1
|
Reponen APM, Londi G, Matthews CSB, Olivier Y, Romanov AS, Greenham NC, Gillett AJ. Understanding Spin-Triplet Excited States in Carbene-Metal-Amides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202402052. [PMID: 38705856 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202402052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Carbene-metal-amides (CMAs) are emerging delayed fluorescence materials for organic light-emitting diode (OLED) applications. CMAs possess fast, efficient emission owing to rapid forward and reverse intersystem crossing (ISC) rates. The resulting dynamic equilibrium between singlet and triplet spin manifolds distinguishes CMAs from most purely organic thermally activated delayed fluorescence emitters. However, direct experimental triplet characterization in CMAs is underutilized, limiting our detailed understanding of the ISC mechanism. In this work, we combine time-resolved spectroscopy with tuning of state energies through environmental polarity and metal substitution, focusing on the interplay between charge-transfer (3CT) and local exciton (3LE) triplets. Unlike previous photophysical work, we investigate evaporated host : guest films of CMAs and small-molecule hosts for increased device relevance. Transient absorption reveals an evolution in the triplet excited-state absorption (ESA) consistent with a change in orbital character between hosts with differing dielectric constants. Using quantum chemical calculations, we simulate ESAs of the lowest triplet states, highlighting the contribution of only 3CT and donor-moiety 3LE states to spectral features, with no strong evidence for a low-lying acceptor-centered 3LE. Thus, our work provides a blueprint for understanding the role of triplet excited states in CMAs which will enable further intelligent optimization of this promising class of materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antti-Pekka M Reponen
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, U.K
| | - Giacomo Londi
- Laboratory for Computational Modeling of Functional Materials Namur Institute of Structured Matter, Université de Namur, Rue de Bruxelles, 61, 5000, Namur, Belgium
| | - Campbell S B Matthews
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, U.K
| | - Yoann Olivier
- Laboratory for Computational Modeling of Functional Materials Namur Institute of Structured Matter, Université de Namur, Rue de Bruxelles, 61, 5000, Namur, Belgium
| | | | - Neil C Greenham
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, U.K
| | - Alexander J Gillett
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Roy P, Sardjan AS, Browne WR, Feringa BL, Meech SR. Excited State Dynamics in Unidirectional Photochemical Molecular Motors. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:12255-12270. [PMID: 38656968 PMCID: PMC11082934 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c01019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Unidirectional photochemically driven molecular motors (PMMs) convert the energy of absorbed light into continuous rotational motion. As such they are key components in the design of molecular machines. The prototypical and most widely employed class of PMMs is the overcrowded alkenes, where rotational motion is driven by successive photoisomerization and thermal helix inversion steps. The efficiency of such PMMs depends upon the speed of rotation, determined by the rate of ground state thermal helix inversion, and the quantum yield of photoisomerization, which is dependent on the excited state energy landscape. The former has been optimized by synthetic modification across three generations of overcrowded alkene PMMs. These improvements have often been at the expense of photoisomerization yield, where there remains room for improvement. In this perspective we review the application of ultrafast spectroscopy to characterize the excited state dynamics in PMMs. These measurements lead to a general mechanism for all generations of PMMs, involving subpicosecond decay of a Franck-Condon excited state to populate a dark excited state which decays within picoseconds via conical intersections with the electronic ground state. The model is discussed in the context of excited state dynamics calculations. Studies of PMM photochemical dynamics as a function of solvent suggest exploitation of intramolecular charge transfer and solvent polarity as a route to controlling photoisomerization yield. A test of these ideas for a first generation motor reveals a high degree of solvent control over isomerization yield. These results suggest a pathway to fine control over the performance of future PMMs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Palas Roy
- School
of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, U.K.
