1
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Guner G, Amjad A, Berrios M, Kannan M, Bilgili E. Nanoseeded Desupersaturation and Dissolution Tests for Elucidating Supersaturation Maintenance in Amorphous Solid Dispersions. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020450. [PMID: 36839772 PMCID: PMC9964794 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The impact of residual drug crystals that are formed during the production and storage of amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) has been studied using micron-sized seed crystals in solvent-shift (desupersaturation) and dissolution tests. This study examines the impacts of the seed size loading on the solution-mediated precipitation from griseofulvin ASDs. Nanoparticle crystals (nanoseeds) were used as a more realistic surrogate for residual crystals compared with conventional micron-sized seeds. ASDs of griseofulvin with Soluplus (Sol), Kollidon VA64 (VA64), and hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) were prepared by spray-drying. Nanoseeds produced by wet media milling were used in the dissolution and desupersaturation experiments. DLS, SEM, XRPD, and DSC were used for characterization. The results from the solvent-shift tests suggest that the drug nanoseeds led to a faster and higher extent of desupersaturation than the as-received micron-sized crystals and that the higher seed loading facilitated desupersaturation. Sol was the only effective nucleation inhibitor; the overall precipitation inhibition capability was ranked: Sol > HPMC > VA64. In the dissolution tests, only the Sol-based ASDs generated significant supersaturation, which decreased upon an increase in the nanoseed loading. This study has demonstrated the importance of using drug nanocrystals in lieu of conventional coarse crystals in desupersaturation and dissolution tests in ASD development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ecevit Bilgili
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-973-596-2998; Fax: +1-973-596-8436
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2
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Babu NR, Nagpal D, Ankola D, Awasthi R. Evolution of Solid Dispersion Technology: Solubility Enhancement Using Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose Acetate Succinate: Myth or Reality? Assay Drug Dev Technol 2022; 20:149-163. [DOI: 10.1089/adt.2022.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- N. Raveendra Babu
- Watson Pharma Private Limited (A Teva Company), Thane, India
- Development of Pharmaceutics, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India
| | - Dheeraj Nagpal
- Development of Pharmaceutics, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India
| | - Dhawal Ankola
- Watson Pharma Private Limited (A Teva Company), Thane, India
| | - Rajendra Awasthi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences & Technology, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies (UPES), Dehradun, India
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3
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S'ari M, Blade H, Cosgrove S, Drummond-Brydson R, Hondow N, Hughes LP, Brown A. Characterization of Amorphous Solid Dispersions and Identification of Low Levels of Crystallinity by Transmission Electron Microscopy. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:1905-1919. [PMID: 33797925 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) are used to increase the solubility of oral medicines by kinetically stabilizing the more soluble amorphous phase of an active pharmaceutical ingredient with a suitable amorphous polymer. Low levels of a crystalline material in an ASD can negatively impact the desired dissolution properties of the drug. Characterization techniques such as powder X-ray diffraction (pXRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) are often used to detect and measure any crystallinity within ASDs. These techniques are unable to detect or quantify very low levels because they have limits of detection typically in the order of 1-5%. Herein, an ASD of felodipine (FEL) and polyvinylpyrrolidone/vinyl acetate copolymer (PVP/VA) prepared via a hot melt extrusion (HME) in a mass ratio of 30:70 was characterized using a range of techniques. No signs of residual crystallinity were found by pXRD, DSC, or FTIR. However, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) did identify two areas containing crystals at the edges of milled particles from a total of 55 examined. Both crystalline areas contained Cl Kα X-ray peaks when measured by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, confirming the presence of FEL (due to the presence of Cl atoms in FEL and not in PVP/VA). Further analysis was carried out by TEM using conical dark field (DF) imaging of a HME ASD of 50:50 FEL-PVP/VA to provide insights into the recrystallization process that occurs at the edges of particles during accelerated ageing conditions in an atmosphere of 75% relative humidity. Multiple metastable polymorphs of recrystallized FEL could be identified by selected area electron diffraction (SAED), predominately form II and the more stable form I. Conical DF imaging was also successful in spatially resolving and sizing crystals. This work highlights the potential for TEM-based techniques to improve the limit of detection of crystallinity in ASDs, while also providing insights into transformation pathways by identifying the location, size, and form of any crystallization that might occur on storage. This opens up the possibility of providing an enhanced understanding of a drug product's stability and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S'ari
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Helen Blade
- Oral Product Development, Pharmaceutical Technology and Development Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, U.K
| | - Stephen Cosgrove
- New Modalities and Parenterals Development, Pharmaceutical Technology and Development Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, U.K
