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Raßmann N, Weber M, Glaß REJ, Kreger K, Helfricht N, Schmidt HW, Papastavrou G. Electrogelation: Controlled Fast Formation of Micrometer-Thick Films from Low-Molecular Weight Hydrogelators. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:17190-17200. [PMID: 37976397 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c02270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
The controlled electrochemical deposition of hydrogels from low-molecular weight hydrogelators (LMWHGs) allows for the defined formation of thin films on electrodes. Here, the deposition of fibrillar networks consisting of N,N',N″-tris(4-carboxyphenylene)-1,3,5-benzenetricarboxamide (BTA) onto ultraflat gold electrodes has been studied. This process, also termed electrogelation, is based on a local change in the pH due to electrolysis of water at the electrode. The protonation of the BTA sodium salt leads to self-assembly into supramolecular fibrillar structures mainly via hydrogen bonding of the uncharged molecules. The resulting hydrogel film was characterized in terms of its thickness by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Two different AFM-based techniques have been used: ex situ imaging of dried films and in situ nanoindentation of the hydrated hydrogel films. The deposition process was studied as a function of gelator concentration, applied potential, and gelation time. These parameters allow control of the film thickness to a high degree of accuracy within a few tenths of nanometers. Film formation takes place in a few seconds at moderate applied potentials, which is beneficial for biomedical applications. The results obtained for the BTA presented here can be transferred to any type of pH-responsive LMWHG and many reversibly formed hydrogel films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Raßmann
- Department of Physical Chemistry II, University of Bayreuth, Universitaetsstrasse 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Melina Weber
- Department of Macromolecular Chemistry I, University of Bayreuth, Universitaetsstrasse 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Roman E J Glaß
- Department of Physical Chemistry II, University of Bayreuth, Universitaetsstrasse 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Klaus Kreger
- Department of Macromolecular Chemistry I, University of Bayreuth, Universitaetsstrasse 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Nicolas Helfricht
- Department of Physical Chemistry II, University of Bayreuth, Universitaetsstrasse 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Hans-Werner Schmidt
- Department of Macromolecular Chemistry I, University of Bayreuth, Universitaetsstrasse 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
- Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Bayreuth, Universitaetsstrasse 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Georg Papastavrou
- Department of Physical Chemistry II, University of Bayreuth, Universitaetsstrasse 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
- Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Bayreuth, Universitaetsstrasse 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
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Sciortino F, Rydzek G, Boulmedais F. Electrochemical Assembly Strategies of Polymer and Hybrid Thin Films for (Bio)sensors, Charge Storage, and Triggered Release. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:11149-11165. [PMID: 37542435 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c00860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
In the context of functional and hierarchical materials, electrode reactions coupled with one or more chemical reactions constitute the most powerful bottom-up process for the electrosynthesis of film components and their electrodeposition, enabling the localized functionalization of conductive surfaces using an electrical stimulus. In analogy with developmental biological processes, our group introduced the concept of morphogen-driven film buildup. In this approach, the gradient of a diffusing reactive molecule or ion (called a morphogen) is controlled by an electrical stimulus to locally induce a chemical process (solubility change, hydrolysis, complexation, and covalent reaction) that induces a film assembly. One of the prominent advantages of this technique is the conformal nature of the deposits toward the electrode. This Feature Article presents the contributions made by our group and other researchers to develop strategies for the assembly of different polymer and nanoparticle/polymer hybrid films by using electrochemically generated reagents and/or catalysts. The main electrochemical-chemical approaches for conformal films are described in the case where (i) the products are noncovalent aggregates that spontaneously precipitate on the electrode (film electrodeposition) or (ii) new chemical compounds are generated, which do not necessarily spontaneously precipitate and enable the formation of covalent or noncovalent films (film electrosynthesis). The applications of those electrogenerated films will be described with a focus on charge storage/transport, (bio)sensing, and stimuli-responsive cargo delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavien Sciortino
