1
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He Y, Collado JT, Iuliano JN, Woroniecka HA, Hall CR, Gil AA, Laptenok SP, Greetham GM, Illarionov B, Bacher A, Fischer M, French JB, Lukacs A, Meech SR, Tonge PJ. Elucidating the Signal Transduction Mechanism of the Blue-Light-Regulated Photoreceptor YtvA: From Photoactivation to Downstream Regulation. ACS Chem Biol 2024; 19:696-706. [PMID: 38385342 PMCID: PMC10949197 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.3c00722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
The blue-light photoreceptor YtvA from Bacillus subtilis has an N-terminal flavin mononucleotide (FMN)-binding light-oxygen-voltage (LOV) domain that is fused to a C-terminal sulfate transporter and anti-σ factor antagonist (STAS) output domain. To interrogate the signal transduction pathway that leads to photoactivation, the STAS domain was replaced with a histidine kinase, so that photoexcitation of the flavin could be directly correlated with biological activity. N94, a conserved Asn that is hydrogen bonded to the FMN C2═O group, was replaced with Ala, Asp, and Ser residues to explore the role of this residue in triggering the structural dynamics that activate the output domain. Femtosecond to millisecond time-resolved multiple probe spectroscopy coupled with a fluorescence polarization assay revealed that the loss of the hydrogen bond between N94 and the C2═O group decoupled changes in the protein structure from photoexcitation. In addition, alterations in N94 also decreased the stability of the Cys-FMN adduct formed in the light-activated state by up to a factor of ∼25. Collectively, these studies shed light on the role of the hydrogen bonding network in the LOV β-scaffold in signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- YongLe He
- Department
of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | | | - James N. Iuliano
- Department
of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Helena A. Woroniecka
- Department
of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Christopher R. Hall
- Central
Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0QX, U.K.
| | - Agnieszka A. Gil
- Department
of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | | | - Gregory M. Greetham
- Central
Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0QX, U.K.
| | - Boris Illarionov
- Institut
für Biochemie und Lebensmittelchemie, Universität Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Adelbert Bacher
- Institut
für Biochemie und Lebensmittelchemie, Universität Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany
- TUM School
of Natural Sciences, Technical University
of Munich, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Markus Fischer
- Institut
für Biochemie und Lebensmittelchemie, Universität Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jarrod B. French
- Department
of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
- The
Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota 55912, United States
| | - Andras Lukacs
- School
of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, U.K.
- Department
of Biophysics, Medical School, University
of Pecs, Szigeti ut 12, 7624 Pecs, Hungary
| | - Stephen R. Meech
- School
of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, U.K.
| | - Peter J. Tonge
- Department
of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
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2
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Montoya S, Bourcier J, Noviski M, Lu H, Thompson MC, Chirino A, Jahn J, Sondhi AK, Gajewski S, Tan YSM, Yung S, Urban A, Wang E, Han C, Mi X, Kim WJ, Sievers Q, Auger P, Bousquet H, Brathaban N, Bravo B, Gessner M, Guiducci C, Iuliano JN, Kane T, Mukerji R, Reddy PJ, Powers J, Sanchez Garcia de Los Rios M, Ye J, Barrientos Risso C, Tsai D, Pardo G, Notti RQ, Pardo A, Affer M, Nawaratne V, Totiger TM, Pena-Velasquez C, Rhodes JM, Zelenetz AD, Alencar A, Roeker LE, Mehta S, Garippa R, Linley A, Soni RK, Skånland SS, Brown RJ, Mato AR, Hansen GM, Abdel-Wahab O, Taylor J. Kinase-impaired BTK mutations are susceptible to clinical-stage BTK and IKZF1/3 degrader NX-2127. Science 2024; 383:eadi5798. [PMID: 38301010 DOI: 10.1126/science.adi5798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Increasing use of covalent and noncovalent inhibitors of Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) has elucidated a series of acquired drug-resistant BTK mutations in patients with B cell malignancies. Here we identify inhibitor resistance mutations in BTK with distinct enzymatic activities, including some that impair BTK enzymatic activity while imparting novel protein-protein interactions that sustain B cell receptor (BCR) signaling. Furthermore, we describe a clinical-stage BTK and IKZF1/3 degrader, NX-2127, that can bind and proteasomally degrade each mutant BTK proteoform, resulting in potent blockade of BCR signaling. Treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia with NX-2127 achieves >80% degradation of BTK in patients and demonstrates proof-of-concept therapeutic benefit. These data reveal an oncogenic scaffold function of mutant BTK that confers resistance across clinically approved BTK inhibitors but is overcome by BTK degradation in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Skye Montoya
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Jessie Bourcier
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Hao Lu
- Nurix Therapeutics, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Meghan C Thompson
- Leukemia Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alexandra Chirino
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Jacob Jahn
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Anya K Sondhi
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | | | | | | | - Aleksandra Urban
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for B Cell Malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eric Wang
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Cuijuan Han
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Xiaoli Mi
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Won Jun Kim
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Quinlan Sievers
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Paul Auger
- Nurix Therapeutics, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Tim Kane
- Nurix Therapeutics, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Jordan Ye
- Nurix Therapeutics, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Carla Barrientos Risso
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Daniel Tsai
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Gabriel Pardo
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Ryan Q Notti
- Laboratory of Molecular Electron Microscopy, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alejandro Pardo
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Maurizio Affer
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Vindhya Nawaratne
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Tulasigeri M Totiger
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Camila Pena-Velasquez
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joanna M Rhodes
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine at Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, CLL Research and Treatment Center, Lake Success, NY, USA
| | - Andrew D Zelenetz
- Lymphoma Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alvaro Alencar
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Lindsey E Roeker
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sanjoy Mehta
- Gene Editing and Screening Core Facility, Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Institute and Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ralph Garippa
- Gene Editing and Screening Core Facility, Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Institute and Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Adam Linley