| | - Rik Drummond-Brydson
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Nicole Hondow
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Leslie P Hughes
- Oral Product Development, Pharmaceutical Technology and Development Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, U.K
| | - Andy Brown
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
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4
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Li N, Cape JL, Mankani BR, Zemlyanov DY, Shepard KB, Morgen MM, Taylor LS. Water-Induced Phase Separation of Spray-Dried Amorphous Solid Dispersions. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:4004-4017. [PMID: 32931293 PMCID: PMC7539301 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
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Spray
drying is widely used in the manufacturing of amorphous solid
dispersion (ASD) systems due to its fast drying rate, enabling kinetic
trapping of the drug in amorphous form. Spray-drying conditions, such
as solvent composition, can have a profound impact on the properties
of spray-dried dispersions. In this study, the phase behavior of spray-dried
dispersions from methanol and methanol–water mixtures was assessed
using ritonavir and copovidone [poly(vinylpyrrolidone-co-vinyl acetate)
(PVPVA)] as dispersion components. The resultant ASDs were characterized
using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), fluorescence spectroscopy,
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), as well as surface-normalized
dissolution rate (SNDR) measurements. Quaternary phase diagrams were
calculated using a four-component Flory–Huggins model. It was
found that the addition of water to the solvent system can lead to
phase separation during the spray-drying process. A 10:90 H2O/MeOH solvent system caused a minor extent of phase separation.
Phase heterogeneity in the 50 and 75% drug loading ASDs prepared from
this spray solvent can be detected using DSC but not with other techniques
used. The 25% drug loading system did not show phase heterogeneity
in solid-state characterization but exhibited a compromised dissolution
rate compared to that of the miscible ASD prepared from H2O-free solvent. This is possibly due to the formation of slow-releasing
drug-rich phases upon phase separation. ASDs prepared with a 60:40
H2O/MeOH solvent mixture showed phase heterogeneity with
all analytical methods used. The surface composition of dispersion
particles as measured by fluorescence spectroscopy and XPS showed
good agreement, suggesting surface drug enrichment of the spray-dried
ASD particles prepared from this solvent system. Calculated phase
diagrams and drying trajectories were consistent with experimental
observations, suggesting that small variations in solvent composition
may cause significant changes in ASD phase behavior during drying.
These findings should aid in spray-drying process development for
ASD manufacturing and can be applied broadly to assess the risk of
phase separation for spray-drying systems using mixed organic solvents
or other solvent-based processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, 69 North Eagleville Road Unit 3092, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Jonathan L Cape
- Research & Development, Lonza Pharma and Biotech, 1201 NW Wall Street, Suite 200, Bend, Oregon 97703, United States
| | - Bharat R Mankani
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States.,MarqMetrix Inc., Emerald Landing, 2157 N Northlake Way #240, Seattle, Washington 98103, United States
| | - Dmitry Y Zemlyanov
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Kimberly B Shepard
- Research & Development, Lonza Pharma and Biotech, 1201 NW Wall Street, Suite 200, Bend, Oregon 97703, United States
| | - Michael M Morgen
- Research & Development, Lonza Pharma and Biotech, 1201 NW Wall Street, Suite 200, Bend, Oregon 97703, United States
| | - Lynne S Taylor
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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5
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Das PP, Guzzinati G, Coll C, Gomez Perez A, Nicolopoulos S, Estrade S, Peiro F, Verbeeck J, Zompra AA, Galanis AS. Reliable Characterization of Organic & Pharmaceutical Compounds with High Resolution Monochromated EEL Spectroscopy. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12071434. [PMID: 32605004 PMCID: PMC7408036 DOI: 10.3390/polym12071434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic and biological compounds (especially those related to the pharmaceutical industry) have always been of great interest for researchers due to their importance for the development of new drugs to diagnose, cure, treat or prevent disease. As many new API (active pharmaceutical ingredients) and their polymorphs are in nanocrystalline or in amorphous form blended with amorphous polymeric matrix (known as amorphous solid dispersion—ASD), their structural identification and characterization at nm scale with conventional X-Ray/Raman/IR techniques becomes difficult. During any API synthesis/production or in the formulated drug product, impurities must be identified and characterized. Electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) at high energy resolution by transmission electron microscope (TEM) is expected to be a promising technique to screen and identify the different (organic) compounds used in a typical pharmaceutical or biological system and to detect any impurities present, if any, during the synthesis or formulation process. In this work, we propose the use of monochromated TEM-EELS, to analyze selected peptides and organic compounds and their polymorphs. In order to validate EELS for fingerprinting (in low loss/optical region) and by further correlation with advanced DFT, simulations were utilized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Partha Pratim Das
- NanoMegas SPRL, Boulevard Edmond Machtens 79, B1080 Brussels, Belgium; (A.G.P.); (A.S.G.)
