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Tyowua AT, Harbottle D, Binks BP. 3D printing of Pickering emulsions, Pickering foams and capillary suspensions - A review of stabilization, rheology and applications. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 332:103274. [PMID: 39159542 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2024.103274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024]
Abstract
Pickering emulsions and foams as well as capillary suspensions are becoming increasingly more popular as inks for 3D printing. However, a lack of understanding of the bulk rheological properties needed for their application in 3D printing is potentially stifling growth in the area, hence the timeliness of this review. Herein, we review the stability and bulk rheology of these materials as well as the applications of their 3D-printed products. By highlighting how the bulk rheology is tuned, and specifically the inks storage modulus, yield stress and critical balance between the two, we present a rheological performance map showing regions where good prints and slumps are observed thus providing clear guidance for future ink formulations. To further advance this field, we also suggest standard experimental protocols for characterizing the bulk rheology of the three types of ink: capillary suspension, Pickering emulsion and Pickering foam for 3D printing by direct ink writing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T Tyowua
- Applied Colloid Science and Cosmeceutical Group, Department of Chemistry, Benue State University, PMB, 102119, Makurdi, Nigeria; School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston. B15 2TT. UK.
| | - David Harbottle
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds. LS2 9JT. UK
| | - Bernard P Binks
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hull, Hull. HU6 7RX. UK
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2
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Barclay B, Duncan B, Plaut M, Russo J, Fedynyshyn T. Dielectric and Mechanical Properties of 3D Printed Nanocomposites with Varied Particle Diameter. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:1034-1041. [PMID: 36621894 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c02662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
3D printed nanocomposites provide a method for generating high-performance radio frequency devices. Limited work has been done to investigate the influence the nanoparticle diameter has on the performance of 3D printable nanocomposites. We describe here the development of a family of 3D printable nanocomposite inks formulated from nanoparticles with diameters ranging from 30 to 300 nm. Relative permittivity values for the printed nanocomposites were unaffected by nanoparticle diameter whereas loss tangent, glass transition temperature, and elastic modulus were altered. This work provides a framework for designing 3D printable nanocomposites and highlights the importance that nanoparticle diameter plays in formulation strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Barclay
- MIT Lincoln Laboratory, 244 Wood Street, Lexington, Massachusetts02421, United States
| | - Bradley Duncan
- MIT Lincoln Laboratory, 244 Wood Street, Lexington, Massachusetts02421, United States
| | - Maxwell Plaut
- MIT Lincoln Laboratory, 244 Wood Street, Lexington, Massachusetts02421, United States
| | - John Russo
- MIT Lincoln Laboratory, 244 Wood Street, Lexington, Massachusetts02421, United States
| | - Theodore Fedynyshyn
- MIT Lincoln Laboratory, 244 Wood Street, Lexington, Massachusetts02421, United States
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3
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Forsman N, Lohtander T, Jordan J, Huynh N, Seppälä A, Laaksonen P, Franssila S, Österberg M. Microalgae Chlorella vulgaris and kraft lignin stabilized cellulosic wet foams for camouflage. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:2060-2071. [PMID: 35199113 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm01719e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Plants, animals, and humans use camouflage to blend in with their surroundings. The camouflage is achieved with different combinations of colors, patterns, and morphologies. In stealth applications, the simplest camouflage uses textiles colored similarly to the environment to create an illusion. However, often, visible light range camouflage is not enough since the multispectral detection technologies of today are readily utilized for identification. Foams can be created with a straightforward fabricating process, and lightweight material exhibits good thermal insulation properties, providing stealth in the infrared light region. Herein, we produce cellulosic wet foams from surfactant and bleached pulp or cellulose nanofibrils. The visible light camouflage is created with green microalgae, Chlorella vulgaris, and brown kraft lignin, which also stabilized the foams. The thermal and spectral camouflage performance of foams was influenced by the cellulose content as well as the stability and water content of foams. Overall, these results give insight into how stability impacts the thermal and spectral properties of wet foams and provide a solid base for further material development to improve camouflage performance. While there is plenty of data on dry foams, the functional behavior of wet foams is currently not well known. Our method, using plant-based components can be exploited in a variety of other applications where simplicity and scalability are important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Forsman
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland.
| | - Tia Lohtander
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland.
| | - Juha Jordan
- HAMK Tech, Häme University of Applied Sciences, Hämeenlinna, Finland.
| | - Ngoc Huynh
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland.
| | - Ari Seppälä
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - Päivi Laaksonen
- HAMK Tech, Häme University of Applied Sciences, Hämeenlinna, Finland.
| | - Sami Franssila
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - Monika Österberg
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland.