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Rajesh Kumar Soni
- Proteomics and Macromolecular Crystallography Shared Resource, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sigrid S Skånland
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for B Cell Malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Anthony R Mato
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Omar Abdel-Wahab
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Justin Taylor
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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3
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Davoodi S, Daryaee F, Iuliano JN, Tolentino Collado J, He Y, Pollard AC, Gil AA, Aramini JM, Tonge PJ. Evaluating the Impact of the Tyr158 p Ka on the Mechanism and Inhibition of InhA, the Enoyl-ACP Reductase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Biochemistry 2023. [PMID: 37270808 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.2c00606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
InhA, the Mycobacterium tuberculosis enoyl-ACP reductase, is a target for the tuberculosis (TB) drug isoniazid (INH). InhA inhibitors that do not require KatG activation avoid the most common mechanism of INH resistance, and there are continuing efforts to fully elucidate the enzyme mechanism to drive inhibitor discovery. InhA is a member of the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase superfamily characterized by a conserved active site Tyr, Y158 in InhA. To explore the role of Y158 in the InhA mechanism, this residue has been replaced by fluoroTyr residues that increase the acidity of Y158 up to ∼3200-fold. Replacement of Y158 with 3-fluoroTyr (3-FY) and 3,5-difluoroTyr (3,5-F2Y) has no effect on kcatapp/KMapp nor on the binding of inhibitors to the open form of the enzyme (Kiapp), whereas both kcatapp/KMapp and Kiapp are altered by seven-fold for the 2,3,5-trifluoroTyr variant (2,3,5-F3Y158 InhA). 19F NMR spectroscopy suggests that 2,3,5-F3Y158 is ionized at neutral pH indicating that neither the acidity nor ionization state of residue 158 has a major impact on catalysis or on the binding of substrate-like inhibitors. In contrast, Ki*app is decreased 6- and 35-fold for the binding of the slow-onset inhibitor PT504 to 3,5-F2Y158 and 2,3,5-F3Y158 InhA, respectively, indicating that Y158 stabilizes the closed form of the enzyme adopted by EI*. The residence time of PT504 is reduced ∼four-fold for 2,3,5-F3Y158 InhA compared to wild-type, and thus, the hydrogen bonding interaction of the inhibitor with Y158 is an important factor in the design of InhA inhibitors with increased residence times on the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabnam Davoodi
- Center for Advanced Study of Drug Action, Stony Brook University, John S. Toll Drive, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, John S. Toll Drive, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
| | - Fereidoon Daryaee
- Center for Advanced Study of Drug Action, Stony Brook University, John S. Toll Drive, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, John S. Toll Drive, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
| | - James N Iuliano
- Center for Advanced Study of Drug Action, Stony Brook University, John S. Toll Drive, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, John S. Toll Drive, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
| | - Jinnette Tolentino Collado
- Center for Advanced Study of Drug Action, Stony Brook University, John S. Toll Drive, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, John S. Toll Drive, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
| | - YongLe He
- Center for Advanced Study of Drug Action, Stony Brook University, John S. Toll Drive, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, John S. Toll Drive, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
| | - Alyssa C Pollard
- Center for Advanced Study of Drug Action, Stony Brook University, John S. Toll Drive, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, John S. Toll Drive, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
| | - Agnieszka A Gil
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, John S. Toll Drive, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
| | - James M Aramini
- Structural Biology Initiative, CUNY Advanced Science Research Center, New York, New York 10031, United States
| | - Peter J Tonge
- Center for Advanced Study of Drug Action, Stony Brook University, John S. Toll Drive, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, John S. Toll Drive, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
- Department of Radiology, Stony Brook University, John S. Toll Drive, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
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4
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Tolentino Collado J, Iuliano JN, Pirisi K, Jewlikar S, Adamczyk K, Greetham GM, Towrie M, Tame JRH, Meech SR, Tonge PJ, Lukacs A. Unraveling the Photoactivation Mechanism of a Light-Activated Adenylyl Cyclase Using Ultrafast Spectroscopy Coupled with Unnatural Amino Acid Mutagenesis. ACS Chem Biol 2022; 17:2643-2654. [PMID: 36038143 PMCID: PMC9486806 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.2c00575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The hydrogen bonding network that surrounds the flavin in blue light using flavin adenine dinucleotide (BLUF) photoreceptors plays a crucial role in sensing and communicating the changes in the electronic structure of the flavin to the protein matrix upon light absorption. Using time-resolved infrared spectroscopy (TRIR) and unnatural amino acid incorporation, we investigated the photoactivation mechanism and the role of the conserved tyrosine (Y6) in the forward reaction of the photoactivated adenylyl cyclase from Oscillatoria acuminata (OaPAC). Our work elucidates the direct connection between BLUF photoactivation and the structural and functional implications on the partner protein for the first time. The TRIR results demonstrate the formation of the neutral flavin radical as an intermediate species on the photoactivation pathway which decays to form the signaling state. Using fluorotyrosine analogues to modulate the physical properties of Y6, the TRIR data reveal that a change in the pKa and/or reduction potential of Y6 has a profound effect on the forward reaction, consistent with a mechanism involving proton transfer or proton-coupled electron transfer from Y6 to the electronically excited FAD. Decreasing the pKa from 9.9 to <7.2 and/or increasing the reduction potential by 200 mV of Y6 prevents proton transfer to the flavin and halts the photocycle at FAD•-. The lack of protonation of the anionic flavin radical can be directly linked to photoactivation of the adenylyl cyclase (AC) domain. While the 3F-Y6 and 2,3-F2Y6 variants undergo the complete photocycle and catalyze the conversion of ATP into cAMP, enzyme activity is abolished in the 3,5-F2Y6 and 2,3,5-F3Y6 variants where the photocycle is halted at FAD•-. Our results thus show that proton transfer plays an essential role in initiating the structural reorganization of the AC domain that results in AC activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James N. Iuliano
- Department
of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, New York, New York 11794, United States
| | - Katalin Pirisi
- Department
of Biophysics, Medical School, University
of Pecs, Szigeti Street 12, Pecs 7624, Hungary
| | - Samruddhi Jewlikar
- Department
of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, New York, New York 11794, United States
| | - Katrin Adamczyk
- School
of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, U.K.
| | - Gregory M. Greetham
- Central
Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0QX, U.K.
| | - Michael Towrie
- Central
Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0QX, U.K.