- Electron Crystallography Solutions SL, Calle Orense 8, 28020 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (P.P.D.); (S.N.)
| | - Giulio Guzzinati
- EMAT, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium; (G.G.); (J.V.)
| | - Catalina Coll
- LENS-MIND, Department of Electronics and Biomedical Engineering, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (C.C.); (S.E.); (F.P.)
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alejandro Gomez Perez
- NanoMegas SPRL, Boulevard Edmond Machtens 79, B1080 Brussels, Belgium; (A.G.P.); (A.S.G.)
| | - Stavros Nicolopoulos
- NanoMegas SPRL, Boulevard Edmond Machtens 79, B1080 Brussels, Belgium; (A.G.P.); (A.S.G.)
- Correspondence: (P.P.D.); (S.N.)
| | - Sonia Estrade
- LENS-MIND, Department of Electronics and Biomedical Engineering, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (C.C.); (S.E.); (F.P.)
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesca Peiro
- LENS-MIND, Department of Electronics and Biomedical Engineering, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (C.C.); (S.E.); (F.P.)
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Johan Verbeeck
- EMAT, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium; (G.G.); (J.V.)
| | | | - Athanassios S. Galanis
- NanoMegas SPRL, Boulevard Edmond Machtens 79, B1080 Brussels, Belgium; (A.G.P.); (A.S.G.)
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6
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S'ARI M, KONIUCH N, BRYDSON R, HONDOW N, BROWN A. High‐resolution imaging of organic pharmaceutical crystals by transmission electron microscopy and scanning moiré fringes. J Microsc 2020; 279:197-206. [PMID: 31985063 PMCID: PMC8611800 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Formulation processing of organic crystalline compounds can have a significant effect on drug properties, such as dissolution rate or tablet strength/hardness. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) has the potential to resolve the atomic lattice of these crystalline compounds and, for example, identify the defect density on a particular crystal face, provided that the sensitivity of these crystals to irradiation by high‐energy electrons can be overcome. Here, we acquire high‐resolution (HR) lattice images of the compound furosemide using two different methods: low‐dose HRTEM and bright‐field (BF) scanning TEM (STEM) scanning moiré fringes (SMFs). Before acquiring HRTEM images of furosemide, a model system of crocidolite (asbestos) was used to determine the electron flux/fluence limits of low‐dose HR imaging for our scintillator‐based, complementary metal‐oxide semiconductor (CMOS) electron camera by testing a variety of electron flux and total electron fluence regimes. An electron flux of 10 e−/(Å2 s) and total fluence of 10 e−/Å2 was shown to provide sufficient contrast and signal‐to‐noise ratio to resolve 0.30 nm lattice spacings in crocidolite at 300 kV. These parameters were then used to image furosemide which has a critical electron fluence for damage of ≥10 e−/Å2 at 300 kV. The resulting HRTEM image of a furosemide crystal shows only a small portion of the total crystal exhibiting lattice fringes, likely due to irradiation damage during acquisition close to the compound's critical fluence. BF‐STEM SMF images of furosemide were acquired at a lower electron fluence (1.8 e−/Å2), while still indirectly resolving HR details of the (001) lattice. Several different SMFs were observed with minor variations in the size and angle, suggesting strain due to defects within the crystal. Overall BF‐STEM SMFs appear to be more useful than BF‐STEM or HRTEM (with a CMOS camera) for imaging the crystal lattice of very beam‐sensitive materials since a lower electron fluence is required to reveal the lattice. BF‐STEM SMFs may thus prove useful in improving the understanding of crystallization pathways in organic compounds, degradation in pharmaceutical formulations and the effect of defects on the dissolution rate of different crystal faces. Further work is, however, required to quantitatively determine properties such as the defect density or the amount of relative strain from a BF‐STEM SMF image.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. S'ARI
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of LeedsLeeds UK
| | - N. KONIUCH
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of LeedsLeeds UK
| | - R. BRYDSON
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of LeedsLeeds UK
| | - N. HONDOW
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of LeedsLeeds UK
| | - A. BROWN
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of LeedsLeeds UK
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7