- School
of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology
Bhubaneswar, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 752050, India
| | - Andy S. Sardjan
- Molecular
Inorganic Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wesley R. Browne
- Molecular
Inorganic Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ben L. Feringa
- Centre
for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Stephen R. Meech
- School
of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, U.K.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kellogg M, Mencke AR, Muniz CN, Nattikallungal TA, Cardoso-Delgado F, Baluyot-Reyes N, Sewell M, Bird MJ, Bradforth SE, Thompson ME. Intra- and Intermolecular Charge-Transfer Dynamics of Carbene-Metal-Amide Photosensitizers. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2024; 128:6621-6635. [PMID: 38690534 PMCID: PMC11056983 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.4c01994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
A series of steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopies were performed on a set of eight carbene-metal-amide (cMa) complexes, where M = Cu and Au, that have been used as photosensitizers for photosensitized electrocatalytic reactions. Using ps-to-ns and ns-to-ms transient absorption spectroscopies (psTA and nsTA, respectively), the excited-state kinetics from light absorption, intersystem crossing (ISC), and eventually intermolecular charge transfer were thoroughly characterized. Using time-correlated single photon counting (TCSPC) and psTA with a thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) model, the variation in intersystem crossing (ISC), (S1 → T1) rates (∼3-120 × 109 s-1), and ΔEST values (73-115 meV) for these compounds were fully characterized, reflecting systematic changes to the carbene, carbazole, and metal. The psTA additionally revealed an early time relaxation (rate ∼0.2-0.8 × 1012 s-1) attributed to solvent relaxation and vibrational cooling. The nsTA experiments for a gold-based cMa complex demonstrated efficient intermolecular charge transfer from the excited cMa to an electron acceptor. Pulse radiolysis and bulk electrolysis experiments allowed us to identify the character of the transient excited states as ligand-ligand charge transfer as well as the spectroscopic signature of oxidized and reduced forms of the cMa photosensitizer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael
S. Kellogg
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Austin R. Mencke
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Collin N. Muniz
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | | | - Fabiola Cardoso-Delgado
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Nina Baluyot-Reyes
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Marielle Sewell
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Matthew J. Bird
- Chemistry
Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Stephen E. Bradforth
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Mark E. Thompson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Li TY, Zheng SJ, Djurovich PI, Thompson ME. Two-Coordinate Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Coinage Metal Complexes: Molecular Design, Photophysical Characters, and Device Application. Chem Rev 2024; 124:4332-4392. [PMID: 38546341 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Since the emergence of the first green light emission from a fluorescent thin-film organic light emitting diode (OLED) in the mid-1980s, a global consumer market for OLED displays has flourished over the past few decades. This growth can primarily be attributed to the development of noble metal phosphorescent emitters that facilitated remarkable gains in electrical conversion efficiency, a broadened color gamut, and vibrant image quality for OLED displays. Despite these achievements, the limited abundance of noble metals in the Earth's crust has spurred ongoing efforts to discover cost-effective electroluminescent materials. One particularly promising avenue is the exploration of thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF), a mechanism with the potential to fully harness excitons in OLEDs. Recently, investigations have unveiled TADF in a series of two-coordinate coinage metal (Cu, Ag, and Au) complexes. These organometallic TADF materials exhibit distinctive behavior in comparison to their organic counterparts. They offer benefits such as tunable emissive colors, short TADF emission lifetimes, high luminescent quantum yields, and reasonable stability. Impressively, both vacuum-deposited and solution-processed OLEDs incorporating these materials have achieved outstanding performance. This review encompasses various facets on two-coordinate TADF coinage metal complexes, including molecular design, photophysical characterizations, elucidation of structure-property relationships, and OLED applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Yi Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Shu-Jia Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Peter I Djurovich
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Mark E Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lynch P, Das A, Alam S, Rich CC, Frontiera RR. Mastering Femtosecond Stimulated Raman Spectroscopy: A Practical Guide. ACS PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY AU 2024; 4:1-18. [PMID: 38283786 PMCID: PMC10811773 DOI: 10.1021/acsphyschemau.3c00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Femtosecond stimulated Raman spectroscopy (FSRS) is a powerful nonlinear spectroscopic technique that probes changes in molecular and material structure with high temporal and spectral resolution. With proper spectral interpretation, this is equivalent to mapping out reactive pathways on highly anharmonic excited-state potential energy surfaces with femtosecond to picosecond time resolution. FSRS has been used to examine structural dynamics in a wide range of samples, including photoactive proteins, photovoltaic materials, plasmonic nanostructures, polymers, and a range of others, with experiments performed in multiple groups around the world. As the FSRS technique grows in popularity and is increasingly implemented in user facilities, there is a need for a widespread understanding of the methodology and best practices. In this review, we present a practical guide to FSRS, including discussions of instrumentation, as well as data acquisition and analysis. First, we describe common methods of generating the three pulses required for FSRS: the probe, Raman pump, and actinic pump, including a discussion of the parameters to consider when selecting a beam generation method. We then outline approaches for effective and efficient FSRS data acquisition. We discuss common data analysis techniques for FSRS, as well as more advanced analyses aimed at extracting small signals on a large background. We conclude with a discussion of some of the new directions for FSRS research, including spectromicroscopy. Overall, this review provides researchers with a practical handbook for FSRS as a technique with the aim of encouraging many scientists and engineers to use it in their research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pauline
G. Lynch
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Aritra Das
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Shahzad Alam
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Christopher C. Rich
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Renee R. Frontiera