| | - Jeremy R. H. Tame
- Drug
Design Laboratory, Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Stephen R. Meech
- School
of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, U.K.,
| | - Peter J. Tonge
- Department
of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, New York, New York 11794, United States,
| | - Andras Lukacs
- Department
of Biophysics, Medical School, University
of Pecs, Szigeti Street 12, Pecs 7624, Hungary,
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5
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Green D, Roy P, Hall CR, Iuliano JN, Jones GA, Lukacs A, Tonge PJ, Meech SR. Excited State Resonance Raman of Flavin Mononucleotide: Comparison of Theory and Experiment. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:6171-6179. [PMID: 34240863 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c04063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Blue light absorbing flavoproteins play important roles in a variety of photobiological processes. Consequently, there have been numerous investigations of their excited state structure and dynamics, in particular by time-resolved vibrational spectroscopy. The isoalloxazine chromophore of the flavoprotein cofactors has been studied in detail by time-resolved Raman, lending it a benchmark status for mode assignments in excited electronic states of large molecules. However, detailed comparisons of calculated and measured spectra have proven challenging, as there are many more modes calculated than are observed, and the role of resonance enhancement is difficult to characterize in excited electronic states. Here we employ a recently developed approach due to Elles and co-workers ( J. Phys. Chem. A 2018, 122, 8308-8319) for the calculation of resonance-enhanced Raman spectra of excited states and apply it to the lowest singlet and triplet excited states of the isoalloxazine chromophore. There is generally good agreement between calculated and observed enhancements, which allows assignment of vibrational bands of the flavoprotein cofactors to be refined. However, some prominently enhanced bands are found to be absent from the calculations, suggesting the need for further development of the theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale Green
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, U.K
| | - Palas Roy
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, U.K
| | | | - James N Iuliano
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
| | - Garth A Jones
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, U.K
| | - Andras Lukacs
- Department of Biophysics, Medical School, University of Pecs, Szigeti ut 12, 7624 Pecs, Hungary
| | - Peter J Tonge
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
| | - Stephen R Meech
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, U.K
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6
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Pirisi K, Nag L, Fekete Z, Iuliano JN, Tolentino Collado J, Clark IP, Pécsi I, Sournia P, Liebl U, Greetham GM, Tonge PJ, Meech SR, Vos MH, Lukacs A. Identification of the vibrational marker of tyrosine cation radical using ultrafast transient infrared spectroscopy of flavoprotein systems. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2021; 20:369-378. [PMID: 33721272 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-021-00024-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Tryptophan and tyrosine radical intermediates play crucial roles in many biological charge transfer processes. Particularly in flavoprotein photochemistry, short-lived reaction intermediates can be studied by the complementary techniques of ultrafast visible and infrared spectroscopy. The spectral properties of tryptophan radical are well established, and the formation of neutral tyrosine radicals has been observed in many biological processes. However, only recently, the formation of a cation tyrosine radical was observed by transient visible spectroscopy in a few systems. Here, we assigned the infrared vibrational markers of the cationic and neutral tyrosine radical at 1483 and 1502 cm-1 (in deuterated buffer), respectively, in a variant of the bacterial methyl transferase TrmFO, and in the native glucose oxidase. In addition, we studied a mutant of AppABLUF blue-light sensor domain from Rhodobacter sphaeroides in which only a direct formation of the neutral radical was observed. Our studies highlight the exquisite sensitivity of transient infrared spectroscopy to low concentrations of specific radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Pirisi
- Department of Biophysics, Medical School, University of Pecs, Szigeti Str. 12, 7624, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Lipsa Nag
- Laboratoire d'Optique et Biosciences, CNRS, INSERM, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91128, Palaiseau, France
| | - Zsuzsanna Fekete
- Department of Biophysics, Medical School, University of Pecs, Szigeti Str. 12, 7624, Pecs, Hungary
| | - James N Iuliano
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-3400, USA
| | | | - Ian P Clark
- Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0QX, Oxon, UK
| | - Ildikó Pécsi
- Department of Biophysics, Medical School, University of Pecs, Szigeti Str. 12, 7624, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Pierre Sournia
- Laboratoire d'Optique et Biosciences, CNRS, INSERM, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91128, Palaiseau, France
| | - Ursula Liebl
- Laboratoire d'Optique et Biosciences, CNRS, INSERM, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91128, Palaiseau, France
| | - Gregory M Greetham
- Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0QX, Oxon, UK
| | - Peter J Tonge
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-3400, USA
| | - Stephen R Meech
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Marten H Vos
- Laboratoire d'Optique et Biosciences, CNRS, INSERM, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91128, Palaiseau, France.
| | - Andras Lukacs
- Department of Biophysics, Medical School, University of Pecs, Szigeti Str. 12, 7624, Pecs, Hungary.
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7
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Iuliano JN, Collado JT, Gil AA, Ravindran PT, Lukacs A, Shin S, Woroniecka HA, Adamczyk K, Aramini JM, Edupuganti UR, Hall CR, Greetham GM, Sazanovich IV, Clark IP, Daryaee T, Toettcher JE, French JB, Gardner KH, Simmerling CL, Meech SR, Tonge PJ. Unraveling the Mechanism of a LOV Domain Optogenetic Sensor: A Glutamine Lever Induces Unfolding of the Jα Helix. ACS Chem Biol 2020; 15:2752-2765. [PMID: 32880430 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.0c00543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Light-activated protein domains provide a convenient, modular, and genetically encodable sensor for optogenetics and optobiology. Although these domains have now been deployed in numerous systems, the precise mechanism of photoactivation and the accompanying structural dynamics that modulate output domain activity remain to be fully elucidated. In the C-terminal light-oxygen-voltage (LOV) domain of plant phototropins (LOV2), blue light activation leads to formation of an adduct between a conserved Cys residue and the embedded FMN chromophore, rotation of a conserved Gln (Q513), and unfolding of a helix (Jα-helix) which is coupled to the output domain. In the present work, we focus on the allosteric pathways leading to Jα helix unfolding in Avena sativa LOV2 (AsLOV2) using an interdisciplinary approach involving molecular dynamics simulations extending to 7 μs, time-resolved infrared spectroscopy, solution NMR spectroscopy, and in-cell optogenetic experiments. In the dark state, the side chain of N414 is hydrogen bonded to the backbone N-H of Q513. The simulations predict a lever-like motion of Q513 after Cys adduct formation resulting in a loss of the interaction between the side chain of N414 and the backbone C═O of Q513, and formation of a transient hydrogen bond between the Q513 and N414 side chains. The central role of N414 in signal transduction was evaluated by site-directed mutagenesis supporting a direct link between Jα helix unfolding dynamics and the cellular function of the Zdk2-AsLOV2 optogenetic construct. Through this multifaceted approach, we show that Q513 and N414 are critical mediators of protein structural dynamics, linking the ultrafast (sub-ps) excitation of the FMN chromophore to the microsecond conformational changes that result in photoreceptor activation and biological function.
