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Liu K, Pan Y, Wang X, Ma T, Li B, Chu J. A low-cost self-dispersing method of droplet array generation enabled by a simple reusable mask for bioanalysis and bioassays. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 414:1141-1149. [PMID: 34779901 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03739-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Discontinuous dewetting is an attractive technique that can produce droplet array of specific volume, geometry and at predefined location on a substrate. Droplet array has great potential in bioanalysis such as high-throughput live cell screening, digital PCR, and drug candidates. Here, we propose a self-dispersing droplet array generation method, which has advantages of low cost, simple operation, and easy large-area production ability. Droplet array of specific volumes was generated on a polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) substrate using a simple reusable polyimide (PI) adhesive mask. Experiment shows that the generated droplet array can be used to successfully capture single particles which obeys Poisson distribution in a high-throughput manner. Furthermore, a droplet-array sandwiching chip was created based on the self-dispersion method for rapid detection of human serum albumin (HSA) at wide range of 183-11,712 μg/mL with low reagent consumption of 2.2 μL, demonstrating its potential applications in convenient high-throughput bioanalysis and bioassays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Liu
- Department of Precision Machinery & Precision Instrumentation, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, Anhui, China
| | - Yang Pan
- Department of Precision Machinery & Precision Instrumentation, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaojie Wang
- Department of Precision Machinery & Precision Instrumentation, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, Anhui, China
| | - Tuo Ma
- Department of Precision Machinery & Precision Instrumentation, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, Anhui, China
| | - Baoqing Li
- Department of Precision Machinery & Precision Instrumentation, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, Anhui, China.
- Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, Anhui, China.
| | - Jiaru Chu
- Department of Precision Machinery & Precision Instrumentation, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, Anhui, China
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Granda R, Plog J, Li G, Yurkiv V, Mashayek F, Yarin AL. Evolution and Shape of Two-Dimensional Stokesian Drops under the Action of Surface Tension and Electric Field: Linear and Nonlinear Theory and Experiment. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:11429-11446. [PMID: 34559540 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c01015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The creeping-flow theory describing evolution and steady-state shape of two-dimensional ionic-conductor drops under the action of surface tension and the subcritical (in terms of the electric Bond number) electric field imposed in the substrate plane is developed. On the other hand, the experimental data are acquired for drops impacted or softly deposited on dielectric surfaces of different wettability and subjected to an in-plane subcritical electric field. Even though the experimental situation involves viscous friction of drops with the substrates and wettability-driven motion of the contact line, the comparison to the theory reveals that it can accurately describe the steady-state drop shape on a non-wettable substrate. In the latter case, the drop is sufficiently raised above the substrate, which diminishes the three-dimensional effects, making the two-dimensional description (lacking the no-slip condition at the substrate and wettability-driven motion of the contact line) relevant. Accordingly, it is demonstrated how the subcritical electric field deforms the initially circular drops until an elongated steady-state configuration is reached. In particular, the surface tension tends to round off the non-circular drops stretched by the electric Maxwell stresses imposed by the electrodes. A more pronounced substrate wettability leads to more elongated steady-state configurations observed experimentally than those predicted by the two-dimensional theory. The latter cases reveal significant three-dimensional effects in the electrically driven drop stretching. In the supercritical electric fields (corresponding to the supercritical electric Bond numbers), the electrical stretching of drops predicted by the present linearized two-dimensional theory results in splitting into two separate droplets. This scenario is corroborated by the predictions of the fully nonlinear results for similar electrically stretched bubbles in the creeping-flow regime available in the literature as well as by the present experimental results on a substrate with slip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Granda
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, 842 West Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607-7022, United States
| | - Jevon Plog
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, 842 West Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607-7022, United States
| | - Gen Li
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, 842 West Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607-7022, United States
| | - Vitaliy Yurkiv
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, 842 West Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607-7022, United States
| | - Farzad Mashayek
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, 842 West Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607-7022, United States
| | - Alexander L Yarin
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, 842 West Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607-7022, United States