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Avula S, Jhun BH, Jo U, Heo S, Lee JY, You Y. Achieving Long-Wavelength Electroluminescence Using Two-Coordinate Gold(I) Complexes: Overcoming the Energy Gap Law. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2305745. [PMID: 37953418 PMCID: PMC10767458 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202305745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Two-coordinate coinage metal complexes have emerged as promising emitters for highly efficient organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs). However, achieving efficient long-wavelength electroluminescence emission from these complexes remains as a daunting challenge. To address this challenge, molecular design strategies aimed at bolstering the photoluminescence quantum yield (Φ) of Au(I) complex emitters in low-energy emission regions are investigated. By varying amido ligands, a series of two-coordinate Au(I) complexes is developed that exhibit photoluminescence peak wavelengths over a broad range of 533-750 nm. These complexes, in particular, maintain Φ values up to 10% even in the near-infrared emission region, overcoming the constraints imposed by an energy gap. Quantum chemical calculations and photophysical analyses reveal the action of radiative control, which serves to overcome the energy gap law, becomes more pronounced as the overlap between hole and electron distributions (Sr (r)) in the excited state increases. It is further elucidated that Sr (r) increases with the distance between the hole-distribution centroid and the nitrogen atom in an amido ligand. Finally, multilayer OLEDs involving the Au(I) complex emitters exhibit performances beyond the borderline of the electroluminescence wavelength-external quantum efficiency space set by previous devices of coinage metal complexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sreenivas Avula
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringYonsei UniversitySeoul03722Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Hak Jhun
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringYonsei UniversitySeoul03722Republic of Korea
| | - Unhyeok Jo
- School of Chemical EngineeringSungkyunkwan UniversitySuwonGyeonggi‐do16419Republic of Korea
| | - Seunga Heo
- Division of Chemical Engineering and Materials ScienceEwha Womans UniversitySeoul03760Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Yeob Lee
- School of Chemical EngineeringSungkyunkwan UniversitySuwonGyeonggi‐do16419Republic of Korea
| | - Youngmin You
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringYonsei UniversitySeoul03722Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Phuoc NL, Brannan AC, Romanov AS, Linnolahti M. Tailoring Carbene-Metal-Amides for Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence: A Computationally Guided Study on the Effect of Cyclic (Alkyl)(amino)carbenes. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28114398. [PMID: 37298874 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28114398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Gold-centered carbene-metal-amides (CMAs) containing cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbenes (CAACs) are promising emitters for thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF). Aiming at the design and optimization of new TADF emitters, we report a density functional theory study of over 60 CMAs with various CAAC ligands, systematically evaluating computed parameters in relation to photoluminescence properties. The CMA structures were primarily selected based on experimental synthesis prospects. We demonstrate that TADF efficiency of the CMA materials originates from a compromise between oscillator strength coefficients and exchange energy (ΔEST). The latter is governed by the overlap of HOMO and LUMO orbitals, where HOMO is localized on the amide and LUMO over the Au-carbene bond. The S0 ground and excited T1 states of the CMAs adopt approximately coplanar geometry of carbene and amide ligands, but rotate perpendicular in the excited S1 states, resulting in degeneracy or near-degeneracy of S1 and T1, accompanied by a decrease in the S1-S0 oscillator strength from its maximum at coplanar geometries to near zero at rotated geometries. Based on the computations, promising new TADF emitters are proposed and synthesized. Bright CMA complex (Et2CAAC)Au(carbazolide) is obtained and fully characterized in order to demonstrate that excellent stability and high radiative rates up to 106 s-1 can be obtained for the gold-CMA complexes with small CAAC-carbene ligands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Le Phuoc
- Department of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Alexander C Brannan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Rd., Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Alexander S Romanov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Rd., Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Mikko Linnolahti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhang X, Zhao X, Ye K, Zhao J. Detection of the Dark States in Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence (TADF) Process of Electron Donor-Acceptor Dyads: Insights from Optical Transient Absorption Spectroscopy. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203737. [PMID: 36468907 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
The photophysical processes involved in the electron donor-acceptor thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters are complicated and controversial. The recent consensus is that at least three states are involved, i. e. the singlet charge transfer state (1 CT), the triplet localized excited state (3 LE) and the triplet CT state (3 CT). It is clear the very often used steady state and time-resolved luminescence spectroscopic methods are unable to present direct evidence for the dark states, i. e. the 3 LE and 3 CT states, as well as the interconversion of these states. Concerning this aspect, the femtosecond-nanosecond transient absorption spectroscopic methods are in particular interests. Both the emissive state and the dark state can be detected in these spectra, and interconversion of the states involved in TADF process can be also revealed. This review article focuses on the recent development of using the transient absorption spectra to study the photophysics of the TADF emitters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830017, P. R. China
| | - Kaiyue Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830017, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Addison K, Roy P, Bressan G, Skudaite K, Robb J, Bulman Page PC, Ashworth EK, Bull JN, Meech SR. Photophysics of the red-form Kaede chromophore. Chem Sci 2023; 14:3763-3775. [PMID: 37035701 PMCID: PMC10074405 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc00368j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The chromophore responsible for colour switching in the optical highlighting protein Kaede has unexpectedly complicated excited state dynamics, which are measured and analysed here. This will inform the development of new imaging proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kiri Addison
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Palas Roy
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Giovanni Bressan
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Karolina Skudaite
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Josh Robb
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | | | - Eleanor K. Ashworth
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - James N. Bull
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Stephen R. Meech
