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Chen AR, Parashar P, Sharma MK, Shih JS, Yeh HY, Lin YJ, Kaswan K, Fan KP, Chen PY, Lin ZH. Self-Healable Sandfish Scale-Inspired Scalable Triboelectric Layer for Hybrid Energy Harvesting in Desert Environment. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2404637. [PMID: 39151161 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202404637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Revised: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/18/2024]
Abstract
In deserts, sedimentation from frequent dust activities on solar cells poses a substantial technical challenge, reducing efficiency and necessitating advanced cost-inefficient cleaning mechanisms. Herein, a novel sandfish scale-inspired self-healing fluorinated copolymer-based triboelectric layer is directly incorporated on top of the polysilicon solar cell for sustained hybrid energy harvesting. The transparent biomimetic layer, with distinctive saw-tooth microstructured morphology, exhibits ultra-low sand adhesion and high abrasion-resistant properties, inhibits sedimentation deposition on solar cells, and concurrently harvests kinetic energy from wind-driven sand particles through triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG). The film exhibits a low friction coefficient (0.149), minimal sand adhesion force (27 nN), and a small wear area (327 µm2). In addition, over 2 months, a solar cell with the sandfish scale-inspired structure demonstrates only a 16% decline in maximum power output compared to the bare solar cell, which experiences a 60% decline. Further, the sandfish scale-based TENG device's electrical output is fully restored to its original value after a 6-h self-healing cycle and maintains consistent stable outputs. These results highlight the exceptional advantages of employing biomimetic self-healing materials as robust triboelectric layers, showcasing sustained device stability and durability for prolonged use in harsh desert environments, ultimately contributing to a low cost-of-electricity generation paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- An-Rong Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Parag Parashar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Manish Kumar Sharma
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Siang Shih
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Hsuan-Yu Yeh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Jui Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Kuldeep Kaswan
- International Intercollegiate Ph.D. Program, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Po Fan
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Po-Yu Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Zong-Hong Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
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Lu Q, Wang Z, Zhang S, Wang J, Mao X, Xie L, Liu Q, Zeng H. Molecular interaction mechanism for humic acids fouling resistance on charged, zwitterion-like and zwitterionic surfaces. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 666:393-402. [PMID: 38603881 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Humic acids (HA) are ubiquitous in surface waters, leading to significant fouling challenges. While zwitterion-like and zwitterionic surfaces have emerged as promising candidates for antifouling, a quantitative understanding of molecular interaction mechanism, particularly at the nanoscale, still remains elusive. In this work, the intermolecular forces between HA and charged, zwitterion-like or zwitterionic monolayers in aqueous environments were quantified using atomic force microscope. Compared to cationic MTAC ([2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl]trimethylammonium chloride), which exhibited an adhesion energy of ∼1.342 mJ/m2 with HA due to the synergistic effect of electrostatic attraction and possible cation-π interaction, anionic SPMA (3-sulfopropyl methacrylate) showed a weaker adhesion energy (∼0.258 mJ/m2) attributed to the electrostatic repulsion. Zwitterion-like MTAC/SPMA mixture, driven by electrostatic attraction between opposite charges, formed a hydration layer that prevented the interaction with HA, thereby considerably reducing adhesion energy to ∼0.123 mJ/m2. In contrast, zwitterionic MPC (2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine) and DMAPS ([2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl]dimethyl-(3-sulfopropyl) ammonium hydroxide) displayed ultralow adhesion energy (0.06-0.07 mJ/m2) with HA, arising from their strong dipole moments which could induce a tight hydration layer that effectively inhibited HA fouling. The pH-mediated electrostatic interaction resulted in the increased adhesion energy for MTAC but decreased adhesion energy for SPMA with elevated pH, while the adhesion energy for zwitterion-like and zwitterionic surfaces was independent of environmental pH. Density functional theory (DFT) simulation confirmed the strong binding capability of MPC and DMAPS with water molecules (∼-12 kcal mol-1). This work provides valuable insights into the molecular interaction mechanisms underlying humic-substance-fouling resistance of charged, zwitterion-like and zwitterionic materials at the nanoscale, shedding light on developing more effective strategy for HA antifouling in water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyi Lu
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Zhoujie Wang
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, PR China
| | - Shishuang Zhang
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, PR China
| | - Jingyi Wang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Xiaohui Mao
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Lei Xie
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, PR China.
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Hongbo Zeng
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada.