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Affiliation(s)
- James N. Iuliano
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, New York, 11794, United States
| | | | - Agnieszka A. Gil
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Pavithran T. Ravindran
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Andras Lukacs
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
- Department of Biophysics, Medical School, University of Pecs, Szigeti út 12, 7624 Pecs, Hungary
| | - SeungYoun Shin
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, New York, 11794, United States
| | | | - Katrin Adamczyk
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - James M. Aramini
- Structural Biology Initiative, CUNY Advanced Science Research Center, 85 St. Nicholas Terrace, New York, New York 10031, United States
| | - Uthama R. Edupuganti
- Structural Biology Initiative, CUNY Advanced Science Research Center, 85 St. Nicholas Terrace, New York, New York 10031, United States
- Ph.D. Program in Biochemistry, CUNY Graduate Center, New York, New York, United States
| | - Christopher R. Hall
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Gregory M. Greetham
- Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - Igor V. Sazanovich
- Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - Ian P. Clark
- Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - Taraneh Daryaee
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, New York, 11794, United States
| | - Jared E. Toettcher
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Jarrod B. French
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, New York, 11794, United States
- Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota 55912, United States
| | - Kevin H. Gardner
- Structural Biology Initiative, CUNY Advanced Science Research Center, 85 St. Nicholas Terrace, New York, New York 10031, United States
- Ph.D. Programs in Biochemistry, Biology, and Chemistry, CUNY Graduate Center, New York, New York, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, City College of New York, New York, New York, United States
| | | | - Stephen R. Meech
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J. Tonge
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, New York, 11794, United States
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8
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Chitrakar I, Iuliano JN, He Y, Woroniecka HA, Collado JT, Wint J, Walker SG, Tonge PJ, French JB. Structural Basis for the Regulation of Biofilm Formation and Iron Uptake in A. baumannii by the Blue-Light-Using Photoreceptor, BlsA. ACS Infect Dis 2020; 6:2592-2603. [PMID: 32926768 PMCID: PMC10035076 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The opportunistic human pathogen, A. baumannii, senses and responds to light using the blue light sensing A (BlsA) photoreceptor protein. BlsA is a blue-light-using flavin adenine dinucleotide (BLUF) protein that is known to regulate a wide variety of cellular functions through interactions with different binding partners. Using immunoprecipitation of tagged BlsA in A. baumannii lysates, we observed a number of proteins that interact with BlsA, including several transcription factors. In addition to a known binding partner, the iron uptake regulator Fur, we identified the biofilm response regulator BfmR as a putative BlsA-binding partner. Using microscale thermophoresis, we determined that both BfmR and Fur bind to BlsA with nanomolar binding constants. To better understand how BlsA interacts with and regulates these transcription factors, we solved the X-ray crystal structures of BlsA in both a ground (dark) state and a photoactivated light state. Comparison of the light- and dark-state structures revealed that, upon photoactivation, the two α-helices comprising the variable domain of BlsA undergo a distinct conformational change. The flavin-binding site, however, remains largely unchanged from dark to light. These structures, along with docking studies of BlsA and Fur, reveal key mechanistic details about how BlsA propagates the photoactivation signal between protein domains and on to its binding partner. Taken together, our structural and biophysical data provide important insights into how BlsA controls signal transduction in A. baumannii and provides a likely mechanism for blue-light-dependent modulation of biofilm formation and iron uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iva Chitrakar
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA, 11790
- Biochemistry and Structural Biology Program, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA, 11790
| | - James N. Iuliano
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA, 11790
| | - YongLe He
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA, 11790
| | | | | | - Jinelle Wint
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA, 11790
| | - Stephen G. Walker
- Department of Oral Biology and Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA, 11790
| | - Peter J. Tonge
- Biochemistry and Structural Biology Program, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA, 11790
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA, 11790
| | - Jarrod B. French
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA, 11790
- Biochemistry and Structural Biology Program, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA, 11790
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA, 11790
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, 55912
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Jarrod B. French: ; (507)437-9637
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9
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Iuliano JN, Hall CR, Green D, Jones GA, Lukacs A, Illarionov B, Bacher A, Fischer M, French JB, Tonge PJ, Meech SR. Excited State Vibrations of Isotopically Labeled FMN Free and Bound to a Light-Oxygen-Voltage (LOV) Protein. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:7152-7165. [PMID: 32786715 PMCID: PMC7533957 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c04943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Flavoproteins are important blue light sensors in photobiology and play a key role in optogenetics. The characterization of their excited state structure and dynamics is thus an important objective. Here, we present a detailed study of excited state vibrational spectra of flavin mononucleotide (FMN), in solution and bound to the LOV-2 (Light-Oxygen-Voltage) domain of Avena sativa phototropin. Vibrational frequencies are determined for the optically excited singlet state and the reactive triplet state, through resonant ultrafast femtosecond stimulated Raman spectroscopy (FSRS). To assign the observed spectra, vibrational frequencies of the excited states are calculated using density functional theory, and both measurement and theory are applied to four different isotopologues of FMN. Excited state mode assignments are refined in both states, and their sensitivity to deuteration and protein environment are investigated. We show that resonant FSRS provides a useful tool for characterizing photoactive flavoproteins and is able to highlight chromophore localized modes and to record hydrogen/deuterium exchange.