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Gu Q, Chotard F, Eng J, Reponen APM, Vitorica-Yrezabal IJ, Woodward AW, Penfold TJ, Credgington D, Bochmann M, Romanov AS. Excited-State Lifetime Modulation by Twisted and Tilted Molecular Design in Carbene-Metal-Amide Photoemitters. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2022; 34:7526-7542. [PMID: 36032551 PMCID: PMC9404540 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.2c01938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Carbene-metal-amides (CMAs) are an emerging class of photoemitters based on a linear donor-linker-acceptor arrangement. They exhibit high flexibility about the carbene-metal and metal-amide bonds, leading to a conformational freedom which has a strong influence on their photophysical properties. Herein we report CMA complexes with (1) nearly coplanar, (2) twisted, (3) tilted, and (4) tilt-twisted orientations between donor and acceptor ligands and illustrate the influence of preferred ground-state conformations on both the luminescence quantum yields and excited-state lifetimes. The performance is found to be optimum for structures with partially twisted and/or tilted conformations, resulting in radiative rates exceeding 1 × 106 s-1. Although the metal atoms make only small contributions to HOMOs and LUMOs, they provide sufficient spin-orbit coupling between the low-lying excited states to reduce the excited-state lifetimes down to 500 ns. At the same time, high photoluminescence quantum yields are maintained for a strongly tilted emitter in a host matrix. Proof-of-concept organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) based on these new emitter designs were fabricated, with a maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 19.1% with low device roll-off efficiency. Transient electroluminescence studies indicate that molecular design concepts for new CMA emitters can be successfully translated into the OLED device.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qinying Gu
- Department
of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge
University, Cambridge CB3 0HF, U.K.
| | - Florian Chotard
- School
of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, U.K.
| | - Julien Eng
- School
of Chemistry, Newcastle University, Bedson Building, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, U.K.
| | - Antti-Pekka M. Reponen
- Department
of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge
University, Cambridge CB3 0HF, U.K.
| | | | - Adam W. Woodward
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, U.K.
| | - Thomas J. Penfold
- School
of Chemistry, Newcastle University, Bedson Building, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, U.K.
| | - Dan Credgington
- Department
of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge
University, Cambridge CB3 0HF, U.K.
| | - Manfred Bochmann
- School
of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, U.K.
| | - Alexander S. Romanov
- School
of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, U.K.
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, U.K.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Sun X, Peng L, Gao Y, Ye J, Cui G. Theoretical studies on
excited‐state
properties and luminescence mechanism of a
Carbene–Metal–Amide
Au(I) complex with thermally activated delayed fluorescence. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.202200193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin‐Wei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University Beijing PR China
| | - Ling‐Ya Peng
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University Beijing PR China
| | - Yuan‐Jun Gao
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University Beijing PR China
| | - Jin‐Ting Ye
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University Beijing PR China
| | - Ganglong Cui
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University Beijing PR China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Song XF, Li ZW, Chen WK, Gao YJ, Cui G. Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Mechanism of a Bicyclic "Carbene-Metal-Amide" Copper Compound: DFT/MRCI Studies and Roles of Excited-State Structure Relaxation. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:7673-7681. [PMID: 35200011 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c03603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Herein we investigated the luminescence mechanism of one "carbene-metal-amide" copper compound with thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) using density functional theory (DFT)/multireference configuration interaction, DFT, and time-dependent DFT methods with the polarizable continuum model. The experimentally observed low-energy absorption and emission peaks are assigned to the S1 state, which exhibits clear interligand and partial ligand-to-metal charge-transfer character. Moreover, it was found that a three-state (S0, S1, and T1) model is sufficient to describe the TADF mechanism, and the T2 state should play a negligible role. The calculated S1-T1 energy gap of 0.10 eV and proper spin-orbit couplings facilitate the reverse intersystem crossing (rISC) from T1 to S1. At 298 K, the rISC rate of T1 → S1 (∼106 s-1) is more than 3 orders of magnitude larger than the T1 phosphorescence rate (∼103 s-1), thereby enabling TADF. However, it disappears at 77 K because of a very slow rISC rate (∼101 s-1). The calculated TADF rate, lifetime, and quantum yield agree very well with the experimental data. Methodologically, the present work shows that only considering excited-state information at the Franck-Condon point is insufficient for certain emitting systems and including excited-state structure relaxation is important.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Fang Song
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, Chemistry College, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Zi-Wen Li
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, Chemistry College, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Kai Chen
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, Chemistry College, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Yuan-Jun Gao
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, Chemistry College, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Ganglong Cui
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, Chemistry College, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Romanov AS, Linnolahti M, Bochmann M. Synthesis and photophysical properties of linear gold(I) complexes based on a CCC carbene. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:17156-17164. [PMID: 34781337 PMCID: PMC8631002 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt03393j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The reaction between allenylpyridine (L1) and (Me2S)AuCl resulted in the quantitative formation of the (Indolizy)gold chloride complex 1 (Indolizy = indolizin-2-ylidene). The reaction of 1 with carbazole in the presence of KOtBu affords the corresponding (Indolizy)Au(Cz) complex 2. Both compounds show high air- and temperature stability. The crystal structure of 2 confirmed the linear co-planar geometry. Complex 1 shows an intense low energy absorption of mixed character in the UV-vis spectrum, ascribed to intraligand and (M + Hal)L charge transfer processes, and exhibits bright yellow phosphorescence with an excited state lifetime of 62.8 μs in the crystal and a luminescence quantum yield up to 65%. On the other hand, the carbazolate complex 2 in a polystyrene matrix shows bright red delayed fluorescence at 617 nm with a sub-microsecond excited state lifetime and a quantum yield of 21.6%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander S Romanov
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Earlham Road, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK. .,School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Mikko Linnolahti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu Campus, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland.
