1
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He M, Hsu YI, Uyama H. Superior sequence-controlled poly(L-lactide)-based bioplastic with tunable seawater biodegradation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 474:134819. [PMID: 38850940 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Developing superior-performance marine-biodegradable plastics remains a critical challenge in mitigating marine plastic pollution. Commercially available biodegradable polymers, such as poly(L-lactide) (PLA), undergo slow degradation in complex marine environments. This study introduces an innovative bioplastic design that employs a facile ring-opening and coupling reaction to incorporate hydrophilic polyethylene glycol (PEG) into PLA, yielding PEG-PLA copolymers with either sequence-controlled alternating or random structures. These materials exhibit exceptional toughness in both wet and dry states, with an elongation at break of 1446.8% in the wet state. Specifically, PEG4kPLA2k copolymer biodegraded rapidly in proteinase K enzymatic solutions and had a significant weight loss of 71.5% after 28 d in seawater. The degradation primarily affects the PLA segments within the PEG-PLA copolymer, as evidenced by structural changes confirmed through comprehensive characterization techniques. The seawater biodegradability, in line with the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development 306 Marine biodegradation test guideline, reached 72.63%, verified by quantitative biochemical oxygen demand analysis, demonstrating rapid chain scission in marine environments. The capacity of PEG-PLA bioplastic to withstand DI water and rapidly biodegrade in seawater makes it a promising candidate for preventing marine plastic pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjie He
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yu-I Hsu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Uyama
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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2
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Haudum S, Strasser P, Teasdale I. Phosphorus and Silicon-Based Macromolecules as Degradable Biomedical Polymers. Macromol Biosci 2023; 23:e2300127. [PMID: 37326117 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202300127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic polymers are indispensable in biomedical applications because they can be fabricated with consistent and reproducible properties, facile scalability, and customizable functionality to perform diverse tasks. However, currently available synthetic polymers have limitations, most notably when timely biodegradation is required. Despite there being, in principle, an entire periodic table to choose from, with the obvious exception of silicones, nearly all known synthetic polymers are combinations of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen in the main chain. Expanding this to main-group heteroatoms can open the way to novel material properties. Herein the authors report on research to incorporate the chemically versatile and abundant silicon and phosphorus into polymers to induce cleavability into the polymer main chain. Less stable polymers, which degrade in a timely manner in mild biological environments, have considerable potential in biomedical applications. Herein the basic chemistry behind these materials is described and some recent studies into their medical applications are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Haudum
- Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstrasse 69, Linz, 4040, Austria
| | - Paul Strasser
- Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstrasse 69, Linz, 4040, Austria
| | - Ian Teasdale
- Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstrasse 69, Linz, 4040, Austria
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3
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Resendiz-Lara DA, Azhdari S, Gojzewski H, Gröschel AH, Wurm FR. Water-soluble polyphosphonate-based bottlebrush copolymers via aqueous ring-opening metathesis polymerization. Chem Sci 2023; 14:11273-11282. [PMID: 37860667 PMCID: PMC10583743 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc02649c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) is a versatile method for synthesizing complex macromolecules from various functional monomers. In this work, we report the synthesis of water-soluble and degradable bottlebrush polymers, based on polyphosphoesters (PPEs) via ROMP. First, PPE-macromonomers were synthesized via organocatalytic anionic ring-opening polymerization of 2-ethyl-2-oxo-1,3,2-dioxaphospholane using N-(hydroxyethyl)-cis-5-norbornene-exo-2,3-dicarboximide as the initiator and 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU) as the catalyst. The resulting norbornene-based macromonomers had degrees of polymerization (DPn) ranging from 25 to 243 and narrow molar mass dispersity (Đ ≤ 1.10). Subsequently, these macromonomers were used in ROMP with the Grubbs 3rd-generation bispyridyl complex (Ru-G3) to produce a library of well-defined bottlebrush polymers. The ROMP was carried out either in dioxane or in aqueous conditions, resulting in well-defined and water-soluble bottlebrush PPEs. Furthermore, a two-step protocol was employed to synthesize double hydrophilic diblock bottlebrush copolymers via ROMP in water at neutral pH-values. This general protocol enabled the direct combination of PPEs with ROMP to synthesize well-defined bottlebrush polymers and block copolymers in water. Degradation of the PPE side chains was proven resulting in low molar mass degradation products only. The biocompatible and biodegradable nature of PPEs makes this pathway promising for designing novel biomedical drug carriers or viscosity modifiers, as well as many other potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego A Resendiz-Lara
- Sustainable Polymer Chemistry (SPC), Department of Molecules and Materials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiteit Twente PO Box 217 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands
| | - Suna Azhdari
- Sustainable Polymer Chemistry (SPC), Department of Molecules and Materials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiteit Twente PO Box 217 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands
- Physical Chemistry, University of Münster Corrensstraße 28-30 Münster 48149 Germany
| | - Hubert Gojzewski
- Sustainable Polymer Chemistry (SPC), Department of Molecules and Materials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiteit Twente PO Box 217 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands
| | - Andre H Gröschel
- Physical Chemistry, University of Münster Corrensstraße 28-30 Münster 48149 Germany
| | - Frederik R Wurm
- Sustainable Polymer Chemistry (SPC), Department of Molecules and Materials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiteit Twente PO Box 217 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands
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4
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Rheinberger T, Flögel U, Koshkina O, Wurm FR. Real-time 31P NMR reveals different gradient strengths in polyphosphoester copolymers as potential MRI-traceable nanomaterials. Commun Chem 2023; 6:182. [PMID: 37658116 PMCID: PMC10474120 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-023-00954-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyphosphoesters (PPEs) are used in tissue engineering and drug delivery, as polyelectrolytes, and flame-retardants. Mostly polyphosphates have been investigated but copolymers involving different PPE subclasses have been rarely explored and the reactivity ratios of different cyclic phospholanes have not been reported. We synthesized binary and ternary PPE copolymers using cyclic comonomers, including side-chain phosphonates, phosphates, thiophosphate, and in-chain phosphonates, through organocatalyzed ring-opening copolymerization. Reactivity ratios were determined for all cases, including ternary PPE copolymers, using different nonterminal models. By combining different comonomers and organocatalysts, we created gradient copolymers with adjustable amphiphilicity and microstructure. Reactivity ratios ranging from 0.02 to 44 were observed for different comonomer sets. Statistical ring-opening copolymerization enabled the synthesis of amphiphilic gradient copolymers in a one-pot procedure, exhibiting tunable interfacial and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) properties. These copolymers self-assembled in aqueous solutions, 31 P MRI imaging confirmed their potential as MRI-traceable nanostructures. This systematic study expands the possibilities of PPE-copolymers for drug delivery and theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Rheinberger
- Sustainable Polymer Chemistry (SPC), Department of Molecules and Materials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Ulrich Flögel
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Experimental Cardiovascular Imaging, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Olga Koshkina
- Sustainable Polymer Chemistry (SPC), Department of Molecules and Materials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Frederik R Wurm
- Sustainable Polymer Chemistry (SPC), Department of Molecules and Materials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede, Netherlands.
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5
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Rheinberger T, Deuker M, Wurm FR. The microstructure of polyphosphoesters controls polymer hydrolysis kinetics from minutes to years. Eur Polym J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2023.111999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
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6
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Xu J, Hadjichristidis N. Heteroatom-containing degradable polymers by ring-opening metathesis polymerization. Prog Polym Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2023.101656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
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7
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Rheinberger T, Ankone M, Grijpma D, Wurm FR. Real-Time 1H and 31P NMR spectroscopy of the copolymerization of cyclic phosphoesters and trimethylene carbonate reveals transesterification from gradient to random copolymers. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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8
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Resendiz-Lara DA, Wurm FR. Polyphosphonate-Based Macromolecular RAFT-CTA Enables the Synthesis of Well-Defined Block Copolymers Using Vinyl Monomers. ACS Macro Lett 2021; 10:1273-1279. [PMID: 35549040 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.1c00564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization has become a straightforward approach to block copolymers using a wide variety of functional vinyl monomers. Polyphosphoester (PPE) macroinitiators from ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of their corresponding cyclic phosphoesters have been previously prepared for atom transfer radical polymerization; however, to date, these biodegradable macroinitiators for RAFT polymerization have not been reported. Herein, a macromolecular RAFT-chain transfer agent (CTA) based on poly(ethyl ethylene phosphonate) was prepared by the organocatalytic ROP of 2-ethyl-2-oxo-1,3,2-dioxaphospholane using 2-cyano-5-hydroxypentan-2-yl dodecyl trithiocarbonate as the initiator and 1,8-diazabycyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene as the catalyst. Precise macro-CTAs of degrees of polymerization (DPn) from 34 to 70 with Đ ≤ 1.10 were prepared and used in the dioxane solution RAFT polymerization of acrylamide, acrylates, methacrylates, and 2-vinylpyridine to yield a library of well-defined block copolymers. Additionally, the PPE-based macro RAFT-CTA was used as a nonionic surfactant in a typical aqueous emulsion polymerization of styrene to produce well-defined nanoparticles with the hydrophilic PPEs on their surface as the stabilizing agent. This general protocol allowed the combination of polyphosphoesters with RAFT polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego A Resendiz-Lara
- Sustainable Polymer Chemistry, Department of Molecules and Materials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiteit Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Frederik R Wurm
- Sustainable Polymer Chemistry, Department of Molecules and Materials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiteit Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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9
