1
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Cheung-Lee WL, Kolev JN, McIntosh JA, Gil AA, Pan W, Xiao L, Velásquez JE, Gangam R, Winston MS, Li S, Abe K, Alwedi E, Dance ZEX, Fan H, Hiraga K, Kim J, Kosjek B, Le DN, Marzijarani NS, Mattern K, McMullen JP, Narsimhan K, Vikram A, Wang W, Yan JX, Yang RS, Zhang V, Zhong W, DiRocco DA, Morris WJ, Murphy GS, Maloney KM. Engineering Hydroxylase Activity, Selectivity, and Stability for a Scalable Concise Synthesis of a Key Intermediate to Belzutifan. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202316133. [PMID: 38279624 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202316133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Biocatalytic oxidations are an emerging technology for selective C-H bond activation. While promising for a range of selective oxidations, practical use of enzymes catalyzing aerobic hydroxylation is presently limited by their substrate scope and stability under industrially relevant conditions. Here, we report the engineering and practical application of a non-heme iron and α-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase for the direct stereo- and regio-selective hydroxylation of a non-native fluoroindanone en route to the oncology treatment belzutifan, replacing a five-step chemical synthesis with a direct enantioselective hydroxylation. Mechanistic studies indicated that formation of the desired product was limited by enzyme stability and product overoxidation, with these properties subsequently improved by directed evolution, yielding a biocatalyst capable of >15,000 total turnovers. Highlighting the industrial utility of this biocatalyst, the high-yielding, green, and efficient oxidation was demonstrated at kilogram scale for the synthesis of belzutifan.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joshua N Kolev
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - John A McIntosh
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Agnieszka A Gil
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Weilan Pan
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Li Xiao
- Modeling & Informatics, Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Juan E Velásquez
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Rekha Gangam
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Matthew S Winston
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Shasha Li
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Kotoe Abe
- Chemical Commercialization Technologies, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Embarek Alwedi
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Zachary E X Dance
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Haiyang Fan
- API Process Research & Development (Biocatalysis), Shanghai STA Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shanghai, 201507, China
| | - Kaori Hiraga
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Jungchul Kim
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Birgit Kosjek
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Diane N Le
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | | | - Keith Mattern
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | | | - Karthik Narsimhan
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Ajit Vikram
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Wei Wang
- API Process Research & Development (Biocatalysis), Shanghai STA Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shanghai, 201507, China
| | - Jia-Xuan Yan
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Rong-Sheng Yang
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Victoria Zhang
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Wendy Zhong
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Daniel A DiRocco
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - William J Morris
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Grant S Murphy
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Kevin M Maloney
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
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2
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He Y, Collado JT, Iuliano JN, Woroniecka HA, Hall CR, Gil AA, Laptenok SP, Greetham GM, Illarionov B, Bacher A, Fischer M, French JB, Lukacs A, Meech SR, Tonge PJ. Elucidating the Signal Transduction Mechanism of the Blue-Light-Regulated Photoreceptor YtvA: From Photoactivation to Downstream Regulation. ACS Chem Biol 2024; 19:696-706. [PMID: 38385342 PMCID: PMC10949197 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.3c00722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
The blue-light photoreceptor YtvA from Bacillus subtilis has an N-terminal flavin mononucleotide (FMN)-binding light-oxygen-voltage (LOV) domain that is fused to a C-terminal sulfate transporter and anti-σ factor antagonist (STAS) output domain. To interrogate the signal transduction pathway that leads to photoactivation, the STAS domain was replaced with a histidine kinase, so that photoexcitation of the flavin could be directly correlated with biological activity. N94, a conserved Asn that is hydrogen bonded to the FMN C2═O group, was replaced with Ala, Asp, and Ser residues to explore the role of this residue in triggering the structural dynamics that activate the output domain. Femtosecond to millisecond time-resolved multiple probe spectroscopy coupled with a fluorescence polarization assay revealed that the loss of the hydrogen bond between N94 and the C2═O group decoupled changes in the protein structure from photoexcitation. In addition, alterations in N94 also decreased the stability of the Cys-FMN adduct formed in the light-activated state by up to a factor of ∼25. Collectively, these studies shed light on the role of the hydrogen bonding network in the LOV β-scaffold in signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- YongLe He
- Department
of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | | | - James N. Iuliano
- Department
of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Helena A. Woroniecka
- Department
of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Christopher R. Hall
- Central
Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0QX, U.K.
| | - Agnieszka A. Gil
- Department
of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | | | - Gregory M. Greetham
- Central
Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0QX, U.K.
| | - Boris Illarionov
- Institut
für Biochemie und Lebensmittelchemie, Universität Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Adelbert Bacher
- Institut
für Biochemie und Lebensmittelchemie, Universität Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany
- TUM School
of Natural Sciences, Technical University
of Munich, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Markus Fischer
- Institut
für Biochemie und Lebensmittelchemie, Universität Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jarrod B. French
- Department
of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
- The
Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota 55912, United States
| | - Andras Lukacs
- School
of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, U.K.