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Sacramento MMA, Oliveira MB, Gomes JR, Borges J, Freedman BR, Mooney DJ, Rodrigues JMM, Mano JF. Natural Polymer-Polyphenol Bioadhesive Coacervate with Stable Wet Adhesion, Antibacterial Activity, and On-Demand Detachment. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2304587. [PMID: 38334308 PMCID: PMC11469155 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202304587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Medical adhesives are emerging as an important clinical tool as adjuvants for sutures and staples in wound closure and healing and in the achievement of hemostasis. However, clinical adhesives combining cytocompatibility, as well as strong and stable adhesion in physiological conditions, are still in demand. Herein, a mussel-inspired strategy is explored to produce adhesive coacervates using tannic acid (TA) and methacrylate pullulan (PUL-MA). TA|PUL-MA coacervates mainly comprise van der Waals forces and hydrophobic interactions. The methacrylic groups in the PUL backbone increase the number of interactions in the adhesives matrix, resulting in enhanced cohesion and adhesion strength (72.7 Jm-2), compared to the non-methacrylated coacervate. The adhesive properties are kept in physiologic-mimetic solutions (72.8 Jm-2) for 72 h. The photopolymerization of TA|PUL-MA enables the on-demand detachment of the adhesive. The poor cytocompatibility associated with the use of phenolic groups is here circumvented by mixing reactive oxygen species-degrading enzyme in the adhesive coacervate. This addition does not hamper the adhesive character of the materials, nor their anti-microbial or hemostatic properties. This affordable and straightforward methodology, together with the tailorable adhesivity even in wet environments, high cytocompatibility, and anti-bacterial activity, enables foresee TA|PUL-MA as a promising ready-to-use bioadhesive for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida M. A. Sacramento
- CICECO – Aveiro Institute of MaterialsDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of AveiroCampus Universitário de SantiagoAveiro3810‐193Portugal
| | - Mariana B. Oliveira
- CICECO – Aveiro Institute of MaterialsDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of AveiroCampus Universitário de SantiagoAveiro3810‐193Portugal
| | - José R.B. Gomes
- CICECO – Aveiro Institute of MaterialsDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of AveiroCampus Universitário de SantiagoAveiro3810‐193Portugal
| | - João Borges
- CICECO – Aveiro Institute of MaterialsDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of AveiroCampus Universitário de SantiagoAveiro3810‐193Portugal
| | - Benjamin R. Freedman
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridgeMA02138USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired EngineeringHarvard UniversityCambridgeMA02138USA
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryBeth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02215USA
| | - David J. Mooney
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridgeMA02138USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired EngineeringHarvard UniversityCambridgeMA02138USA
| | - João M. M. Rodrigues
- CICECO – Aveiro Institute of MaterialsDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of AveiroCampus Universitário de SantiagoAveiro3810‐193Portugal
| | - João F. Mano
- CICECO – Aveiro Institute of MaterialsDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of AveiroCampus Universitário de SantiagoAveiro3810‐193Portugal
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Yang W, Chen J, Zhao Z, Wu M, Gong L, Sun Y, Huang C, Yan B, Zeng H. Recent advances in fabricating injectable hydrogels via tunable molecular interactions for bio-applications. J Mater Chem B 2024; 12:332-349. [PMID: 37987037 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb02105j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogels with three-dimensional structures have been widely applied in various applications because of their tunable structures, which can be easily tailored with desired functionalities. However, the application of hydrogel materials in bioengineering is still constrained by their limited dosage flexibility and the requirement of invasive surgical procedures. Compared to traditional hydrogels, injectable hydrogels, with shear-thinning and/or in situ formation properties, simplify the implantation process and reduce tissue invasion, which can be directly delivered to target sites using a syringe injection, offering distinct advantages over traditional hydrogels. These injectable hydrogels incorporate physically non-covalent and/or dynamic covalent bonds, granting them self-healing abilities to recover their structural integrity after injection. This review summarizes our recent progress in preparing injectable hydrogels and discusses their performance in various bioengineering applications. Moreover, the underlying molecular interaction mechanisms that govern the injectable and functional properties of hydrogels were characterized by using nanomechanical techniques such as surface forces apparatus (SFA) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The remaining challenges and future perspectives on the design and application of injectable hydrogels are also discussed. This work provides useful insights and guides future research directions in the field of injectable hydrogels for bioengineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenshuai Yang
- Zhongyuan Critical Metals Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
- Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada.
| | - Jingsi Chen
- Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada.
| | - Ziqian Zhao
- Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada.
| | - Meng Wu
- Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada.
| | - Lu Gong
- Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada.
| | - Yimei Sun
- Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada.
| | - Charley Huang
- Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada.
| | - Bin Yan
- National Engineering Laboratory for Clean Technology of Leather Manufacture, College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Hongbo Zeng
- Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada.
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Zhang J, Lu F, He X, Liao Y, Chen R, Xia R, Shang Y, Wang Q, Yu J. The adsorption of biogenetic odorants onto activated carbon: Adsorption characteristics and impacts of algal organic matter. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 238:117072. [PMID: 37690627 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Powdered activated carbon (PAC) adsorption is regarded as an efficient method for removing odorants from drinking water. However, in eutrophic aquatic environments, the presence of algal organic matter (AOM) produced by cyanobacteria considerably impedes the adsorption of odorous compounds by activated carbon. This study focused on investigating the adsorption characteristics of three representative odorants: 2-methylisoborneol (2-MIB), β-cyclocitral (β-cyclo), and butyl sulfide (BS) by PAC and the effects of AOM on the PAC adsorption of odorants. The removal of the three odorants reached 83.5-97.5% at a PAC dosage of 10 mg/L after 12 h of exposure in a competition-free scenario. The adsorption kinetics demonstrated higher conformity (R2 > 0.9) with the pseudo-second-order model, whereas the adsorption capacity exhibited stronger conformity (R2 > 0.9) with the Freundlich model. The presence of AOM resulted in varying levels of competition for PAC for the adsorption of the three odorants. As the concentration of AOM increased from 0 to 5 mg C/L, the removal of 2-MIB was the most affected (from 83.5% to 10.0%), followed by β-cyclo (from 86.6% to 55.0%), and BS (from 97.5% to 92.0%). The competitive adsorption of AOM at the molecular level was studied using density functional theory (DFT). The DFT results suggested that odorants with higher and more uniformly distributed electrostatic potentials exhibited a heightened affinity for PAC adsorption and a diminished susceptibility to disruption caused by AOM. This study provides valuable insights into the mitigation of odorous compounds during drinking water purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junzhi Zhang
- Beijing Climate Change Response Research and Education Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Energy Conservation & Emission Reduction and Sustainable Urban-Rural Development in Beijing, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Fan Lu
- Beijing Climate Change Response Research and Education Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Energy Conservation & Emission Reduction and Sustainable Urban-Rural Development in Beijing, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Xiao He
- Beijing Climate Change Response Research and Education Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Energy Conservation & Emission Reduction and Sustainable Urban-Rural Development in Beijing, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Yu Liao
- Beijing Climate Change Response Research and Education Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Energy Conservation & Emission Reduction and Sustainable Urban-Rural Development in Beijing, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Rumeng Chen
- Beijing Climate Change Response Research and Education Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Energy Conservation & Emission Reduction and Sustainable Urban-Rural Development in Beijing, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Rongjun Xia
- Beijing Climate Change Response Research and Education Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Energy Conservation & Emission Reduction and Sustainable Urban-Rural Development in Beijing, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Yuchen Shang
- Beijing Climate Change Response Research and Education Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Energy Conservation & Emission Reduction and Sustainable Urban-Rural Development in Beijing, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Jianwei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Rahat SA, Chaudhuri K, Pham JT. Capillary detachment of a microparticle from a liquid-liquid interface. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:6247-6254. [PMID: 37555264 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm00470h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
The attachment and detachment of microparticles at a liquid-liquid interface are common in many material systems, from Pickering emulsions and colloidal assemblies to capillary suspensions. Properties of these systems rely on how the particles interact with the liquid-liquid interface, including the detachment process. In this study, we simultaneously measure the capillary detachment force of a microparticle from a liquid-liquid interface and visualize the shape of the meniscus by combining colloidal probe microscopy and confocal microscopy. The capillary behavior is studied on both untreated (hydrophilic) and fluorinated (hydrophobic) glass microparticles. The measured force data show good agreement with theoretical calculations based on the extracted geometric parameters from confocal images of the capillary bridge. It is also evident that contact line pinning is an important aspect of detachment for both untreated and fluorinated particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sazzadul A Rahat
- Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA.