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Affiliation(s)
- James N. Iuliano
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
| | | | - Dale Green
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, U.K
| | - Garth A. Jones
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, U.K
| | - Andras Lukacs
- Department of Biophysics, Medical School, University of Pecs, Szigeti ut 12, 7624 Pecs, Hungary
| | - Boris Illarionov
- Institut für Biochemie und Lebensmittelchemie, Universität Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Adelbert Bacher
- Institut für Biochemie und Lebensmittelchemie, Universität Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Markus Fischer
- Institut für Biochemie und Lebensmittelchemie, Universität Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jarrod B. French
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
| | - Peter J. Tonge
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
| | - Stephen R. Meech
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, U.K
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10
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Karadi K, Kapetanaki SM, Raics K, Pecsi I, Kapronczai R, Fekete Z, Iuliano JN, Collado JT, Gil AA, Orban J, Nyitrai M, Greetham GM, Vos MH, Tonge PJ, Meech SR, Lukacs A. Functional dynamics of a single tryptophan residue in a BLUF protein revealed by fluorescence spectroscopy. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2061. [PMID: 32029866 PMCID: PMC7005313 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59073-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Blue Light Using Flavin (BLUF) domains are increasingly being adopted for use in optogenetic constructs. Despite this, much remains to be resolved on the mechanism of their activation. The advent of unnatural amino acid mutagenesis opens up a new toolbox for the study of protein structural dynamics. The tryptophan analogue, 7-aza-Trp (7AW) was incorporated in the BLUF domain of the Activation of Photopigment and pucA (AppA) photoreceptor in order to investigate the functional dynamics of the crucial W104 residue during photoactivation of the protein. The 7-aza modification to Trp makes selective excitation possible using 310 nm excitation and 380 nm emission, separating the signals of interest from other Trp and Tyr residues. We used Förster energy transfer (FRET) between 7AW and the flavin to estimate the distance between Trp and flavin in both the light- and dark-adapted states in solution. Nanosecond fluorescence anisotropy decay and picosecond fluorescence lifetime measurements for the flavin revealed a rather dynamic picture for the tryptophan residue. In the dark-adapted state, the major population of W104 is pointing away from the flavin and can move freely, in contrast to previous results reported in the literature. Upon blue-light excitation, the dominant tryptophan population is reorganized, moves closer to the flavin occupying a rigidly bound state participating in the hydrogen-bond network around the flavin molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristof Karadi
- Department of Biophysics, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624, Pécs, Hungary.,Szentagothai Research Center, University of Pécs, 7624, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Sofia M Kapetanaki
- Department of Biophysics, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624, Pécs, Hungary.,Szentagothai Research Center, University of Pécs, 7624, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Katalin Raics
- Department of Biophysics, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Ildiko Pecsi
- Department of Biophysics, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Robert Kapronczai
- Department of Biophysics, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Fekete
- Department of Biophysics, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624, Pécs, Hungary
| | - James N Iuliano
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-3400, USA
| | | | - Agnieszka A Gil
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-3400, USA
| | - Jozsef Orban
- Department of Biophysics, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Miklos Nyitrai
- Department of Biophysics, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624, Pécs, Hungary.,Szentagothai Research Center, University of Pécs, 7624, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Greg M Greetham
- Central Laser Facility, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Marten H Vos
- LOB, CNRS, INSERM, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91128, Palaiseau, Cedex, France
| | - Peter J Tonge
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-3400, USA
| | - Stephen R Meech
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Andras Lukacs
- Department of Biophysics, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624, Pécs, Hungary. .,Szentagothai Research Center, University of Pécs, 7624, Pécs, Hungary.
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11
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Ahn SH, Iuliano JN, Boros E. Trivalent metal complex geometry of the substrate governs cathepsin B enzymatic cleavage rate. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:7289-7292. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc02862b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The identity of the trivalent metal ion controls the rate of the enzymatic cleavage of a series of metal-complexed cathepsin B substrates. Increasing the distance between the metal complex and the enzyme cleavage site diminishes this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Hye Ahn
- Department of Chemistry
- Stony Brook University
- 100 Nicolls Rd
- Stony Brook
- New York
| | - James N. Iuliano
- Department of Chemistry
- Stony Brook University
- 100 Nicolls Rd
- Stony Brook
- New York
| | - Eszter Boros
- Department of Chemistry
- Stony Brook University
- 100 Nicolls Rd
- Stony Brook
- New York
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12
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Hall CR, Tolentino Collado J, Iuliano JN, Gil AA, Adamczyk K, Lukacs A, Greetham GM, Sazanovich I, Tonge PJ, Meech SR. Site-Specific Protein Dynamics Probed by Ultrafast Infrared Spectroscopy of a Noncanonical Amino Acid. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:9592-9597. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b09425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - James N. Iuliano
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
| | - Agnieszka A. Gil
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
| | - Katrin Adamczyk
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, U.K
| | - Andras Lukacs
- Department of Biophysics, Medical School, University of Pecs, Szigeti ut 12, 7624 Pecs, Hungary
| | - Gregory M. Greetham
- Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxon OX11 0QX, U.K
| | - Igor Sazanovich
- Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxon OX11 0QX, U.K
| | - Peter J. Tonge
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
| | - Stephen R. Meech
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, U.K
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13
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Si Y, Basak S, Li Y, Merino J, Iuliano JN, Walker SG, Tonge PJ. Antibacterial Activity and Mode of Action of a Sulfonamide-Based Class of Oxaborole Leucyl-tRNA-Synthetase Inhibitors. ACS Infect Dis 2019; 5:1231-1238. [PMID: 31007018 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.9b00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Benzoxaboroles are a class of boron-containing compounds with a broad range of biological activities. A subset of benzoxaboroles have antimicrobial activity due primarily to their ability to inhibit leucyl-tRNA synthetase (LeuRS) via the oxaborole tRNA-trapping mechanism, which involves the formation of a stable tRNALeu-benzoxaborole adduct in which the boron atom interacts with the 2'- and 3'-oxygen atoms of the terminal 3' tRNA adenosine. We sought to identify other antibacterial targets for this promising class of compounds by means of mode-of-action studies, and we selected a nitrophenyl sulfonamide based oxaborole (PT638) as a probe molecule because it had potent antibacterial activity (MIC of 0.4 μg/mL against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) but did not inhibit LeuRS (IC50 > 100 μM). Analogues of PT638 were synthesized to explore the importance of the sulfonamide linker and the impact of altering the functionalization of the phenyl ring. These structure-activity-relationship studies revealed that the nitro substituent was essential for activity. To identify the target for PT638, we raised resistant strains of S. aureus, and whole-genome sequencing revealed mutations in leuRS, suggesting that the target for this compound was indeed LeuRS, despite the lack of enzyme inhibition. Subsequent analysis of PT638 metabolism demonstrated that bacterial nitroreductases readily converted this compound into the amino analogue, which inhibited LeuRS with an IC50 of 3.0 ± 1.2 μM, demonstrating that PT638 is thus a prodrug.
