1
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Yang L, Wang Y, Wang X, Shafique S, Zheng F, Huang L, Liu X, Zhang J, Zhu Y, Xiao C, Hu Z. Identification the Role of Grain Boundaries in Polycrystalline Photovoltaics via Advanced Atomic Force Microscope. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2304362. [PMID: 37752782 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202304362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Atomicforce microscopy (AFM)-based scanning probing techniques, including Kelvinprobe force microscopy (KPFM) and conductive atomic force microscopy (C-AFM), have been widely applied to investigate thelocal electromagnetic, physical, or molecular characteristics of functional materials on a microscopic scale. The microscopic inhomogeneities of the electronic properties of polycrystalline photovoltaic materials can be examined by these advanced AFM techniques, which bridge the local properties of materials to overall device performance and guide the optimization of the photovoltaic devices. In this review, the critical roles of local optoelectronic heterogeneities, especially at grain interiors (GIs) and grain boundaries (GBs) of polycrystalline photovoltaic materials, including versatile polycrystalline silicon, inorganic compound materials, and emerging halide perovskites, studied by KPFM and C-AFM, are systematically identified. How the band alignment and electrical properties of GIs and GBs affect the carrier transport behavior are discussed from the respective of photovoltaic research. Further exploiting the potential of such AFM-based techniques upon a summary of their up-to-date applications in polycrystalline photovoltaic materials is beneficial to acomprehensive understanding of the design and manipulation principles of thenovel solar cells and facilitating the development of the next-generation photovoltaics and optoelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Yang
- Department of Microelectronic Science and Engineering, Laboratory of Clean Energy Storage and Conversion, School of Physical Science and Technology, Ningbo Collaborative Innovation Center of Nonlinear Calamity System of Ocean and Atmosphere, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Yanyan Wang
- Department of Microelectronic Science and Engineering, Laboratory of Clean Energy Storage and Conversion, School of Physical Science and Technology, Ningbo Collaborative Innovation Center of Nonlinear Calamity System of Ocean and Atmosphere, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
- Center for Micro-Nano Systems, School of Information Science and Technology (SIST), Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Microelectronic Science and Engineering, Laboratory of Clean Energy Storage and Conversion, School of Physical Science and Technology, Ningbo Collaborative Innovation Center of Nonlinear Calamity System of Ocean and Atmosphere, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Shareen Shafique
- Department of Microelectronic Science and Engineering, Laboratory of Clean Energy Storage and Conversion, School of Physical Science and Technology, Ningbo Collaborative Innovation Center of Nonlinear Calamity System of Ocean and Atmosphere, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Fei Zheng
- Department of Microelectronic Science and Engineering, Laboratory of Clean Energy Storage and Conversion, School of Physical Science and Technology, Ningbo Collaborative Innovation Center of Nonlinear Calamity System of Ocean and Atmosphere, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Like Huang
- Department of Microelectronic Science and Engineering, Laboratory of Clean Energy Storage and Conversion, School of Physical Science and Technology, Ningbo Collaborative Innovation Center of Nonlinear Calamity System of Ocean and Atmosphere, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- Department of Microelectronic Science and Engineering, Laboratory of Clean Energy Storage and Conversion, School of Physical Science and Technology, Ningbo Collaborative Innovation Center of Nonlinear Calamity System of Ocean and Atmosphere, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Microelectronic Science and Engineering, Laboratory of Clean Energy Storage and Conversion, School of Physical Science and Technology, Ningbo Collaborative Innovation Center of Nonlinear Calamity System of Ocean and Atmosphere, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Yuejin Zhu
- School of Science and Engineering, College of Science and Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315300, China
| | - Chuanxiao Xiao
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315201, China
| | - Ziyang Hu
- Department of Microelectronic Science and Engineering, Laboratory of Clean Energy Storage and Conversion, School of Physical Science and Technology, Ningbo Collaborative Innovation Center of Nonlinear Calamity System of Ocean and Atmosphere, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
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2
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Zhang H, Pfeifer L, Zakeeruddin SM, Chu J, Grätzel M. Tailoring passivators for highly efficient and stable perovskite solar cells. Nat Rev Chem 2023; 7:632-652. [PMID: 37464018 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-023-00510-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
There is an ongoing global effort to advance emerging perovskite solar cells (PSCs), and many of these endeavours are focused on developing new compositions, processing methods and passivation strategies. In particular, the use of passivators to reduce the defects in perovskite materials has been demonstrated to be an effective approach for enhancing the photovoltaic performance and long-term stability of PSCs. Organic passivators have received increasing attention since the late 2010s as their structures and properties can readily be modified. First, this Review discusses the main types of defect in perovskite materials and reviews their properties. We examine the deleterious impact of defects on device efficiency and stability and highlight how defects facilitate extrinsic degradation pathways. Second, the proven use of different passivator designs to mitigate these negative effects is discussed, and possible defect passivation mechanisms are presented. Finally, we propose four specific directions for future research, which, in our opinion, will be crucial for unlocking the full potential of PSCs using the concept of defect passivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Science and Technology, Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Intelligent Optoelectronics and Perception, Institute of Optoelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China.