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Nguyen KTT, Frijlink HW, Hinrichs WLJ. Inhomogeneous Distribution of Components in Solid Protein Pharmaceuticals: Origins, Consequences, Analysis, and Resolutions. J Pharm Sci 2019; 109:134-153. [PMID: 31606540 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Successful development of stable solid protein formulations usually requires the addition of one or several excipients to achieve optimal stability. In these products, there is a potential risk of an inhomogeneous distribution of the various ingredients, specifically the ratio of protein and stabilizer may vary. Such inhomogeneity can be detrimental for stability but is mostly neglected in literature. In the past, it was challenging to analyze inhomogeneous component distribution, but recent advances in analytical techniques have revealed new options to investigate this phenomenon. This paper aims to review fundamental aspects of the inhomogeneous distribution of components of freeze-dried and spray-dried protein formulations. Four key topics will be presented and discussed, including the sources of component inhomogeneity, its consequences on protein stability, the analytical methods to reveal component inhomogeneity, and possible solutions to prevent or mitigate inhomogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khanh T T Nguyen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Henderik W Frijlink
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Wouter L J Hinrichs
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands.
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8
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Ricarte RG, Van Zee NJ, Li Z, Johnson LM, Lodge TP, Hillmyer MA. Recent Advances in Understanding the Micro- and Nanoscale Phenomena of Amorphous Solid Dispersions. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:4089-4103. [PMID: 31487183 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Many pharmaceutical drugs in the marketplace and discovery pipeline suffer from poor aqueous solubility, thereby limiting their effectiveness for oral delivery. The use of an amorphous solid dispersion (ASD), a mixture of an active pharmaceutical ingredient and a polymer excipient, greatly enhances the aqueous dissolution performance of a drug without the need for chemical modification. Although this method is versatile and scalable, deficient understanding of the interactions between drugs and polymers inhibits ASD rational design. This current Review details recent progress in understanding the mechanisms that control ASD performance. In the solid-state, the use of high-resolution theoretical, computational, and experimental tools resolved the influence of drug/polymer phase behavior and dynamics on stability during storage. During dissolution in aqueous media, novel characterization methods revealed that ASDs can form complex nanostructures, which maintain and improve supersaturation of the drug. The studies discussed here illustrate that nanoscale phenomena, which have been directly observed and quantified, strongly affect the stability and bioavailability of ASD systems, and provide a promising direction for optimizing drug/polymer formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralm G Ricarte
- Molecular, Macromolecular Chemistry, and Materials Laboratory, CNRS, ESPCI-Paris , PSL Research University , 10 Rue Vauquelin , 75005 Paris , France
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9
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Microstructure Formation for Improved Dissolution Performance of Lopinavir Amorphous Solid Dispersions. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:1751-1765. [PMID: 30811205 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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10
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Aleandri S, Jankovic S, Kuentz M. Towards a better understanding of solid dispersions in aqueous environment by a fluorescence quenching approach. Int J Pharm 2018; 550:130-139. [PMID: 30130607 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Solid dispersions (SDs) represent an important formulation technique to achieve supersaturation in gastro-intestinal fluids and to enhance absorption of poorly water-soluble drugs. Extensive research was leading to a rather good understanding of SDs in the dry state, whereas the complex interactions in aqueous medium are still challenging to analyze. This paper introduces a fluorescence quenching approach together with size-exclusion chromatography to study drug and polymer interactions that emerge from SDs release testing in aqueous colloidal phase. Celecoxib was used as a model drug as it is poorly water-soluble and also exhibits native fluorescence so that quenching experiments were enabled. Different pharmaceutical polymers were evaluated by the (modified) Stern-Volmer model, which was complemented by further bulk analytics. Drug accessibility by the quencher and its affinity to celecoxib were studied in physical mixtures as well as with in SDs. The obtained differences enabled important molecular insights into the different formulations. Knowledge of relevant drug-polymer interactions and the amount of drug embedded into polymer aggregates in the aqueous phase is of high relevance for understanding of SD performance. The novel fluorescence quenching approach is highly promising for future research and it can provide guidance in early formulation development of native fluorescent compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Aleandri
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Institute of Pharma Technology, Hofackerstr. 30, Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Jankovic
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Institute of Pharma Technology, Hofackerstr. 30, Muttenz, Switzerland; University of Basel, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Martin Kuentz
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Institute of Pharma Technology, Hofackerstr. 30, Muttenz, Switzerland.