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14
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15
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Zhang Z, Ordonez AA, Wang H, Li Y, Gogarty KR, Weinstein EA, Daryaee F, Merino J, Yoon GE, Kalinda AS, Mease RC, Iuliano JN, Smith-Jones PM, Jain SK, Tonge PJ. Positron Emission Tomography Imaging with 2-[ 18F]F- p-Aminobenzoic Acid Detects Staphylococcus aureus Infections and Monitors Drug Response. ACS Infect Dis 2018; 4:1635-1644. [PMID: 30067329 PMCID: PMC6226330 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.8b00182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Staphylococcus aureus is the leading cause of life-threatening
infections, frequently originating from unknown or deep-seated foci.
Source control and institution of appropriate antibiotics remain challenges,
especially with infections due to methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). In this study, we developed a radiofluorinated analog of para-aminobenzoic acid (2-[18F]F-PABA) and demonstrate
that it is an efficient alternative substrate for the S. aureus dihydropteroate synthase (DHPS). 2-[18F]F-PABA rapidly
accumulated in vitro within laboratory and clinical
(including MRSA) strains of S. aureus but not
in mammalian cells. Biodistribution in murine and rat models demonstrated
localization at infection sites and rapid renal elimination. In a
rat model, 2-[18F]F-PABA positron emission tomography (PET)
rapidly differentiated S. aureus infection from
sterile inflammation and could also detect therapeutic failures associated
with MRSA. These data suggest that 2-[18F]F-PABA has the
potential for translation to humans as a rapid, noninvasive diagnostic
tool to identify, localize, and monitor S. aureus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Zhang
- Institute for Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry and Radiology, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, 633 Chemistry, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Alvaro A. Ordonez
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Hui Wang
- Institute for Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry and Radiology, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, 633 Chemistry, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Yong Li
- Institute for Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry and Radiology, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, 633 Chemistry, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Kayla R. Gogarty
- Institute for Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry and Radiology, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, 633 Chemistry, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Edward A. Weinstein
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Fereidoon Daryaee
- Institute for Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry and Radiology, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, 633 Chemistry, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Jonathan Merino
- Institute for Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry and Radiology, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, 633 Chemistry, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Grace E. Yoon
- Institute for Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry and Radiology, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, 633 Chemistry, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
- The Facility for Experimental Radiopharmaceutical Manufacturing, Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Alvin S. Kalinda
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Ronnie C. Mease
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - James N. Iuliano
- Institute for Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry and Radiology, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, 633 Chemistry, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Peter M. Smith-Jones
- The Facility for Experimental Radiopharmaceutical Manufacturing, Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Sanjay K. Jain
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Peter J. Tonge
- Institute for Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry and Radiology, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, 633 Chemistry, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
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16
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Lu H, Iuliano JN, Tonge PJ. Structure-kinetic relationships that control the residence time of drug-target complexes: insights from molecular structure and dynamics. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2018; 44:101-109. [PMID: 29986213 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Time-dependent target occupancy is a function of both the thermodynamics and kinetics of drug-target interactions. However, while the optimization of thermodynamic affinity through approaches such as structure-based drug design is now relatively straight forward, less is understood about the molecular interactions that control the kinetics of drug complex formation and breakdown since this depends on both the ground and transition state energies on the binding reaction coordinate. In this opinion we highlight several recent examples that shed light on current approaches that are elucidating the factors that control the life-time of the drug-target complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Lu
- EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts, USA
| | - James N Iuliano
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Peter J Tonge
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA; Department of Radiology, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York, USA
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17
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Laptenok SP, Gil AA, Hall CR, Lukacs A, Iuliano JN, Jones GA, Greetham GM, Donaldson P, Miyawaki A, Tonge PJ, Meech SR. Infrared spectroscopy reveals multi-step multi-timescale photoactivation in the photoconvertible protein archetype dronpa. Nat Chem 2018; 10:845-852. [PMID: 29892029 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-018-0073-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Photochromic fluorescent proteins play key roles in super-resolution microscopy and optogenetics. The light-driven structural changes that modulate the fluorescence involve both trans-to-cis isomerization and proton transfer. The mechanism, timescale and relative contribution of chromophore and protein dynamics are currently not well understood. Here, the mechanism of off-to-on-state switching in dronpa is studied using femtosecond-to-millisecond time-resolved infrared spectroscopy and isotope labelling. Chromophore and protein dynamics are shown to occur on multiple timescales, from picoseconds to hundreds of microseconds. Following excitation of the trans chromophore, a ground-state primary product is formed within picoseconds. Surprisingly, the characteristic vibrational spectrum of the neutral cis isomer appears only after several tens of nanoseconds. Further fluctuations in protein structure around the neutral cis chromophore are required to form a new intermediate, which promotes the final proton-transfer reaction. These data illustrate the interplay between chromophore dynamics and the protein environment underlying fluorescent protein photochromism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey P Laptenok
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.,Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Agnieszka A Gil
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.,Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Christopher R Hall
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andras Lukacs
- Department of Biophysics, Medical School, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - James N Iuliano
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Garth A Jones
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Gregory M Greetham
- Central Laser Facility, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Paul Donaldson
- Central Laser Facility, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Atsushi Miyawaki
- Laboratory for Cell Function Dynamics, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Peter J Tonge
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
| | - Stephen R Meech
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.