- Department
of Biophysics, Medical School, University
of Pecs, Szigeti ut 12, 7624 Pecs, Hungary
| | - Stephen R. Meech
- School
of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, U.K.
| | - Peter J. Tonge
- Department
of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
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3
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Davoodi S, Daryaee F, Iuliano JN, Tolentino Collado J, He Y, Pollard AC, Gil AA, Aramini JM, Tonge PJ. Evaluating the Impact of the Tyr158 p Ka on the Mechanism and Inhibition of InhA, the Enoyl-ACP Reductase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Biochemistry 2023. [PMID: 37270808 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.2c00606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
InhA, the Mycobacterium tuberculosis enoyl-ACP reductase, is a target for the tuberculosis (TB) drug isoniazid (INH). InhA inhibitors that do not require KatG activation avoid the most common mechanism of INH resistance, and there are continuing efforts to fully elucidate the enzyme mechanism to drive inhibitor discovery. InhA is a member of the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase superfamily characterized by a conserved active site Tyr, Y158 in InhA. To explore the role of Y158 in the InhA mechanism, this residue has been replaced by fluoroTyr residues that increase the acidity of Y158 up to ∼3200-fold. Replacement of Y158 with 3-fluoroTyr (3-FY) and 3,5-difluoroTyr (3,5-F2Y) has no effect on kcatapp/KMapp nor on the binding of inhibitors to the open form of the enzyme (Kiapp), whereas both kcatapp/KMapp and Kiapp are altered by seven-fold for the 2,3,5-trifluoroTyr variant (2,3,5-F3Y158 InhA). 19F NMR spectroscopy suggests that 2,3,5-F3Y158 is ionized at neutral pH indicating that neither the acidity nor ionization state of residue 158 has a major impact on catalysis or on the binding of substrate-like inhibitors. In contrast, Ki*app is decreased 6- and 35-fold for the binding of the slow-onset inhibitor PT504 to 3,5-F2Y158 and 2,3,5-F3Y158 InhA, respectively, indicating that Y158 stabilizes the closed form of the enzyme adopted by EI*. The residence time of PT504 is reduced ∼four-fold for 2,3,5-F3Y158 InhA compared to wild-type, and thus, the hydrogen bonding interaction of the inhibitor with Y158 is an important factor in the design of InhA inhibitors with increased residence times on the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabnam Davoodi
- Center for Advanced Study of Drug Action, Stony Brook University, John S. Toll Drive, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, John S. Toll Drive, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
| | - Fereidoon Daryaee
- Center for Advanced Study of Drug Action, Stony Brook University, John S. Toll Drive, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, John S. Toll Drive, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
| | - James N Iuliano
- Center for Advanced Study of Drug Action, Stony Brook University, John S. Toll Drive, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, John S. Toll Drive, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
| | - Jinnette Tolentino Collado
- Center for Advanced Study of Drug Action, Stony Brook University, John S. Toll Drive, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, John S. Toll Drive, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
| | - YongLe He
- Center for Advanced Study of Drug Action, Stony Brook University, John S. Toll Drive, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, John S. Toll Drive, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
| | - Alyssa C Pollard
- Center for Advanced Study of Drug Action, Stony Brook University, John S. Toll Drive, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, John S. Toll Drive, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
| | - Agnieszka A Gil
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, John S. Toll Drive, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
| | - James M Aramini
- Structural Biology Initiative, CUNY Advanced Science Research Center, New York, New York 10031, United States
| | - Peter J Tonge
- Center for Advanced Study of Drug Action, Stony Brook University, John S. Toll Drive, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, John S. Toll Drive, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
- Department of Radiology, Stony Brook University, John S. Toll Drive, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
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4
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Iuliano JN, Collado JT, Gil AA, Ravindran PT, Lukacs A, Shin S, Woroniecka HA, Adamczyk K, Aramini JM, Edupuganti UR, Hall CR, Greetham GM, Sazanovich IV, Clark IP, Daryaee T, Toettcher JE, French JB, Gardner KH, Simmerling CL, Meech SR, Tonge PJ. Unraveling the Mechanism of a LOV Domain Optogenetic Sensor: A Glutamine Lever Induces Unfolding of the Jα Helix. ACS Chem Biol 2020; 15:2752-2765. [PMID: 32880430 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.0c00543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Light-activated protein domains provide a convenient, modular, and genetically encodable sensor for optogenetics and optobiology. Although these domains have now been deployed in numerous systems, the precise mechanism of photoactivation and the accompanying structural dynamics that modulate output domain activity remain to be fully elucidated. In the C-terminal light-oxygen-voltage (LOV) domain of plant phototropins (LOV2), blue light activation leads to