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4
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Kumar RS, Sinha A, Sharma H, Sharma T. High performance carbon dioxide foams of nanocomposites of binary colloids for effective carbon utilization in enhanced oil recovery applications. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.117659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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5
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Tiwari S, Abraham BM, Singh JK. Insight into the mechanism of nanoparticle induced suppression of interfacial tension. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.117177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Luo C, Chung C, Traugutt NA, Yakacki CM, Long KN, Yu K. 3D Printing of Liquid Crystal Elastomer Foams for Enhanced Energy Dissipation Under Mechanical Insult. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:12698-12708. [PMID: 33369399 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c17538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Polymer foams are an essential class of lightweight materials used to protect assets against mechanical insults, such as shock and vibration. Two features are important to enhance their energy absorption characteristics: the foam structure and the matrix phase mechanical behavior. This study investigates novel approaches to control both of these features to enhance the energy absorption capability of flexible lattice foams. First, we consider 3D printing via digital light processing (DLP) as a method to control the foam mesostructure across a suite of periodic unit cells. Second, we introduce an additional energy dissipation mechanism in the solid matrix phase material by 3D printing the lattice foams with polydomain liquid crystal elastomer (LCE), which undergo a mechanically induced phase transition under large strains. This phase transition is associated with LC mesogen rotation and alignment and provides a second mechanism for mechanical energy dissipation in addition to the viscoelastic relaxation of the polymer network. We contrast the 3D printed LCE lattices with conventional, thermomechanically near-equivalent elastomer lattice foams to quantify the energy-absorbing enhancement the LCE matrix phase provides. Under cyclic quasi-static uniaxial compression conditions, the LCE lattices show dramatically enhanced energy dissipation in uniaxial compression compared to the non-LCE equivalent foams printed with a commercially available photocurable elastomer resin. The lattice geometry also plays a prominent role in determining the energy dissipation ratio between the LCE and non-LCE foams. We show that when increasing the lattice connectivity, the foam deformation transitions from bending-dominated to stretching-dominated deformations, which generates higher axial strains in the struts and higher energy dissipation in the lattice foam, as stretching allows greater mesogen rotation than bending. The LCE foams demonstrate superior energy absorption during the repeated dynamic loading during drop testing compared with the non-LCE equivalent foams, demonstrating the potential of LCEs to enhance physical protection systems against mechanical impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoqian Luo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado 80217, United States
| | - Christopher Chung
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado 80217, United States
| | - Nicholas A Traugutt
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado 80217, United States
| | - Christopher M Yakacki
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado 80217, United States
| | - Kevin N Long
- Materials and Failure Modeling Department, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, United States
| | - Kai Yu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado 80217, United States
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Román-Manso B, Muth J, Gibson LJ, Ruettinger W, Lewis JA. Hierarchically Porous Ceramics via Direct Writing of Binary Colloidal Gel Foams. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:8976-8984. [PMID: 33577284 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c22292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Hierarchically porous ceramics with a high specific surface area and interconnected porosity may find potential application as particulate filters, catalyst supports, and battery electrodes. We report the design and programmable assembly of cellular ceramic architectures with controlled pore size, volume, and interconnectivity across multiple length scales via direct foam writing. Specifically, binary colloidal gel foams are created that contain entrained bubbles stabilized by the irreversible adsorption of attractive alumina and carbon (porogen) particles at their air-water interfaces. Composition effects on foam ink rheology and printing behavior are investigated. Sintered ceramic foams exhibited specific permeabilities that increased from 2 × 10-13 to 1 × 10-12 m2 and compressive strengths that decreased from 40 to 1 MPa, respectively, with increasing specific interfacial area. Using direct foam writing, 3D ceramic lattices composed of open-cell foam struts were fabricated with tailored mechanical properties and interconnected porosity across multiple length scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benito Román-Manso
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Joseph Muth
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Lorna J Gibson
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | | | - Jennifer A Lewis
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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8
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Behrens SH. Oil-coated bubbles in particle suspensions, capillary foams, and related opportunities in colloidal multiphase systems. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2020.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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9
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Okesanjo O, Tennenbaum M, Fernandez-Nieves A, Meredith JC, Behrens SH. Rheology of capillary foams. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:6725-6732. [PMID: 32555866 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm00384k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous foams are ubiquitous; they appear in products and processes that span the cosmetics, food, and energy industries. The versatile applicability of foams comes as a result of their intrinsic viscous and elastic properties; for example, foams are exploited as drilling fluids in enhanced oil recovery for their high viscosity. Recently, so-called capillary foams were discovered: a class of foams that have excellent stability under static conditions and whose flow properties have so far remained unexplored. The unique architecture of these foams, containing oil-coated bubbles and a gelled network of oil-bridged particles, is expected to affect foam rheology. In this work, we report the first set of rheological data on capillary foams. We study the viscoelastic properties of capillary foams by conducting oscillatory and steady shear tests. We compare our results on the rheological properties of capillary foams to those reported for other aqueous foams. We find that capillary foams, which have low gas volume fractions, exhibit long lasting rheological stability as well as a yielding behavior that is reminiscent of surfactant foams with high gas volume fractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omotola Okesanjo
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA.
