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Zhu G, von Coelln N, Hou Y, Vazquez-Martel C, Spiegel CA, Tegeder P, Blasco E. Digital Light 3D Printing of Double Thermoplastics with Customizable Mechanical Properties and Versatile Reprocessability. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2401561. [PMID: 38949414 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202401561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Digital light processing (DLP) is a 3D printing technology offering high resolution and speed. Printable materials are commonly based on multifunctional monomers, resulting in the formation of thermosets that usually cannot be reprocessed or recycled. Some efforts are made in DLP 3D printing of thermoplastic materials. However, these materials exhibit limited and poor mechanical properties. Here, a new strategy is presented for DLP 3D printing of thermoplastics based on a sequential construction of two linear polymers with contrasting (stiff and flexible) mechanical properties. The inks consist of two vinyl monomers, which lead to the stiff linear polymer, and α-lipoic acid, which forms the flexible linear polymer via thermal ring-opening polymerization in a second step. By varying the ratio of stiff and flexible linear polymers, the mechanical properties can be tuned with Young's modulus ranging from 1.1 GPa to 0.7 MPa, while the strain at break increased from 4% to 574%. Furthermore, these printed thermoplastics allow for a variety of reprocessability pathways including self-healing, solvent casting, reprinting, and closed-loop recycling of the flexible polymer, contributing to the development of a sustainable materials economy. Last, the potential of the new material in applications ranging from soft robotics to electronics is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangda Zhu
- Institute for Molecular Systems Engineering and Advanced Materials, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nadine von Coelln
- Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yi Hou
- Institute for Molecular Systems Engineering and Advanced Materials, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Clara Vazquez-Martel
- Institute for Molecular Systems Engineering and Advanced Materials, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christoph A Spiegel
- Institute for Molecular Systems Engineering and Advanced Materials, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Petra Tegeder
- Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Eva Blasco
- Institute for Molecular Systems Engineering and Advanced Materials, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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2
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Chansoria P, Rizzo R, Rütsche D, Liu H, Delrot P, Zenobi-Wong M. Light from Afield: Fast, High-Resolution, and Layer-Free Deep Vat 3D Printing. Chem Rev 2024; 124:8787-8822. [PMID: 38967405 PMCID: PMC11273351 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Harnessing light for cross-linking of photoresponsive materials has revolutionized the field of 3D printing. A wide variety of techniques leveraging broad-spectrum light shaping have been introduced as a way to achieve fast and high-resolution printing, with applications ranging from simple prototypes to biomimetic engineered tissues for regenerative medicine. Conventional light-based printing techniques use cross-linking of material in a layer-by-layer fashion to produce complex parts. Only recently, new techniques have emerged which deploy multidirection, tomographic, light-sheet or filamented light-based image projections deep into the volume of resin-filled vat for photoinitiation and cross-linking. These Deep Vat printing (DVP) approaches alleviate the need for layer-wise printing and enable unprecedented fabrication speeds (within a few seconds) with high resolution (>10 μm). Here, we elucidate the physics and chemistry of these processes, their commonalities and differences, as well as their emerging applications in biomedical and non-biomedical fields. Importantly, we highlight their limitations, and future scope of research that will improve the scalability and applicability of these DVP techniques in a wide variety of engineering and regenerative medicine applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parth Chansoria
- Department
of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Riccardo Rizzo
- John
A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02134, United States
- Wyss
Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Dominic Rütsche
- Department
of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Basic
Science & Engineering (BASE) Initiative, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Hao Liu
- Department
of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Paul Delrot
- Readily3D
SA, EPFL Innovation Park, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Marcy Zenobi-Wong
- Department
of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
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3
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Jiang Y, Latif M, Kim J. Three-Dimensional Printing of Lignocellulose Structures: Improving Mechanical Properties and Shape Fidelity. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:23442-23450. [PMID: 38854504 PMCID: PMC11154944 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c10101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Additive manufacturing of nanocellulose (NC) materials is an emergent technological domain that facilitates the fabrication of complex and environment-friendly structures that mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. However, printing high concentrations of NC into intricate structures encounters substantial challenges due to inadequate adhesion between the printed layers attributed to a high cellulose solid content, resulting in low shape fidelity and mechanical properties. Therefore, to address these challenges, this paper reports lignin (LG) blending, a nanofiller, in high-content NC (>25 wt % solid content) paste to improve the layer adhesion of three-dimensional (3D) printed structures. The printed structures are dried in a clean room condition followed by postcuring. The optimized lignocellulose (0.5LG-NC) paste showed high structural shape fidelity, remarkable flexural strength, and moduli of 102.93 ± 0.96 MPa and 9.05 ± 0.07 GPa. Furthermore, the volumetric shrinkage behavior in box-like 3D printed structures with optimized LG-NC paste shows low standard deviations, demonstrating the repeatability of the printed structures. The study can be adapted for high-performance engineering and biomedical applications to manufacture high mechanical strength environment-friendly structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangxiaozhe Jiang