| | - Manfred Bochmann
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Earlham Road, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Tzouras NV, Martynova EA, Ma X, Scattolin T, Hupp B, Busen H, Saab M, Zhang Z, Falivene L, Pisanò G, Van Hecke K, Cavallo L, Cazin CSJ, Steffen A, Nolan SP. Simple Synthetic Routes to Carbene-M-Amido (M=Cu, Ag, Au) Complexes for Luminescence and Photocatalysis Applications. Chemistry 2021; 27:11904-11911. [PMID: 34038002 PMCID: PMC8456869 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The development of novel and operationally simple synthetic routes to carbene‐metal‐amido (CMA) complexes of copper, silver and gold relevant for photonic applications are reported. A mild base and sustainable solvents allow all reactions to be conducted in air and at room temperature, leading to high yields of the targeted compounds even on multigram scales. The effect of various mild bases on the N−H metallation was studied in silico and experimentally, while a mechanochemical, solvent‐free synthetic approach was also developed. Our photophysical studies on [M(NHC)(Cbz)] (Cbz=carbazolyl) indicate that the occurrence of fluorescent or phosphorescent states is determined primarily by the metal, providing control over the excited state properties. Consequently, we demonstrate the potential of the new CMAs beyond luminescence applications by employing a selected CMA as a photocatalyst. The exemplified synthetic ease is expected to accelerate the applications of CMAs in photocatalysis and materials chemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos V Tzouras
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281,S-3, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ekaterina A Martynova
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281,S-3, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Xinyuan Ma
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281,S-3, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Thomas Scattolin
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281,S-3, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Benjamin Hupp
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Hendrik Busen
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Marina Saab
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281,S-3, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ziyun Zhang
- KAUST Catalysis Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Laura Falivene
- KAUST Catalysis Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gianmarco Pisanò
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281,S-3, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kristof Van Hecke
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281,S-3, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Luigi Cavallo
- KAUST Catalysis Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Catherine S J Cazin
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281,S-3, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Andreas Steffen
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Steven P Nolan
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281,S-3, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
|
16
|
Pinter P, Schüßlbauer CM, Watt FA, Dickmann N, Herbst-Irmer R, Morgenstern B, Grünwald A, Ullrich T, Zimmer M, Hohloch S, Guldi DM, Munz D. Bright luminescent lithium and magnesium carbene complexes. Chem Sci 2021; 12:7401-7410. [PMID: 34163830 PMCID: PMC8171342 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc00846c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We report on the convenient synthesis of a CNC pincer ligand composed of carbazole and two mesoionic carbenes, as well as the corresponding lithium- and magnesium complexes. Mono-deprotonation affords a rare "naked" amide anion. In contrast to the proligand and its mono-deprotonated form, tri-deprotonated s-block complexes show bright luminescence, and their photophysical properties were therefore investigated by absorption- and luminescence spectroscopy. They reveal a quantum yield of 16% in solution at ambient temperature. Detailed quantum-chemical calculations assist in rationalizing the emissive properties based on an Intra-Ligand-Charge-Transfer (ILCT) between the carbazolido- and mesoionic carbene ligands. (Earth-)alkali metals prevent the distortion of the ligand following excitation and, thus, by avoiding non-radiative deactivation support bright luminescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Piermaria Pinter
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstr. 1-3 D-91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Christoph M Schüßlbauer
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstr. 1-3 D-91058 Erlangen Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstr. 3 D-91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Fabian A Watt
- Department of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry, Paderborn University Warburger Straße 100 D-33098 Paderborn Germany
| | - Nicole Dickmann
- Department of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry, Paderborn University Warburger Straße 100 D-33098 Paderborn Germany
| | - Regine Herbst-Irmer
- University of Göttingen, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Tammannstraße 4 D-37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Bernd Morgenstern
- Inorganic Solid State Chemistry, Saarland University Campus C4.1 D-66123 Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Annette Grünwald
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstr. 1-3 D-91058 Erlangen Germany
- Inorganic Chemistry: Coordination Chemistry, Saarland University Campus C4.1 D-66123 Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Tobias Ullrich
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstr. 1-3 D-91058 Erlangen Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstr. 3 D-91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Michael Zimmer