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18
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Iuliano JN, Gil AA, Laptenok SP, Hall CR, Collado JT, Lukacs A, Hag Ahmed SA, Abyad J, Daryaee T, Greetham GM, Sazanovich IV, Illarionov B, Bacher A, Fischer M, Towrie M, French JB, Meech SR, Tonge PJ. Variation in LOV Photoreceptor Activation Dynamics Probed by Time-Resolved Infrared Spectroscopy. Biochemistry 2018; 57:620-630. [PMID: 29239168 PMCID: PMC5801046 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b01040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The light, oxygen, voltage (LOV) domain proteins are blue light photoreceptors that utilize a noncovalently bound flavin mononucleotide (FMN) cofactor as the chromophore. The modular nature of these proteins has led to their wide adoption in the emerging fields of optogenetics and optobiology, where the LOV domain has been fused to a variety of output domains leading to novel light-controlled applications. In this work, we extend our studies of the subpicosecond to several hundred microsecond transient infrared spectroscopy of the isolated LOV domain AsLOV2 to three full-length photoreceptors in which the LOV domain is fused to an output domain: the LOV-STAS protein, YtvA, the LOV-HTH transcription factor, EL222, and the LOV-histidine kinase, LovK. Despite differences in tertiary structure, the overall pathway leading to cysteine adduct formation from the FMN triplet state is highly conserved, although there are slight variations in rate. However, significant differences are observed in the vibrational spectra and kinetics after adduct formation, which are directly linked to the specific output function of the LOV domain. While the rate of adduct formation varies by only 3.6-fold among the proteins, the subsequent large-scale structural changes in the full-length LOV photoreceptors occur over the micro- to submillisecond time scales and vary by orders of magnitude depending on the different output function of each LOV domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- James N. Iuliano
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, New York, 11794, United States
| | - Agnieszka A. Gil
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, New York, 11794, United States
| | | | | | | | - Andras Lukacs
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, U.K
- Department of Biophysics, Medical School, University of Pecs, Szigeti út 12, 7624 Pecs, Hungary
| | - Safaa A. Hag Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, New York, 11794, United States
| | - Jenna Abyad
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, New York, 11794, United States
| | - Taraneh Daryaee
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, New York, 11794, United States
| | - Gregory M. Greetham
- Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, OX11 0QX, U.K
| | - Igor V. Sazanovich
- Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, OX11 0QX, U.K
| | - Boris Illarionov
- Institut für Biochemie und Lebensmittelchemie, Universität Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Adelbert Bacher
- Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, D-85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Markus Fischer
- Institut für Biochemie und Lebensmittelchemie, Universität Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Towrie
- Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, OX11 0QX, U.K
| | - Jarrod B. French
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, New York, 11794, United States
| | - Stephen R. Meech
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, U.K
| | - Peter J. Tonge
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, New York, 11794, United States
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Gil AA, Laptenok SP, Iuliano JN, Lukacs A, Verma A, Hall CR, Yoon GE, Brust R, Greetham GM, Towrie M, French JB, Meech SR, Tonge PJ. Photoactivation of the BLUF Protein PixD Probed by the Site-Specific Incorporation of Fluorotyrosine Residues. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:14638-14648. [PMID: 28876066 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b07849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The flavin chromophore in blue-light-using FAD (BLUF) photoreceptors is surrounded by a hydrogen bond network that senses and responds to changes in the electronic structure of the flavin on the ultrafast time scale. The hydrogen bond network includes a strictly conserved Tyr residue, and previously we explored the role of this residue, Y21, in the photoactivation mechanism of the BLUF protein AppABLUF by the introduction of fluorotyrosine (F-Tyr) analogues that modulated the pKa and reduction potential of Y21 by 3.5 pH units and 200 mV, respectively. Although little impact on the forward (dark- to light-adapted form) photoreaction was observed, the change in Y21 pKa led to a 4000-fold increase in the rate of dark-state recovery. In the present work we have extended these studies to the BLUF protein PixD, where, in contrast to AppABLUF, modulation in the Tyr (Y8) pKa has a profound impact on the forward photoreaction. In particular, a decrease in Y8 pKa by 2 or more pH units prevents formation of a stable light state, consistent with a photoactivation mechanism that involves proton transfer or proton-coupled electron transfer from Y8 to the electronically excited FAD. Conversely, the effect of pKa on the rate of dark recovery is markedly reduced in PixD. These observations highlight very significant differences between the photocycles of PixD and AppABLUF, despite their sharing highly conserved FAD binding architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sergey P Laptenok
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia , Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, U.K
| | | | - Andras Lukacs
- Department of Biophysics, Medical School, University of Pecs , Pecs H-7622, Hungary
| | - Anil Verma
- Central Laser Facility, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus , Didcot, Oxon OX11 0QX, U.K
| | - Christopher R Hall
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia , Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, U.K
| | | | | | - Gregory M Greetham
- Central Laser Facility, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus , Didcot, Oxon OX11 0QX, U.K
| | - Michael Towrie
- Central Laser Facility, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus , Didcot, Oxon OX11 0QX, U.K
| | | | - Stephen R Meech
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia , Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, U.K
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Gil AA, Laptenok SP, French JB, Iuliano JN, Lukacs A, Hall CR, Sazanovich IV, Greetham GM, Bacher A, Illarionov B, Fischer M, Tonge PJ, Meech SR. Femtosecond to Millisecond Dynamics of Light Induced Allostery in the Avena sativa LOV Domain. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:1010-1019. [PMID: 28068090 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The rational engineering of photosensor proteins underpins the field of optogenetics, in which light is used for spatiotemporal control of cell signaling. Optogenetic elements function by converting electronic excitation of an embedded chromophore into structural changes on the microseconds to seconds time scale, which then modulate the activity of output domains responsible for biological signaling. Using time-resolved vibrational spectroscopy coupled with isotope labeling, we have mapped the structural evolution of the LOV2 domain of the flavin binding phototropin Avena sativa (AsLOV2) over 10 decades of time, reporting structural dynamics between 100 fs and 1 ms after optical excitation. The transient vibrational spectra contain contributions from both the flavin chromophore and the surrounding protein matrix. These contributions are resolved and assigned through the study of four different isotopically labeled samples. High signal-to-noise data permit the detailed analysis of kinetics associated with the light activated structural evolution. A pathway for the photocycle consistent with the data is proposed. The earliest events occur in the flavin binding pocket, where a subpicosecond perturbation of the protein matrix occurs. In this perturbed environment, the previously characterized reaction between triplet state isoalloxazine and an adjacent cysteine leads to formation of the adduct state; this step is shown to exhibit dispersive kinetics. This reaction promotes coupling of the optical excitation to successive time-dependent structural changes, initially in the β-sheet and then α-helix regions of the AsLOV2 domain, which ultimately gives rise to Jα-helix unfolding, yielding the signaling state. This model is tested through point mutagenesis, elucidating in particular the key mediating role played by Q513.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka A Gil