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11
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Abstract
Amorphous solid dispersions containing a polymeric component often impart improved stability against crystallization for a small molecule relative to the pure amorphous form. However, the relationship between side chain functionalities on a polymer and the ability of a polymer to stabilize against crystallization is not well understood. To shed light on this relationship, a series of polymers were functionalized from a parent batch of poly(chloromethylstyrene- co-styrene) to investigate the effect of functionality on the stability in amorphous solid dispersions without altering the physical parameters of polymers, such as the average molecular weight or backbone chain chemistry. The kinetics of the crystallization of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug nabumetone from amorphous solid dispersions containing each functionalized polymer were interpreted on the basis of two interactions: hydrogen bonding between the drug and the polymer and the solubility of the polymer in the amorphous drug. It was found that hydrogen bonding between functionalized polymers and nabumetone can impart stability against crystallization, but only if the polymer shows significant solubility in amorphous nabumetone. Methylation of a protic functionality can improve the ability of a polymer to inhibit nabumetone crystallization by increasing the solubility in the drug, even when the resulting polymer lacks hydrogen bonding functionalities to interact with the pharmaceutical. Furthermore, factors, such as the glass transition temperature of pure polymers, were uncorrelated with isothermal nucleation rates. These findings inform a framework relating polymer functionality and stability deconvoluted from the polymer chain length or backbone chemistry with the potential to aid in the design of polymers to inhibit the crystallization of hydrophobic drugs from amorphous solid dispersions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek S. Frank
- Department of Chemistry and the Macromolecular Science & Engineering Program, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Adam J. Matzger
- Department of Chemistry and the Macromolecular Science & Engineering Program, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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12
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Mugheirbi NA, Mosquera-Giraldo LI, Borca CH, Slipchenko LV, Taylor LS. Phase Behavior of Drug-Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose Amorphous Solid Dispersions Produced from Various Solvent Systems: Mechanistic Understanding of the Role of Polymer using Experimental and Theoretical Methods. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:3236-3251. [PMID: 29874454 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naila A. Mugheirbi
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Laura I. Mosquera-Giraldo
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Carlos H. Borca
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Lyudmila V. Slipchenko
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Lynne S. Taylor
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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13
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Li N, Gilpin CJ, Taylor LS. Understanding the Impact of Water on the Miscibility and Microstructure of Amorphous Solid Dispersions: An AFM-LCR and TEM-EDX Study. Mol Pharm 2017; 14:1691-1705. [PMID: 28394617 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b01151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Miscibility is critical for amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs). Phase-separated ASDs are more prone to crystallization, and thus can lose their solubility advantage leading to product failure. Additionally, dissolution performance can be diminished as a result of phase separation in the ASD matrix. Water is known to induce phase separation during storage for some ASDs. However, the impact of water introduced during preparation has not been as thoroughly investigated to date. The purpose of this study was to develop a mechanistic understanding of the effect of water on the phase behavior and microstructure of ASDs. Evacetrapib and two polymers were selected as the model system. Atomic force microscopy coupled with Lorentz contact resonance, and transmission electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy were employed to evaluate the microstructure and composition of phase-separated ASDs. It was found that phase separation could be induced via two routes: solution-state phase separation during ASD formation caused by water absorption during film formation by a hydrophilic solvent, or solid-phase separation following exposure to high RH during storage. Water contents of as low as 2% in the organic solvent system used to dissolve the drug and polymer were found to result in phase separation in the resultant ASD film. These findings have profound implications on lab-scale ASD preparation and potentially also for industrial production. Additionally, these high-resolution imaging techniques combined with orthogonal analyses are powerful tools to visualize structural changes in ASDs, which in turn will enable better links to be made between ASD structure and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University , 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Christopher J Gilpin