formation of an adduct between a conserved Cys residue and the embedded FMN chromophore, rotation of a conserved Gln (Q513), and unfolding of a helix (Jα-helix) which is coupled to the output domain. In the present work, we focus on the allosteric pathways leading to Jα helix unfolding in Avena sativa LOV2 (AsLOV2) using an interdisciplinary approach involving molecular dynamics simulations extending to 7 μs, time-resolved infrared spectroscopy, solution NMR spectroscopy, and in-cell optogenetic experiments. In the dark state, the side chain of N414 is hydrogen bonded to the backbone N-H of Q513. The simulations predict a lever-like motion of Q513 after Cys adduct formation resulting in a loss of the interaction between the side chain of N414 and the backbone C═O of Q513, and formation of a transient hydrogen bond between the Q513 and N414 side chains. The central role of N414 in signal transduction was evaluated by site-directed mutagenesis supporting a direct link between Jα helix unfolding dynamics and the cellular function of the Zdk2-AsLOV2 optogenetic construct. Through this multifaceted approach, we show that Q513 and N414 are critical mediators of protein structural dynamics, linking the ultrafast (sub-ps) excitation of the FMN chromophore to the microsecond conformational changes that result in photoreceptor activation and biological function.
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Affiliation(s)
- James N. Iuliano
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, New York, 11794, United States
| | | | - Agnieszka A. Gil
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Pavithran T. Ravindran
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Andras Lukacs
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
- Department of Biophysics, Medical School, University of Pecs, Szigeti út 12, 7624 Pecs, Hungary
| | - SeungYoun Shin
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, New York, 11794, United States
| | | | - Katrin Adamczyk
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - James M. Aramini
- Structural Biology Initiative, CUNY Advanced Science Research Center, 85 St. Nicholas Terrace, New York, New York 10031, United States
| | - Uthama R. Edupuganti
- Structural Biology Initiative, CUNY Advanced Science Research Center, 85 St. Nicholas Terrace, New York, New York 10031, United States
- Ph.D. Program in Biochemistry, CUNY Graduate Center, New York, New York, United States
| | - Christopher R. Hall
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Gregory M. Greetham
- Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - Igor V. Sazanovich
- Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - Ian P. Clark
- Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - Taraneh Daryaee
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, New York, 11794, United States
| | - Jared E. Toettcher
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Jarrod B. French
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, New York, 11794, United States
- Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota 55912, United States
| | - Kevin H. Gardner
- Structural Biology Initiative, CUNY Advanced Science Research Center, 85 St. Nicholas Terrace, New York, New York 10031, United States
- Ph.D. Programs in Biochemistry, Biology, and Chemistry, CUNY Graduate Center, New York, New York, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, City College of New York, New York, New York, United States
| | | | - Stephen R. Meech
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J. Tonge
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, New York, 11794, United States
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5
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Gil AA, Carrasco-López C, Zhu L, Zhao EM, Ravindran PT, Wilson MZ, Goglia AG, Avalos JL, Toettcher JE. Optogenetic control of protein binding using light-switchable nanobodies. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4044. [PMID: 32792536 PMCID: PMC7426870 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17836-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing number of optogenetic tools have been developed to reversibly control binding between two engineered protein domains. In contrast, relatively few tools confer light-switchable binding to a generic target protein of interest. Such a capability would offer substantial advantages, enabling photoswitchable binding to endogenous target proteins in cells or light-based protein purification in vitro. Here, we report the development of opto-nanobodies (OptoNBs), a versatile class of chimeric photoswitchable proteins whose binding to proteins of interest can be enhanced or inhibited upon blue light illumination. We find that OptoNBs are suitable for a range of applications including reversibly binding to endogenous intracellular targets, modulating signaling pathway activity, and controlling binding to purified protein targets in vitro. This work represents a step towards programmable photoswitchable regulation of a wide variety of target proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka A Gil
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - César Carrasco-López
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Liyuan Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Evan M Zhao
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | | | - Maxwell Z Wilson
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Alexander G Goglia
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - José L Avalos
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA.