- Creative Research Center
for Nanocellulose Future Composites, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Inha University, 100, Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon 22212, South Korea
| | - Muhammad Latif
- Creative Research Center
for Nanocellulose Future Composites, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Inha University, 100, Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon 22212, South Korea
| | - Jaehwan Kim
- Creative Research Center
for Nanocellulose Future Composites, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Inha University, 100, Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon 22212, South Korea
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4
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Cheng X, Xu B, Lei B, Wang S. Opposite Mechanical Preference of Bone/Nerve Regeneration in 3D-Printed Bioelastomeric Scaffolds/Conduits Consistently Correlated with YAP-Mediated Stem Cell Osteo/Neuro-Genesis. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2301158. [PMID: 38211963 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202301158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
To systematically unveil how substrate stiffness, a critical factor in directing cell fate through mechanotransduction, correlates with tissue regeneration, novel biodegradable and photo-curable poly(trimethylene carbonate) fumarates (PTMCFs) for fabricating elastomeric 2D substrates and 3D bone scaffolds/nerve conduits, are presented. These substrates and structures with adjustable stiffness serve as a unique platform to evaluate how this mechanical cue affects the fate of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) and hard/soft tissue regeneration in rat femur bone defect and sciatic nerve transection models; whilst, decoupling from topographical and chemical cues. In addition to a positive relationship between substrate stiffness (tensile modulus: 90-990 kPa) and hMSC adhesion, spreading, and proliferation mediated through Yes-associated protein (YAP), opposite mechanical preference is revealed in the osteogenesis and neurogenesis of hMSCs as they are significantly enhanced on the stiff and compliant substrates, respectively. In vivo tissue regeneration demonstrates the same trend: bone regeneration prefers the stiffer scaffolds; while, nerve regeneration prefers the more compliant conduits. Whole-transcriptome analysis further shows that upregulation of Rho GTPase activity and the downstream genes in the compliant group promote nerve repair, providing critical insight into the design strategies of biomaterials for stem cell regulation and hard/soft tissue regeneration through mechanotransduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Cheng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Bowen Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Bingxi Lei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Shanfeng Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
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5
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Burelo M, Martínez A, Hernández-Varela JD, Stringer T, Ramírez-Melgarejo M, Yau AY, Luna-Bárcenas G, Treviño-Quintanilla CD. Recent Developments in Synthesis, Properties, Applications and Recycling of Bio-Based Elastomers. Molecules 2024; 29:387. [PMID: 38257300 PMCID: PMC10819226 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29020387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
In 2021, global plastics production was 390.7 Mt; in 2022, it was 400.3 Mt, showing an increase of 2.4%, and this rising tendency will increase yearly. Of this data, less than 2% correspond to bio-based plastics. Currently, polymers, including elastomers, are non-recyclable and come from non-renewable sources. Additionally, most elastomers are thermosets, making them complex to recycle and reuse. It takes hundreds to thousands of years to decompose or biodegrade, contributing to plastic waste accumulation, nano and microplastic formation, and environmental pollution. Due to this, the synthesis of elastomers from natural and renewable resources has attracted the attention of researchers and industries. In this review paper, new methods and strategies are proposed for the preparation of bio-based elastomers. The main goals are the advances and improvements in the synthesis, properties, and applications of bio-based elastomers from natural and industrial rubbers, polyurethanes, polyesters, and polyethers, and an approach to their circular economy and sustainability. Olefin metathesis is proposed as a novel and sustainable method for the synthesis of bio-based elastomers, which allows for the depolymerization or degradation of rubbers with the use of essential oils, terpenes, fatty acids, and fatty alcohols from natural resources such as chain transfer agents (CTA) or donors of the terminal groups in the main chain, which allow for control of the molecular weights and functional groups, obtaining new compounds, oligomers, and bio-based elastomers with an added value for the application of new polymers and materials. This tendency contributes to the development of bio-based elastomers that can reduce carbon emissions, avoid cross-contamination from fossil fuels, and obtain a greener material with biodegradable and/or compostable behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Burelo
- Institute of Advanced Materials for Sustainable Manufacturing, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Queretaro 76130, Mexico;
| | - Araceli Martínez
- Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores, Unidad Morelia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Antigua Carretera a Pátzcuaro No. 8701, Col. Ex. Hacienda de San José de la Huerta, Morelia 58190, Michoacán, Mexico;
| | | | - Thomas Stringer
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Queretaro 76130, Mexico; (T.S.); (M.R.-M.)