- Inorganic and General Chemistry, Saarland University Campus C4.1 D-66123 Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Stephan Hohloch
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck Innrain 80-82 A-6020 Innsbruck Austria
| | - Dirk M Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstr. 1-3 D-91058 Erlangen Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstr. 3 D-91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Dominik Munz
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstr. 1-3 D-91058 Erlangen Germany
- Inorganic Chemistry: Coordination Chemistry, Saarland University Campus C4.1 D-66123 Saarbrücken Germany
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Li TY, Shlian DG, Djurovich PI, Thompson ME. A Luminescent Two-Coordinate Au I Bimetallic Complex with a Tandem-Carbene Structure: A Molecular Design for the Enhancement of TADF Radiative Decay Rate. Chemistry 2021; 27:6191-6197. [PMID: 33561304 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A luminescent bimetallic AuI complex comprised of N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) and carbazole (Cz) ligands, that is, (NHC')Au(NHC)AuCz has been synthesized and studied. Both carbene ligands in the bimetallic complex act as electron acceptors in tandem to increase the energy separation between the ground and excited state, which is higher than those found in either monometallic analogue, (NHC)AuCz and (NHC')AuCz. A coplanar geometry designed into the tandem complex ensures sufficient electronic coupling between the π-orbitals of the ligands to impart a strong oscillator strength to the singlet intra-ligand charge-transfer (1 ICT) transition. Theoretical modelling indicates that the emissive ICT excited state involves both NHC ligands. The tandem complex gives blue luminescence (λmax =480 nm) with a high photoluminescent quantum yield (ΦPL =0.80) with a short decay lifetime (τ=0.52 μs). Temperature-dependent photophysical studies indicate that emission is via thermally assisted delayed fluorescence (TADF) and give a small singlet-triplet energy difference (ΔEST =50 meV, 400 cm-1 ) consistent with the short TADF lifetime.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Yi Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 90089, USA
| | - Daniel G Shlian
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, 10027, USA
| | - Peter I Djurovich
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 90089, USA
| | - Mark E Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 90089, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
López-de-Luzuriaga JM, Monge M, Olmos ME, Rodríguez-Castillo M, Soldevilla I, Sundholm D, Valiev RR. Perhalophenyl Three-Coordinate Gold(I) Complexes as TADF Emitters: A Photophysical Study from Experimental and Computational Viewpoints. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:14236-14244. [PMID: 32941017 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c02018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We report the synthesis of novel perhalophenyl three-coordinated gold(I) complexes using 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)benzene (dppBz) as the chelating ligand and [AuR(tht)] (R = C6F5, C6Cl2F3, C6Cl5) as the perhalophenyl-gold(I) source, leading to [AuR(dppBz)] (R = C6F5 (1), C6Cl2F3 (2), C6Cl5 (3)) complexes. The solid-state structures of compounds 2 and 3 consist of discrete three-coordinated Au(I) complexes, which show a distorted trigonal planar geometry for the gold center with dissimilar Au-P distances. The distorted structural arrangement is closely related to its photophysical properties. The studied complexes display very intense emissions at room temperature (RT) and at 77 K in the solid state. Studies of the emissive properties of the complexes at different temperatures suggest that the emissions are phosphorescent at 77 K and exhibit thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) at RT. First-principle calculations of the photophysical processes yielded rate constants for intersystem crossing and reverse intersystem crossing that are in excellent agreement with experimental data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José M López-de-Luzuriaga
- Departamento de Quı́mica, Centro de Investigación en Sı́ntesis Quı́mica (CISQ), Universidad de la Rioja, Complejo Cientı́fico Tecnológico 26004-Logroño, Spain
| | - Miguel Monge
- Departamento de Quı́mica, Centro de Investigación en Sı́ntesis Quı́mica (CISQ), Universidad de la Rioja, Complejo Cientı́fico Tecnológico 26004-Logroño, Spain
| | - M Elena Olmos
- Departamento de Quı́mica, Centro de Investigación en Sı́ntesis Quı́mica (CISQ), Universidad de la Rioja, Complejo Cientı́fico Tecnológico 26004-Logroño, Spain
| | - María Rodríguez-Castillo
- Departamento de Quı́mica, Centro de Investigación en Sı́ntesis Quı́mica (CISQ), Universidad de la Rioja, Complejo Cientı́fico Tecnológico 26004-Logroño, Spain
| | - Inés Soldevilla
- Departamento de Quı́mica, Centro de Investigación en Sı́ntesis Quı́mica (CISQ), Universidad de la Rioja, Complejo Cientı́fico Tecnológico 26004-Logroño, Spain
| | - Dage Sundholm
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55 (A.I. Virtasen aukio 1), FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rashid R Valiev