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Lin YW, Ciou YJ, Yao DJ. Virtual Stencil for Patterning and Modeling in a Quantitative Volume Using EWOD and DEP Devices for Microfluidics. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:1104. [PMID: 34577747 PMCID: PMC8464762 DOI: 10.3390/mi12091104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Applying microfluidic patterning, droplets were precisely generated on an electrowetting-on-dielectric (EWOD) chip considering these parameters: number of generating electrodes, number of cutting electrodes, voltage, frequency and gap between upper and lower plates of the electrode array on the EWOD chip. In a subsequent patterning experiment, an environment with three generating electrodes, one cutting electrode and a gap height 10 μm, we obtained a quantitative volume for patterning. Propylene carbonate liquid and a mixed colloid of polyphthalate carbonate (PPC) and photosensitive polymer material were manipulated into varied patterns. With support from a Z-axis lifting platform and a UV lamp, a cured 3D structure was stacked. Using an EWOD system, a multi-layer three-dimensional structure was produced for the patterning. A two-plate EWOD system patterned propylene carbonate in a quantitative volume at 140 Vpp/20 kHz with automatic patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Wei Lin
- Institute of NanoEngineering and MicroSystems, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan;
- Mechanical and Mechatronics System Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Jhen Ciou
- Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan;
| | - Da-Jeng Yao
- Institute of NanoEngineering and MicroSystems, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan;
- Mechanical and Mechatronics System Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
- Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan;
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Li C, Li M, Ni Z, Guan Q, Blackman BRK, Saiz E. Stimuli-responsive surfaces for switchable wettability and adhesion. J R Soc Interface 2021; 18:20210162. [PMID: 34129792 PMCID: PMC8205534 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2021.0162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Diverse unique surfaces exist in nature, e.g. lotus leaf, rose petal and rice leaf. They show similar contact angles but different adhesion properties. According to the different wettability and adhesion characteristics, this review reclassifies different contact states of droplets on surfaces. Inspired by the biological surfaces, smart artificial surfaces have been developed which respond to external stimuli and consequently switch between different states. Responsive surfaces driven by various stimuli, e.g. stretching, magnetic, photo, electric, temperature, humidity and pH, are discussed. Studies reporting on either atmospheric or underwater environments are discussed. The application of tailoring surface wettability and adhesion includes microfluidics/droplet manipulation, liquid transport and harvesting, water energy harvesting and flexible smart devices. Particular attention is placed on the horizontal comparison of smart surfaces with the same stimuli. Finally, the current challenges and future prospects in this field are also identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City and Guilds Building, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Ming Li
- Centre of Advanced Structural Ceramics, Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Zhongshi Ni
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01002, USA
| | - Qingwen Guan
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Bamber R. K. Blackman
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City and Guilds Building, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Eduardo Saiz
- Centre of Advanced Structural Ceramics, Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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5
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Yarin AL. Wetting for self-healing and electrowetting for additive manufacturing. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2020.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Yu J, Wei X, Guo Y, Zhang Z, Rui P, Zhao Y, Zhang W, Shi S, Wang P. Self-powered droplet manipulation system for microfluidics based on triboelectric nanogenerator harvesting rotary energy. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:284-295. [PMID: 33439205 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc00994f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic technology, as a method for manipulating tiny fluids, has the advantages of low sample consumption, fast reaction, and no cross-contamination. In a microfluidic system, accurate manipulation of droplets is a crucial technology that has been widely investigated. In this work, a self-powered droplet manipulation system (SDMS) is proposed to realize various droplet operations, including moving, splitting, merging, mixing, transporting chemicals and reacting. The SDMS is mainly composed of a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG), an electric brush, and a microfluidic device. The TENG serves as a high-voltage source to power the system. Using different electric brushes and microfluidic devices, different manipulations of droplets can be achieved. Moreover, by experiments and simulations, the influence of the electrode width, the electrode gap and the central angle of one electrode on the performance of SDMS is analyzed in detail. Firstly, by using electrowetting-on-dielectric (EWOD) technology, SDMS can accurately control droplets for long-distance linear movement and simultaneously control multiple droplets to move in a circular electrode track consisting of 40 electrodes. SDMS can also manipulate two droplets of different components to merge and react. In addition, using dielectrophoresis (DEP) technology, SDMS can separate droplets with maximum volumes of 400 μL and reduce the time of the complete mixing of two droplets with different components by 6.3 times compared with the passive mixing method. Finally, the demonstration shows that a droplet can be manipulated by hand power for chemical delivery and chemical reactions on a circular electrode track without an external power source, which proves the applicability of SDMS as an open-surface microfluidic device. Therefore, the self-powered droplet manipulation system proposed in this work may have great application in the fields of drug delivery, micro chemical reactions, and biological microanalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Yu
- School of Physics and Materials Science, Energy Materials and Devices Key Lab of Anhui Province for Photoelectric Conversion, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, P. R. China.