| | - Krishnaroop Chaudhuri
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Jonathan T Pham
- Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA.
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
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Liu M, Yang M, Wan X, Tang Z, Jiang L, Wang S. From Nanoscopic to Macroscopic Materials by Stimuli-Responsive Nanoparticle Aggregation. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2208995. [PMID: 36409139 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202208995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Stimuli-responsive nanoparticle (NP) aggregation plays an increasingly important role in regulating NP assembly into microscopic superstructures, macroscopic 2D, and 3D functional materials. Diverse external stimuli are widely used to adjust the aggregation of responsive NPs, such as light, temperature, pH, electric, and magnetic fields. Many unique structures based on responsive NPs are constructed including disordered aggregates, ordered superlattices, structural droplets, colloidosomes, and bulk solids. In this review, the strategies for NP aggregation by external stimuli, and their recent progress ranging from nanoscale aggregates, microscale superstructures to macroscale bulk materials along the length scales as well as their applications are summarized. The future opportunities and challenges for designing functional materials through NP aggregation at different length scales are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingqian Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Man Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Xizi Wan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyong Tang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Lei Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Shutao Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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Gong L, Wu F, Yang W, Huang C, Li W, Wang X, Wang J, Tang T, Zeng H. Unraveling the hydrophobic interaction mechanisms of hydrocarbon and fluorinated surfaces. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 635:273-283. [PMID: 36587579 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.12.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Numerous hydrocarbon and fluorine-based hydrophobic surfaces have been widely applied in various engineering and bioengineering fields. It is hypothesized that the hydrophobic interactions of hydrocarbon and fluorinated surfaces in aqueous media would show some differences. EXPERIMENTS The hydrophobic interactions of hydrocarbon and fluorinated surfaces with air bubbles in aqueous solutions have been systematically and quantitatively measured using a bubble probe atomic force microscopy (AFM) technique. Ethanol was introduced to water for modulating the solution polarity. The experimental force profiles were analyzed using a theoretical model combining the Reynolds lubrication theory and augmented Young-Laplace equation by including disjoining pressure arisen from the Derjarguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (DLVO) and non-DLVO interactions (i.e., hydrophobic interactions). FINDINGS The experiment results show that the hydrophobic interactions were firstly weakened and then strengthened by increasing ethanol content in the aqueous media, mainly due to the variation in interfacial hydrogen bonding network. The fluorinated surface exhibited less sensitivity to ethanol than hydrocarbon surface, which is attributed to the presence of ordered interfacial water layer. Our work reveals the different hydrophobic effects of hydrocarbon and fluorinated surfaces, with useful implications on modulating the interfacial interactions of relevant materials in various engineering and bioengineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Gong
- Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Feiyi Wu
- Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Wenshuai Yang
- Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Charley Huang
- Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Wenhui Li
- Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Xiaogang Wang
- Heavy Machinery Engineering Research Center of Education Ministry, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Jianmei Wang
- Heavy Machinery Engineering Research Center of Education Ministry, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Tian Tang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Hongbo Zeng
- Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada.