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Guazzelli E, Lusiani N, Monni G, Oliva M, Pelosi C, Wurm FR, Pretti C, Martinelli E. Amphiphilic Polyphosphonate Copolymers as New Additives for PDMS-Based Antifouling Coatings. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3414. [PMID: 34641229 PMCID: PMC8512855 DOI: 10.3390/polym13193414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly(ethyl ethylene phosphonate)-based methacrylic copolymers containing polysiloxane methacrylate (SiMA) co-units are proposed as surface-active additives as alternative solutions to the more investigated polyzwitterionic and polyethylene glycol counterparts for the fabrication of novel PDMS-based coatings for marine antifouling applications. In particular, the same hydrophobic SiMA macromonomer was copolymerized with a methacrylate carrying a poly(ethyl ethylene phosphonate) (PEtEPMA), a phosphorylcholine (MPC), and a poly(ethylene glycol) (PEGMA) side chain to obtain non-water soluble copolymers with similar mole content of the different hydrophilic units. The hydrolysis of poly(ethyl ethylene phosphonate)-based polymers was also studied in conditions similar to those of the marine environment to investigate their potential as erodible films. Copolymers of the three classes were blended into a condensation cure PDMS matrix in two different loadings (10 and 20 wt%) to prepare the top-coat of three-layer films to be subjected to wettability analysis and bioassays with marine model organisms. Water contact angle measurements showed that all of the films underwent surface reconstruction upon prolonged immersion in water, becoming much more hydrophilic. Interestingly, the extent of surface modification appeared to be affected by the type of hydrophilic units, showing a tendency to increase according to the order PEGMA < MPC < PEtEPMA. Biological tests showed that Ficopomatus enigmaticus release was maximized on the most hydrophilic film containing 10 wt% of the PEtEP-based copolymer. Moreover, coatings with a 10 wt% loading of the copolymer performed better than those containing 20 wt% for the removal of both Ficopomatus and Navicula, independent from the copolymer nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Guazzelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (E.G.); (N.L.); (C.P.)
| | - Niccolò Lusiani
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (E.G.); (N.L.); (C.P.)
| | - Gianfranca Monni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (G.M.); (C.P.)
| | - Matteo Oliva
- Consorzio Interuniversitario di Biologia Marina e Ecologia Applicata ‘‘G. Bacci’’, 57128 Livorno, Italy;
| | - Chiara Pelosi
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (E.G.); (N.L.); (C.P.)
| | - Frederik R. Wurm
- Sustainable Polymer Chemistry, Department of Molecules and Materials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiteit Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Carlo Pretti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (G.M.); (C.P.)
| | - Elisa Martinelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (E.G.); (N.L.); (C.P.)
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10
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Pelosi C, Duce C, Wurm FR, Tinè MR. Effect of Polymer Hydrophilicity and Molar Mass on the Properties of the Protein in Protein-Polymer Conjugates: The Case of PPEylated Myoglobin. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:1932-1943. [PMID: 33830737 PMCID: PMC8154264 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Polyphosphoesters (PPEs), a versatile class of biodegradable and biocompatible polymers, have been proposed as alternatives to poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), which is suspected to be responsible for anaphylactic reactions in some patients after the administration of PEGylated compounds, e.g., in the current Covid-19 vaccines. We present the synthesis and characterization of a novel set of protein-polymer conjugates using the model protein myoglobin and a set of PPEs with different hydrophilicity and molar mass. We report an extensive evaluation of the (bio)physical properties of the protein within the conjugates, studying its conformation, residual activity, and thermal stability by complementary techniques (UV-vis spectroscopy, nano-differential scanning calorimetry, and fluorometry). The data underline the systematic influence of polymer hydrophilicity on protein properties. The more hydrophobic polymers destabilize the protein, the more hydrophilic PPEs protect against thermally induced aggregation and proteolytic degradation. This basic study aims at guiding the design of future PPEylated drugs and protein conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Pelosi
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università
di Pisa, Via Moruzzi, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Celia Duce
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università
di Pisa, Via Moruzzi, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Frederik R. Wurm
- Sustainable
Polymer Chemistry, Department of Molecules and Materials, MESA+ Institute
for Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiteit Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Maria R. Tinè
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università
di Pisa, Via Moruzzi, Pisa 56124, Italy
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11
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Nifant’ev I, Shlyakhtin A, Bagrov V, Shaputkin E, Tavtorkin A, Ivchenko P. Functionalized Biodegradable Polymers via Termination of Ring-Opening Polymerization by Acyl Chlorides. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13060868. [PMID: 33799797 PMCID: PMC8002085 DOI: 10.3390/polym13060868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Aliphatic polyesters are an important class of polymeric materials for biomedical applications due to their versatile and tunable chemistry, biocompatibility and biodegradability. A capability of direct bonding with biomedically significant molecules, provided by the presence of the reactive end functional groups (FGs), is highly desirable for prospective polymers. Among FGs, N-hydroxysuccinimidyl activated ester group (NHS) and maleimide fragment (MI) provide efficient covalent bonding with -NH- and -SH containing compounds. In our study, we found that NHS- and MI-derived acyl chlorides efficiently terminate living ring-opening polymerization of ε-caprolactone, L-lactide, ethyl ethylene phosphonate and ethyl ethylene phosphate, catalyzed by 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenoxy magnesium complex, with a formation of NHS- and MI-functionalized polymers at a high yields. Reactivity of these polymers towards amine- and thiol-containing model substrates in organic and aqueous media was also studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya Nifant’ev
- Chemistry Department, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1–3 Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (A.S.); (V.B.); (E.S.); (P.I.)
