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Hou H, Wu X, Hu Z, Gao S, Wu Y, Lin Y, Dai L, Zou G, Liu L, Yuan Z. High-speed directional transport of condensate droplets on superhydrophobic saw-tooth surfaces. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 649:290-301. [PMID: 37352560 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.06.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Most droplets on high-efficiency condensing surfaces have radii of less than 100 μm, but conventional droplet transport methods (such as wettability-gradient surfaces and structural-curvature-gradient surfaces) that rely on the unbalanced force of three-phase lines can only transport millimeter-sized droplets efficiently. Regulating high-speed directional transport of condensate droplets is still challenging. Therefore, we present a method for condensate droplet transportation, based on the reaction force of the superhydrophobic saw-tooth surfaces to the liquid bridge, the condensate droplets could be transported at high speed and over long distances. EXPERIMENTS The superhydrophobic saw-tooth surfaces are fabricated by femtosecond laser ablation and chemical etching. Condensation experiments and luminescent particle characterization experiments on different surfaces are conducted. Aided by the theoretical analysis, we illustrate the remarkable performance of condensate droplet transportation on saw-tooth surfaces. FINDINGS Compared with conventional methods, our method improves the transport velocity and relative transport distance by 1-2 orders of magnitude and achieves directional transport of the smallest condensate droplet of about 2 μm. Furthermore, the superhydrophobic saw-tooth surfaces enable multi-hop directional jumping of condensate droplets, leading to cross-scale increases in transport distances from microns to decimeters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Hou
- Key Laboratory for Thermal Science and Power Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Energy and Power Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaomin Wu
- Key Laboratory for Thermal Science and Power Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Energy and Power Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Zhifeng Hu
- Key Laboratory for Thermal Science and Power Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Energy and Power Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Sihang Gao
- Key Laboratory for Thermal Science and Power Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Energy and Power Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yuxi Wu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yukai Lin
- Key Laboratory for Thermal Science and Power Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Energy and Power Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Liyu Dai
- Key Laboratory for Thermal Science and Power Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Energy and Power Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Guisheng Zou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhiping Yuan
- Department of Energy and Power Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
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Handschuh-Wang S, Wang T, Tang Y. Ultrathin Diamond Nanofilms-Development, Challenges, and Applications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2007529. [PMID: 34041849 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202007529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Diamond is a highly attractive material for ample applications in material science, engineering, chemistry, and biology because of its favorable properties. The advent of conductive diamond coatings and the steady demand for miniaturization in a plethora of economic and scientific fields resulted in the impetus for interdisciplinary research to develop intricate deposition techniques for thin (≤1000 nm) and ultra-thin (≤100 nm) diamond films on non-diamond substrates. By virtue of the lowered thickness, diamond coatings feature high optical transparency in UV-IR range. Combined with their semi-conductivity and mechanical robustness, they are promising candidates for solar cells, optical devices, transparent electrodes, and photochemical applications. In this review, the difficulty of (ultra-thin) diamond film development and production, introduction of important stepping stones for thin diamond synthesis, and summarization of the main nucleation procedures for diamond film synthesis are elucidated. Thereafter, applications of thin diamond coatings are highlighted with a focus on applications relying on ultrathin diamond coatings, and the excellent properties of the diamond exploited in said applications are discussed, thus guiding the reader and enabling the reader to quickly get acquainted with the research field of ultrathin diamond coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Handschuh-Wang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Functional Thin Films Research Center, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yongbing Tang
- Functional Thin Films Research Center, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Processing & Mold, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