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Davantès A, Nigen M, Sanchez C, Renard D. Impact of Hydrophobic and Electrostatic Forces on the Adsorption of Acacia Gum on Oxide Surfaces Revealed by QCM-D. COLLOIDS AND INTERFACES 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/colloids7020026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
The adsorption of Acacia gum from two plant exudates, A. senegal and A. seyal, at the solid-liquid interface on oxide surfaces was studied using a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D). The impact of the hydrophobic and electrostatic forces on the adsorption capacity was investigated by different surface, hydrophobicity, and charge properties, and by varying the ionic strength or the pH. The results highlight that hydrophobic forces have higher impacts than electrostatic forces on the Acacia gum adsorption on the oxide surface. The Acacia gum adsorption capacity is higher on hydrophobic surfaces compared to hydrophilic ones and presents a higher stability with negatively charged surfaces. The structural configuration and charge of Acacia gum in the first part of the adsorption process are important parameters. Acacia gum displays an extraordinary ability to adapt to surface properties through rearrangements, conformational changes, and/or dehydration processes in order to reach the steadiest state on the solid surface. Rheological analysis from QCM-D data shows that the A. senegal layers present a viscous behavior on the hydrophilic surface and a viscoelastic behavior on more hydrophobic ones. On the contrary, A. seyal layers show elastic behavior on all surfaces according to the Voigt model or a viscous behavior on the hydrophobic surface when considering the power-law model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michaël Nigen
- UMR IATE, Université Montpellier, INRAE, Institut Agro, 34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Christian Sanchez
- UMR IATE, Université Montpellier, INRAE, Institut Agro, 34060 Montpellier, France
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Novel polymer nanoparticles with core-shell structure for breaking asphaltenes-stabilized W/O and O/W emulsions. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 640:296-308. [PMID: 36863185 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.02.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS The removal of stable water-in-oil (W/O) or oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions has been a challenging issue in chemical and oil industry for decades. Traditional demulsifiers were generally designed specifically for treating either W/O or O/W emulsions. A demulsifier that is effective for treating both types of emulsions will be highly desired. EXPERIMENTS Novel polymer nanoparticles (PBM@PDM) was synthesized as a demulsifier for treating both W/O and O/W emulsions prepared by toluene, water, and asphaltenes. The morphology and chemical composition of synthesized PBM@PDM were characterized. Demulsification performance and interaction mechanisms including interfacial tension, interfacial pressure, surface charge properties and surface forces were systematically studied. FINDINGS PBM@PDM could immediately prompt the coalescence of water droplets upon addition and effectively release the water in asphaltenes-stabilized W/O emulsion. In addition, PBM@PDM successfully destabilized asphaltenes-stabilized O/W emulsion. Not only could PBM@PDM substitute the asphaltenes adsorbed at the water-toluene interface, but they could also dominate the water-toluene interfacial pressure in competition with asphaltenes. The steric repulsion between interfacial asphaltene films could be suppressed in the presence of PBM@PDM. Surface charges significantly influenced the stability of asphaltenes-stabilized O/W emulsion. This work provides useful insights into the interaction mechanisms of asphaltene-stabilized W/O and O/W emulsions.
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Zhao H, Huang X, Yang Y, Wang L, Zhao X, Yan F, Yang Y, Gao P, Ji P. The role of available nitrogen in the adsorption of polystyrene nanoplastics on magnetic materials. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 229:119481. [PMID: 36521314 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have been conducted on nanoplastics (NPs). However, few studies have investigated the complexity of the interactions between NPs and other aqueous pollutants in multi-solute media. In this study, the adsorption of polystyrene nanoplastics (PSNPs) on magnetic materials (MS) in the presence of available nitrogen (AN) was studied. The results demonstrated that the adsorbed amount of PSNPs increased in the presence of ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N), whereas no significant difference was detected on the adsorbed amount of PSNPs using nitrate nitrogen (NO3--N) as a cosolute. The increase in the adsorbed amount of PSNPs was attributed to the formation of an MS-PSNPs-NH4+-N complex. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and zeta potential analyses indicated that the PSNPs with NH4+-N as a cosolute can be bound on the MS surfaces. Moreover, the change in the PSNPs amount adsorbed by MS depends on the valence state, electronegativity of the coexisting ions, and the surface properties and functional groups of PSNPs. Additionally, the ionic strength, dissolved organic matter, solution pH, metal cations and the subsequent release of MS-coated PSNPs and NH4+-N changed considerably in different aquatic systems and artificial nitrating fluids. Among different natural aquatic systems, the PSNPs adsorption on MS was excellent in lake water. The results indicate high potential for the attachment of PSNPs to MS in the presence of AN and further deepen the understanding of removing NPs using magnetic materials in aqueous systems with various coexisting contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanghang Zhao
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Xunrong Huang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Yinan Yang
- Meteorological Bureau of Chengcheng County, Weinan, 715200, China
| | - Lu Wang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Fan Yan
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Yue Yang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Pengcheng Gao
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Puhui Ji
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China; Shaanxi Ghanshan Cui Environmental Protection Technology Co., Ltd., Room 202-2, Zone A, China-South Korea Industrial Park, Gaoke 3rd Road, Shaanxi Province, 712000, China.
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12
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Sun X, Liu W, Zhuo Q, Wang P, Zhao J. Probing the interaction between coal particle and collector using atomic force microscope and density functional theory calculation. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.130916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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13
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Yu J, Liu S, Cheng C, Xiong S, Liu G. The effect mechanism of calcite or quartz particles towards bastnaesite flotation with octyl hydroxamic acid. Chem Eng Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2022.118391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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14
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Homogeneous interfacial water structure favors realizing a low-friction coefficient state. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 626:324-333. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.06.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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15
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Chen J, Peng Q, Peng X, Zhang H, Zeng H. Probing and Manipulating Noncovalent Interactions in Functional Polymeric Systems. Chem Rev 2022; 122:14594-14678. [PMID: 36054924 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Noncovalent interactions, which usually feature tunable strength, reversibility, and environmental adaptability, have been recognized as driving forces in a variety of biological and chemical processes, contributing to the recognition between molecules, the formation of molecule clusters, and the establishment of complex structures of macromolecules. The marriage of noncovalent interactions and conventional covalent polymers offers the systems novel mechanical, physicochemical, and biological properties, which are highly dependent on the binding mechanisms of the noncovalent interactions that can be illuminated via quantification. This review systematically discusses the nanomechanical characterization of typical noncovalent interactions in polymeric systems, mainly through direct force measurements at microscopic, nanoscopic, and molecular levels, which provide quantitative information (e.g., ranges, strengths, and dynamics) on the binding behaviors. The fundamental understandings of intermolecular and interfacial interactions are then correlated to the macroscopic performances of a series of noncovalently bonded polymers, whose functions (e.g., stimuli-responsiveness, self-healing capacity, universal adhesiveness) can be customized through the manipulation of the noncovalent interactions, providing insights into the rational design of advanced materials with applications in biomedical, energy, environmental, and other engineering fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingsi Chen
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Qiongyao Peng
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Xuwen Peng
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Hongbo Zeng
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
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16