| | | | - Alice Y. Yau
- Department of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry, Southwest Research Institute, 6220 Culebra Road, San Antonio, TX 78238, USA;
| | - Gabriel Luna-Bárcenas
- Institute of Advanced Materials for Sustainable Manufacturing, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Queretaro 76130, Mexico;
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6
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Wostry M, Scherließ R. Possibilities and advantages of additive manufacturing in dry powder formulations for inhalation. Eur J Pharm Sci 2023; 190:106583. [PMID: 37703932 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2023.106583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
In dry powder formulations for inhalation, coarse carrier particles are often used to improve handling, dosing and dispersion of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). Carrier particles, mostly alpha-lactose monohydrate crystals, always show a certain size distribution and are never exactly uniform in their geometry. This might be one factor of the rather high invivo variability in fine particle dose from dry powder inhalers. To address the inhomogeneity of carrier particles, additive manufacturing has come to mind. The parametric design of the perfect carrier geometry could further improve the efficiency of dry powder formulations. In this study, a numerical simulation setup using the discrete element method as well as an experimental approach with 3D printed particles were used to determine the loading capacity of a model API onto two different carrier geometries. The difference between the two geometries was reduced solely to their surface's topology to assess the impact of that. The results indicate differences in the loading capacity for the two geometries, depending on the loading process. This study highlights the importance of the carrier geometry for the efficiency of dry powder formulations and thus, strengthens the idea of artificially designed and printed carrier particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melvin Wostry
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Kiel University, Grasweg 9a, Kiel 24118, Germany
| | - Regina Scherließ
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Kiel University, Grasweg 9a, Kiel 24118, Germany; Priority Research Area Kiel Nano, Surface and Interface Sciences (KiNSIS), Kiel University, Kiel, Germany.
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7
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Paunović N, Meyer D, Krivitsky A, Studart AR, Bao Y, Leroux JC. 4D printing of biodegradable elastomers with tailorable thermal response at physiological temperature. J Control Release 2023; 361:417-426. [PMID: 37532144 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.07.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
4D printing has a great potential for the manufacturing of soft robotics and medical devices. The alliance of digital light processing (DLP) 3D printing and novel shape-memory photopolymers allows for the fabrication of smart 4D-printed medical devices in high resolution and with tailorable functionalities. However, most of the reported 4D-printed materials are nondegradable, which limits their clinical applications. On the other hand, 4D printing of biodegradable shape-memory elastomers is highly challenging, especially when transition points close to physiological temperature and shape fixation under ambient conditions are required. Here, we report the 4D printing of biodegradable shape-memory elastomers with tailorable transition points covering physiological temperature, by using poly(D,L-lactide-co-trimethylene carbonate) methacrylates at various monomer feed ratios. After the programming step, the high-resolution DLP printed stents preserved their folded shape at room temperature, and showed efficient shape recovery at 37 °C. The materials were cytocompatible and readily degradable under physiological conditions. Furthermore, drug-loaded devices with tuneable release kinetics were realized by DLP-printing with resins containing polymers and levofloxacin or nintedanib. This study offers a new perspective for the development of next-generation 4D-printed medical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Paunović
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - D Meyer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - A Krivitsky
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - A R Studart
- Complex Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Y Bao
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - J-C Leroux
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
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8
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Mao Q, Yao M, Nie J, He Y. Construction of ternary mixture of long-chain acrylates for lower-temperature and higher-effect rotator phase photopolymerization. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2023.114570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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9
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Paunović N, Marbach J, Bao Y, Berger V, Klein K, Schleich S, Coulter FB, Kleger N, Studart AR, Franzen D, Luo Z, Leroux J. Digital Light 3D Printed Bioresorbable and NIR-Responsive Devices with Photothermal and Shape-Memory Functions. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2200907. [PMID: 35896948 PMCID: PMC9507367 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202200907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Digital light processing (DLP) 3D printing is a promising technique for the rapid manufacturing of customized medical devices with high precision. To be successfully translated to a clinical setting, challenges in the development of suitable photopolymerizable materials have yet to be overcome. Besides biocompatibility, it is often desirable for the printed devices to be biodegradable, elastic, and with a therapeutic function. Here, a multifunctional DLP printed material system based on the composite of gold nanorods and polyester copolymer is reported. The material demonstrates robust near-infrared (NIR) responsiveness, allowing rapid and stable photothermal effect leading to the time-dependent cell death. NIR light-triggerable shape transformation is demonstrated, resulting in a facilitated insertion and expansion of DLP printed stent ex vivo. The proposed strategy opens a promising avenue for the design of multifunctional therapeutic devices based on nanoparticle-polymer composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nevena Paunović
- Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesDepartment of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesETH ZurichZurich8093Switzerland
| | - Jessica Marbach
- Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesDepartment of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesETH ZurichZurich8093Switzerland
| | - Yinyin Bao
- Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesDepartment of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesETH ZurichZurich8093Switzerland
| | - Valentine Berger
- Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesDepartment of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesETH ZurichZurich8093Switzerland
| | - Karina Klein
- Musculoskeletal Research UnitVetsuisse FacultyUniversity of ZurichZurich8057Switzerland
| | - Sarah Schleich
- Musculoskeletal Research UnitVetsuisse FacultyUniversity of ZurichZurich8057Switzerland
| | | | - Nicole Kleger
- Complex MaterialsDepartment of MaterialsETH ZurichZurich8093Switzerland
| | - André R. Studart
- Complex MaterialsDepartment of MaterialsETH ZurichZurich8093Switzerland
| | - Daniel Franzen
- Department of PulmonologyUniversity Hospital ZurichZurich8006Switzerland
| | - Zhi Luo
- Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesDepartment of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesETH ZurichZurich8093Switzerland
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Department of Biomedical EngineeringSouthern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhen518055P. R. China
| | - Jean‐Christophe Leroux
- Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesDepartment of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesETH ZurichZurich8093Switzerland
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10
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Wang Y, Xue T, Si Z, Liu C, Yang S, Li G, Zhuang Y, Qin P. Visible-light-induced ultrafast preparation of PDMS membrane for the pervaporative separation of furfural. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2022.120515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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11
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Bao Y. Recent Trends in Advanced Photoinitiators for Vat Photopolymerization 3D Printing. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2200202. [PMID: 35579565 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
3D printing has revolutionized the way of manufacturing with a huge impact on various fields, in particular biomedicine. Vat photopolymerization-based 3D printing techniques such as stereolithography (SLA) and digital light processing (DLP) attracted considerable attention owing to their superior print resolution, relatively high speed, low cost and flexibility in resin material design. As one key element of the SLA/DLP resin, photoinitiators or photoinitiating systems have experienced significant development in recent years, in parallel with the exploration of 3D printing (macro)monomers. The design of new photoinitiating systems can not only offer faster 3D printing speed and enable low-energy visible light fabrication, but also can bring new functions to the 3D printed products and even generate new printing methods in combination with advanced optics. This review evaluates recent trends in the development and application of advanced photoinitiators and photoinitiating systems for vat photopolymerization 3D printing, with a wide range of small molecules, polymers and nanoassemblies involved. Personal perspectives on the current limitations and future directions are eventually provided. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinyin Bao
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
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12
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Paunović N, Leroux JC, Bao Y. 3D printed elastomers with Sylgard-184-like mechanical properties and tuneable degradability. Polym Chem 2022; 13:2271-2276. [PMID: 35664500 PMCID: PMC9016719 DOI: 10.1039/d2py00113f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The 3D printing of biodegradable elastomers with high mechanical strength is of great interest for personalized medicine, but rather challenging. In this study, we propose a dual-polymer resin formulation for digital light processing of biodegradable elastomers with tailorable mechanical properties comparable to those of Sylgard-184.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nevena Paunović
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Jean-Christophe Leroux
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Yinyin Bao
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 8093 Zurich Switzerland
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13
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14
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Bao Y. Controlling Molecular Aggregation-Induced Emission by Controlled Polymerization. Molecules 2021; 26:6267. [PMID: 34684848 PMCID: PMC8540238 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26206267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In last twenty years, the significant development of AIE materials has been witnessed. A number of small molecules, polymers and composites with AIE activity have been synthesized, with some of these exhibiting great potential in optoelectronics and biomedical applications. Compared to AIE small molecules, macromolecular systems-especially well-defined AIE polymers-have been studied relatively less. Controlled polymerization methods provide the efficient synthesis of well-defined AIE polymers with varied monomers, tunable chain lengths and narrow dispersity. In particular, the preparation of single-fluorophore polymers through AIE molecule-initiated polymerization enables the systematic investigation of the structure-property relationships of AIE polymeric systems. Here, the main polymerization techniques involved in these polymers are summarized and the key parameters that affect their photophysical properties are analyzed. The author endeavored to collect meaningful information from the descriptions of AIE polymer systems in the literature, to find connections by comparing different representative examples, and hopes eventually to provide a set of general guidelines for AIE polymer design, along with personal perspectives on the direction of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinyin Bao
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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