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55 (A.I. Virtasen aukio 1), FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.,Tomsk State University, 36, Lenin Avenue, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Iuliano JN, Hall CR, Green D, Jones GA, Lukacs A, Illarionov B, Bacher A, Fischer M, French JB, Tonge PJ, Meech SR. Excited State Vibrations of Isotopically Labeled FMN Free and Bound to a Light-Oxygen-Voltage (LOV) Protein. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:7152-7165. [PMID: 32786715 PMCID: PMC7533957 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c04943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Flavoproteins are important blue light sensors in photobiology and play a key role in optogenetics. The characterization of their excited state structure and dynamics is thus an important objective. Here, we present a detailed study of excited state vibrational spectra of flavin mononucleotide (FMN), in solution and bound to the LOV-2 (Light-Oxygen-Voltage) domain of Avena sativa phototropin. Vibrational frequencies are determined for the optically excited singlet state and the reactive triplet state, through resonant ultrafast femtosecond stimulated Raman spectroscopy (FSRS). To assign the observed spectra, vibrational frequencies of the excited states are calculated using density functional theory, and both measurement and theory are applied to four different isotopologues of FMN. Excited state mode assignments are refined in both states, and their sensitivity to deuteration and protein environment are investigated. We show that resonant FSRS provides a useful tool for characterizing photoactive flavoproteins and is able to highlight chromophore localized modes and to record hydrogen/deuterium exchange.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James N. Iuliano
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
| | | | - Dale Green
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, U.K
| | - Garth A. Jones
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, U.K
| | - Andras Lukacs
- Department of Biophysics, Medical School, University of Pecs, Szigeti ut 12, 7624 Pecs, Hungary
| | - Boris Illarionov
- Institut für Biochemie und Lebensmittelchemie, Universität Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Adelbert Bacher
- Institut für Biochemie und Lebensmittelchemie, Universität Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Markus Fischer
- Institut für Biochemie und Lebensmittelchemie, Universität Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jarrod B. French
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
| | - Peter J. Tonge
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
| | - Stephen R. Meech
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Kleinhans G, Chan AKW, Leung MY, Liles DC, Fernandes MA, Yam VWW, Fernández I, Bezuidenhout DI. Synthesis and Photophysical Properties of T-Shaped Coinage-Metal Complexes. Chemistry 2020; 26:6993-6998. [PMID: 32182384 PMCID: PMC7317956 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202000726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The photophysical properties of a series of T‐shaped coinage d10 metal complexes, supported by a bis(mesoionic carbene)carbazolide (CNC) pincer ligand, are explored. The series includes a rare new example of a tridentate T‐shaped AgI complex. Post‐complexation modification of the AuI complex provides access to a linear cationic AuI complex following ligand alkylation, or the first example of a cationic square planar AuIII−F complex from electrophilic attack on the metal centre. Emissions ranging from blue (CuI) to orange (AgI) are obtained, with variable contributions of thermally‐dependent fluorescence and phosphorescence to the observed photoluminescence. Green emissions are observed for all three gold complexes (neutral T‐shaped AuI, cationic linear AuI and square planar cationic AuIII). The higher quantum yield and longer decay lifetime of the linear gold(I) complex are indicative of increased phosphorescence contribution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George Kleinhans
- Chemistry Department, University of Pretoria, Private X20, Hatfield, 0028, South Africa.,Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa
| | - Alan K-W Chan
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Ming-Yi Leung
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - David C Liles
- Chemistry Department, University of Pretoria, Private X20, Hatfield, 0028, South Africa
| | - Manuel A Fernandes
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa
| | - Vivian W-W Yam
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Israel Fernández
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzado (ORFEO-CINQA) and, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniela I Bezuidenhout
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa.,Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, University of Oulu, P. O. Box 3000, 90014, Oulu, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Jazzar R, Soleilhavoup M, Bertrand G. Cyclic (Alkyl)- and (Aryl)-(amino)carbene Coinage Metal Complexes and Their Applications. Chem Rev 2020; 120:4141-4168. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rodolphe Jazzar
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Laboratory (UMI 3555), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
| | - Michele Soleilhavoup
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Laboratory (UMI 3555), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
| | - Guy Bertrand
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Laboratory (UMI 3555), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Li TY, Muthiah Ravinson DS, Haiges R, Djurovich PI, Thompson ME. Enhancement of the Luminescent Efficiency in Carbene-Au(I)-Aryl Complexes by the Restriction of Renner–Teller Distortion and Bond Rotation. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:6158-6172. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b13755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tian-yi Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | | | - Ralf Haiges
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Peter I. Djurovich