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA.
- Andlinger Center for Energy and the Environment, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA.
| | - Jared E Toettcher
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA.
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA.
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6
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Carrasco-López C, Zhao EM, Gil AA, Alam N, Toettcher JE, Avalos JL. Development of light-responsive protein binding in the monobody non-immunoglobulin scaffold. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4045. [PMID: 32792484 PMCID: PMC7427095 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17837-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Monobodies are synthetic non-immunoglobulin customizable protein binders invaluable to basic and applied research, and of considerable potential as future therapeutics and diagnostic tools. The ability to reversibly control their binding activity to their targets on demand would significantly expand their applications in biotechnology, medicine, and research. Here we present, as proof-of-principle, the development of a light-controlled monobody (OptoMB) that works in vitro and in cells and whose affinity for its SH2-domain target exhibits a 330-fold shift in binding affinity upon illumination. We demonstrate that our αSH2-OptoMB can be used to purify SH2-tagged proteins directly from crude E. coli extract, achieving 99.8% purity and over 40% yield in a single purification step. By virtue of their ability to be designed to bind any protein of interest, OptoMBs have the potential to find new powerful applications as light-switchable binders of untagged proteins with the temporal and spatial precision afforded by light.
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Affiliation(s)
- César Carrasco-López
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Evan M Zhao
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Agnieszka A Gil
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Nathan Alam
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Jared E Toettcher
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA.
| | - José L Avalos
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA.
- Andlinger Center for Energy and the Environment, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA.
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7
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Karadi K, Kapetanaki SM, Raics K, Pecsi I, Kapronczai R, Fekete Z, Iuliano JN, Collado JT, Gil AA, Orban J, Nyitrai M, Greetham GM, Vos MH, Tonge PJ, Meech SR, Lukacs A. Functional dynamics of a single tryptophan residue in a BLUF protein revealed by fluorescence spectroscopy. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2061. [PMID: 32029866 PMCID: PMC7005313 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59073-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Blue Light Using Flavin (BLUF) domains are increasingly being adopted for use in optogenetic constructs. Despite this, much remains to be resolved on the mechanism of their activation. The advent of unnatural amino acid mutagenesis opens up a new toolbox for the study of protein structural dynamics. The tryptophan analogue, 7-aza-Trp (7AW) was incorporated in the BLUF domain of the Activation of Photopigment and pucA (AppA) photoreceptor in order to investigate the functional dynamics of the crucial W104 residue during photoactivation of the protein. The 7-aza modification to Trp makes selective excitation possible using 310 nm excitation and 380 nm emission, separating the signals of interest from other Trp and Tyr residues. We used Förster energy transfer (FRET) between 7AW and the flavin to estimate the distance between Trp and flavin in both the light- and dark-adapted states in solution. Nanosecond fluorescence anisotropy decay and picosecond fluorescence lifetime measurements for the flavin revealed a rather dynamic picture for the tryptophan residue. In the dark-adapted state, the major population of W104 is pointing away from the flavin and can move freely, in contrast to previous results reported in the literature. Upon blue-light excitation, the dominant tryptophan population is reorganized, moves closer to the flavin occupying a rigidly bound state participating in the hydrogen-bond network around the flavin molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristof Karadi
- Department of Biophysics, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624, Pécs, Hungary.,Szentagothai Research Center, University of Pécs, 7624, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Sofia M Kapetanaki
- Department of Biophysics, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624, Pécs, Hungary.,Szentagothai Research Center, University of Pécs, 7624, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Katalin Raics
- Department of Biophysics, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Ildiko Pecsi
- Department of Biophysics, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Robert Kapronczai
- Department of Biophysics, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Fekete
- Department of Biophysics, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624, Pécs, Hungary
| | - James N Iuliano
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-3400, USA
| | | | - Agnieszka A Gil
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-3400, USA
| | - Jozsef Orban
- Department of Biophysics, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Miklos Nyitrai
- Department of Biophysics, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624, Pécs, Hungary.,Szentagothai Research Center, University of Pécs, 7624, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Greg M Greetham
- Central Laser Facility, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Marten H Vos
- LOB, CNRS, INSERM, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91128, Palaiseau, Cedex, France
| | - Peter J Tonge
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-3400, USA
| | - Stephen R Meech
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Andras Lukacs
- Department of Biophysics, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624, Pécs, Hungary. .,Szentagothai Research Center, University of Pécs, 7624, Pécs, Hungary.