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Löwe JM, Hinrichsen V, Roisman IV, Tropea C. Impact of electric charge and motion of water drops on the inception field strength of partial discharges. Phys Rev E 2020; 102:063101. [PMID: 33465960 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.102.063101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Strong electric fields may deform drops and induce their oscillation or motion on the substrate. Moreover, they can initiate partial discharges (PDs) because of the enhancement of the electric field in the vicinity of the three-phase contact lines. The partial discharges affect the drop spreading which can result in unusual drop shapes. In addition, the partial discharges can also deteriorate the surface properties of the substrate, e.g., of high-voltage composite insulators. In this study the occurrence of partial discharges due to stationary or oscillating sessile drops under the influence of an alternating electric field is investigated using a generic insulator model under well-defined conditions. Drops of a yield stress fluid (a gelatin-water mixture) are used to determine the PD inception field strength for stationary drop shapes. The influence of the volume as well as the distance between the individual drops for two drop configurations on the PD inception threshold is determined. The inception field strength of the partial discharges is measured for various drop volumes, drop charges, as well as for different resonance modes of drop oscillations. Besides the electrical measurement, the location of the partial discharges is optically determined by a UV camera. The detailed knowledge of the influencing factors of the partial discharges improves the understanding of the drop behavior under the impact of strong electric fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens-Michael Löwe
- High-Voltage Laboratories, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Volker Hinrichsen
- High-Voltage Laboratories, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Ilia V Roisman
- Institute of Fluid Mechanics and Aerodynamics, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Cameron Tropea
- Institute of Fluid Mechanics and Aerodynamics, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
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Zhang Y, Wang Y, Tang C, Zhou G, Yu J, He H, Qi H. Reducing the droplet/solid interfacial sliding resistance under electrowetting-on-dielectric by different voltage slew rate signals. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2020.125075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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9
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Droplet impaction in nuclear installations and safety analysis: Phenomena, findings and approaches. NUCLEAR ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucengdes.2020.110757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Bonart H, Kahle C, Repke JU. Optimal Control of Droplets on a Solid Surface Using Distributed Contact Angles. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:8894-8903. [PMID: 32628852 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c01242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Controlling the shape and position of moving and pinned droplets on a solid surface is an important feature often found in microfluidic applications. However, automating them, e.g., for high-throughput applications, rarely involves model-based optimal control strategies. In this work, we demonstrate the optimal control of both the shape and position of a droplet sliding on an inclined surface. This basic test case is a fundamental building block in plenty of microfluidic designs. The static contact angle between the solid surface, the surrounding gas, and the liquid droplet serves as the control variable. By using several control patches, e.g., like that performed in electrowetting, the contact angles are allowed to vary in space and time. In computer experiments, we are able to calculate mathematically optimal contact angle distributions using gradient-based optimization. The dynamics of the droplet are described by the Cahn-Hilliard-Navier-Stokes equations. We anticipate our demonstration to be the starting point for more sophisticated optimal design and control concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning Bonart
- Technische Universität Berlin, Process Dynamics and Operations Group, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Kahle
- Universität Koblenz-Landau, Universitätsstraße 1, 56070 Koblenz, Germany
| | - Jens-Uwe Repke
- Technische Universität Berlin, Process Dynamics and Operations Group, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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Sattari A, Hanafizadeh P, Hoorfar M. Multiphase flow in microfluidics: From droplets and bubbles to the encapsulated structures. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 282:102208. [PMID: 32721624 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2020.102208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Microfluidic technologies have a unique ability to control more precisely and effectively on two-phase flow systems in comparison with macro systems. Controlling the size of the droplets and bubbles has led to an ever-increasing expansion of this technology in two-phase systems. Liquid-liquid and gas-liquid two-phase flows because of their numerous applications in different branches such as reactions, synthesis, emulsions, cosmetic, food, drug delivery, etc. have been the most critical two-phase flows in microfluidic systems. This review highlights recent progress in two-phase flows in microfluidic devices. The fundamentals of two-phase flows, including some essential dimensionless numbers, governing equations, and some most well-known numerical methods are firstly introduced, followed by a review of standard methods for producing segmented flows such as emulsions in microfluidic systems. Then various encapsulated structures, a common two-phase flow structure in microfluidic devices, and different methods of their production are reviewed. Finally, applications of two-phase microfluidic flows in drug-delivery, biotechnology, mixing, and microreactors are briefly discussed.
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