- University of Basel, Department of Chemistry Basel, Basel-Stadt 4001, Switzerland
| | - Gaulthier Rydzek
- ICGM, CNRS, ENSCM, Université de Montpellier, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Fouzia Boulmedais
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut Charles Sadron UPR 22, 67034 Strasbourg, France
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A mini-review on bio-inspired polymer self-assembly: single-component and interactive polymer systems. Emerg Top Life Sci 2022; 6:593-607. [PMID: 36254846 DOI: 10.1042/etls20220057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Biology demonstrates meticulous ways to control biomaterials self-assemble into ordered and disordered structures to carry out necessary bioprocesses. Empowering the synthetic polymers to self-assemble like biomaterials is a hallmark of polymer physics studies. Unlike protein engineering, polymer science demystifies self-assembly by purposely embedding particular functional groups into the backbone of the polymer while isolating others. The polymer field has now entered an era of advancing materials design by mimicking nature to a very large extend. For example, we can make sequence-specific polymers to study highly ordered mesostructures similar to studying proteins, and use charged polymers to study liquid-liquid phase separation as in membraneless organelles. This mini-review summarizes recent advances in studying self-assembly using bio-inspired strategies on single-component and multi-component systems. Sequence-defined techniques are used to make on-demand hybrid materials to isolate the effects of chirality and chemistry in synthetic block copolymer self-assembly. In the meantime, sequence patterning leads to more hierarchical assemblies comprised of only hydrophobic and hydrophilic comonomers. The second half of the review discusses complex coacervates formed as a result of the associative charge interactions of oppositely charged polyelectrolytes. The tunable phase behavior and viscoelasticity are unique in studying liquid macrophase separation because the slow polymer relaxation comes primarily from charge interactions. Studies of bio-inspired polymer self-assembly significantly impact how we optimize user-defined materials on a molecular level.
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Weak Polyelectrolytes as Nanoarchitectonic Design Tools for Functional Materials: A Review of Recent Achievements. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27103263. [PMID: 35630741 PMCID: PMC9145934 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The ionization degree, charge density, and conformation of weak polyelectrolytes can be adjusted through adjusting the pH and ionic strength stimuli. Such polymers thus offer a range of reversible interactions, including electrostatic complexation, H-bonding, and hydrophobic interactions, which position weak polyelectrolytes as key nano-units for the design of dynamic systems with precise structures, compositions, and responses to stimuli. The purpose of this review article is to discuss recent examples of nanoarchitectonic systems and applications that use weak polyelectrolytes as smart components. Surface platforms (electrodeposited films, brushes), multilayers (coatings and capsules), processed polyelectrolyte complexes (gels and membranes), and pharmaceutical vectors from both synthetic or natural-type weak polyelectrolytes are discussed. Finally, the increasing significance of block copolymers with weak polyion blocks is discussed with respect to the design of nanovectors by micellization and film/membrane nanopatterning via phase separation.
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5
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Chen Y, Shull KR. Processing Polyelectrolyte Complexes with Deep Eutectic Solvents. ACS Macro Lett 2021; 10:1243-1247. [PMID: 35549044 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.1c00494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs) formed from mixtures of polycations and polyanions are useful in a variety of applications and can be processed by the addition of salt. Salt mediates the ionic interactions within the polyelectrolyte complexes, with appropriately chosen salts enabling complete dissolution of solid PEC in aqueous media. Substantial complications arise from the crystallization of the salt during subsequent processing steps. Here we show that appropriately chosen noncrystallizing deep eutectic solvents can be used to process solid PECs. Mixtures of ethylene glycol and guanidine thiocyanate are used for a particularly effective deep eutectic solvent. The phase behaviors of this deep eutectic system and of its mixtures with a model polyelectrolyte complex were quantified.