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8
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Hall CR, Tolentino Collado J, Iuliano JN, Gil AA, Adamczyk K, Lukacs A, Greetham GM, Sazanovich I, Tonge PJ, Meech SR. Site-Specific Protein Dynamics Probed by Ultrafast Infrared Spectroscopy of a Noncanonical Amino Acid. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:9592-9597. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b09425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - James N. Iuliano
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
| | - Agnieszka A. Gil
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
| | - Katrin Adamczyk
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, U.K
| | - Andras Lukacs
- Department of Biophysics, Medical School, University of Pecs, Szigeti ut 12, 7624 Pecs, Hungary
| | - Gregory M. Greetham
- Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxon OX11 0QX, U.K
| | - Igor Sazanovich
- Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxon OX11 0QX, U.K
| | - Peter J. Tonge
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
| | - Stephen R. Meech
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, U.K
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9
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Dine E, Gil AA, Uribe G, Brangwynne CP, Toettcher JE. Protein Phase Separation Provides Long-Term Memory of Transient Spatial Stimuli. Cell Syst 2018; 6:655-663.e5. [PMID: 29859829 PMCID: PMC6023754 DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Protein/RNA clusters arise frequently in spatially regulated biological processes, from the asymmetric distribution of P granules and PAR proteins in developing embryos to localized receptor oligomers in migratory cells. This co-occurrence suggests that protein clusters might possess intrinsic properties that make them a useful substrate for spatial regulation. Here, we demonstrate that protein droplets show a robust form of spatial memory, maintaining the spatial pattern of an inhibitor of droplet formation long after it has been removed. Despite this persistence, droplets can be highly dynamic, continuously exchanging monomers with the diffuse phase. We investigate the principles of biophysical spatial memory in three contexts: a computational model of phase separation; a novel optogenetic system where light can drive rapid, localized dissociation of liquid-like protein droplets; and membrane-localized signal transduction from clusters of receptor tyrosine kinases. Our results suggest that the persistent polarization underlying many cellular and developmental processes could arise through a simple biophysical process, without any additional biochemical feedback loops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliot Dine
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Agnieszka A Gil
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Giselle Uribe
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Clifford P Brangwynne
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Jared E Toettcher
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
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10
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Laptenok SP, Gil AA, Hall CR, Lukacs A, Iuliano JN, Jones GA, Greetham GM, Donaldson P, Miyawaki A, Tonge PJ, Meech SR. Infrared spectroscopy reveals multi-step multi-timescale photoactivation in the photoconvertible protein archetype dronpa. Nat Chem 2018; 10:845-852. [PMID: 29892029 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-018-0073-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Photochromic fluorescent proteins play key roles in super-resolution microscopy and optogenetics. The light-driven structural changes that modulate the fluorescence involve both trans-to-cis isomerization and proton transfer. The mechanism, timescale and relative contribution of chromophore and protein dynamics are currently not well understood. Here, the mechanism of off-to-on-state switching in dronpa is studied using femtosecond-to-millisecond time-resolved infrared spectroscopy and isotope labelling. Chromophore and protein dynamics are shown to occur on multiple timescales, from picoseconds to hundreds of microseconds. Following excitation of the trans chromophore, a ground-state primary product is formed within picoseconds. Surprisingly, the characteristic vibrational spectrum of the neutral cis isomer appears only after several tens of nanoseconds. Further fluctuations in protein structure around the neutral cis chromophore are required to form a new intermediate, which promotes the final proton-transfer reaction. These data illustrate the interplay between chromophore dynamics and the protein environment underlying fluorescent protein photochromism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey P Laptenok
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.,Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Agnieszka A Gil
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.,Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Christopher R Hall
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andras Lukacs
- Department of Biophysics, Medical School, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - James N Iuliano
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Garth A Jones
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Gregory M Greetham
- Central Laser Facility, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Paul Donaldson
- Central Laser Facility, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Atsushi Miyawaki
- Laboratory for Cell Function Dynamics, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Peter J Tonge
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
| | - Stephen R Meech
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.