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Mark E. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Eng J, Thompson S, Goodwin H, Credgington D, Penfold TJ. Competition between the heavy atom effect and vibronic coupling in donor–bridge–acceptor organometallics. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:4659-4667. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp06999b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The excited state properties and intersystem crossing dynamics of a series of donor–bridge–acceptor carbene metal-amides based upon the coinage metals Cu, Ag, Au, are investigated using quantum dynamics simulations and supported by photophysical characterisation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julien Eng
- Chemistry
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences
- Newcastle University
- Newcastle upon Tyne
- UK
| | - Stuart Thompson
- Chemistry
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences
- Newcastle University
- Newcastle upon Tyne
- UK
| | | | | | - Thomas James Penfold
- Chemistry
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences
- Newcastle University
- Newcastle upon Tyne
- UK
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Herndon JW. The chemistry of the carbon-transition metal double and triple bond: Annual survey covering the year 2018. Coord Chem Rev 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2019.213051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
25
|
Romanov AS, Jones STE, Gu Q, Conaghan PJ, Drummond BH, Feng J, Chotard F, Buizza L, Foley M, Linnolahti M, Credgington D, Bochmann M. Carbene metal amide photoemitters: tailoring conformationally flexible amides for full color range emissions including white-emitting OLED. Chem Sci 2019; 11:435-446. [PMID: 32190264 PMCID: PMC7067249 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc04589a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Conformationally flexible "Carbene-Metal-Amide" (CMA) complexes of copper and gold have been developed based on a combination of sterically hindered cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbene (CAAC) and 6- and 7-ring heterocyclic amide ligands. These complexes show photoemissions across the visible spectrum with PL quantum yields of up to 89% in solution and 83% in host-guest films. Single crystal X-ray diffraction and photoluminescence (PL) studies combined with DFT calculations indicate the important role of ring structure and conformational flexibility of the amide ligands. Time-resolved PL shows efficient delayed emission with sub-microsecond to microsecond excited state lifetimes at room temperature, with radiative rates exceeding 106 s-1. Yellow organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) based on a 7-ring gold amide were fabricated by thermal vapor deposition, while the sky-blue to warm-white mechanochromic behavior of the gold phenothiazine-5,5-dioxide complex enabled fabrication of the first CMA-based white light-emitting OLED.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander S Romanov
- School of Chemistry , University of East Anglia , Norwich Research Park , Norwich , NR4 7TJ , UK . ;
| | - Saul T E Jones
- Department of Physics , Cavendish Laboratory , Cambridge University , Cambridge CB3 0HF , UK .
| | - Qinying Gu
- Department of Physics , Cavendish Laboratory , Cambridge University , Cambridge CB3 0HF , UK .
| | - Patrick J Conaghan
- Department of Physics , Cavendish Laboratory , Cambridge University , Cambridge CB3 0HF , UK .
| | - Bluebell H Drummond
- Department of Physics , Cavendish Laboratory , Cambridge University , Cambridge CB3 0HF , UK .
| | - Jiale Feng
- Department of Physics , Cavendish Laboratory , Cambridge University , Cambridge CB3 0HF , UK .
| | - Florian Chotard
- School of Chemistry , University of East Anglia , Norwich Research Park , Norwich , NR4 7TJ , UK . ;
| | - Leonardo Buizza
- Department of Physics , Cavendish Laboratory , Cambridge University , Cambridge CB3 0HF , UK .
| | - Morgan Foley
- Department of Physics , Cavendish Laboratory , Cambridge University , Cambridge CB3 0HF , UK .
| | - Mikko Linnolahti
- Department of Chemistry , University of Eastern Finland , Joensuu Campus , FI-80101 Joensuu , Finland .
| | - Dan Credgington
- Department of Physics , Cavendish Laboratory , Cambridge University , Cambridge CB3 0HF , UK .
| | - Manfred Bochmann
- School of Chemistry , University of East Anglia , Norwich Research Park , Norwich , NR4 7TJ , UK . ;
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Chotard F, Romanov AS, Hughes DL, Linnolahti M, Bochmann M. Zwitterionic Mixed-Carbene Coinage Metal Complexes: Synthesis, Structures, and Photophysical Studies. Eur J Inorg Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201900573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Chotard
- School of Chemistry; University of East Anglia; Norwich NR4 7TJ UK
| | | | - David L. Hughes
- School of Chemistry; University of East Anglia; Norwich NR4 7TJ UK
| | - Mikko Linnolahti
- Department of Chemistry; University of Eastern Finland; Joensuu Campus FI-80101 Joensuu Finland
| | - Manfred Bochmann
- School of Chemistry; University of East Anglia; Norwich NR4 7TJ UK
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Zhou M, Wang L, Zhang S, Zhang B. Ultrafast spectroscopy of the primary charge transfer and ISC processes in 9-anthraldehyde. Chem Phys Lett 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2018.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
28
|
Romanov AS, Chotard F, Rashid J, Bochmann M. Synthesis of copper(i) cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbene complexes with potentially bidentate N^N, N^S and S^S ligands for efficient white photoluminescence. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:15445-15454. [DOI: 10.1039/c9dt02036e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Copper(i) complexes of cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbenes coordinated to monodentate or hemilabile guanidinato and formamidinato complexes show intense photoluminescence including white emissions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jahan Rashid
- School of Chemistry
- University of East Anglia
- Norwich
- UK
| | | |
Collapse
|