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China.
| | - Lukas Pfeifer
- Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Shaik M Zakeeruddin
- Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Junhao Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Science and Technology, Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Intelligent Optoelectronics and Perception, Institute of Optoelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Michael Grätzel
- Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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3
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Szostak R, de Souza Gonçalves A, de Freitas JN, Marchezi PE, de Araújo FL, Tolentino HCN, Toney MF, das Chagas Marques F, Nogueira AF. In Situ and Operando Characterizations of Metal Halide Perovskite and Solar Cells: Insights from Lab-Sized Devices to Upscaling Processes. Chem Rev 2023; 123:3160-3236. [PMID: 36877871 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
The performance and stability of metal halide perovskite solar cells strongly depend on precursor materials and deposition methods adopted during the perovskite layer preparation. There are often a number of different formation pathways available when preparing perovskite films. Since the precise pathway and intermediary mechanisms affect the resulting properties of the cells, in situ studies have been conducted to unravel the mechanisms involved in the formation and evolution of perovskite phases. These studies contributed to the development of procedures to improve the structural, morphological, and optoelectronic properties of the films and to move beyond spin-coating, with the use of scalable techniques. To explore the performance and degradation of devices, operando studies have been conducted on solar cells subjected to normal operating conditions, or stressed with humidity, high temperatures, and light radiation. This review presents an update of studies conducted in situ using a wide range of structural, imaging, and spectroscopic techniques, involving the formation/degradation of halide perovskites. Operando studies are also addressed, emphasizing the latest degradation results for perovskite solar cells. These works demonstrate the importance of in situ and operando studies to achieve the level of stability required for scale-up and consequent commercial deployment of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Szostak
- Laboratório de Nanotecnologia e Energia Solar (LNES), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
- Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), 13083-100 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Agnaldo de Souza Gonçalves
- Laboratório de Nanotecnologia e Energia Solar (LNES), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
- Gleb Wataghin Institute of Physics, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-859 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Jilian Nei de Freitas
- Center for Information Technology Renato Archer (CTI), 13069-901 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo E Marchezi
- Laboratório de Nanotecnologia e Energia Solar (LNES), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
- Department of Engineering and Physics, Karlstad University, 651 88 Karlstad, Sweden
| | - Francineide Lopes de Araújo
- Laboratório de Nanotecnologia e Energia Solar (LNES), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Hélio Cesar Nogueira Tolentino
- Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), 13083-100 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Michael F Toney
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, and Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | | | - Ana Flavia Nogueira
- Laboratório de Nanotecnologia e Energia Solar (LNES), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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4
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Nie T, Fang Z, Ren X, Duan Y, Liu SF. Recent Advances in Wide-Bandgap Organic-Inorganic Halide Perovskite Solar Cells and Tandem Application. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2023; 15:70. [PMID: 36943501 PMCID: PMC10030759 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-023-01040-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Perovskite-based tandem solar cells have attracted increasing interest because of its great potential to surpass the Shockley-Queisser limit set for single-junction solar cells. In the tandem architectures, the wide-bandgap (WBG) perovskites act as the front absorber to offer higher open-circuit voltage (VOC) for reduced thermalization losses. Taking advantage of tunable bandgap of the perovskite materials, the WBG perovskites can be easily obtained by substituting halide iodine with bromine, and substituting organic ions FA and MA with Cs. To date, the most concerned issues for the WBG perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are huge VOC deficit and severe photo-induced phase separation. Reducing VOC loss and improving photostability of the WBG PSCs are crucial for further efficiency breakthrough. Recently, scientists have made great efforts to overcome these key issues with tremendous progresses. In this review, we first summarize the recent progress of WBG perovskites from the aspects of compositions, additives, charge transport layers, interfaces and preparation methods. The key factors affecting efficiency and stability are then carefully discussed, which would provide decent guidance to develop highly efficient and stable WBG PSCs for tandem application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Nie
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Zhimin Fang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China.