- Laboratory of Organometallic Catalysis, A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis RAS, 29 Leninsky Pr., 119991 Moscow, Russia;
- Faculty of Chemistry, National Research University Higher School of Economics, 20 Miasnitskaya Str., 101000 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-4959-394-098
| | - Andrey Shlyakhtin
- Chemistry Department, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1–3 Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (A.S.); (V.B.); (E.S.); (P.I.)
| | - Vladimir Bagrov
- Chemistry Department, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1–3 Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (A.S.); (V.B.); (E.S.); (P.I.)
| | - Evgeny Shaputkin
- Chemistry Department, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1–3 Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (A.S.); (V.B.); (E.S.); (P.I.)
| | - Alexander Tavtorkin
- Laboratory of Organometallic Catalysis, A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis RAS, 29 Leninsky Pr., 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Pavel Ivchenko
- Chemistry Department, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1–3 Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (A.S.); (V.B.); (E.S.); (P.I.)
- Laboratory of Organometallic Catalysis, A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis RAS, 29 Leninsky Pr., 119991 Moscow, Russia;
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12
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Nifant'ev IE, Shlyakhtin AV, Bagrov VV, Tavtorkin AN, Ilyin SO, Gavrilov DE, Ivchenko PV. Cyclic ethylene phosphates with (CH 2) nCOOR and CH 2CONMe 2 substituents: synthesis and mechanistic insights of diverse reactivity in aryloxy-Mg complex-catalyzed (co)polymerization. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py01277k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Herein we present a comparative study of the reactivity of ethylene phosphates with –O(CH2)nCOOMe (n = 1–3, 5), –CH2COOtBu, –OCHMeCOOMe, and –OCH2CONMe2 substituents in BHT-Mg catalyzed ROP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya E. Nifant'ev
- A. V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
- M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Department of Chemistry, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Andrey V. Shlyakhtin
- A. V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
- M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Department of Chemistry, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir V. Bagrov
- A. V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
- M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Department of Chemistry, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander N. Tavtorkin
- A. V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
- M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Department of Chemistry, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Sergey O. Ilyin
- A. V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitry E. Gavrilov
- A. V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
- M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Department of Chemistry, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Pavel V. Ivchenko
- A. V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
- M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Department of Chemistry, Moscow, Russian Federation
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13
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Qiu J, Zhong C, Liu M, Yuan Y, Zhu H, Gao Y. Rational design and bioimaging application of water-soluble Fe 3+ fluorescent probes. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj06253g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The carboxyl group improves the water-solubility of Fe3+ fluorescent probes, while resulting in different performances based on its position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwen Qiu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Fujian Normal University
- Fuzhou 350117
- China
| | - Chunli Zhong
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Fujian Normal University
- Fuzhou 350117
- China
| | - Meng Liu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Fujian Normal University
- Fuzhou 350117
- China
| | - Yaofeng Yuan
- Department of Chemistry
- Fuzhou University
- Fuzhou 350108
- China
| | - Hu Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Fujian Normal University
- Fuzhou 350117
- China
- Engineering Research Center of Industrial Biocatalysis
| | - Yong Gao
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Fujian Normal University
- Fuzhou 350117
- China
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14
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Pelosi C, Tinè MR, Wurm FR. Main-chain water-soluble polyphosphoesters: Multi-functional polymers as degradable PEG-alternatives for biomedical applications. Eur Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.110079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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15
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Tee HT, Zipp R, Koynov K, Tremel W, Wurm FR. Poly(methyl ethylene phosphate) hydrogels: Degradable and cell-repellent alternatives to PEG-hydrogels. Eur Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.110075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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16
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Bauer KN, Simon J, Mailänder V, Landfester K, Wurm FR. Polyphosphoester surfactants as general stealth coatings for polymeric nanocarriers. Acta Biomater 2020; 116:318-328. [PMID: 32937204 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Opsonization of nanocarriers is one of the most important biological barriers for controlled drug delivery. The typical way to prevent such unspecific protein adsorption and thus fast clearance by the immune system is the covalent modification of drug delivery vehicles with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), so-called PEGylation. Recently, polyphosphoesters (PPEs) were identified as adequate PEG substitutes, however with the benefits of controllable hydrophilicity, additional chemical functionality, or biodegradability. Here, we present a general strategy by non-covalent adsorption of different nonionic PPE-surfactants to nanocarriers with stealth properties. Polyphosphoester surfactants with different binding motifs were synthesized by anionic ring-opening polymerization of cyclic phosphates or phosphonates and well-defined polymers were obtained. They were evaluated with regard to their cytotoxicity, protein interactions, and corona formation and their cellular uptake. We proved that all PPE-surfactants have lower cytotoxicity as the common PEG-based surfactant (Lutensol® AT 50) and that their hydrolysis is controlled by their chemical structure. Two polymeric nanocarriers, namely polystyrene and poly(methyl methacrylate), and bio-based and potentially biodegradable hydroxyethyl starch nanocarriers were coated with the PPE-surfactants. All nanocarriers exhibited reduced protein adsorption after coating with PPE-surfactants and a strongly reduced interaction with macrophages. This general strategy allows the transformation of polymeric nanocarriers into camouflaged nanocarriers and by the chemical versatility of PPEs will allow the attachment of additional moieties for advanced drug delivery.