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11
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Iuliano JN, Gil AA, Laptenok SP, Hall CR, Collado JT, Lukacs A, Hag Ahmed SA, Abyad J, Daryaee T, Greetham GM, Sazanovich IV, Illarionov B, Bacher A, Fischer M, Towrie M, French JB, Meech SR, Tonge PJ. Variation in LOV Photoreceptor Activation Dynamics Probed by Time-Resolved Infrared Spectroscopy. Biochemistry 2018; 57:620-630. [PMID: 29239168 PMCID: PMC5801046 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b01040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The light, oxygen, voltage (LOV) domain proteins are blue light photoreceptors that utilize a noncovalently bound flavin mononucleotide (FMN) cofactor as the chromophore. The modular nature of these proteins has led to their wide adoption in the emerging fields of optogenetics and optobiology, where the LOV domain has been fused to a variety of output domains leading to novel light-controlled applications. In this work, we extend our studies of the subpicosecond to several hundred microsecond transient infrared spectroscopy of the isolated LOV domain AsLOV2 to three full-length photoreceptors in which the LOV domain is fused to an output domain: the LOV-STAS protein, YtvA, the LOV-HTH transcription factor, EL222, and the LOV-histidine kinase, LovK. Despite differences in tertiary structure, the overall pathway leading to cysteine adduct formation from the FMN triplet state is highly conserved, although there are slight variations in rate. However, significant differences are observed in the vibrational spectra and kinetics after adduct formation, which are directly linked to the specific output function of the LOV domain. While the rate of adduct formation varies by only 3.6-fold among the proteins, the subsequent large-scale structural changes in the full-length LOV photoreceptors occur over the micro- to submillisecond time scales and vary by orders of magnitude depending on the different output function of each LOV domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- James N. Iuliano
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, New York, 11794, United States
| | - Agnieszka A. Gil
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, New York, 11794, United States
| | | | | | | | - Andras Lukacs
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, U.K
- Department of Biophysics, Medical School, University of Pecs, Szigeti út 12, 7624 Pecs, Hungary
| | - Safaa A. Hag Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, New York, 11794, United States
| | - Jenna Abyad
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, New York, 11794, United States
| | - Taraneh Daryaee
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, New York, 11794, United States
| | - Gregory M. Greetham
- Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, OX11 0QX, U.K
| | - Igor V. Sazanovich
- Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, OX11 0QX, U.K
| | - Boris Illarionov
- Institut für Biochemie und Lebensmittelchemie, Universität Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Adelbert Bacher
- Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, D-85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Markus Fischer
- Institut für Biochemie und Lebensmittelchemie, Universität Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Towrie
- Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, OX11 0QX, U.K
| | - Jarrod B. French
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, New York, 11794, United States
| | - Stephen R. Meech
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, U.K
| | - Peter J. Tonge
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, New York, 11794, United States
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12
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Gil AA, Laptenok SP, Iuliano JN, Lukacs A, Verma A, Hall CR, Yoon GE, Brust R, Greetham GM, Towrie M, French JB, Meech SR, Tonge PJ. Photoactivation of the BLUF Protein PixD Probed by the Site-Specific Incorporation of Fluorotyrosine Residues. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:14638-14648. [PMID: 28876066 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b07849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The flavin chromophore in blue-light-using FAD (BLUF) photoreceptors is surrounded by a hydrogen bond network that senses and responds to changes in the electronic structure of the flavin on the ultrafast time scale. The hydrogen bond network includes a strictly conserved Tyr residue, and previously we explored the role of this residue, Y21, in the photoactivation mechanism of the BLUF protein AppABLUF by the introduction of fluorotyrosine (F-Tyr) analogues that modulated the pKa and reduction potential of Y21 by 3.5 pH units and 200 mV, respectively. Although little impact on the forward (dark- to light-adapted form) photoreaction was observed, the change in Y21 pKa led to a 4000-fold increase in the rate of dark-state recovery. In the present work we have extended these studies to the BLUF protein PixD, where, in contrast to AppABLUF, modulation in the Tyr (Y8) pKa has a profound impact on the forward photoreaction. In particular, a decrease in Y8 pKa by 2 or more pH units prevents formation of a stable light state, consistent with a photoactivation mechanism that involves proton transfer or proton-coupled electron transfer from Y8 to the electronically excited FAD. Conversely, the effect of pKa on the rate of dark recovery is markedly reduced in PixD. These observations highlight very significant differences between the photocycles of PixD and AppABLUF, despite their sharing highly conserved FAD binding architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sergey P Laptenok
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia , Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, U.K
| | | | - Andras Lukacs
- Department of Biophysics, Medical School, University of Pecs , Pecs H-7622, Hungary
| | - Anil Verma
- Central Laser Facility, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus , Didcot, Oxon OX11 0QX, U.K
| | - Christopher R Hall