| | - Xiaodong Ren
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Yuwei Duan
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Shengzhong Frank Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China.
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, iChEM, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China.
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5
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Svanström S, García Fernández A, Sloboda T, Jacobsson TJ, Zhang F, Johansson FOL, Kühn D, Céolin D, Rueff JP, Sun L, Aitola K, Rensmo H, Cappel UB. Direct Measurements of Interfacial Photovoltage and Band Alignment in Perovskite Solar Cells Using Hard X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:12485-12494. [PMID: 36847773 PMCID: PMC9999345 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c17527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A heterojunction is the key junction for charge extraction in many thin film solar cell technologies. However, the structure and band alignment of the heterojunction in the operating device are often difficult to predict from calculations and, due to the complexity and narrow thickness of the interface, are difficult to measure directly. In this study, we demonstrate a technique for direct measurement of the band alignment and interfacial electric field variations of a fully functional lead halide perovskite solar cell structure under operating conditions using hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HAXPES). We describe the design considerations required in both the solar cell devices and the measurement setup and show results for the perovskite, hole transport, and gold layers at the back contact of the solar cell. For the investigated design, the HAXPES measurements suggest that 70% of the photovoltage was generated at this back contact, distributed rather equally between the hole transport material/gold interface and the perovskite/hole transport material interface. In addition, we were also able to reconstruct the band alignment at the back contact at equilibrium in the dark and at open circuit under illumination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Svanström
- Condensed Matter Physics of Energy
Materials, Division of X-ray Photon Science, Department of Physics
and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Alberto García Fernández
- Division
of Applied Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tamara Sloboda
- Division
of Applied Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - T. Jesper Jacobsson
- Institute
of Photoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology, Key Laboratory
of Photoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology of Tianjin, College
of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Nankai University, 300350 Tianjin, China
| | - Fuguo Zhang
- Division
of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fredrik O. L. Johansson
- Institute
for Methods and Instrumentation in Synchrotron Radiation Research
FG-ISRR, Helmholtz-Zentrum
Berlin für Materialien und Energie Albert-Einstein-Strasse
15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Institut
für Physik und Astronomie, Universität
Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse
24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Danilo Kühn
- Institute
for Methods and Instrumentation in Synchrotron Radiation Research
FG-ISRR, Helmholtz-Zentrum
Berlin für Materialien und Energie Albert-Einstein-Strasse
15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Denis Céolin
- Synchrotron
SOLEIL, L′Orme des Merisiers, BP 48 St Aubin, 91192 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Jean-Pascal Rueff
- Synchrotron
SOLEIL, L′Orme des Merisiers, BP 48 St Aubin, 91192 Gif sur Yvette, France
- Laboratoire
de Chimie Physique-Matière et Rayonnement, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Licheng Sun
- Division
of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
- State
Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Institute of Artificial Photosynthesis,
DUT−KTH Joint Education and Research Centre on Molecular Devices, Dalian University of Technology (DUT), 116024 Dalian, China
- Center
of Artificial Photosynthesis for Solar Fuels, School of Science, Westlake University, 310024 Hangzhou, China
| | - Kerttu Aitola
- New Energy Technologies Group, Department
of Applied Physics, Aalto University School
of Science, Box 15100, 00076 AALTO, Finland
| | - Håkan Rensmo
- Condensed Matter Physics of Energy
Materials, Division of X-ray Photon Science, Department of Physics
and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ute B. Cappel
- Division
of Applied Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
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6
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Wei X, Zhang P, Xu T, Zhou H, Bai Y, Chen Q. Chemical approaches for electronic doping in photovoltaic materials beyond crystalline silicon. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:10016-10063. [PMID: 36398768 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00110a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Electronic doping is applied to tailor the electrical and optoelectronic properties of semiconductors, which have been widely adopted in information and clean energy technologies, like integrated circuit fabrication and PVs. Though this concept has prevailed in conventional PVs, it has achieved limited success in the new-generation PV materials, particularly in halide perovskites, owing to their soft lattice nature and self-compensation by intrinsic defects. In this review, we summarize the evolution of the theoretical understanding and strategies of electronic doping from Si-based photovoltaics to thin-film technologies, e.g., GaAs, CdTe and Cu(In,Ga)Se2, and also cover the emerging PVs including halide perovskites and organic solar cells. We focus on the chemical approaches to electronic doping, emphasizing various chemical interactions/bonding throughout materials synthesis/modification to device fabrication/operation. Furthermore, we propose new classifications and models of electronic doping based on the physical and chemical properties of dopants, in the context of solid-state chemistry, which inspires further development of optoelectronics based on perovskites and other hybrid materials. Finally, we outline the effects of electronic doping in semiconducting materials and highlight the challenges that need to be overcome for reliable and controllable doping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyuan Wei
- Experimental Centre for Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China.