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17
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Pelegri-O'Day EM, Bhattacharya A, Theopold N, Ko JH, Maynard HD. Synthesis of Zwitterionic and Trehalose Polymers with Variable Degradation Rates and Stabilization of Insulin. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:2147-2154. [PMID: 32369347 PMCID: PMC8259896 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c00133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Polymers that stabilize biomolecules are important as excipients in protein formulation. Herein, we describe a class of degradable polymers that have tunable degradation rates depending on the polymer backbone and can stabilize proteins to aggregation. Specifically, zwitterion- and trehalose-substituted polycaprolactone, polyvalerolactone, polycarbonate, and polylactide were prepared and characterized with regards to their hydrolytic degradation and ability to stabilize insulin to mechanical agitation during heat. Ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of allyl-substituted monomers was performed by using organocatalysis, resulting in well-defined alkene-substituted polymers with good control over molecular weight and dispersity. The polymers were then modified by using photocatalyzed thiol-ene reactions to install protein-stabilizing carboxybetaine and trehalose side chains. The resulting polymers were water-soluble and exhibited a wide range of half-lives, from 12 h to more than 3 months. The polymers maintained the ability to stabilize the therapeutic protein insulin from activity loss due to aggregation, demonstrating their potential as degradable excipients for protein formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma M Pelegri-O'Day
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Arvind Bhattacharya
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Nik Theopold
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Jeong Hoon Ko
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Heather D Maynard
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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18
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Nonionic surfactants based on amphiphilic polyphosphonate copolymers prepared via anionic ring-opening copolymerization. Eur Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.109700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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19
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Strasser P, Teasdale I. Main-Chain Phosphorus-Containing Polymers for Therapeutic Applications. Molecules 2020; 25:E1716. [PMID: 32276516 PMCID: PMC7181247 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25071716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymers in which phosphorus is an integral part of the main chain, including polyphosphazenes and polyphosphoesters, have been widely investigated in recent years for their potential in a number of therapeutic applications. Phosphorus, as the central feature of these polymers, endears the chemical functionalization, and in some cases (bio)degradability, to facilitate their use in such therapeutic formulations. Recent advances in the synthetic polymer chemistry have allowed for controlled synthesis methods in order to prepare the complex macromolecular structures required, alongside the control and reproducibility desired for such medical applications. While the main polymer families described herein, polyphosphazenes and polyphosphoesters and their analogues, as well as phosphorus-based dendrimers, have hitherto predominantly been investigated in isolation from one another, this review aims to highlight and bring together some of this research. In doing so, the focus is placed on the essential, and often mutual, design features and structure-property relationships that allow the preparation of such functional materials. The first part of the review details the relevant features of phosphorus-containing polymers in respect to their use in therapeutic applications, while the second part highlights some recent and innovative applications, offering insights into the most state-of-the-art research on phosphorus-based polymers in a therapeutic context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Strasser
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz (JKU), Altenberger Straße 69, A-4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Ian Teasdale
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz (JKU), Altenberger Straße 69, A-4040 Linz, Austria
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20
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Zheng YJ, Yang GW, Li B, Wu GP. Construction of polyphosphoesters with the main chain of rigid backbones and stereostructures via organocatalyzed ring-opening polymerization. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py00262c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A highly stereoregular polyphosphoester with a rigid cyclohexylene structure in the main chain was constructed via ring-opening polymerization (ROP) in the presence of an organic catalyst system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jia Zheng
- College of Material
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hangzhou Normal University
- Hangzhou 310036
- P. R. China
| | - Guan-Wen Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization
- and Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials & Technologies of Zhejiang Province
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
| | - Bo Li
- College of Material
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hangzhou Normal University
- Hangzhou 310036
- P. R. China
| | - Guang-Peng Wu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization
- and Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials & Technologies of Zhejiang Province
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
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21