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Lins TF, O'Brien AM, Zargartalebi M, Sinton D. Nanoplastic State and Fate in Aquatic Environments: Multiscale Modeling. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:4017-4028. [PMID: 35311252 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c03922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We now know that nanoplastics can harm aquatic organisms, but understanding ecological risk starts with understanding fate. We coupled population balance and fugacity models to predict the conditions under which nanoplastics remain as single particles, aggregate, or sediment and to predict their capacity to concentrate organic pollutants. We carried out simulations across a broad range of nanoplastic concentrations, particle sizes, and particle-particle interactions under a range of salinity and organic matter conditions. The model predicts that across plastic materials and environmental conditions, nanoplastics will either remain mostly dispersed or settle as aggregates with natural colloids. Nanoplastics of different size classes respond dissimilarly to concentration, ionic strength, and organic matter content, indicating that the sizes of nanoplastics to which organisms are exposed likely shift across ecological zones. We implemented a fugacity model of the Great Lakes to assess the organic pollution payload carried by nanoplastics, generating the expectation that nanoplastics would carry nine times more pollutants than microsized plastics and a threshold concentration of 10 μg/L at which they impact pollutant distribution. Our simulations across a broad range of factors inform future experimentation by highlighting the relative importance of size, concentration, material properties, and interactions in driving nanoplastic fate in aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago F Lins
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto ON M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Anna M O'Brien
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Wilcocks Street, Toronto ON M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Mohammad Zargartalebi
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto ON M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - David Sinton
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto ON M5S 3G8, Canada
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17
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Facile and scalable surface functionalization approach with small silane molecules for oil/water separation and demulsification of surfactant/asphaltenes-stabilized emulsions. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.120382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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18
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Hydrodynamic collisions involving bubbles and mineral particles. CAN J CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.24347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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19
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Uncovering the hydrophobic mechanism of a novel dithiocarbamate-hydroxamate surfactant towards galena. Chem Eng Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2021.116765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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20
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Xie L, Wang J, Lu Q, Hu W, Yang D, Qiao C, Peng X, Peng Q, Wang T, Sun W, Liu Q, Zhang H, Zeng H. Surface interaction mechanisms in mineral flotation: Fundamentals, measurements, and perspectives. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 295:102491. [PMID: 34332278 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2021.102491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
As non-renewable natural resources, minerals are essential in a broad range of biological and technological applications. The surface interactions of mineral particles with other objects (e.g., solids, bubbles, reagents) in aqueous suspensions play a critical role in mediating many interfacial phenomena involved in mineral flotation. In this work, we have reviewed the fundamentals of surface forces and quantitative surface property-force relationship of minerals, and the advances in the quantitative measurements of interaction forces of mineral-mineral, bubble-mineral and mineral-reagent using nanomechanical tools such as surface forces apparatus (SFA) and atomic force microscope (AFM). The quantitative correlation between surface properties of minerals at the solid/water interface and their surface interaction mechanisms with other objects in complex aqueous media at the nanoscale has been established. The existing challenges in mineral flotation such as characterization of anisotropic crystal plane or heterogeneous surface, low recovery of fine particle flotation, and in-situ electrochemical characterization of collectorless flotation as well as the future work to resolve the challenges based on the understanding and modulation of surface forces of minerals have also been discussed. This review provides useful insights into the fundamental understanding of the intermolecular and surface interaction mechanisms involved in mineral processing, with implications for precisely modulating related interfacial interactions towards the development of highly efficient industrial processes and chemical additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xie
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Jingyi Wang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Qiuyi Lu
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Wenjihao Hu
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada; School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Diling Yang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Chenyu Qiao
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Xuwen Peng
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Qiongyao Peng
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Wei Sun
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Hongbo Zeng
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada.
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21
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Huang P, Jia H, Wang T, Xu Y, Zhang L, Wei X, Jia H, Wen S, Lv K, Liu D. Effects of Modification Degrees on the Colloidal Stability of Amphiphilic Janus Graphene Oxide in Aqueous Solution with and without Electrolytes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:10061-10070. [PMID: 34392688 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c01283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Colloidal stability of modified graphene oxide (GO) is fundamental for its practical applications. Meanwhile, most of the investigations mainly focused on the nanosheets modified by a certain amount of modifiers and neglected the effects of the modification degree, which could vary the physical and chemical properties of modified GO and significantly affect its stability in solution. To the best of our knowledge, this study initially investigated the impact of modification degrees on the colloidal stability of graphene-based amphiphilic Janus nanosheets (JGO) via both experimental and theoretical approaches. The prepared JGO, asymmetrically grafted by dodecylamine, exhibited a direct relation between the modification degree and nanosheet thickness, refractive index, electrostatic properties, hydrophobicity, and the ultimate colloidal stability. In addition, the ionic strength imposed distinctive influences on the aggregation behavior of JGO. Based on the comparison between experimental results and theoretical calculation, it was revealed that the JGO should be modeled as two-dimensional (2D) nanosheets in pure water and be treated as 3D spherical particles in electrolyte solutions for the prediction with the extended Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Huang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Oilfield Chemistry, School of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
- Key Laboratory of Unconventional Oil & Gas Development, China University of Petroleum (East China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Han Jia
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Oilfield Chemistry, School of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
- Key Laboratory of Unconventional Oil & Gas Development, China University of Petroleum (East China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Tingyi Wang
- Technology Inspection Center, Shengli Oilfield Company, SINOPEC, Dongying 257000, China
| | - Yingbiao Xu
- Technology Inspection Center, Shengli Oilfield Company, SINOPEC, Dongying 257000, China
| | - Lingyu Zhang
- Technology Inspection Center, Shengli Oilfield Company, SINOPEC, Dongying 257000, China
| | - Xin Wei
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Oilfield Chemistry, School of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
- Key Laboratory of Unconventional Oil & Gas Development, China University of Petroleum (East China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Haidong Jia
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Oilfield Chemistry, School of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
- Key Laboratory of Unconventional Oil & Gas Development, China University of Petroleum (East China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Shijie Wen
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Oilfield Chemistry, School of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
- Key Laboratory of Unconventional Oil & Gas Development, China University of Petroleum (East China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Kaihe Lv
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Oilfield Chemistry, School of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
- Key Laboratory of Unconventional Oil & Gas Development, China University of Petroleum (East China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Dexin Liu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Oilfield Chemistry, School of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
- Key Laboratory of Unconventional Oil & Gas Development, China University of Petroleum (East China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266580, China
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22
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Mao X, Yang D, Xie L, Liu Q, Tang T, Zhang H, Zeng H. Probing the Interactions between Pickering Emulsion Droplets Stabilized with pH-Responsive Nanoparticles. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:7320-7331. [PMID: 34165981 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c03852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The presence and adsorption of particles at the oil/water interface play a critical role in stabilizing Pickering emulsions and affecting their bulk behavior. For water-in-oil (W/O) and oil-in-water (O/W) Pickering emulsions with pH-responsive nanoparticles, their interaction forces and stabilization mechanisms at the nanoscale have not been reported. Herein, the Pickering emulsions formed by oil/water mixtures under different pH values with bilayer oleic acid-coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles (Fe3O4@2OA NPs) were characterized using microscopy imaging and zeta potential and interfacial tension (IFT) measurements. The interaction forces between formed emulsion droplets were quantified using an atomic force microscope (AFM) drop probe technique. A W/O emulsion formed at pH 2 and 4 is mainly stabilized by the steric barrier formation of confined particle layers (with Fe3O4@2OA NPs and aggregates). At pH 9 and 11, an O/W emulsion is formed, and its stabilization mechanism is mainly due to relatively low IFT, strong electrostatic repulsion due to carboxyl groups, and steric repulsion from confined nanoparticles and aggregates, leading to a stable confined thin water film. Increasing the maximum loading force and dwelling time enhances the confinement of Fe3O4@2OA particles and aggregates at the oil/water interface. This work provides useful insights into the interaction and stabilization mechanisms of Pickering emulsions with stimuli-responsive interface-active particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Mao
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Diling Yang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Lei Xie
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Tian Tang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Hongbo Zeng
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
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23
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Xie L, Cui X, Liu J, Lu Q, Huang J, Mao X, Yang D, Tan J, Zhang H, Zeng H. Nanomechanical Insights into Versatile Polydopamine Wet Adhesive Interacting with Liquid-Infused and Solid Slippery Surfaces. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:6941-6950. [PMID: 33523622 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c22073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Mussel-inspired polydopamine (PDA) can be readily deposited on almost all kinds of substrates and possesses versatile wet adhesion. Meanwhile, slippery surfaces have attracted much attention for their self-cleaning capabilities. It remains unclear how the versatile PDA adhesive would interact with slippery surfaces. In this work, both liquid-infused poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) (LI-PTFE) and solid slippery surfaces (i.e., self-assembly of small thiol-terminated organosilane, polysiloxane covalently attached to substrates) were fabricated to investigate their capability to prevent PDA deposition. It was found that PDA particles could be easily deposited on a PTFE membrane and the two types of solid slippery surfaces, which resulted in the alternation of their surface wettability and slippery behavior of water droplets. Adhesion was detected between a PDA-coated silica colloidal probe and the PTFE membrane or solid slippery surfaces through quantitative force measurements using an atomic force microscope (AFM), mainly due to van der Waals (vdW) and hydrophobic interactions, which led to the PDA deposition phenomenon. In contrast, LI-PTFE with a thin liquid lubricant film could effectively prevent PDA deposition, with negligible changes in surface morphology, wettability, and slippery characteristics. Although PDA particles could be loosely attached to the lubricant/water interface for LI-PTFE based on the capillary adhesion measured by AFM, they could be readily removed by gentle rinsing with water, as demonstrated by the ultralow friction over LI-PTFE as compared to PTFE using lateral force microscopy (LFM). Our results indicate that LI-PTFE possesses excellent antifouling and self-cleaning properties even when interacting with the versatile PDA wet adhesives. This work provides new insights into the deposition of PDA on slippery surfaces and their interaction mechanism at the nanoscale, with useful implications for the design and development of novel slippery surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xie
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Xin Cui
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Qiuyi Lu
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Jun Huang
- Center for Advanced Jet Engineering Technologies (CaJET), Key Laboratory of High Efficiency and Clean Mechanical Manufacture (Ministry of Education), School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China
| | - Xiaohui Mao
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Diling Yang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Jinglin Tan
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang 332005, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Hongbo Zeng
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
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24
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Li D, Wang H, Li C, Liang Y, Yan X, Zhang H. Determination and modulation of the typical interactions among dispersed phases relevant to flotation applications: A review. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 288:102359. [PMID: 33422930 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2020.102359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Flotation is a process involving multi-components, multi-scales, and gas-liquid-solid three phases, where the material separation is achieved based on the difference in surface hydrophobicity of various constituents. In a flotation system, fluids are usually regarded as the continuous phase, while the dispersed phases refer to scattered particles, bubbles, and droplets with low solubility as a dispersion that is surrounded by the aqueous environment. Fundamentally, the interactions among dispersed phases exist throughout the flotation process, and play distinct roles during different periods. For example, the liquid collector-solid, solid-solid, bubble-bubble and gas bubble-solid interactions are closely associated with the particle surface modification, particle behavior, bubble size evolution and separation in flotation, respectively. Therefore, the influences of each stage are all worthy of concern, and should be spared sufficient attention, which requires to formulate a horizontal writing structure. In this review, instead of summarizing all available characterization techniques or measurements, certain typical examples or methods were consciously chosen to perform analysis or comparison, aiming to summarize recent studies on the determination and modulation of dispersed phase interactions. The determination on the interactions among dispersed phases is helpful for fundamentally understanding the microcosmic process connotations, and their modulation contributes to firmly providing macroscopic optimization schemes for practical applications. By integrating some typically available theoretical calculations and experimental measurements related to the dispersed phase interactions, the present article is devoted to revealing the influential factors, finding out the current challenges or knowledge gaps, and affording certain references or suggestions for future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danlong Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Coal Preparation and Purification, China University of Mining and Technology, 221116 Xuzhou, China; School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, China University of Mining and Technology, 221116 Xuzhou, China
| | - Hainan Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Coal Preparation and Purification, China University of Mining and Technology, 221116 Xuzhou, China; School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, China University of Mining and Technology, 221116 Xuzhou, China
| | - Chenwei Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Coal Preparation and Purification, China University of Mining and Technology, 221116 Xuzhou, China; School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, China University of Mining and Technology, 221116 Xuzhou, China
| | - Yannan Liang
- National Engineering Research Center for Coal Preparation and Purification, China University of Mining and Technology, 221116 Xuzhou, China; School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, China University of Mining and Technology, 221116 Xuzhou, China
| | - Xiaokang Yan
- National Engineering Research Center for Coal Preparation and Purification, China University of Mining and Technology, 221116 Xuzhou, China; School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, China University of Mining and Technology, 221116 Xuzhou, China
| | - Haijun Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Coal Preparation and Purification, China University of Mining and Technology, 221116 Xuzhou, China; School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, China University of Mining and Technology, 221116 Xuzhou, China.