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University , New York 11794-3400, United States
| | - Sergey P Laptenok
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia , Norwich, NR4 7TJ, U.K
| | - Jarrod B French
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University , New York 11794-3400, United States
| | - James N Iuliano
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University , New York 11794-3400, United States
| | - Andras Lukacs
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia , Norwich, NR4 7TJ, U.K.,Department of Biophysics, Medical School, University of Pecs , Szigeti ut 12, 7624 Pecs, Hungary
| | | | - Igor V Sazanovich
- Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory , Didcot, Oxon OX11 0QX, U.K
| | - Gregory M Greetham
- Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory , Didcot, Oxon OX11 0QX, U.K
| | - Adelbert Bacher
- Department Chemie, Technische Universität München , D-85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Boris Illarionov
- Institut für Biochemie und Lebensmittelchemie, Universität Hamburg , Grindelallee 117, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markus Fischer
- Institut für Biochemie und Lebensmittelchemie, Universität Hamburg , Grindelallee 117, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Peter J Tonge
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University , New York 11794-3400, United States
| | - Stephen R Meech
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia , Norwich, NR4 7TJ, U.K
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Hemachandra LPMP, Shin DH, Dier U, Iuliano JN, Engelberth SA, Uusitalo LM, Murphy SK, Hempel N. Mitochondrial Superoxide Dismutase Has a Protumorigenic Role in Ovarian Clear Cell Carcinoma. Cancer Res 2015; 75:4973-84. [PMID: 26359457 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-3799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is the fourth leading cause of death due to cancer in women and comprises distinct histologic subtypes, which vary widely in their genetic profiles and tissues of origin. It is therefore imperative to understand the etiology of these distinct diseases. Ovarian clear cell carcinoma (OCCC), a very aggressive subtype, comprises >10% of EOCs. In the present study, we show that mitochondrial superoxide dismutase (Sod2) is highly expressed in OCCC compared with other EOC subtypes. Sod2 is an antioxidant enzyme that converts highly reactive superoxide (O2 (•-)) to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and oxygen (O2), and our data demonstrate that Sod2 is protumorigenic and prometastatic in OCCC. Inhibiting Sod2 expression reduces OCCC ES-2 cell tumor growth and metastasis in a chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) model. Similarly, cell proliferation, migration, spheroid attachment and outgrowth on collagen, and Akt phosphorylation are significantly decreased with reduced expression of Sod2. Mechanistically, we show that Sod2 has a dual function in supporting OCCC tumorigenicity and metastatic spread. First, Sod2 maintains highly functional mitochondria, by scavenging O2 (•-), to support the high metabolic activity of OCCC. Second, Sod2 alters the steady-state ROS balance to drive H2O2-mediated migration. While this higher steady-state H2O2 drives prometastatic behavior, it also presents a doubled-edged sword for OCCC, as it pushed the intracellular H2O2 threshold to enable more rapid killing by exogenous sources of H2O2. Understanding the complex interaction of antioxidants and ROS may provide novel therapeutic strategies to pursue for the treatment of this histologic EOC subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- L P Madhubhani P Hemachandra
- Nanobioscience Constellation, Colleges of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, State University of New York, Albany, New York
| | - Dong-Hui Shin
- Nanobioscience Constellation, Colleges of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, State University of New York, Albany, New York. Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Usawadee Dier
- Nanobioscience Constellation, Colleges of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, State University of New York, Albany, New York
| | - James N Iuliano
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Sarah A Engelberth
- Nanobioscience Constellation, Colleges of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, State University of New York, Albany, New York
| | - Larissa M Uusitalo
- Nanobioscience Constellation, Colleges of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, State University of New York, Albany, New York
| | - Susan K Murphy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Nadine Hempel
- Nanobioscience Constellation, Colleges of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, State University of New York, Albany, New York. Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania.
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Iuliano JN, Kutscha PD, Biderman NJ, Subbaram S, Groves TR, Tenenbaum SA, Hempel N. Metastatic bladder cancer cells distinctively sense and respond to physical cues of collagen fibril-mimetic nanotopography. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2014; 240:601-10. [PMID: 25465204 DOI: 10.1177/1535370214560973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor metastasis is characterized by enhanced invasiveness and migration of tumor cells through the extracellular matrix (ECM), resulting in extravasation into the blood and lymph and colonization at secondary sites. The ECM provides a physical scaffold consisting of components such as collagen fibrils, which have distinct dimensions at the nanoscale. In addition to the interaction of peptide moieties with tumor cell integrin clusters, the ECM provides a physical guide for tumor cell migration. Using nanolithography we set out to mimic the physical dimensions of collagen fibrils using lined nanotopographical silicon surfaces and to explore whether metastatic tumor cells are uniquely able to respond to these physical dimensions. Etched silicon surfaces containing nanoscale lined patterns with varying trench and ridge sizes (65-500 nm) were evaluated for their ability to distinguish between a non-metastatic (253 J) and a highly metastatic (253 J-BV) derivative bladder cancer cell line. Enhanced alignment was distinctively observed for the metastatic cell lines on feature sizes that mimic the dimensions of collagen fibrils (65-100 nm lines, 1:1-1:1.5 pitch). Further, these sub-100 nm lines acted as guides for migration of metastatic cancer cells. Interestingly, even at this subcellular scale, metastatic cell migration was abrogated when cells were forced to move perpendicular to these lines. Compared to flat surfaces, 65 nm lines enhanced the formation of actin stress fibers and filopodia of metastatic cells. This was accompanied by increased formation of focal contacts, visualized by immunofluorescent staining of phospho-focal adhesion kinase along the protruding lamellipodia. Simple lined nanotopography appears to be an informative platform for studying the physical cues of the ECM in a pseudo-3D format and likely mimics physical aspects of collagen fibrils. Metastatic cancer cells appear distinctively well adapted to sense these features using filopodia protrusions to enhance their alignment and migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- James N Iuliano
- Nanobioscience Constellation, College of Nanoscale Science, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12203, USA University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12203, USA
| | - Paul D Kutscha
- Nanobioscience Constellation, College of Nanoscale Science, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12203, USA University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12203, USA
| | - N J Biderman
- Nanoengineering Constellation, College of Nanoscale Engineering, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12203, USA University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12203, USA
| | - Sita Subbaram
- Center for Cell Biology and Cancer Research, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12209, USA
| | - Timothy R Groves
- Nanoengineering Constellation, College of Nanoscale Engineering, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12203, USA
| | - Scott A Tenenbaum
- Nanobioscience Constellation, College of Nanoscale Science, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12203, USA
| | - Nadine Hempel
- Nanobioscience Constellation, College of Nanoscale Science, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12203, USA
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