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Wang G, Huang D, Ji J, Völker C, Wurm FR. Seawater-Degradable Polymers-Fighting the Marine Plastic Pollution. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 8:2001121. [PMID: 33437568 PMCID: PMC7788598 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202001121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Polymers shape human life but they also have been identified as pollutants in the oceans due to their long lifetime and low degradability. Recently, various researchers have studied the impact of (micro)plastics on marine life, biodiversity, and potential toxicity. Even if the consequences are still heavily discussed, prevention of unnecessary waste is desired. Especially, newly designed polymers that degrade in seawater are discussed as potential alternatives to commodity polymers in certain applications. Biodegradable polymers that degrade in vivo (used for biomedical applications) or during composting often exhibit too slow degradation rates in seawater. To date, no comprehensive summary for the degradation performance of polymers in seawater has been reported, nor are the studies for seawater-degradation following uniform standards. This review summarizes concepts, mechanisms, and other factors affecting the degradation process in seawater of several biodegradable polymers or polymer blends. As most of such materials cannot degrade or degrade too slowly, strategies and innovative routes for the preparation of seawater-degradable polymers with rapid degradation in natural environments are reviewed. It is believed that this selection will help to further understand and drive the development of seawater-degradable polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge‐Xia Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Engineering PlasticsTechnical Institute of Physics and ChemistryThe Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190P. R. China
| | - Dan Huang
- National Engineering Research Center of Engineering PlasticsTechnical Institute of Physics and ChemistryThe Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049P. R. China
| | - Jun‐Hui Ji
- National Engineering Research Center of Engineering PlasticsTechnical Institute of Physics and ChemistryThe Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190P. R. China
| | - Carolin Völker
- ISOE – Institute for Social‐Ecological ResearchHamburger Allee 45Frankfurt60486Germany
| | - Frederik R. Wurm
- Max‐Planck‐Institut für PolymerforschungAckermannweg 10Mainz55128Germany
- Sustainable Polymer Chemistry GroupMESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiteit TwentePO Box 217Enschede7500 AEThe Netherlands
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22
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Cetinkaya IC, Eren T. The synthesis of cyclic hydroxy-phosphonate bearing polybutene using ROMP. Eur Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.109318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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23
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan J. Walsh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Michael G. Hyatt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Susannah A. Miller
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Damien Guironnet
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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24
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Bernhard C, Roeters SJ, Bauer KN, Weidner T, Bonn M, Wurm FR, Gonella G. Both Poly(ethylene glycol) and Poly(methyl ethylene phosphate) Guide Oriented Adsorption of Specific Proteins. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:14092-14097. [PMID: 31568725 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b02275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Developing new functional biomaterials requires the ability to simultaneously repel unwanted and guide wanted protein adsorption. Here, we systematically interrogate the factors determining the protein adsorption by comparing the behaviors of different polymeric surfaces, poly(ethylene glycol) and a poly(phosphoester), and five different natural proteins. Interestingly we observe that, at densities comparable to those used in nanocarrier functionalization, the same proteins are either adsorbed (fibrinogen, human serum albumin, and transferrin) or repelled (immunoglobulin G and lysozyme) by both polymers. However, when adsorption takes place, the specific surface dictates the amount and orientation of each protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Bernhard
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research , Ackermannweg 10 , 55128 Mainz , Germany
| | - Steven J Roeters
- Department of Chemistry , Aarhus University , 8000 Aarhus C , Denmark
| | - Kristin N Bauer
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research , Ackermannweg 10 , 55128 Mainz , Germany
| | - Tobias Weidner
- Department of Chemistry , Aarhus University , 8000 Aarhus C , Denmark
| | - Mischa Bonn
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research , Ackermannweg 10 , 55128 Mainz , Germany
| | - Frederik R Wurm
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research , Ackermannweg 10 , 55128 Mainz , Germany
| | - Grazia Gonella
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research , Ackermannweg 10 , 55128 Mainz , Germany
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25
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Abstract
This microreview details recent developments in stimuli-responsive polymers with phosphorus in the main-chain, in particular polyphosphazenes and polyphosphoesters. The presence of phosphorus in the polymers endows unique properties onto the macromolecules, which can be utilized for the preparation of materials capable of physically responding to specific stimuli. Achieving the desired responsiveness has been much facilitated by recent developments in synthetic polymer chemistry, in particular controlled synthesis and backbone functionalization phosphorus-based polymers, in order to achieve the required properties and hence responsiveness of the materials. The development of phosphorus-based polymers which respond to the most important stimuli are discussed, namely, pH, oxidation, reduction, temperature and biological triggers. The polymers are placed in the context not just of each other but also with reference to state-of-the-art organic polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Teasdale
- Institute of Polymer ChemistryJohannes Kepler University LinzAltenberger Straße 694040LinzAustria
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26
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Beament J, Wolf T, Markwart JC, Wurm FR, Jones MD, Buchard A. Copolymerization of Cyclic Phosphonate and Lactide: Synthetic Strategies toward Control of Amphiphilic Microstructure. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b02385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James Beament
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U. K
| | - Thomas Wolf
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jens C. Markwart