| | - Pengxiang Zhang
- Experimental Centre for Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China.
| | - Tailai Xu
- Experimental Centre for Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China.
| | - Huanping Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Yang Bai
- Experimental Centre for Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China.
| | - Qi Chen
- Experimental Centre for Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China.
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7
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New insights in construction of three-dimensional donor/acceptor interface for high performance perovskite solar cells: The preparation of wolf tooth stick-like TiO2. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.128958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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8
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Abstract
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have captured the attention of the global energy research community in recent years by showing an exponential augmentation in their performance and stability. The supremacy of the light-harvesting efficiency and wider band gap of perovskite sensitizers have led to these devices being compared with the most outstanding rival silicon-based solar cells. Nevertheless, there are some issues such as their poor lifetime stability, considerable J–V hysteresis, and the toxicity of the conventional constituent materials which restrict their prevalence in the marketplace. The poor stability of PSCs with regard to humidity, UV radiation, oxygen and heat especially limits their industrial application. This review focuses on the in-depth studies of different direct and indirect parameters of PSC device instability. The mechanism for device degradation for several parameters and the complementary materials showing promising results are systematically analyzed. The main objective of this work is to review the effectual strategies of enhancing the stability of PSCs. Several important factors such as material engineering, novel device structure design, hole-transporting materials (HTMs), electron-transporting materials (ETMs), electrode materials preparation, and encapsulation methods that need to be taken care of in order to improve the stability of PSCs are discussed extensively. Conclusively, this review discusses some opportunities for the commercialization of PSCs with high efficiency and stability.
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9
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Bellani S, Bartolotta A, Agresti A, Calogero G, Grancini G, Di Carlo A, Kymakis E, Bonaccorso F. Solution-processed two-dimensional materials for next-generation photovoltaics. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:11870-11965. [PMID: 34494631 PMCID: PMC8559907 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00106j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the ever-increasing energy demand scenario, the development of novel photovoltaic (PV) technologies is considered to be one of the key solutions to fulfil the energy request. In this context, graphene and related two-dimensional (2D) materials (GRMs), including nonlayered 2D materials and 2D perovskites, as well as their hybrid systems, are emerging as promising candidates to drive innovation in PV technologies. The mechanical, thermal, and optoelectronic properties of GRMs can be exploited in different active components of solar cells to design next-generation devices. These components include front (transparent) and back conductive electrodes, charge transporting layers, and interconnecting/recombination layers, as well as photoactive layers. The production and processing of GRMs in the liquid phase, coupled with the ability to "on-demand" tune their optoelectronic properties exploiting wet-chemical functionalization, enable their effective integration in advanced PV devices through scalable, reliable, and inexpensive printing/coating processes. Herein, we review the progresses in the use of solution-processed 2D materials in organic solar cells, dye-sensitized solar cells, perovskite solar cells, quantum dot solar cells, and organic-inorganic hybrid solar cells, as well as in tandem systems. We first provide a brief introduction on the properties of 2D materials and their production methods by solution-processing routes. Then, we discuss the functionality of 2D materials for electrodes, photoactive layer components/additives, charge transporting layers, and interconnecting layers through figures of merit, which allow the performance of solar cells to be determined and compared with the state-of-the-art values. We finally outline the roadmap for the further exploitation of solution-processed 2D materials to boost the performance of PV devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiano Bellani
- BeDimensional S.p.A., Via Lungotorrente Secca 30R, 16163 Genova, Italy.
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Graphene Labs, via Moreogo 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Antonino Bartolotta
- CNR-IPCF, Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici, Via F. Stagno D'alcontres 37, 98158 Messina, Italy
| | - Antonio Agresti
- CHOSE - Centre for Hybrid and Organic Solar Energy, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Calogero
- CNR-IPCF, Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici, Via F. Stagno D'alcontres 37, 98158 Messina, Italy
| | - Giulia Grancini
- University of Pavia and INSTM, Via Taramelli 16, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Aldo Di Carlo
- CHOSE - Centre for Hybrid and Organic Solar Energy, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Roma, Italy
- L.A.S.E. - Laboratory for Advanced Solar Energy, National University of Science and Technology "MISiS", 119049 Leninskiy Prosect 6, Moscow, Russia
| | - Emmanuel Kymakis
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Estavromenos 71410 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Francesco Bonaccorso
- BeDimensional S.p.A., Via Lungotorrente Secca 30R, 16163 Genova, Italy.
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Graphene Labs, via Moreogo 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
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10
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Wu F, Pathak R, Qiao Q. Origin and alleviation of J-V hysteresis in perovskite solar cells: A short review. Catal Today 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2020.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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11
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Toth D, Hailegnaw B, Richheimer F, Castro FA, Kienberger F, Scharber MC, Wood S, Gramse G. Nanoscale Charge Accumulation and Its Effect on Carrier Dynamics in Tri-cation Perovskite Structures. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:48057-48066. [PMID: 32969644 PMCID: PMC7586297 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c10641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscale investigations by scanning probe microscopy have provided major contributions to the rapid development of organic-inorganic halide perovskites (OIHP) as optoelectronic devices. Further improvement of device level properties requires a deeper understanding of the performance-limiting mechanisms such as ion migration, phase segregation, and their effects on charge extraction both at the nano- and macroscale. Here, we have studied the dynamic electrical response of Cs0.05(FA0.83MA0.17)0.95PbI3-xBrx perovskite structures by employing conventional and microsecond time-resolved open-loop Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM). Our results indicate strong negative charge carrier trapping upon illumination and very slow (>1 s) relaxation of charges at the grain boundaries. The fast electronic recombination and transport dynamics on the microsecond scale probed by time-resolved open-loop KPFM show diffusion of charge carriers toward grain boundaries and indicate locally higher recombination rates because of intrinsic compositional heterogeneity. The nanoscale electrostatic effects revealed are summarized in a collective model for mixed-halide CsFAMA. Results on multilayer solar cell structures draw direct relations between nanoscale ionic transport, charge accumulation, recombination properties, and the final device performance. Our findings extend the current understanding of complex charge carrier dynamics in stable multication OIHP structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Toth
- Keysight
Technologies GmbH, Linz 4020, Austria
- Applied
Experimental Biophysics, Johannes Kepler
University, Linz 4020, Austria
| | - Bekele Hailegnaw
- Linz
Institute for Organic Solar Cells (LIOS), Johannes Kepler University, Linz 4020, Austria
| | | | | | | | - Markus C. Scharber
- Linz
Institute for Organic Solar Cells (LIOS), Johannes Kepler University, Linz 4020, Austria
| | | | - Georg Gramse
- Keysight
Technologies GmbH, Linz 4020, Austria
- Applied
Experimental Biophysics, Johannes Kepler
University, Linz 4020, Austria
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12
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Collins L, Muckley ES, Tsai H, Ghosh D, Neukirch AJ, Tretiak S, Kalinin SV, Nie W, Ivanov IN. Correlation of Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Polarization and Charge Transport in Blended Hybrid Organic-Inorganic Perovskites on Macro- and Nanoscales. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:15380-15388. [PMID: 32159935 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c00561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Progress in flexible organic electronics necessitates a full understanding of how local inhomogeneities impact electronic and ionic conduction pathways and underlie macroscopic device characteristics. We used frequency- and time-resolved macro- and nanoprobe measurements to study spatiotemporal characteristics of multiscale charge transport dynamics in a series of ternary-blended hybrid organic inorganic perovskites (HOIPs) (MA0.95-xFAxCs0.05PbI3). We show that A-site cation composition defines charge transport mechanisms across broad temporal (102-10-6 s) and spatial (millimeters-picometers) scales. Ab initio molecular dynamic simulations suggest that insertion of FA results in a dynamic lattice, improved ion transport, and dipole screening. We demonstrate that correlations between macro- and nanoscale measurements provide a pathway for accessing distribution of relaxation in nanoscale polarization and charge transport dynamics of ionically conductive functional perovskites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam Collins
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Eric S Muckley
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Hsinhan Tsai
- Materials Physics and Application Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Dibyajyoti Ghosh
- Materials Physics and Application Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Amanda J Neukirch
- Materials Physics and Application Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Sergei Tretiak
- Materials Physics and Application Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Sergei V Kalinin
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Wanyi Nie
- Materials Physics and Application Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Ilia N Ivanov
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
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13
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Chen T, Sun Z, Liang M, Xue S. Correlating hysteresis phenomena with interfacial charge accumulation in perovskite solar cells. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:245-251. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp05381f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A generalized charge exchange model is introduced into drift–diffusion equations for modeling the charge extraction in perovskite solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyang Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organic Solar Cells and Photochemical Conversion
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Tianjin University of Technology
- Tianjin 300384
- P. R. China
| | - Zhe Sun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organic Solar Cells and Photochemical Conversion
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Tianjin University of Technology
- Tianjin 300384
- P. R. China
| | - Mao Liang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organic Solar Cells and Photochemical Conversion
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Tianjin University of Technology
- Tianjin 300384
- P. R. China
| | - Song Xue
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organic Solar Cells and Photochemical Conversion
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Tianjin University of Technology
- Tianjin 300384
- P. R. China
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14
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Wolff CM, Caprioglio P, Stolterfoht M, Neher D. Nonradiative Recombination in Perovskite Solar Cells: The Role of Interfaces. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1902762. [PMID: 31631441 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201902762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Perovskite solar cells combine high carrier mobilities with long carrier lifetimes and high radiative efficiencies. Despite this, full devices suffer from significant nonradiative recombination losses, limiting their VOC to values well below the Shockley-Queisser limit. Here, recent advances in understanding nonradiative recombination in perovskite solar cells from picoseconds to steady state are presented, with an emphasis on the interfaces between the perovskite absorber and the charge transport layers. Quantification of the quasi-Fermi level splitting in perovskite films with and without attached transport layers allows to identify the origin of nonradiative recombination, and to explain the VOC of operational devices. These measurements prove that in state-of-the-art solar cells, nonradiative recombination at the interfaces between the perovskite and the transport layers is more important than processes in the bulk or at grain boundaries. Optical pump-probe techniques give complementary access to the interfacial recombination pathways and provide quantitative information on transfer rates and recombination velocities. Promising optimization strategies are also highlighted, in particular in view of the role of energy level alignment and the importance of surface passivation. Recent record perovskite solar cells with low nonradiative losses are presented where interfacial recombination is effectively overcome-paving the way to the thermodynamic efficiency limit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian M Wolff
- Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Pietro Caprioglio
- Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Young Investigator Group Perovskite Tandem Solar Cells, Kekuléstraße 5, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Stolterfoht
- Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Dieter Neher
- Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
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15
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Aranda C, Bisquert J, Guerrero A. Impedance spectroscopy of perovskite/contact interface: Beneficial chemical reactivity effect. J Chem Phys 2019; 151:124201. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5111925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Clara Aranda
- Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM), Universitat Jaume I, 12006 Castelló, Spain
| | - Juan Bisquert
- Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM), Universitat Jaume I, 12006 Castelló, Spain
| | - Antonio Guerrero
- Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM), Universitat Jaume I, 12006 Castelló, Spain
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16
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Klasen A, Baumli P, Sheng Q, Johannes E, Bretschneider SA, Hermes IM, Bergmann VW, Gort C, Axt A, Weber SAL, Kim H, Butt HJ, Tremel W, Berger R. Removal of Surface Oxygen Vacancies Increases Conductance Through TiO 2 Thin Films for Perovskite Solar Cells. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2019; 123:13458-13466. [PMID: 31205577 PMCID: PMC6559051 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.9b02371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We report that UV-ozone treatment of TiO2 anatase thin films is an efficient method to increase the conductance through the film by more than 2 orders of magnitude. The increase in conductance is quantified via conductive scanning force microscopy on freshly annealed and UV-ozone-treated TiO2 anatase thin films on fluorine-doped tin oxide substrates. The increased conductance of TiO2 anatase thin films results in a 2% increase of the average power conversion efficiency (PCE) of methylammonium lead iodide-based perovskite solar cells. PCE values up to 19.5% for mesoporous solar cells are realized. The additional UV-ozone treatment results in a reduced number of oxygen vacancies at the surface, inferred from X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. These oxygen vacancies at the surface act as charge carrier traps and hinder charge extraction from the adjacent material. Terahertz measurements indicate only minor changes of the bulk conductance, which underlines the importance of UV-ozone treatment to control surface-based defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Klasen
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Philipp Baumli
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Qu Sheng
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ewald Johannes
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Ilka M. Hermes
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Victor W. Bergmann
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Christopher Gort
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Amelie Axt
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Stefan A. L. Weber
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Department
of Physics, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudingerweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Heejae Kim
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Hans-Jürgen Butt
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Tremel
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Berger
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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17
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Rafizadeh S, Wienands K, Schulze PSC, Bett AJ, Andreani LC, Hermle M, Glunz S, Goldschmidt JC. Efficiency Enhancement and Hysteresis Mitigation by Manipulation of Grain Growth Conditions in Hybrid Evaporated-Spin-coated Perovskite Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:722-729. [PMID: 30511836 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b16963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Perovskite solar cells have become a game changer in the field of photovoltaics by reaching power conversion efficiencies beyond 23%. To achieve even higher efficiencies, it is necessary to increase the understanding of crystallization, grain formation, and layer ripening. In this study, by a systematic variation of methylammonium iodide (MAI) concentrations, we changed the stoichiometry and thereupon the crystal growth conditions in MAPbI3 perovskite solar cells, prepared by a two-step hybrid evaporation-spin-coating deposition method. Utilizing X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, photoluminescence, and current-voltage ( J- V) characterization, we found that a relatively lower concentration of MAI, or in other words higher content of remnant and unconverted PbI2, correlates with smaller and stronger interconnected grains, as well as with an improved optoelectronic performance of the solar cells and mitigation of hysteresis. The possible explanations are grain and interface passivation by the excess PbI2 and a positive contribution of the grain boundaries to current extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeid Rafizadeh
- Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE , Freiburg 79110 , Germany
- Department of Physics , University of Pavia , Pavia 27100 , Italy
| | - Karl Wienands
- Department of Sustainable Systems Engineering (INATECH) , University of Freiburg , Freiburg 79110 , Germany
| | | | - Alexander J Bett
- Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE , Freiburg 79110 , Germany
| | | | - Martin Hermle
- Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE , Freiburg 79110 , Germany
| | - Stefan Glunz
- Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE , Freiburg 79110 , Germany
- Department of Sustainable Systems Engineering (INATECH) , University of Freiburg , Freiburg 79110 , Germany
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18
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Chen B, Rudd PN, Yang S, Yuan Y, Huang J. Imperfections and their passivation in halide perovskite solar cells. Chem Soc Rev 2019; 48:3842-3867. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00853a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 834] [Impact Index Per Article: 166.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Perovskite solar cells to date are made of polycrystalline films which contain a high density of defects. Imperfection passivation to reduce non-radiative recombination and suppress ion migration could improve device efficiency and device stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Chen
- Department of Applied Physical Sciences
- The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
- Chapel Hill
- USA
| | - Peter N. Rudd
- Department of Applied Physical Sciences
- The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
- Chapel Hill
- USA
| | - Shuang Yang
- Department of Applied Physical Sciences
- The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
- Chapel Hill
- USA
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering
| | - Yongbo Yuan
- School of Physics & Electronics
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Super Microstructure & Ultrafast Process
- Central South University
- Changsha
- China
| | - Jinsong Huang
- Department of Applied Physical Sciences
- The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
- Chapel Hill
- USA
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering
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