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Affiliation(s)
- YuLing Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Kenneth R Shull
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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Moore D, Arcila JA, Saraf RF. Electrochemical Deposition of Polyelectrolytes Is Maximum at the Potential of Zero Charge. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:1864-1870. [PMID: 32073857 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b03734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical deposition of cationic and anionic polyelectrolyte on a Au electrode is studied as a function of applied potential between the electrode and the solution of monovalent electrolyte. The deposition is measured by open circuit potential relative to a pristine electrode in a reference solution (100 mM NaCl). The rate of deposition is measured by a home-built electrochemical-optical method in real time. It was discovered that the polarity of the potential and magnitude of the potential are not the primary reasons to enhance deposition. For example, both the amount and rate of deposition of negatively charged poly(styrenesulfonate) in NaCl are higher when the electrode is at -200 mV than at +200 mV with respect to the solution. The results are explained in terms of the charge state of the electrical double layer that is primarily controlled by supporting (small) ions.
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Fast pH-mediated changes of the viscosity of protein solutions studied with a voltage-modulated quartz crystal microbalance. Biointerphases 2020; 15:021004. [DOI: 10.1116/1.5140619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Li J, Wu S, Kim E, Yan K, Liu H, Liu C, Dong H, Qu X, Shi X, Shen J, Bentley WE, Payne GF. Electrobiofabrication: electrically based fabrication with biologically derived materials. Biofabrication 2019; 11:032002. [PMID: 30759423 PMCID: PMC7025432 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ab06ea] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
While conventional material fabrication methods focus on form and strength to achieve function, the fabrication of material systems for emerging life science applications will need to satisfy a more subtle set of requirements. A common goal for biofabrication is to recapitulate complex biological contexts (e.g. tissue) for applications that range from animal-on-a-chip to regenerative medicine. In these cases, the material systems will need to: (i) present appropriate surface functionalities over a hierarchy of length scales (e.g. molecular features that enable cell adhesion and topographical features that guide differentiation); (ii) provide a suite of mechanobiological cues that promote the emergence of native-like tissue form and function; and (iii) organize structure to control cellular ingress and molecular transport, to enable the development of an interconnected cellular community that is engaged in cell signaling. And these requirements are not likely to be static but will vary over time and space, which will require capabilities of the material systems to dynamically respond, adapt, heal and reconfigure. Here, we review recent advances in the use of electrically based fabrication methods to build material systems from biological macromolecules (e.g. chitosan, alginate, collagen and silk). Electrical signals are especially convenient for fabrication because they can be controllably imposed to promote the electrophoresis, alignment, self-assembly and functionalization of macromolecules to generate hierarchically organized material systems. Importantly, this electrically based fabrication with biologically derived materials (i.e. electrobiofabrication) is complementary to existing methods (photolithographic and printing), and enables access to the biotechnology toolbox (e.g. enzymatic-assembly and protein engineering, and gene expression) to offer exquisite control of structure and function. We envision that electrobiofabrication will emerge as an important platform technology for organizing soft matter into dynamic material systems that mimic biology's complexity of structure and versatility of function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyang Li
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, United States of America
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9
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Mathis L, Chen Y, Shull KR. Tuning the Viscoelasticity of Hydrogen-Bonded Polymeric Materials through Solvent Composition. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b00344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lele Mathis
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Yaoyao Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Kenneth R. Shull
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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10
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Schneider S, Janssen C, Klindtworth E, Mergel O, Möller M, Plamper F. Influence of Polycation Composition on Electrochemical Film Formation. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E429. [PMID: 30966464 PMCID: PMC6415213 DOI: 10.3390/polym10040429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of polyelectrolyte composition on the electrodeposition onto platinum is investigated using a counterion switching approach. Film formation of preformed polyelectrolytes is triggered by oxidation of hexacyanoferrates(II) (ferrocyanide), leading to polyelectrolyte complexes, which are physically crosslinked by hexacyanoferrate(III) (ferricyanide) ions due to preferential ferricyanide/polycation interactions. In this study, the electrodeposition of three different linear polyelectrolytes, namely quaternized poly[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate] (i.e., poly{[2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl]trimethylammonium chloride}; PMOTAC), quaternized poly[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl acrylate] (i.e., poly{[2-(acryloyloxy)ethyl]trimethylammonium chloride}; POTAC), quaternized poly[N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)methacrylamide] (i.e., poly{[3-(methacrylamido)propyl]trimethylammonium chloride}; PMAPTAC) and different statistical copolymers of these polyelectrolytes with N-(3-aminopropyl)methacrylamide (APMA), are studied. Hydrodynamic voltammetry utilizing a rotating ring disk electrode (RRDE) shows the highest deposition efficiency DE for PMOTAC over PMAPTAC and over POTAC. Increasing incorporation of APMA weakens the preferred interaction of the quaternized units with the hexacyanoferrate(III) ions. At a sufficient APMA content, electrodeposition can thus be prevented. Additional electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance measurements reveal the formation of rigid polyelectrolyte films being highly crosslinked by the hexacyanoferrate(III) ions. Results indicate a different degree of water incorporation into these polyelectrolyte films. Hence, by adjusting the polycation composition, film properties can be tuned, while different chemistries can be incorporated into these electrodeposited thin hydrogel films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Schneider
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 2, 52056 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Corinna Janssen
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 2, 52056 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Elisabeth Klindtworth
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 2, 52056 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Olga Mergel
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 2, 52056 Aachen, Germany.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering-FB40, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Martin Möller
- DWI Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Felix Plamper
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 2, 52056 Aachen, Germany.
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11
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Sadman K, Wiener CG, Weiss RA, White CC, Shull KR, Vogt BD. Quantitative Rheometry of Thin Soft Materials Using the Quartz Crystal Microbalance with Dissipation. Anal Chem 2018; 90:4079-4088. [PMID: 29473414 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b05423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In the inertial limit, the resonance frequency of the quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) is related to the coupled mass on the quartz sensor through the Sauerbrey expression that relates the mass to the change in resonance frequency. However, when the thickness of the film is sufficiently large, the relationship becomes more complicated and both the frequency and damping of the crystal resonance must be considered. In this regime, a rheological model of the material must be used to accurately extract the adhered film's thickness, shear modulus, and viscoelastic phase angle from the data. In the present work we examine the suitability of two viscoelastic models, a simple Voigt model ( Physica Scripta 1999, 59, 391-396) and a more realistic power-law model ( Langmuir 2015, 31, 4008-4017), to extract the rheological properties of a thermoresponsive hydrogel film. By changing temperature and initial dry film thickness of the gel, the operation of QCM was traversed from the Sauerbrey limit, where viscous losses do not impact the frequency, through the regime where the QCM response is sensitive to viscoelastic properties. The density-shear modulus and the viscoelastic phase angle from the two models are in good agreement when the shear wavelength ratio, d/λ n, is in the range of 0.05-0.20, where d is the film thickness and λ n is the wavelength of the mechanical shear wave at the nth harmonic. We further provide a framework for estimating the physical properties of soft materials in the megahertz regime by using the physical behavior of polyelectrolyte complexes. This provides the user with an approximate range of allowable film thicknesses for accurate viscoelastic analysis with either model, thus enabling better use of the QCM-D in soft materials research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazi Sadman
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| | - Clinton G Wiener
- Department of Polymer Engineering , University of Akron , Akron , Ohio 44325 , United States
| | - R A Weiss
- Department of Polymer Engineering , University of Akron , Akron , Ohio 44325 , United States
| | - Christopher C White
- Building and Fire Research Division , National Institute of Standards and Technology , Gaithersburg , Maryland 20899 , United States
| | - Kenneth R Shull
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| | - Bryan D Vogt
- Department of Polymer Engineering , University of Akron , Akron , Ohio 44325 , United States
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12
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Sciortino F, Rydzek G, Grasset F, Kahn ML, Hill JP, Chevance S, Gauffre F, Ariga K. Electro-click construction of hybrid nanocapsule films with triggered delivery properties. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:2761-2770. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp07506e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Nanocapsule films composed of hollow PAA/IONPs hybridosomes were covalently assembled in one-pot by electro-click, enabling the encapsulation and triggered release of bodipy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavien Sciortino