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Li Y, Huang J, Cheng J, Xu S, Pi P, Wen X. Enhanced Movement of Two-Component Droplets on a Wedge-Shaped Ag/Cu Surface by a Wettability Gradient. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:15857-15865. [PMID: 33765767 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c00517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The wedge-shaped Ag/Cu surface with a contact angle (CA) [droplet of 30 vol % propylene glycol (PG)] of 18.6° in the wedge track and 64.6° at its periphery was fabricated through a facile gradient displacement reaction on the Cu substrate. The aqueous droplet of 30% PG could realize directed motion on the wedge track without back-end pinning, moving in a two-stage process of front-end spreading and subsequent back-end shrinking. A wettability gradient from 64.6 to 18.6° on the wedge surface could enhance the droplet motion, especially during the second stage. A favorable length of the wettability gradient (15 mm) was obtained, capable of moving the droplet the farthest displacement of 21.6 mm at a velocity of 0.53 mm/s on a wedge track with the wedge angle of α = 10° and length of 25 mm. The driving force arising from the wettability gradient during the second stage was evaluated theoretically to elucidate the effect of the length of the wettability gradient on the movement. Finally, three T-shaped self-driven surface micromixers composed of a mixing zone with uniform wettability and a transportation zone with different gradients were designed to test the drainage ability of droplets away from the surface. The wedge track combined with the wettability gradient was found to be capable of removing the mixed droplet completely out of the mixing region and flowing away, while the droplet would attach or stay in the mixing zone if actuated by the shape gradient or the wettability gradient alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiliang Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Product Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Jinmei Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Product Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Jiang Cheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Product Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Shouping Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Product Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Pihui Pi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Product Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Xiufang Wen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Product Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
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Handschuh-Wang S, Wang T, Zhu L, Xu Y, Huang L, Gan T, Tang Y, Zhou X. Corrosion-Resistant Functional Diamond Coatings for Reliable Interfacing of Liquid Metals with Solid Metals. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:40891-40900. [PMID: 32805806 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c09428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Gallium-based liquid metals (GLMs) exist as atypical liquid-phase metals at and near room temperature while being electrically and thermally conductive, enabling copious applications in soft electronics and thermal management systems. Yet, solid metals are affected by interfacing with GLMs, resulting in liquid metal embrittlement and device failure. To avert this issue, mechanically durable and electrically tunable diffusion barriers for long-term reliable liquid metal-solid metal interfacing based on the deposition of various diamond coatings are designed and synthesized, as they feature high chemical inertness and extraordinary mechanical resistance. The diamond coatings show superlyophobicity (GLM contact angle ≥ 155°) and are nonstick toward GLMs, thereby achieving high mobility of GLM droplets (sliding angle 8-12°). The excellent barrier and anti-adhesion performance of the diamond coatings are proven in long-term experiments (3 weeks) of coated titanium alloy (Ti) samples in contact with GLMs. The electrical performance of the conductive diamond coating deposited on Ti is reliable and stable over a period of 50 h. As proof-of-concept applications a switch and a thermal management device based on liquid metals are demonstrated, signifying that coating diamond films on metals is a potent means to achieve stable integration of solid metals with GLMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Handschuh-Wang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
- Guangdong Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Economy (SZ), Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Tao Wang
- Functional Thin Films Research Center, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Lifei Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
- Guangdong Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Economy (SZ), Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Yang Xu
- Functional Thin Films Research Center, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Lei Huang
- Functional Thin Films Research Center, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Tiansheng Gan
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
- Guangdong Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Economy (SZ), Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Yongbing Tang
- Functional Thin Films Research Center, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Xuechang Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
- Guangdong Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Economy (SZ), Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
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Wang T, Huang L, Liu Y, Li X, Liu C, Handschuh-Wang S, Xu Y, Zhao Y, Tang Y. Robust Biomimetic Hierarchical Diamond Architecture with a Self-Cleaning, Antibacterial, and Antibiofouling Surface. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:24432-24441. [PMID: 32342682 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c02460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Biofouling is a worldwide problem from healthcare to marine exploration. Aggressive biofouling, wear, and corrosion lead to severe deterioration in function and durability. Here, micro- and nanostructured hierarchical diamond films mimicking the morphology of plant leaves were developed to simultaneously achieve superhydrophobicity, antibacterial efficacy, and marine antibiofouling, combined with mechanical and chemical robustness. These coatings were designed and successfully constructed on various commercial substrates, such as titanium alloys, silicon, and quartz glass via a chemical vapor deposition process. The unique surface structure of diamond films reduced bacteria attachment by 90-99%. In the marine environment, these biomimetic diamond films significantly reduced more than 95% adhesion of green algae. The structured diamond films retained mechanical robustness, superhydrophobicity, and antibacterial efficacy under high abrasion and corrosive conditions, exhibiting at least 20 times enhanced wear resistance than the bare commercial substrates even after long-term immersion in seawater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Functional Thin Films Research Center, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Lei Huang
