1
|
Rezaei M, Sakong S, Groß A. Sodium Triflate Water-in-Salt Electrolytes in Advanced Battery Applications: A First-Principles-Based Molecular Dynamics Study. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:32169-32188. [PMID: 38862108 PMCID: PMC11212028 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c01449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Offering a compelling combination of safety and cost-effectiveness, water-in-salt (WiS) electrolytes have emerged as promising frontiers in energy storage technology. Still, there is a strong demand for research and development efforts to make these electrolytes ripe for commercialization. Here, we present a first-principles-based molecular dynamics (MD) study addressing in detail the properties of a sodium triflate WiS electrolyte for Na-ion batteries. We have developed a workflow based on a machine learning (ML) potential derived from ab initio MD simulations. As ML potentials are typically restricted to the interpolation of the data points of the training set and have hardly any predictive properties, we subsequently optimize a classical force field based on physics principles to ensure broad applicability and high performance. Performing and analyzing detailed MD simulations, we identify several very promising properties of the sodium triflate as a WiS electrolyte but also indicate some potential stability challenges associated with its use as a battery electrolyte.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Majid Rezaei
- Institute
of Theoretical Chemistry, Ulm University, Oberberghof 7, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Sung Sakong
- Institute
of Theoretical Chemistry, Ulm University, Oberberghof 7, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Axel Groß
- Institute
of Theoretical Chemistry, Ulm University, Oberberghof 7, 89081 Ulm, Germany
- Helmholtz
Institute Ulm (HIU) for Electrochemical Energy Storage, Helmholtzstraße 11, 89069 Ulm, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yu D, Min J, Lin F, Madsen LA. Mechanically and Thermally Robust Gel Electrolytes Built from A Charged Double Helical Polymer. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2312513. [PMID: 38288908 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202312513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/16/2024]
Abstract
Polymer electrolytes have received tremendous interest in the development of solid-state batteries, but often fall short in one or more key properties required for practical applications. Herein, a rigid gel polymer electrolyte prepared by immobilizing a liquid mixture of a lithium salt and poly(ethylene glycol) dimethyl ether with only 8 wt% poly(2,2'-disulfonyl-4,4'-benzidine terephthalamide) (PBDT) is reported. The high charge density and rigid double helical structure of PBDT lead to formation of a nanofibrillar structure that endows this electrolyte with stronger mechanical properties, wider temperature window, and higher battery rate capability compared to all other poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)-based electrolytes. The ion transport mechanism in this rigid polymer electrolyte is systematically studied using multiple complementary techniques. Li/LiFePO4 cells show excellent capacity retention over long-term cycling, with thermal cycling reversibility between ambient temperature and elevated temperatures, demonstrating compelling potential for solid-state batteries targeting fast charging at high temperatures and slower discharging at ambient temperature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deyang Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Jungki Min
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Feng Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Louis A Madsen
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liang X, Zhou Y, Zhu W, Xu WW, Francisco JS, Zeng XC, Zhao W. Formation of compounds with diverse polyelectrolyte morphologies and nonlinear ion conductance in a two-dimensional nanofluidic channel. Chem Sci 2024; 15:8170-8180. [PMID: 38817585 PMCID: PMC11134406 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc01071j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Aqueous electrolytes subjected to angstrom-scale confinement have recently attracted increasing interest because of their distinctive structural and transport properties, as well as their promising applicability in bioinspired nanofluidic iontronics and ion batteries. Here, we performed microsecond-scale molecular dynamics simulations, which provided evidence of nonlinear ionic conductance under an external lateral electric field due to the self-assembly of cations and anions with diverse polyelectrolyte morphologies (e.g., extremely large ion clusters) in aqueous solutions within angstrom-scale slits. Specifically, we found that the cations and anions of Li2SO4 and CaSO4 formed chain-like polyelectrolyte structures, whereas those of Na2SO4 and MgSO4 predominantly formed a monolayer of hydrated salt. Additionally, the cations and anions of K2SO4 assembled into a hexagonal anhydrous ionic crystal. These ion-dependent diverse polyelectrolyte morphologies stemmed from the enhanced Coulomb interactions, weakened hydration and steric constraints within the angstrom-scale slits. More importantly, once the monolayer hydrated salt or ionic crystal structure was formed, the field-induced ion current exhibited an intriguing gating effect at a low field strength. This abnormal ion transport was attributed to the concerted movement of cations and anions within the solid polyelectrolytes, leading to the suppression of ion currents. When the electric field exceeded a critical strength, however, the ion current surged rapidly due to the dissolution of many cations and anions within a few nanoseconds in the aqueous solution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Liang
- Department of Physics, Ningbo University Ningbo Zhejiang 315211 China
| | - Yanan Zhou
- School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Institute of Mass Spectrometry, Ningbo University Ningbo 315211 China
| | - Weiduo Zhu
- Department of Physics, Hefei University of Technology Hefei Anhui 230009 China
| | - Wen Wu Xu
- Department of Physics, Ningbo University Ningbo Zhejiang 315211 China
| | - Joseph S Francisco
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104 USA
| | - Xiao Cheng Zeng
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, City University of Hong Kong Kowloon 999077 Hong Kong China
| | - Wenhui Zhao
- Department of Physics, Ningbo University Ningbo Zhejiang 315211 China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Fong KD, Sumić B, O’Neill N, Schran C, Grey CP, Michaelides A. The Interplay of Solvation and Polarization Effects on Ion Pairing in Nanoconfined Electrolytes. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24. [PMID: 38592099 PMCID: PMC11057028 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c00890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
The nature of ion-ion interactions in electrolytes confined to nanoscale pores has important implications for energy storage and separation technologies. However, the physical effects dictating the structure of nanoconfined electrolytes remain debated. Here we employ machine-learning-based molecular dynamics simulations to investigate ion-ion interactions with density functional theory level accuracy in a prototypical confined electrolyte, aqueous NaCl within graphene slit pores. We find that the free energy of ion pairing in highly confined electrolytes deviates substantially from that in bulk solutions, observing a decrease in contact ion pairing but an increase in solvent-separated ion pairing. These changes arise from an interplay of ion solvation effects and graphene's electronic structure. Notably, the behavior observed from our first-principles-level simulations is not reproduced even qualitatively with the classical force fields conventionally used to model these systems. The insight provided in this work opens new avenues for predicting and controlling the structure of nanoconfined electrolytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kara D. Fong
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara Sumić
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Niamh O’Neill
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Christoph Schran
- Cavendish
Laboratory, Department of Physics, University
of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 OHE, United
Kingdom
| | - Clare P. Grey
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Angelos Michaelides
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lu D, Li R, Rahman MM, Yu P, Lv L, Yang S, Huang Y, Sun C, Zhang S, Zhang H, Zhang J, Xiao X, Deng T, Fan L, Chen L, Wang J, Hu E, Wang C, Fan X. Ligand-channel-enabled ultrafast Li-ion conduction. Nature 2024; 627:101-107. [PMID: 38418886 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07045-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Li-ion batteries (LIBs) for electric vehicles and aviation demand high energy density, fast charging and a wide operating temperature range, which are virtually impossible because they require electrolytes to simultaneously have high ionic conductivity, low solvation energy and low melting point and form an anion-derived inorganic interphase1-5. Here we report guidelines for designing such electrolytes by using small-sized solvents with low solvation energy. The tiny solvent in the secondary solvation sheath pulls out the Li+ in the primary solvation sheath to form a fast ion-conduction ligand channel to enhance Li+ transport, while the small-sized solvent with low solvation energy also allows the anion to enter the first Li+ solvation shell to form an inorganic-rich interphase. The electrolyte-design concept is demonstrated by using fluoroacetonitrile (FAN) solvent. The electrolyte of 1.3 M lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (LiFSI) in FAN exhibits ultrahigh ionic conductivity of 40.3 mS cm-1 at 25 °C and 11.9 mS cm-1 even at -70 °C, thus enabling 4.5-V graphite||LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 pouch cells (1.2 Ah, 2.85 mAh cm-2) to achieve high reversibility (0.62 Ah) when the cells are charged and discharged even at -65 °C. The electrolyte with small-sized solvents enables LIBs to simultaneously achieve high energy density, fast charging and a wide operating temperature range, which is unattainable for the current electrolyte design but is highly desired for extreme LIBs. This mechanism is generalizable and can be expanded to other metal-ion battery electrolytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Di Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ruhong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | | | - Pengyun Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Molecular Reaction Dynamics Laboratory, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sheng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, School of Energy Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yiqiang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chuangchao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuoqing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haikuo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junbo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuezhang Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tao Deng
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Liwu Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, School of Energy Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lixin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Applications for Batteries of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianping Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Molecular Reaction Dynamics Laboratory, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Enyuan Hu
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA.
| | - Chunsheng Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
| | - Xiulin Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bergstrom HK, McCloskey BD. Ion Transport in (Localized) High Concentration Electrolytes for Li-Based Batteries. ACS ENERGY LETTERS 2024; 9:373-380. [PMID: 38356937 PMCID: PMC10863389 DOI: 10.1021/acsenergylett.3c01662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
High concentration electrolytes (HCEs) and localized high concentration electrolytes (LHCEs) have emerged as promising candidates to enable higher energy density Li-ion batteries due to their advantageous interfacial properties that result from their unique solvent structures. Using electrophoretic NMR and electrochemical techniques, we characterize and report full transport properties, including the lithium transference numbers (t+) for electrolytes ranging from the conventional ∼1 M to HCE regimes as well as for LHCE systems. We find that compared to conventional electrolytes, t+ increases for HCEs; however the addition of diluents to LHCEs significantly decreases t+. Viscosity effects alone cannot explain this behavior. Using Onsager transport coefficients calculated from our experiments, we demonstrate that there is more positively correlated cation-cation motion in HCEs as well as fast cation-anion ligand exchange consistent with a concerted ion-hopping mechanism. The addition of diluents to LHCEs results in more anticorrelated motion indicating a disruption of concerted cation-hopping leading to low t+ in LHCEs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helen K. Bergstrom
- Department
of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Energy
Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Bryan D. McCloskey
- Department
of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Energy
Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Khan MS, Van Roekeghem A, Mossa S, Ivol F, Bernard L, Picard L, Mingo N. Modelling structure and ionic diffusion in a class of ionic liquid crystal-based solid electrolytes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:4338-4348. [PMID: 38234270 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp05048c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Next-generation high-efficiency Li-ion batteries require an electrolyte that is both safe and thermally stable. A possible choice for high performance all-solid-state Li-ion batteries is a liquid crystal, which possesses properties in-between crystalline solids and isotropic liquids. By employing molecular dynamics simulations together with various experimental techniques, we have designed and analyzed a novel liquid crystal electrolyte composed of rigid naphthalene-based moieties as mesogenic units, grafted to flexible alkyl chains of different lengths. We have synthesized novel highly ordered lamellar phase liquid crystal electrolytes at 99% purity and have evaluated the effect of alkyl chain length variation on ionic conduction. We find that the conductivity of the liquid crystal electrolytes is directly dependent on the extent of the nanochannels formed by molecule self-organization, which itself depends non-monotonously on the size of the alkyl chains. In addition, we show that the ion pair interaction between the anionic center of the liquid crystal molecules and the Li+ ions plays a crucial role in the overall conductivity. Based on our results, we suggest that further improvement of the ionic conductivity performance is possible, making this novel family of liquid crystal electrolytes a promising option for the design of entirely solid-state Li+ ion batteries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md Sharif Khan
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LITEN, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France.
| | - Ambroise Van Roekeghem
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LITEN, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France.
| | - Stefano Mossa
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, IRIG-MEM, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Flavien Ivol
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LITEN, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France.
| | - Laurent Bernard
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LITEN, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France.
| | - Lionel Picard
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LITEN, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France.
| | - Natalio Mingo
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LITEN, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ellison JHJ, Grey CP. Engineering considerations for practical lithium-air electrolytes. Faraday Discuss 2024; 248:355-380. [PMID: 37807702 PMCID: PMC10823492 DOI: 10.1039/d3fd00091e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Lithium-air batteries promise exceptional energy density while avoiding the use of transition metals in their cathodes, however, their practical adoption is currently held back by their short lifetimes. These short lifetimes are largely caused by electrolyte breakdown, but despite extensive searching, an electrolyte resistant to breakdown has yet to be found. This paper considers the requirements placed on an electrolyte for it to be considered usable in a practical cell. We go on to examine ways, through judicious cell design, of relaxing these requirements to allow for a broader range of compounds to be considered. We conclude by suggesting types of molecules that could be explored for future cells. With this work, we aim to broaden the scope of future searches for electrolytes and inform new cell design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James H J Ellison
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Clare P Grey
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ren X, Yan T. Molecular Dynamics Simulation on the Charge Transport Properties in a Salt-in-Ionic Liquid Electrolyte. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:10434-10446. [PMID: 38008915 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c05973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
A clear picture of charge transport properties in salt-in-ionic liquid electrolyte (SILE) is indispensable for the applications in lithium-ion batteries. In this study, we applied molecular dynamics (MD) simulations on a typical SILE system, composed of lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (LiFSI) with a molar fraction of 0.3 doped in 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (EMIMFSI). Based on the MD simulations, we calculated conductivity spectra from 108 Hz to 1014 Hz, charge current correlation functions, and charge mean square displacements, based on the center-of-mass (COM) velocities of the ions. The conductivity spectra show a bimodal feature between 1012 Hz and 1013 Hz, attributed to the interionic vibrations of the EMIM+-FSI- and Li+-FSI- contact ion pairs, respectively. Structural relaxation is observed between 109 Hz and 1012 Hz, and a flat plateau below 109 Hz, attributed to the direct current (DC) conductivity. For this SILE composed of three constituent ions, i.e., Li+, EMIM+, and FSI-, the above transport properties are further partitioned to the contributions of the individual constituent ions, including self, distinct contribution of the same constituent ions, and also the cross correlation between them. Detailed analyses on the individual contributions reveal strongly correlated motions in this complex ionic system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhe Ren
- Institute of New Energy Material Chemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Tianying Yan
- Institute of New Energy Material Chemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Chremos A, Mussel M, Douglas JF, Horkay F. Ion Partition in Polyelectrolyte Gels and Nanogels. Gels 2023; 9:881. [PMID: 37998971 PMCID: PMC10670699 DOI: 10.3390/gels9110881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyelectrolyte gels provide a load-bearing structural framework for many macroscopic biological tissues, along with the organelles within the cells composing tissues and the extracellular matrices linking the cells at a larger length scale than the cells. In addition, they also provide a medium for the selective transportation and sequestration of ions and molecules necessary for life. Motivated by these diverse problems, we focus on modeling ion partitioning in polyelectrolyte gels immersed in a solution with a single type of ionic valence, i.e., monovalent or divalent salts. Specifically, we investigate the distribution of ions inside the gel structure and compare it with the bulk, i.e., away from the gel structure. In this first exploratory study, we neglect solvation effects in our gel by modeling the gels without an explicit solvent description, with the understanding that such an approach may be inadequate for describing ion partitioning in real polyelectrolyte gels. We see that this type of model is nonetheless a natural reference point for considering gels with solvation. Based on our idealized polymer network model without explicit solvent, we find that the ion partition coefficients scale with the salt concentration, and the ion partition coefficient for divalent ions is higher than for monovalent ions over a wide range of Bjerrum length (lB) values. For gels having both monovalent and divalent salts, we find that divalent ions exhibit higher ion partition coefficients than monovalent salt for low divalent salt concentrations and low lB. However, we also find evidence that the neglect of an explicit solvent, and thus solvation, provides an inadequate description when compared to experimental observations. Thus, in future work, we must consider both ion and polymer solvation to obtain a more realistic description of ion partitioning in polyelectrolyte gels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros Chremos
- Section on Quantitative Imaging and Tissue Sciences, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Matan Mussel
- Department of Physics, University of Haifa, Haifa 3103301, Israel
| | - Jack F. Douglas
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Ferenc Horkay
- Section on Quantitative Imaging and Tissue Sciences, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Bergstrom HK, Fong KD, Halat DM, Karouta CA, Celik HC, Reimer JA, McCloskey BD. Ion correlation and negative lithium transference in polyelectrolyte solutions. Chem Sci 2023; 14:6546-6557. [PMID: 37350831 PMCID: PMC10283486 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01224g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyelectrolyte solutions (PESs) recently have been proposed as high conductivity, high lithium transference number (t+) electrolytes where the majority of the ionic current is carried by the electrochemically active Li-ion. While PESs are intuitively appealing because anchoring the anion to a polymer backbone selectively slows down anionic motion and therefore increases t+, increasing the anion charge will act as a competing effect, decreasing t+. In this work we directly measure ion mobilities in a model non-aqueous polyelectrolyte solution using electrophoretic Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (eNMR) to probe these competing effects. While previous studies that rely on ideal assumptions predict that PESs will have higher t+ than monomeric solutions, we demonstrate that below the entanglement limit, both conductivity and t+ decrease with increasing degree of polymerization. For polyanions of 10 or more repeat units, at 0.5 m Li+ we directly observe Li+ move in the "wrong direction" in an electric field, evidence of a negative transference number due to correlated motion through ion clustering. This is the first experimental observation of negative transference in a non-aqueous polyelectrolyte solution. We also demonstrate that t+ increases with increasing Li+ concentration. Using Onsager transport coefficients calculated from experimental data, and insights from previously published molecular dynamics studies we demonstrate that despite selectively slowing anion motion using polyanions, distinct anion-anion correlation through the polymer backbone and cation-anion correlation through ion aggregates reduce the t+ in non-entangled PESs. This leads us to conclude that short-chained polyelectrolyte solutions are not viable high transference number electrolytes. These results emphasize the importance of understanding the effects of ion-correlations when designing new concentrated electrolytes for improved battery performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helen K Bergstrom
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Berkeley CA 94720 USA
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Kara D Fong
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Berkeley CA 94720 USA
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - David M Halat
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Berkeley CA 94720 USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Carl A Karouta
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Berkeley CA 94720 USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Hasan C Celik
- College of Chemistry NMR Facility, University of California Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Jeffrey A Reimer
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Berkeley CA 94720 USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Bryan D McCloskey
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Berkeley CA 94720 USA
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chen X, Kong X. Nanoscale Confinement Effects on Ionic Conductivity of Solid Polymer Electrolytes: The Interplay between Diffusion and Dissociation. NANO LETTERS 2023. [PMID: 37220138 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c01171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) are attractive for next-generation lithium metal batteries but still suffer from low ionic conductivity. Nanostructured materials offer design concepts for SPEs with better performance. Using molecular dynamics simulation, we examine SPEs under nanoscale confinement, which has been demonstrated to accelerate the transport of neutral molecules such as water. Our results show that while ion diffusion indeed accelerates by more than 2 orders of magnitude as the channel diameter decreases from 15 to 2 nm, the ionic conductivity does not increase significantly in parallel. Instead, the ionic conductivity shows a nonmonotonic variation, with an optimal value above, but on the same order as, its bulk counterparts. This trend is due to enhanced ion association with decreasing channel size, which reduces the number of effective charge carriers. This effect competes with accelerated ion diffusion, leading to the nonmonotonicity in ion conductivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiupeng Chen
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, School of Emergent Soft Matter, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xian Kong
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, School of Emergent Soft Matter, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional and Intelligent Hybrid Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kondou S, Sakashita Y, Morinaga A, Katayama Y, Dokko K, Watanabe M, Ueno K. Concentrated Nonaqueous Polyelectrolyte Solutions: High Na-Ion Transference Number and Surface-Tethered Polyanion Layer for Sodium-Metal Batteries. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:11741-11755. [PMID: 36808934 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c21557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Na metal is a promising anode material for the preparation of next-generation high-energy-density sodium-ion batteries; however, the high reactivity of Na metal severely limits the choice of electrolyte. In addition, rapid charge-discharge battery systems require electrolytes with high Na-ion transport properties. Herein, we demonstrate a stable and high-rate sodium-metal battery enabled by a nonaqueous polyelectrolyte solution composed of a weakly coordinating polyanion-type Na salt, poly[(4-styrenesulfonyl)-(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide] (poly(NaSTFSI)) copolymerized with butyl acrylate, in a propylene carbonate solution. It was found that this concentrated polyelectrolyte solution exhibited a remarkably high Na-ion transference number (tNaPP = 0.9) and a high ionic conductivity (σ = 1.1 mS cm-1) at 60 °C. Furthermore, the surface of the Na electrode was modified with polyanion chains anchored via the partial decomposition of the electrolyte. The surface-tethered polyanion layer effectively suppressed the subsequent decomposition of the electrolyte, thereby enabling stable Na deposition/dissolution cycling. Finally, an assembled sodium-metal battery with a Na0.44MnO2 cathode demonstrated an outstanding charge/discharge reversibility (Coulombic efficiency >99.8%) over 200 cycles while also exhibiting a high discharge rate (i.e., 45% capacity retention at 10 mA cm-2).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Kondou
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Yusuke Sakashita
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Asuka Morinaga
- SANKEN (The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research), Osaka University, Mihogaoka 8-1, Osaka 567-0047, Ibaraki, Japan
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Ube 755-8611, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Yu Katayama
- SANKEN (The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research), Osaka University, Mihogaoka 8-1, Osaka 567-0047, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kaoru Dokko
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Advanced Chemical Energy Research Centre (ACERC), Institute of Advanced Sciences, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Watanabe
- Advanced Chemical Energy Research Centre (ACERC), Institute of Advanced Sciences, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Kazuhide Ueno
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Advanced Chemical Energy Research Centre (ACERC), Institute of Advanced Sciences, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Fang C, Halat DM, Balsara NP, Wang R. Dynamic Heterogeneity of Solvent Motion and Ion Transport in Concentrated Electrolytes. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:1803-1810. [PMID: 36800550 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c08029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Molecular-level understanding of the cation transference number t+0, an important property that characterizes the transport of working cations, is critical to the bottom-up design of battery electrolytes. We quantify t+0 in a model tetraglyme-based electrolyte using molecular dynamics simulation and the Onsager approach. t+0 exhibits a concentration dependence in three distinct regimes: dilute, intermediate, and concentrated. The cluster approximation uncovers dominant correlations and dynamic heterogeneity in each regime. In the dilute regime, t+0 decreases sharply as increasing numbers of solvent molecules become coordinated with Li+. The crossover to the intermediate regime, t+0 ≈ 0, occurs when all solvent molecules become coordinated, and a plateau is obtained because anions enter the Li+ solvation shell, resulting in ion pairs that do not contribute to t+0. Transference in concentrated electrolytes is dominated by the presence of cations in a variety of negatively charged and solvent-excluded clusters, resulting in t+0 < 0.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Fang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Materials Sciences Division and Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - David M Halat
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Materials Sciences Division and Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Nitash P Balsara
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Materials Sciences Division and Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Materials Sciences Division and Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Sachar HS, Marioni N, Zofchak ES, Ganesan V. Impact of Ionic Correlations on Selective Salt Transport in Ligand-Functionalized Polymer Membranes. Macromolecules 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c02380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Harnoor Singh Sachar
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 200 E. Dean Keeton St. Stop C0400, Austin, Texas 78712-1589, United States
| | - Nico Marioni
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 200 E. Dean Keeton St. Stop C0400, Austin, Texas 78712-1589, United States
| | - Everett S. Zofchak
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 200 E. Dean Keeton St. Stop C0400, Austin, Texas 78712-1589, United States
| | - Venkat Ganesan
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 200 E. Dean Keeton St. Stop C0400, Austin, Texas 78712-1589, United States
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Fang C, Mistry A, Srinivasan V, Balsara NP, Wang R. Elucidating the Molecular Origins of the Transference Number in Battery Electrolytes Using Computer Simulations. JACS AU 2023; 3:306-315. [PMID: 36873702 PMCID: PMC9975840 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The rate at which rechargeable batteries can be charged and discharged is governed by the selective transport of the working ions through the electrolyte. Conductivity, the parameter commonly used to characterize ion transport in electrolytes, reflects the mobility of both cations and anions. The transference number, a parameter introduced over a century ago, sheds light on the relative rates of cation and anion transport. This parameter is, not surprisingly, affected by cation-cation, anion-anion, and cation-anion correlations. In addition, it is affected by correlations between the ions and neutral solvent molecules. Computer simulations have the potential to provide insights into the nature of these correlations. We review the dominant theoretical approaches used to predict the transference number from simulations by using a model univalent lithium electrolyte. In electrolytes of low concentration, one can obtain a quantitative model by assuming that the solution is made up of discrete ion-containing clusters-neutral ion pairs, negatively and positively charged triplets, neutral quadruplets, and so on. These clusters can be identified in simulations using simple algorithms, provided their lifetimes are sufficiently long. In concentrated electrolytes, more clusters are short-lived and more rigorous approaches that account for all correlations are necessary to quantify transference. Elucidating the molecular origin of the transference number in this limit remains an unmet challenge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Fang
- Materials
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California94720, United States
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California94720, United States
- Joint
Center for Energy Storage Research, Argonne
National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois60439, United States
| | - Aashutosh Mistry
- Joint
Center for Energy Storage Research, Argonne
National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois60439, United States
- Chemical
Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne
National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois60439, United States
| | - Venkat Srinivasan
- Joint
Center for Energy Storage Research, Argonne
National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois60439, United States
- Chemical
Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne
National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois60439, United States
| | - Nitash P. Balsara
- Materials
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California94720, United States
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California94720, United States
- Joint
Center for Energy Storage Research, Argonne
National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois60439, United States
| | - Rui Wang
- Materials
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California94720, United States
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California94720, United States
- Joint
Center for Energy Storage Research, Argonne
National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois60439, United States
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Chae W, Kim B, Ryoo WS, Earmme T. A Brief Review of Gel Polymer Electrolytes Using In Situ Polymerization for Lithium-ion Polymer Batteries. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15040803. [PMID: 36850085 PMCID: PMC9964471 DOI: 10.3390/polym15040803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymer electrolytes (PEs) have been thoroughly investigated due to their advantages that can prevent severe problems of Li-ion batteries, such as electrolyte leakage, flammability, and lithium dendrite growth to enhance thermal and electrochemical stabilities. Gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs) using in situ polymerization are typically prepared by thermal or UV curing methods by initially impregnating liquid precursors inside the electrode. The in situ method can resolve insufficient interfacial problems between electrode and electrolyte compared with the ex situ method, which could led to a poor cycle performance due to high interfacial resistance. In addition to the abovementioned advantage, it can enhance the form factor of bare cells since the precursor can be injected before polymerization prior to the solidification of the desired shapes. These suggest that gel polymer electrolytes prepared by in situ polymerization are a promising material for lithium-ion batteries.
Collapse
|
18
|
Lee J, Gao KW, Shah NJ, Kang C, Snyder RL, Abel BA, He L, Teixeira SCM, Coates GW, Balsara NP. Relationship between Ion Transport and Phase Behavior in Acetal-Based Polymer Blend Electrolytes Studied by Electrochemical Characterization and Neutron Scattering. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jaeyong Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California94720, United States
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois60439, United States
| | - Kevin W. Gao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California94720, United States
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois60439, United States
| | - Neel J. Shah
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California94720, United States
| | - Cheol Kang
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois60439, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York14850, United States
| | - Rachel L. Snyder
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois60439, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York14850, United States
| | - Brooks A. Abel
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California94720, United States
| | - Lilin He
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Knoxville, Tennessee37830, United States
| | - Susana C. M. Teixeira
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland20899, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware19716, United States
| | - Geoffrey W. Coates
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois60439, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York14850, United States
| | - Nitash P. Balsara
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California94720, United States
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois60439, United States
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Ion Correlations and Partial Ionicities in the Lamellar Phases of Block Copolymeric Ionic Liquids. ACS Macro Lett 2022; 11:1265-1271. [DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.2c00401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
20
|
Marioni N, Zhang Z, Zofchak ES, Sachar HS, Kadulkar S, Freeman BD, Ganesan V. Impact of Ion–Ion Correlated Motion on Salt Transport in Solvated Ion Exchange Membranes. ACS Macro Lett 2022; 11:1258-1264. [DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.2c00361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nico Marioni
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Zidan Zhang
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Everett S. Zofchak
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Harnoor S. Sachar
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Sanket Kadulkar
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Benny D. Freeman
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Venkat Ganesan
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Liu L, Duan C, Wang R. Theory of polymers in poor solvents: Inter-chain interaction, second virial coefficient, and Θ point. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
|
22
|
Mistry A, Yu Z, Peters BL, Fang C, Wang R, Curtiss LA, Balsara NP, Cheng L, Srinivasan V. Toward Bottom-Up Understanding of Transport in Concentrated Battery Electrolytes. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2022; 8:880-890. [PMID: 35912355 PMCID: PMC9335914 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.2c00348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Bottom-up understanding of transport describes how molecular changes alter species concentrations and electrolyte voltage drops in operating batteries. Such an understanding is essential to predictively design electrolytes for desired transport behavior. We herein advocate building a structure-property-performance relationship as a systematic approach to accurate bottom-up understanding. To ensure generalization across salt concentrations as well as different electrolyte types and cell configurations, the property-performance relation must be described using Newman's concentrated solution theory. It uses Stefan-Maxwell diffusivity, ij , to describe the role of molecular motions at the continuum scale. The key challenge is to connect ij to the structure. We discuss existing methods for making such a connection, their peculiarities, and future directions to advance our understanding of electrolyte transport.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aashutosh Mistry
- Chemical
Sciences and Engineering, Argonne National
Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Joint
Center for Energy Storage Research, Argonne
National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Zhou Yu
- Joint
Center for Energy Storage Research, Argonne
National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Materials
Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Brandon L. Peters
- Joint
Center for Energy Storage Research, Argonne
National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Materials
Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Chao Fang
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Joint Center
for Energy Storage Research, Lawrence Berkeley
National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Rui Wang
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Joint Center
for Energy Storage Research, Lawrence Berkeley
National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Larry A. Curtiss
- Joint
Center for Energy Storage Research, Argonne
National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Materials
Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Nitash P. Balsara
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Joint Center
for Energy Storage Research, Lawrence Berkeley
National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Lei Cheng
- Joint
Center for Energy Storage Research, Argonne
National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Materials
Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Venkat Srinivasan
- Chemical
Sciences and Engineering, Argonne National
Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Joint
Center for Energy Storage Research, Argonne
National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Sachar HS, Zofchak ES, Marioni N, Zhang Z, Kadulkar S, Duncan TJ, Freeman BD, Ganesan V. Impact of Cation–Ligand Interactions on the Permselectivity of Ligand-Functionalized Polymer Membranes in Single and Mixed Salt Systems. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Harnoor Singh Sachar
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 200 E. Dean Keeton St. Stop C0400, Austin, Texas 78712-1589, United States
| | - Everett S. Zofchak
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 200 E. Dean Keeton St. Stop C0400, Austin, Texas 78712-1589, United States
| | - Nico Marioni
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 200 E. Dean Keeton St. Stop C0400, Austin, Texas 78712-1589, United States
| | - Zidan Zhang
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 200 E. Dean Keeton St. Stop C0400, Austin, Texas 78712-1589, United States
| | - Sanket Kadulkar
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 200 E. Dean Keeton St. Stop C0400, Austin, Texas 78712-1589, United States
| | - Tyler J. Duncan
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 200 E. Dean Keeton St. Stop C0400, Austin, Texas 78712-1589, United States
| | - Benny D. Freeman
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 200 E. Dean Keeton St. Stop C0400, Austin, Texas 78712-1589, United States
| | - Venkat Ganesan
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 200 E. Dean Keeton St. Stop C0400, Austin, Texas 78712-1589, United States
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Halat DM, Fang C, Hickson D, Mistry A, Reimer JA, Balsara NP, Wang R. Electric-Field-Induced Spatially Dynamic Heterogeneity of Solvent Motion and Cation Transference in Electrolytes. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 128:198002. [PMID: 35622024 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.198002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
While electric fields primarily result in migration of charged species in electrolytic solutions, the solutions are dynamically heterogeneous. Solvent molecules within the solvation shells of the cation will be dragged by the field while free solvent molecules will not. We combine electrophoretic NMR measurements of ion and solvent velocities under applied electric fields with molecular dynamics simulations to interrogate different solvation motifs in a model liquid electrolyte. Measured values of the cation transference number (t_{+}^{0}) agree quantitatively with simulation-based predictions over a range of electrolyte concentrations. Solvent-cation interactions strongly influence the concentration-dependent behavior of t_{+}^{0}. We identify a critical concentration at which most of the solvent molecules lie within solvation shells of the cations. The dynamic heterogeneity of solvent molecules is minimized at this concentration where t_{+}^{0} is approximately equal to zero.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David M Halat
- Materials Sciences Division and Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Chao Fang
- Materials Sciences Division and Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Darby Hickson
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Aashutosh Mistry
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division and Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Reimer
- Materials Sciences Division and Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Nitash P Balsara
- Materials Sciences Division and Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Rui Wang
- Materials Sciences Division and Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Kondou S, Sakashita Y, Yang X, Hashimoto K, Dokko K, Watanabe M, Ueno K. Li-Ion Transport and Solvation of a Li Salt of Weakly Coordinating Polyanions in Ethylene Carbonate/Dimethyl Carbonate Mixtures. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:18324-18334. [PMID: 35426656 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c25067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Electrolytes with a high Li-ion transference number (tLi) have attracted significant attention for the improvement of the rapid charge-discharge performance of Li-ion batteries (LIBs). Nonaqueous polyelectrolyte solutions exhibit high tLi upon immobilization of the anion on a polymer backbone. However, the transport properties and Li-ion solvation in these media are not fully understood. Here, we investigated the Li salt of a weakly coordinating polyanion, poly[(4-styrenesulfonyl)(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)amide] (poly(LiSTFSA)), in various ethylene carbonate and dimethyl carbonate mixtures. The highest ionic conductivity was unexpectedly observed for the lowest polar mixture at the highest salt concentration despite the low dissociation degree of poly(LiSTFSA). This was attributed to a unique conduction phenomenon resulting from the faster diffusion of transiently solvated Li ions along the interconnected aggregates of polyanion chains. A Li/LiFePO4 cell using such an electrolyte demonstrated improved rate capability. These results provide insights into a design strategy of nonaqueous liquid electrolytes for LIBs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Kondou
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Yusuke Sakashita
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Xiaoxiao Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Kei Hashimoto
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8561, Japan
| | - Kaoru Dokko
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Advanced Chemical Energy Research Centre (ACERC), Institute of Advanced Sciences, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Watanabe
- Advanced Chemical Energy Research Centre (ACERC), Institute of Advanced Sciences, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Kazuhide Ueno
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Advanced Chemical Energy Research Centre (ACERC), Institute of Advanced Sciences, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Zhang Z, Zofchak E, Krajniak J, Ganesan V. Influence of Polarizability on the Structure, Dynamic Characteristics, and Ion-Transport Mechanisms in Polymeric Ionic Liquids. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:2583-2592. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c10662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zidan Zhang
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Everett Zofchak
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Jakub Krajniak
- Independent Researcher, os. Kosmonautow 13/56, 61-631 Poznan, Poland
| | - Venkat Ganesan
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Lytle TK, Yethiraj A. The effect of explicit counterion binding on the transference number of polyelectrolyte solutions. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:104901. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0083414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyelectrolyte solutions have been proposed as a method to improve the efficiency of lithium-ion batteries by increasing the cation transference number because the polymer self-diffusion coefficient is much lower than that of the counterion. However, this is not necessarily true for the polymer mobility. In some cases, negative transference numbers have been reported, which implies that the lithium ions are transporting to the same electrode as the anion, behavior that is often attributed to a binding of counterions to the polyion. We use a simple model where we bind some counterions to the polymer via harmonic springs to investigate this phenomenon. We find that both the number of bound counterions and the strength of their binding alter the transference number, and, in some cases, the transference number is negative. We also investigate how the transference number depends on the Manning parameter, the ratio of the Bjerrum length to charge separation along the chain. By altering the Manning parameter, the transference number can almost be doubled, which suggests that charge spacing could be a way to increase the transference number of polyelectrolyte solutions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T. K. Lytle
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - A. Yethiraj
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Zofchak ES, Zhang Z, Marioni N, Duncan TJ, Sachar HS, Chamseddine A, Freeman BD, Ganesan V. Cation–Ligand Interactions Dictate Salt Partitioning and Diffusivity in Ligand-Functionalized Polymer Membranes. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Everett S. Zofchak
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Zidan Zhang
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Nico Marioni
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Tyler J. Duncan
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Harnoor S. Sachar
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Alyssa Chamseddine
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Benny D. Freeman
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Venkat Ganesan
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Kaur S, Yethiraj A. Chemically realistic coarse-grained models for polyelectrolyte solutions. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:094902. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0080388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Supreet Kaur
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States of America
| | - Arun Yethiraj
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin Madison, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Hou T, Fong KD, Wang J, Persson KA. The solvation structure, transport properties and reduction behavior of carbonate-based electrolytes of lithium-ion batteries. Chem Sci 2021; 12:14740-14751. [PMID: 34820089 PMCID: PMC8597828 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc04265c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the extensive employment of binary/ternary mixed-carbonate electrolytes (MCEs) for Li-ion batteries, the role of each ingredient with regards to the solvation structure, transport properties, and reduction behavior is not fully understood. Herein, we report the atomistic modeling and transport property measurements of the Gen2 (1.2 M LiPF6 in ethylene carbonate (EC) and ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC)) and EC-base (1.2 M LiPF6 in EC) electrolytes, as well as their mixtures with 10 mol% fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC). Due to the mixing of cyclic and linear carbonates, the Gen2 electrolyte is found to have a 60% lower ion dissociation rate and a 44% faster Li+ self-diffusion rate than the EC-base electrolyte, while the total ionic conductivities are similar. Moreover, we propose for the first time the anion–solvent exchange mechanism in MCEs with identified energetic and electrostatic origins. For electrolytes with additive, up to 25% FEC coordinates with Li+, which exhibits a preferential reduction that helps passivate the anode and facilitates an improved solid electrolyte interphase. The work provides a coherent computational framework for evaluating mixed electrolyte systems. The different roles of the anion, cyclic and linear carbonates, and additive in mixed-carbonate electrolytes are revealed. The anion–solvent exchange mechanism and factors influencing the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation are deciphered.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tingzheng Hou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Berkeley 210 Hearst Mining Building Berkeley California 94720 USA.,Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley California 94720 USA
| | - Kara D Fong
- Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley California 94720 USA.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Jingyang Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Berkeley 210 Hearst Mining Building Berkeley California 94720 USA.,Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley California 94720 USA
| | - Kristin A Persson
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Berkeley 210 Hearst Mining Building Berkeley California 94720 USA.,The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley California 94720 USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Genier FS, Hosein ID. Effect of Coordination Behavior in Polymer Electrolytes for Sodium-Ion Conduction: A Molecular Dynamics Study of Poly(ethylene oxide) and Poly(tetrahydrofuran). Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francielli S. Genier
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
| | - Ian D. Hosein
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Gudla H, Shao Y, Phunnarungsi S, Brandell D, Zhang C. Importance of the Ion-Pair Lifetime in Polymer Electrolytes. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:8460-8464. [PMID: 34449227 PMCID: PMC8436209 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c02474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ion pairing is commonly considered as a culprit for the reduced ionic conductivity in polymer electrolyte systems. However, this simple thermodynamic picture should not be taken literally, as ion pairing is a dynamical phenomenon. Here we construct model poly(ethylene oxide)-bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonimide lithium salt systems with different degrees of ion pairing by tuning the solvent polarity and examine the relation between the cation-anion distinct conductivity σ+-d and the lifetime of ion pairs τ+- using molecular dynamics simulations. It is found that there exist two distinct regimes where σ+-d scales with 1/τ+- and τ+-, respectively, and the latter is a signature of longer-lived ion pairs that contribute negatively to the total ionic conductivity. This suggests that ion pairs are kinetically different depending on the solvent polarity, which renders the ion-pair lifetime highly important when discussing its effect on ion transport in polymer electrolyte systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harish Gudla
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström
Laboratory, Uppsala University, Lägerhyddsvägen 1, Box 538, 75121 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Yunqi Shao
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström
Laboratory, Uppsala University, Lägerhyddsvägen 1, Box 538, 75121 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Supho Phunnarungsi
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström
Laboratory, Uppsala University, Lägerhyddsvägen 1, Box 538, 75121 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Daniel Brandell
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström
Laboratory, Uppsala University, Lägerhyddsvägen 1, Box 538, 75121 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström
Laboratory, Uppsala University, Lägerhyddsvägen 1, Box 538, 75121 Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Tekell MC, Kumar SK. Structure and Dynamics of Stockmayer Polymer Electrolyte. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marshall C. Tekell
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Sanat K. Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Ma B, Olvera de la Cruz M. A Perspective on the Design of Ion-Containing Polymers for Polymer Electrolyte Applications. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:3015-3022. [PMID: 33635658 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c08707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ion-containing polymers have numerous potential applications as energy storage and conversion devices, water purification membranes, and gas separation membranes, to name a few. Given the low dielectric constant of the media, ions and charges on polymers in a molten state interact strongly producing large effects on chain statistics, thermodynamics, and diffusion properties. Here, we discuss recent research accomplishments on the effects of ionic correlation and dielectric heterogeneity on the phase behavior of ion-containing polymers. Progress made in studying ion transport properties in these material systems is also highlighted. Charged block copolymers (BCPs), among all kinds of ion-containing polymers, have a particular advantage owing to their robust mechanical support and ion conducting paths provided by the segregation of the neutral and charged blocks. Coulombic interactions among the charges play a critical role in determining the phase segregation in charged BCPs and the domain size of charge-rich regions. We show that strongly charged BCPs display ordered phases as a result of electrostatic interactions alone. In addition, bulky charge-containing side groups attached to the charged block lead to the formation of morphologies that provide continuous channels and better dissociation for ion conduction purposes. Finally, a few avenues for designing ion-containing polymers for energy applications are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Boran Ma
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Monica Olvera de la Cruz
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Fong KD, Self J, McCloskey BD, Persson KA. Ion Correlations and Their Impact on Transport in Polymer-Based Electrolytes. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c02545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kara D. Fong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Julian Self
- Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Bryan D. McCloskey
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Kristin A. Persson
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Shen KH, Fan M, Hall LM. Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Ion-Containing Polymers Using Generic Coarse-Grained Models. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c02557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Hsuan Shen
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Mengdi Fan
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Lisa M. Hall
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| |
Collapse
|