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25
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Nag S, Tomo Y, Takahashi K, Kohno M. Mechanistic Insights into Nanobubble Merging Studied Using In Situ Liquid-Phase Electron Microscopy. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:874-881. [PMID: 33400870 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c03208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nanobubbles have attracted great interest in recent times because of their application in water treatment, surface cleaning, and targeted drug delivery, yet the challenge remains to gain thorough understanding of their unique behavior and dynamics for their utilization in numerous potential applications. In this work, we have used a liquid-phase electron microscopy technique to gain insights into the quasistatic merging of surface nanobubbles. The electron beam environment was controlled in order to suppress any new nucleation and slow down the merging process. The transmission electron microscopy study reveals that merging of closely positioned surface nanobubbles is initiated by gradual localized changes in the physical properties of the region between the adjoining nanobubble boundary. The observed phenomenon is then analyzed and discussed based on the different perceptions: localized liquid density gradient and bridge formation for gas exchange. In this study, it is estimated that the merging of the stable nanobubbles is initiated by the formation of a thin gas layer. This work not only enhances our understanding of the merging process of stable surface nanobubbles but will also lead to exploration of new domains for nanobubble applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarthak Nag
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yoko Tomo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Koji Takahashi
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Masamichi Kohno
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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26
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Xie L, Liu F, Liu J, Zeng H. A Nanomechanical Study on Deciphering the Stickiness of SARS-CoV-2 on Inanimate Surfaces. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:58360-58368. [PMID: 33337873 PMCID: PMC7770894 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c16800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 virus that causes the COVID-19 epidemic can be transmitted via respiratory droplet-contaminated surfaces or fomites, which urgently requires a fundamental understanding of intermolecular interactions of the coronavirus with various surfaces. The corona-like component of the outer surface of the SARS-CoV-2 virion, named spike protein, is a key target for the adsorption and persistence of SARS-CoV-2 on various surfaces. However, a lack of knowledge in intermolecular interactions between spike protein and different substrate surfaces has resulted in ineffective preventive measures and inaccurate information. Herein, we quantified the surface interaction and adhesion energy of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein with a series of inanimate surfaces via atomic force microscopy under a simulated respiratory droplet environment. Among four target surfaces, polystyrene was found to exhibit the strongest adhesion, followed by stainless steel (SS), gold, and glass. The environmental factors (e.g., pH and temperature) played a role in mediating the spike protein binding. According to systematic quantification on a series of inanimate surfaces, the adhesion energy of spike protein was found to be (i) 0-1 mJ/m2 for hydrophilic inorganics (e.g., silica and glass) due to the lack of hydrogen bonding, (ii) 2-9 mJ/m2 for metals (e.g., alumina, SS, and copper) due to the variation of their binding capacity, and (iii) 6-11 mJ/m2 for hydrophobic polymers (e.g., medical masks, safety glass, and nitrile gloves) due to stronger hydrophobic interactions. The quantitative analysis of the nanomechanics of spike proteins will enable a protein-surface model database for SARS-CoV-2 to help generate effective preventive strategies to tackle the epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xie
- Department of Chemical
and Materials Engineering, University of
Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Fenglin Liu
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering,
Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518035, China
| | - Jifang Liu
- Sixth Affiliated
Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People’s
Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong 511500, China
| | - Hongbo Zeng
- Department of Chemical
and Materials Engineering, University of
Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
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27
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Wang F, Liu J, Zeng H. Interactions of particulate matter and pulmonary surfactant: Implications for human health. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 284:102244. [PMID: 32871405 PMCID: PMC7435289 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2020.102244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM), which is the primary contributor to air pollution, has become a pervasive global health threat. When PM enters into a respiratory tract, the first body tissues to be directly exposed are the cells of respiratory tissues and pulmonary surfactant. Pulmonary surfactant is a pivotal component to modulate surface tension of alveoli during respiration. Many studies have proved that PM would interact with pulmonary surfactant to affect the alveolar activity, and meanwhile, pulmonary surfactant would be adsorbed to the surface of PM to change the toxic effect of PM. This review focuses on recent studies of the interactions between micro/nanoparticles (synthesized and environmental particles) and pulmonary surfactant (natural surfactant and its models), as well as the health effects caused by PM through a few significant aspects, such as surface properties of PM, including size, surface charge, hydrophobicity, shape, chemical nature, etc. Moreover, in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that PM leads to oxidative stress, inflammatory response, fibrosis, and cancerization in living bodies. By providing a comprehensive picture of PM-surfactant interaction, this review will benefit both researchers for further studies and policy-makers for setting up more appropriate regulations to reduce the adverse effects of PM on public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Wang
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510700, China; Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Jifang Liu
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510700, China.
| | - Hongbo Zeng
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada.
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28
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Hu W, Tian M, Cao J, Xie L, Gong L, Sun W, Gao Z, Zeng H. Probing the Interaction Mechanism between Benzohydroxamic Acid and Mineral Surface in the Presence of Pb 2+ Ions by AFM Force Measurements and First-Principles Calculations. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:8199-8208. [PMID: 32594745 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c01307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Probing the interaction mechanism between organic molecules and material surfaces in the presence of metal ions is of great importance in many fields, such as mineral flotation. The collectability of benzohydroxamic acid (BHA) to a spodumene (LiAl(SiO3)2) mineral surface during mineral flotation could be enhanced with the addition of metal ion activators-Pb2+ ions. Pb2+ ions could be added as either Pb-BHA complex formed by premixing Pb2+ ions and BHA molecules at a given ratio or sequential addition of Pb2+ ions and BHA molecules. However, the complete understanding of the interaction mechanisms (e.g., adhesion) between BHA and the spodumene mineral surface in the presence of Pb2+ ions remains very limited. In this study, atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to measure the intermolecular forces between BHA and the spodumene mineral surface in aqueous solutions. A BHA model molecule, that is, N-hydroxy-4-mercaptobenzamide (MBHA), was synthesized to prepare a BHA-functionalized AFM probe for force measurements. Two model systems (i.e., a Pb-BHA complex interacting with the spodumene mineral surface (model I) and BHA with a Pb2+-activated spodumene surface (model II)) were investigated for comparing the role of Pb2+ in BHA-mineral adhesion. The adhesion measured for model I (23.7 mN/m) is much higher than that of model II (12.5 mN/m), as further supported by the adsorption energies obtained from density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The calculation results showed a higher adsorption energy for model I (∼188.58 kJ/mol) than model II (∼128.16 kJ/mol), which is due to the better spodumene flotation recovery for the Pb-BHA complex as a collector than the sequential addition of Pb2+ and BHA. This work provides useful information on the intermolecular interactions between chemical additives and mineral surfaces in complex mineral flotation processes, and the methodology can be readily extended to other related interfacial processes such as membrane technology, water treatment, oil production, and bioengineering processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjihao Hu
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Mengjie Tian
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083 PR China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Clean and Efficient Utilization of Strategic Calcium-containing Mineral Resources, Central South University, Changsha 410083 China
| | - Jian Cao
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083 PR China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Clean and Efficient Utilization of Strategic Calcium-containing Mineral Resources, Central South University, Changsha 410083 China
| | - Lei Xie
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Lu Gong
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Wei Sun
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083 PR China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Clean and Efficient Utilization of Strategic Calcium-containing Mineral Resources, Central South University, Changsha 410083 China
| | - Zhiyong Gao
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083 PR China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Clean and Efficient Utilization of Strategic Calcium-containing Mineral Resources, Central South University, Changsha 410083 China
| | - Hongbo Zeng
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1H9, Canada
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29
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Xie L, Lu Q, Mao X, Wang J, Han L, Hu J, Lu Q, Wang Y, Zeng H. Probing the intermolecular interaction mechanisms between humic acid and different substrates with implications for its adsorption and removal in water treatment. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 176:115766. [PMID: 32272324 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.115766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Humic substance is a ubiquitous class of natural organic matter (NOM) in soil and aquatic ecosystems, which severely affects the terrestrial and aquatic environments as well as water-based engineering systems by adsorption on solids (e.g., soil minerals, nanoparticles, membranes) via different interaction mechanisms. Herein, the chemical force microscopy (CFM) technique was employed to quantitatively probe the intermolecular forces of humic acid (HA, a representative humic substance) interacting with self-assembled monolayers (SAMs, i.e., OH-SAMs, CH3-SAMs, NH2-SAMs and COOH-SAMs) in various aqueous environments at the nanoscale. The interaction forces measured during approach could be well fitted by the extended Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (DLVO) theory by incorporating the hydrophobic interaction. The average adhesion energy followed the trend as: NH2-SAMs (∼3.11 mJ/m2) > CH3-SAMs (∼2.03 mJ/m2) > OH-SAMs (∼1.38 mJ/m2) > COOH-SAMs (∼0.52 mJ/m2) in 100 mM NaCl at pH 5.8, indicating the significant role of electrostatic attraction in contributing to the HA adhesion, followed by hydrophobic interaction and hydrogen bonding. The adhesion energy was found to be dependent on NaCl concentration, Ca2+ addition and pH. For the interaction between NH2-SAMs and HA, their electrostatic attraction at pH 5.8 turned to repulsion under alkaline condition which led to the sudden drop of adhesion energy. Such results promised the adsorption and release of HA using the recyclable magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles coated with (3-aminopropyl)tiethoxysilane (APTES). This work provides quantitative information on the molecular interaction mechanism underlying the adsorption of HA on solids of varying surface chemistry at the nanoscale, with useful implications for developing effective chemical additives to remove HA in water treatment and many other engineering processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xie
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, Ste Anne de Bellevue, QC, H9X 3V9, Canada; Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Qiuyi Lu
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Xiaohui Mao
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Jingyi Wang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Linbo Han
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1H9, Canada; College of Health Science and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, 518118, China
| | - Junqing Hu
- College of Health Science and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, 518118, China
| | - Qingye Lu
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Yixiang Wang
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, Ste Anne de Bellevue, QC, H9X 3V9, Canada.
| | - Hongbo Zeng
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1H9, Canada.
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