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Frederik R. Wurm
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Matthew D. Jones
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U. K
| | - Antoine Buchard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U. K
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27
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Tee HT, Lieberwirth I, Wurm FR. Aliphatic Long-Chain Polypyrophosphates as Biodegradable Polyethylene Mimics. Macromolecules 2019; 52:1166-1172. [PMID: 31496542 PMCID: PMC6728087 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b02474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Biodegradable polyethylene mimics
have been synthesized by the
introduction of pyrophosphate groups into the polymer backbone, allowing
not only hydrolysis of the backbone but also further degradation by
microorganisms. Because of cost, low weight, and good mechanical properties,
the use of polyolefins has increased significantly in the past decades
and has created many challenges in terms of disposal and their environmental
impact. The durability and resistance to degradation make polyethylene
difficult or impossible for nature to assimilate, thus making the
degradability of polyolefins an essential topic of research. The biodegradable
polypyrophosphate was prepared via acyclic diene metathesis polymerization
of a diene monomer. The monomer is accessible via a three-step synthesis,
in which the pyrophosphate was formed in the last step by DCC coupling
of two phosphoric acid derivatives. This is the first report of a
pyrophosphate group localized in an organic polymer backbone. The
polypyrophosphate was characterized in detail by NMR spectroscopy,
size exclusion chromatography, FTIR spectroscopy, differential scanning
calorimetry, and thermogravimetry. X-ray diffraction was used to compare
the crystallization structure in comparison to analogous polyphosphates
showing poly(ethylene)-like structures. In spite of their hydrophobicity
and water insolubility, the pyrophosphate groups exhibited fast hydrolysis,
resulting in polymer degradation when films were immersed in water.
Additionally, the hydrolyzed fragments were further biodegraded by
microorganisms, rendering these PE mimics potential candidates for
fast release of hydrophobic cargo, for example, in drug delivery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisaschi T Tee
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ingo Lieberwirth
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Frederik R Wurm
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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28
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Bernhard C, Bauer KN, Bonn M, Wurm FR, Gonella G. Interfacial Conformation of Hydrophilic Polyphosphoesters Affects Blood Protein Adsorption. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:1624-1629. [PMID: 30516968 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b17146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic polymers are commonly used as protein repelling materials for a variety of biomedical applications. Despite their widespread use, the fundamental mechanism underlying protein repellence is often elusive. Such insights are essential for improving existing and developing new materials. Here, we investigate how subtle differences in the chemistry of hydrophilic polyphosphoesters influence the adsorption of the human blood proteins serum albumin and fibrinogen. Using thermodynamic measurements, surface-specific vibrational spectroscopy, and Brewster angle microscopy, we investigate protein adsorption, hydration, and steric repulsion properties of the polyphosphoester polymers. Whereas both surface hydration and polymer conformation of the polymers vary substantially as a consequence of the chemical differences in the polymer structure, the protein repellency ability of these hydrophilic materials appears to be dominated by steric repulsion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Bernhard
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10 , 55128 Mainz , Germany
| | - Kristin N Bauer
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10 , 55128 Mainz , Germany
| | - Mischa Bonn
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10 , 55128 Mainz , Germany
| | - Frederik R Wurm
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10 , 55128 Mainz , Germany
| | - Grazia Gonella
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10 , 55128 Mainz , Germany
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29
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Hunold J, Wolf T, Wurm FR, Hinderberger D. Nanoscopic hydrophilic/hydrophilic phase-separation well below the LCST of polyphosphoesters. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:3414-3417. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc09788g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The complex phase separation process of thermoresponsive polyphosphoesters (PPEs) with an identical side-group structure but different copolymer compositions is characterized by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Hunold
- Institut für Chemie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg
- 06120 Halle (Saale)
- Germany
| | - Thomas Wolf
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
| | | | - Dariush Hinderberger
- Institut für Chemie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg
- 06120 Halle (Saale)
- Germany
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30
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Wang Q, Chen S, Deng B, Wang Y, Dong D, Zhang N. Rare earth metal-mediated ring-opening polymerisation of cyclic phosphoesters. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py00025a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
An efficient polymerisation of cyclic phosphoesters using a rare-earth metallocene as a catalyst is described, giving biodegradable polyphosphonates and polyphosphates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiliao Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of High-Performance Synthetic Rubber and its Composite Materials
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- China
| | - Shanshan Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of High-Performance Synthetic Rubber and its Composite Materials
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- China
| | - Bicheng Deng
- CAS Key Laboratory of High-Performance Synthetic Rubber and its Composite Materials
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- China
| | - Ying Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of High-Performance Synthetic Rubber and its Composite Materials
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- China
| | - Dewen Dong
- CAS Key Laboratory of High-Performance Synthetic Rubber and its Composite Materials
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- China
| | - Ning Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of High-Performance Synthetic Rubber and its Composite Materials
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- China
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31
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Wolf T, Wurm FR. Organocatalytic Ring-opening Polymerization Towards Poly(cyclopropane)s, Poly(lactame)s, Poly(aziridine)s, Poly(siloxane)s, Poly(carbosiloxane)s, Poly(phosphate)s, Poly(phosphonate)s, Poly(thiolactone)s, Poly(thionolactone)s and Poly(thiirane)s. ORGANIC CATALYSIS FOR POLYMERISATION 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/9781788015738-00406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The following chapter is a collection of monomers that undergo organocatalyzed ring-opening polymerizations and have not been covered in a separate chapter of this book. This includes polymers widely used in industrial applications, but also solely academically relevant and more “exotic” polymer classes. As most of these polymers contain heteroatoms in their backbone, the chapter is divided according to the respective heteroatoms. Each sub-section first gives a short introduction to the respective polymer or monomer properties and industrial applications (if available), followed by a brief summary of the traditional synthetic pathways. Afterwards, important milestones for the organocatalytic ROP are presented in chronological order. Special emphasis is put on the advantages and disadvantages of organocatalysis over traditional (ROP) methods on the basis of appropriate literature examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Wolf
- Max Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Frederik R. Wurm
- Max Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
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32
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33
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Becker G, Wurm FR. Functional biodegradable polymers via ring-opening polymerization of monomers without protective groups. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:7739-7782. [PMID: 30221267 DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00531a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Biodegradable polymers are of current interest and chemical functionality in such materials is often demanded in advanced biomedical applications. Functional groups often are not tolerated in the polymerization process of ring-opening polymerization (ROP) and therefore protective groups need to be applied. Advantageously, several orthogonally reactive functions are available, which do not demand protection during ROP. We give an insight into available, orthogonally reactive cyclic monomers and the corresponding functional synthetic and biodegradable polymers, obtained from ROP. Functionalities in the monomer are reviewed, which are tolerated by ROP without further protection and allow further post-modification of the corresponding chemically functional polymers after polymerization. Synthetic concepts to these monomers are summarized in detail, preferably using precursor molecules. Post-modification strategies for the reported functionalities are presented and selected applications highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Becker
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
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34
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Nifant'ev IE, Shlyakhtin AV, Bagrov VV, Komarov PD, Tavtorkin AN, Minyaev ME, Kosarev MA, Ivchenko PV. Synthesis in aqueous media of poly(ethylene phosphoric acids) by mild thermolysis of homopolymers and block copolymers based on tert-butyl ethylene phosphate. Eur Polym J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2018.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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35
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Velencoso MM, Battig A, Markwart JC, Schartel B, Wurm FR. Molecular Firefighting-How Modern Phosphorus Chemistry Can Help Solve the Challenge of Flame Retardancy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:10450-10467. [PMID: 29318752 PMCID: PMC6099334 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201711735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquity of polymeric materials in daily life comes with an increased fire risk, and sustained research into efficient flame retardants is key to ensuring the safety of the populace and material goods from accidental fires. Phosphorus, a versatile and effective element for use in flame retardants, has the potential to supersede the halogenated variants that are still widely used today: current formulations employ a variety of modes of action and methods of implementation, as additives or as reactants, to solve the task of developing flame-retarding polymeric materials. Phosphorus-based flame retardants can act in both the gas and condensed phase during a fire. This Review investigates how current phosphorus chemistry helps in reducing the flammability of polymers, and addresses the future of sustainable, efficient, and safe phosphorus-based flame-retardants from renewable sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria M. Velencoso
- Physical Chemistry of PolymersMax Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 1055128MainzGermany
| | - Alexander Battig
- Technical Properties of Polymeric MaterialsBundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)Unter den Eichen 8712205BerlinGermany
| | - Jens C. Markwart
- Physical Chemistry of PolymersMax Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 1055128MainzGermany
- Graduate School Materials Science in MainzStaudinger Weg 955128MainzGermany
| | - Bernhard Schartel
- Technical Properties of Polymeric MaterialsBundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)Unter den Eichen 8712205BerlinGermany
| | - Frederik R. Wurm
- Physical Chemistry of PolymersMax Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 1055128MainzGermany
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36
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Velencoso MM, Battig A, