , Liaoning 116023 , China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P.R. China
| | - Xiao Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics and Dynamics Research Center for Energy and Environmental Materials , Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Dalian , Liaoning 116023 , China
| | - Runchen Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics and Dynamics Research Center for Energy and Environmental Materials , Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Dalian , Liaoning 116023 , China
| | - Yulu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics and Dynamics Research Center for Energy and Environmental Materials , Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Dalian , Liaoning 116023 , China
| | - Guijie Liang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Optoelectronic Materials and Devices , Hubei University of Arts and Science , Xiangyang , Hubei 441053 , China
| | - Kaifeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics and Dynamics Research Center for Energy and Environmental Materials , Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Dalian , Liaoning 116023 , China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Kouno H, Sasaki Y, Yanai N, Kimizuka N. Supramolecular Crowding Can Avoid Oxygen Quenching of Photon Upconversion in Water. Chemistry 2019; 25:6124-6130. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201806076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hironori Kouno
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems (CMS) Kyushu University 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Yoichi Sasaki
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems (CMS) Kyushu University 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Yanai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems (CMS) Kyushu University 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
- JST-PRESTO Honcho 4-1-8 Kawaguchi Saitama 332-0012 Japan
| | - Nobuo Kimizuka
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems (CMS) Kyushu University 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Sato R, Kitoh-Nishioka H, Kamada K, Mizokuro T, Kobayashi K, Shigeta Y. Synergetic Effects of Triplet-Triplet Annihilation and Directional Triplet Exciton Migration in Organic Crystals for Photon Upconversion. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:6638-6643. [PMID: 30372089 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b02887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In condensed solids, triplet exciton migration and succeeding triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA) are major bottleneck processes for efficient photon upconversion (UC) using sunlight excitation. We theoretically investigated the reaction times of TTA and the triplet-triplet energy transfer (TTET) as the elementary processes of triplet exciton migration in organic crystals of two molecular species: 9,10-diphenylanthracene (DPA) and its double-strapped alkyl derivative (C7-sDPA) as the models of a recently reported crystalline system of TTA-UC by Kamada et al. The reaction times calculated based on Marcus theory clarified that the dimensionality of TTET and synergetic effects of TTA and TTET are responsible for the high UC quantum yield as well as their triplet lifetimes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryuma Sato
- Center for Computational Sciences , University of Tsukuba , 1-1-1 Tennodai , Tsukuba , Ibaraki 305-8577 , Japan
| | - Hirotaka Kitoh-Nishioka
- Center for Computational Sciences , University of Tsukuba , 1-1-1 Tennodai , Tsukuba , Ibaraki 305-8577 , Japan
| | - Kenji Kamada
- IFMRI, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) , 1-8-31 Midorigaoka , Ikeda , Osaka 563-8577 , Japan
| | - Toshiko Mizokuro
- ESPRIT, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) , 1-1-1 Higashi , Tsukuba , Ibaraki 305-8565 , Japan
| | - Kenji Kobayashi
- Department of Chemistry , Faculty of Science, Shizuoka University , 836 Ohya , Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529 , Japan
| | - Yasuteru Shigeta
- Center for Computational Sciences , University of Tsukuba , 1-1-1 Tennodai , Tsukuba , Ibaraki 305-8577 , Japan
| |
Collapse
|