- University of Rennes
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS, France)
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes (ISCR)
- UMR 6226
- F-35000 Rennes
| | - Gaulthier Rydzek
- World Premier International (WPI) Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA)
- National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS)
- 1-1 Namiki
- Tsukuba 305-0044
- Japan
| | - Fabien Grasset
- CNRS UMI 3629 CNRS – Saint Gobain – NIMS
- Laboratory for Innovative Key Materials and Structures (LINK)
- National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS)
- 1-1 Namiki
- Tsukuba 305-0044
| | - Myrtil L. Kahn
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination UPR8241 CNRS, 205 rte de Narbonne
- 31000 Toulouse Cedex 04
- France
| | - Jonathan P. Hill
- World Premier International (WPI) Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA)
- National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS)
- 1-1 Namiki
- Tsukuba 305-0044
- Japan
| | - Soizic Chevance
- University of Rennes
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS, France)
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes (ISCR)
- UMR 6226
- F-35000 Rennes
| | - Fabienne Gauffre
- University of Rennes
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS, France)
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes (ISCR)
- UMR 6226
- F-35000 Rennes
| | - Katsuhiko Ariga
- World Premier International (WPI) Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA)
- National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS)
- 1-1 Namiki
- Tsukuba 305-0044
- Japan
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Liu Y, Li J, Tschirhart T, Terrell JL, Kim E, Tsao C, Kelly DL, Bentley WE, Payne GF. Connecting Biology to Electronics: Molecular Communication via Redox Modality. Adv Healthc Mater 2017; 6. [PMID: 29045017 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201700789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Biology and electronics are both expert at for accessing, analyzing, and responding to information. Biology uses ions, small molecules, and macromolecules to receive, analyze, store, and transmit information, whereas electronic devices receive input in the form of electromagnetic radiation, process the information using electrons, and then transmit output as electromagnetic waves. Generating the capabilities to connect biology-electronic modalities offers exciting opportunities to shape the future of biosensors, point-of-care medicine, and wearable/implantable devices. Redox reactions offer unique opportunities for bio-device communication that spans the molecular modalities of biology and electrical modality of devices. Here, an approach to search for redox information through an interactive electrochemical probing that is analogous to sonar is adopted. The capabilities of this approach to access global chemical information as well as information of specific redox-active chemical entities are illustrated using recent examples. An example of the use of synthetic biology to recognize external molecular information, process this information through intracellular signal transduction pathways, and generate output responses that can be detected by electrical modalities is also provided. Finally, exciting results in the use of redox reactions to actuate biology are provided to illustrate that synthetic biology offers the potential to guide biological response through electrical cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research and Fischell Department of Bioengineering University of Maryland College Park MD 20742 USA
| | - Jinyang Li
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research and Fischell Department of Bioengineering University of Maryland College Park MD 20742 USA
| | - Tanya Tschirhart
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research and Fischell Department of Bioengineering University of Maryland College Park MD 20742 USA
| | - Jessica L. Terrell
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research and Fischell Department of Bioengineering University of Maryland College Park MD 20742 USA
| | - Eunkyoung Kim
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research and Fischell Department of Bioengineering University of Maryland College Park MD 20742 USA
| | - Chen‐Yu Tsao
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research and Fischell Department of Bioengineering University of Maryland College Park MD 20742 USA
| | - Deanna L. Kelly
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center University of Maryland School of Medicine Baltimore MD 21228 USA
| | - William E. Bentley
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research and Fischell Department of Bioengineering University of Maryland College Park MD 20742 USA
| | - Gregory F. Payne
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research and Fischell Department of Bioengineering University of Maryland College Park MD 20742 USA
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14
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Sadman K, Wang Q, Chen Y, Keshavarz B, Jiang Z, Shull KR. Influence of Hydrophobicity on Polyelectrolyte Complexation. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b02031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazi Sadman
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Qifeng Wang
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Yaoyao Chen
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Bavand Keshavarz
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Zhang Jiang
- X-ray
Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Kenneth R. Shull
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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