- Functional Thin Films Research Center, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yuzhi Liu
- Center for Human Tissues and Organs Degeneration, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xingxing Li
- Functional Thin Films Research Center, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Chunhua Liu
- Centre for Brain Connectome and Behavior, the Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Stephan Handschuh-Wang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Yang Xu
- Functional Thin Films Research Center, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ying Zhao
- Center for Human Tissues and Organs Degeneration, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yongbing Tang
- Functional Thin Films Research Center, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
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Handschuh-Wang S, Zhu L, Wang T. Is There a Relationship between Surface Wettability of Structured Surfaces and Lyophobicity toward Liquid Metals? MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E2283. [PMID: 32429161 PMCID: PMC7288057 DOI: 10.3390/ma13102283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The liquid metal lyophobicity of a rough substrate was, in previous articles, found to be rather independent on the surface wettability. In this article, we scrutinize the impact of surface wettability of a structured (rough) surface on the liquid metal wettability and adhesion. As a model system, a structured diamond coating was synthesized and modified by air plasma. We show that surface wettability (surface free energy) does not play a prominent role for static contact angle measurements and for the liquid metal repelling properties of the diamond coating in droplet impact experiments. In contrast, roll off angles and repeated deposition experiments illustrate that the increased hydrophilicity impacts the long-term liquid metal repellency of our coating. Liquid metal adhered after around 50 deposition/removal cycles on the hydrophilic diamond coating, while no liquid metal adhesion was visible after 100 cycles on the hydrophobic diamond coating, illustrating the fundamental role for the adhesion of liquid metal. The effect of repeated deposition in conjunction with gentle applied force was employed for coating the liquid metal lyophobic (hydrophilic) diamond coating with a thin liquid metal layer. The observed effect may find application in flexible electronics and thermal management systems as a means to improve interfacing of the liquid metal with conductive non-metal coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Handschuh-Wang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China;
| | - Lifei Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China;
| | - Tao Wang
- Functional Thin Films Research Center, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China;
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Zhang F, Li C, Wang Z, Zhang J, Wang Y. Multimaterial 3D Printing for Arbitrary Distribution with Nanoscale Resolution. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9081108. [PMID: 31382393 PMCID: PMC6723873 DOI: 10.3390/nano9081108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
At the core of additive manufacturing (3D printing) is the ability to rapidly print with multiple materials for arbitrary distribution with high resolution, which can remove challenges and limits of traditional assembly and enable us to make increasingly complex objects, especially exciting meta-materials. Here we demonstrate a simple and effective strategy to achieve nano-resolution printing of multiple materials for arbitrary distribution via layer-by-layer deposition on a special deposition surface. The established physical model reveals that complex distribution on a section can be achieved by vertical deformation of simple lamination of multiple materials. The deformation is controlled by a special surface of the mold and a contour-by-contour (instead of point-by-point) printing mode is revealed in the actual process. A large-scale concentric ring array with a minimum feature size below 50 nm is printed within less than two hours, verifying the capacity of high-throughput, high-resolution and rapidity of printing. The proposed printing method opens the way towards the programming of internal compositions of object (such as functional microdevices with multiple materials).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengqiang Zhang
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Changhai Li
- Key Laboratory of Micro-systems and Micro-structures Manufacturing, Ministry of Education, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China.
| | - Zhenlong Wang
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China.
- Key Laboratory of Micro-systems and Micro-structures Manufacturing, Ministry of Education, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China.
| | - Jia Zhang
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
- Key Laboratory of Micro-systems and Micro-structures Manufacturing, Ministry of Education, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Yukui Wang
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
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