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10
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Ferreiro-Córdova C, Del Gado E, Foffi G, Bouzid M. Multi-component colloidal gels: interplay between structure and mechanical properties. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:4414-4421. [PMID: 32337525 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm02410g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We present a detailed numerical study of multi-component colloidal gels interacting sterically and obtained by arrested phase separation. Under deformation, we found that the interplay between the different intertwined networks is key. Increasing the number of components leads to softer solids that can accommodate progressively larger strains before yielding. The simulations highlight how this is the direct consequence of the purely repulsive interactions between the different components, which end up enhancing the linear response of the material. Our work provides new insight into mechanisms at play for controlling the material properties and opens a road to new design principles for soft composite solids.
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11
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Visser CW, Amato DN, Mueller J, Lewis JA. Architected Polymer Foams via Direct Bubble Writing. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1904668. [PMID: 31535777 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201904668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Revised: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Polymer foams are cellular solids composed of solid and gas phases, whose mechanical, thermal, and acoustic properties are determined by the composition, volume fraction, and connectivity of both phases. A new high-throughput additive manufacturing method, referred to as direct bubble writing, for creating polymer foams with locally programmed bubble size, volume fraction, and connectivity is reported. Direct bubble writing relies on rapid generation and patterning of liquid shell-gas core droplets produced using a core-shell nozzle. The printed polymer foams are able to retain their overall shape, since the outer shell of these bubble droplets consist of a low-viscosity monomer that is rapidly polymerized during the printing process. The transition between open- and closed-cell foams is independently controlled by the gas used, while the foam can be tailored on-the-fly by adjusting the gas pressure used to produce the bubble droplets. As exemplars, homogeneous and graded polymer foams in several motifs, including 3D lattices, shells, and out-of-plane pillars are fabricated. Conductive composite foams with controlled stiffness for use as soft pressure sensors are also produced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claas Willem Visser
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering and John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Dahlia N Amato
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering and John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Jochen Mueller
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering and John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Jennifer A Lewis
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering and John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
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12
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Pentyala P, Shahid M, Ramamirtham S, Basavaraj MG. Porous materials from oppositely charged nanoparticle gel emulsions. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2018.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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13
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Hua X, Bevan MA, Frechette J. Competitive Adsorption between Nanoparticles and Surface Active Ions for the Oil-Water Interface. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:4830-4842. [PMID: 29631392 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) can add functionality (e.g., catalytic, optical, rheological) to an oil-water interface. Adsorption of ∼10 nm NPs can be reversible; however, the mechanisms for adsorption and its effects on surface pressure remain poorly understood. Here we demonstrate how the competitive reversible adsorption of NPs and surfactants at fluid interfaces can lead to independent control of both the adsorbed amount and surface pressure. In contrast to prior work, both species investigated (NPs and surfactants) interact reversibly with the interface and without the surface active species binding to NPs. Independent measurements of the adsorption and surface pressure isotherms allow determination of the equation of state (EOS) of the interface under conditions where the NPs and surfactants are both in dynamic equilibrium with the bulk phase. The adsorption and surface pressure measurements are performed with gold NPs of two different sizes (5 and 10 nm), at two pH values, and across a wide concentration range of surfactant (tetrapentylammonium, TPeA+) and NPs. We show that free surface active ions compete with NPs for the interface and give rise to larger surface pressures upon the adsorption of NPs. Through a competitive adsorption model, we decouple the contributions of NPs wetting at the interface and their surface activity on the measured surface pressure. We also demonstrate reversible control of adsorbed amount via changes in the surfactant concentration or the aqueous phase pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Hua
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore , Maryland 21218 , United States
| | - Michael A Bevan
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore , Maryland 21218 , United States
| | - Joelle Frechette
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore , Maryland 21218 , United States
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14
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Manipulation of Pickering emulsion rheology using hydrophilically modified silica nanoparticles in brine. J Colloid Interface Sci 2018; 509:132-139. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2017.08.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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