- Life Science Microscopy Facility, Purdue University , 625 Agriculture Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Lynne S Taylor
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University , 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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14
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Johnson LM, Li Z, LaBelle AJ, Bates FS, Lodge TP, Hillmyer MA. Impact of Polymer Excipient Molar Mass and End Groups on Hydrophobic Drug Solubility Enhancement. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b02474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay M. Johnson
- Department
of Chemistry and ‡Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials
Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Ziang Li
- Department
of Chemistry and ‡Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials
Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Andrew J. LaBelle
- Department
of Chemistry and ‡Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials
Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Frank S. Bates
- Department
of Chemistry and ‡Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials
Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Timothy P. Lodge
- Department
of Chemistry and ‡Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials
Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Marc A. Hillmyer
- Department
of Chemistry and ‡Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials
Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
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15
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Ting J, Tale S, Purchel AA, Jones S, Widanapathirana L, Tolstyka ZP, Guo L, Guillaudeu S, Bates FS, Reineke TM. High-Throughput Excipient Discovery Enables Oral Delivery of Poorly Soluble Pharmaceuticals. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2016; 2:748-755. [PMID: 27800558 PMCID: PMC5084074 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.6b00268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Polymeric excipients are crucial ingredients in modern pills, increasing the therapeutic bioavailability, safety, stability, and accessibility of lifesaving products to combat diseases in developed and developing countries worldwide. Because many early-pipeline drugs are clinically intractable due to hydrophobicity and crystallinity, new solubilizing excipients can reposition successful and even failed compounds to more effective and inexpensive oral formulations. With assistance from high-throughput controlled polymerization and screening tools, we employed a strategic, molecular evolution approach to systematically modulate designer excipients based on the cyclic imide chemical groups of an important (yet relatively insoluble) drug phenytoin. In these acrylamide- and methacrylate-containing polymers, a synthon approach was employed: one monomer served as a precipitation inhibitor for phenytoin recrystallization, while the comonomer provided hydrophilicity. Systems that maintained drug supersaturation in amorphous solid dispersions were identified with molecular-level understanding of noncovalent interactions using NOESY and DOSY NMR spectroscopy. Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-N,N-dimethylacrylamide) (poly(NIPAm-co-DMA)) at 70 mol % NIPAm exhibited the highest drug solubilization, in which phenytoin associated with inhibiting NIPAm units only with lowered diffusivity in solution. In vitro dissolution tests of select spray-dried dispersions corroborated the screening trends between polymer chemical composition and solubilization performance, where the best NIPAm/DMA polymer elevated the mean area-under-the-dissolution-curve by 21 times its crystalline state at 10 wt % drug loading. When administered to rats for pharmacokinetic evaluation, the same leading poly(NIPAm-co-DMA) formulation tripled the oral bioavailability compared to a leading commercial excipient, HPMCAS, and translated to a remarkable 23-fold improvement over crystalline phenytoin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey
M. Ting
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials
Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Swapnil Tale
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials
Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Anatolii A. Purchel
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials
Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Seamus
D. Jones
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials
Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Lakmini Widanapathirana
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials
Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Zachary P. Tolstyka
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials
Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Li Guo
- Corporate
R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48674, United States
| | | | - Frank S. Bates
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials
Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Theresa M. Reineke
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials
Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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