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia , Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, U.K
| | | | | | - Gregory M Greetham
- Central Laser Facility, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus , Didcot, Oxon OX11 0QX, U.K
| | - Michael Towrie
- Central Laser Facility, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus , Didcot, Oxon OX11 0QX, U.K
| | | | - Stephen R Meech
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia , Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, U.K
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13
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Hall CR, Heisler IA, Jones GA, Frost JE, Gil AA, Tonge PJ, Meech SR. Femtosecond stimulated Raman study of the photoactive flavoprotein AppABLUF. Chem Phys Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2017.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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14
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Gil AA, Laptenok SP, French JB, Iuliano JN, Lukacs A, Hall CR, Sazanovich IV, Greetham GM, Bacher A, Illarionov B, Fischer M, Tonge PJ, Meech SR. Femtosecond to Millisecond Dynamics of Light Induced Allostery in the Avena sativa LOV Domain. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:1010-1019. [PMID: 28068090 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The rational engineering of photosensor proteins underpins the field of optogenetics, in which light is used for spatiotemporal control of cell signaling. Optogenetic elements function by converting electronic excitation of an embedded chromophore into structural changes on the microseconds to seconds time scale, which then modulate the activity of output domains responsible for biological signaling. Using time-resolved vibrational spectroscopy coupled with isotope labeling, we have mapped the structural evolution of the LOV2 domain of the flavin binding phototropin Avena sativa (AsLOV2) over 10 decades of time, reporting structural dynamics between 100 fs and 1 ms after optical excitation. The transient vibrational spectra contain contributions from both the flavin chromophore and the surrounding protein matrix. These contributions are resolved and assigned through the study of four different isotopically labeled samples. High signal-to-noise data permit the detailed analysis of kinetics associated with the light activated structural evolution. A pathway for the photocycle consistent with the data is proposed. The earliest events occur in the flavin binding pocket, where a subpicosecond perturbation of the protein matrix occurs. In this perturbed environment, the previously characterized reaction between triplet state isoalloxazine and an adjacent cysteine leads to formation of the adduct state; this step is shown to exhibit dispersive kinetics. This reaction promotes coupling of the optical excitation to successive time-dependent structural changes, initially in the β-sheet and then α-helix regions of the AsLOV2 domain, which ultimately gives rise to Jα-helix unfolding, yielding the signaling state. This model is tested through point mutagenesis, elucidating in particular the key mediating role played by Q513.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka A Gil
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University , New York 11794-3400, United States
| | - Sergey P Laptenok
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia , Norwich, NR4 7TJ, U.K
| | - Jarrod B French
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University , New York 11794-3400, United States
| | - James N Iuliano
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University , New York 11794-3400, United States
| | - Andras Lukacs
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia , Norwich, NR4 7TJ, U.K.,Department of Biophysics, Medical School, University of Pecs , Szigeti ut 12, 7624 Pecs, Hungary
| | | | - Igor V Sazanovich
- Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory , Didcot, Oxon OX11 0QX, U.K
| | - Gregory M Greetham
- Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory , Didcot, Oxon OX11 0QX, U.K
| | - Adelbert Bacher
- Department Chemie, Technische Universität München , D-85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Boris Illarionov
- Institut für Biochemie und Lebensmittelchemie, Universität Hamburg , Grindelallee 117, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markus Fischer
- Institut für Biochemie und Lebensmittelchemie, Universität Hamburg , Grindelallee 117, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Peter J Tonge
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University , New York 11794-3400, United States
| | - Stephen R Meech
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia , Norwich, NR4 7TJ, U.K
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15
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Abstract
PURPOSE Uncontrolled studies have shown that women with gout have higher serum urate concentrations and similar or lower urinary uric acid excretion rates than do men with gout. These observations suggest a more defective tubular transport of uric acid in women than in men with gout. In this prospective study we assessed purine metabolism in women with primary gout under controlled conditions. We also examined whether there are sex-related differences in plasma and urinary purine concentrations among patients with primary gout. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Ten women with crystal-proved primary gout and normal serum creatinine levels (below 116 mmol/L) were studied while they were on a purine-restricted diet and taking no medications known to influence uric acid metabolism. For comparison, 20 men with primary gout and 10 women without gout, matched for age, race, and body mass index, were studied under the same conditions. In each subject, plasma and 24-hour urinary uric acid, hypoxanthine, and xanthine concentrations were measured. The mean of three consecutive determinations for plasma purines and five for urinary purines was used. Standard formulas were used to calculate the renal clearances and the fractional excretion of purines. RESULTS Mean plasma urate, hypoxanthine, and xanthine levels were significantly higher in women patients with primary gout compared with normal women (P < 0.05). Mean 24-hour urinary uric acid excretion was similar in both groups. Daily urinary hypoxanthine and xanthine excretion rates were significantly lower in gouty women patients than in control women (P < 0.05). The renal clearances and the fractional excretion of uric acid, hypoxanthine, and xanthine were markedly lower in women with primary gout than in control women (P < 0.05). Plasma and urinary purine concentrations were similarly increased and diminished, respectively, in women and men patients with primary gout. Plasma urate, hypoxanthine, and xanthine levels were inversely and significantly associated with the fractional excretion of uric acid (r = -0.520; P = 0.003), hypoxanthine (r = -0.555; P = 0.002), and xanthine (r = -0.384; P = 0.040), respectively. CONCLUSION Women with primary gout have markedly diminished uric acid, hypoxanthine, and xanthine excretion rates. The disturbance of purine metabolism appears to be of a similar magnitude to that observed in gouty men. The absence of significant sex-related differences in plasma and urinary purine concentrations suggests a similar tubular dysfunction for purine excretion in women and men with primary gout.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Puig
- La Paz University Hospital, Division of Internal Medicine, Madrid, Spain
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Puig JG, Miranda ME, Mateos FA, Picazo ML, Jiménez ML, Calvin TS, Gil AA. Hereditary nephropathy associated with hyperuricemia and gout. Arch Intern Med 1993; 153:357-65. [PMID: 8427538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The clinical characteristics of hereditary nephropathy associated with hyperuricemia or gout have not been fully described, and the pathogenetic role of increased serum urate concentration is controversial. METHODS We examined the clinical characteristics of 14 patients and purine metabolism of seven patients, while they were on a purine-restricted diet, in two families with hereditary nephropathy associated with asymptomatic hyperuricemia or gout. Results of plasma and urinary purine measurements were compared with those obtained in 25 patients with gout and renal insufficiency and in 25 normal subjects. Eight subjects in both families were followed up for a mean of 44 months. Allopurinol was given to all patients and enalapril maleate to hypertensive subjects. RESULTS All patients had some combination of hyperuricemia, gout, renal insufficiency, arterial hypertension, and reduced kidney size. Decreased glomerular filtration rate was proportional to the decreased renal plasma flow. Renal vascular resistance was markedly increased in the patients with diminished renal plasma flow. All patients with familial nephropathy showed diminished urinary uric acid, hypoxanthine, and xanthine excretion rates. Purine under-excretion was more severe in affected patients with familial nephropathy than in patients with gout and renal insufficiency. Kidney biopsy specimens from three patients with familial nephropathy showed tubulointerstitial lesions and ischemic changes in glomeruli but no uric acid crystals. The kidney uric acid content was normal. Allopurinol treatment normalized serum urate levels, but serum creatinine concentrations increased and creatinine clearance decreased in all patients with familial nephropathy. One patient with gout only at initial evaluation developed renal failure during the follow-up period. CONCLUSIONS Increased serum urate concentrations in hereditary nephropathy associated with hyperuricemia and gout are due to severe impairment of uric acid excretion. Hyperuricemia does not appear, however, to be of pathogenetic relevance and may be a consequence of a primary disruption of renal hemodynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Puig
- Division of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
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Puig JG, Mateos FA, Jiménez ML, Ramos T, Capitán MC, Gil AA. Impaired renal excretion of hypoxanthine and xanthine in primary gout. Adv Exp Med Biol 1989; 253A:269-76. [PMID: 2624202 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-5673-8_45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J G Puig
- Department of Internal Medicine, La Paz Hospital, Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Spain
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18
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Gaviria M, Gil AA, Javaid JI. Nortriptyline kinetics in Hispanic and Anglo subjects. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1986; 6:227-31. [PMID: 3734142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Nortriptyline kinetics are compared between 10 Hispanic and 10 Anglo healthy, nondepressed volunteers matched for age, sex, and weight. All subjects were given a single oral dose of 75 mg of nortriptyline, and blood samples were drawn at various times over the next 96 hours. Nortriptyline concentration in plasma was determined by gas chromatography with nitrogen detector. From the nortriptyline concentration in plasma and time curve, various kinetic parameters were computed for each individual. There were large interindividual differences in various kinetic parameters. However, no statistically significant differences were found in any of the kinetic parameters between the Hispanic and Anglo groups. These results suggest that there are no major differences in pharmacokinetics and that purported hypersensitivity in Hispanic depressed patients to antidepressant treatment may be due to receptor hypersensitivity.
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Gaspar GA, Puig JG, Mateos FA, Oria CR, Gomez ME, Gil AA. Hypouricemia due to renal urate wasting: different types of tubular transport defects. Adv Exp Med Biol 1986; 195 Pt A:357-63. [PMID: 3728167 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-5104-7_61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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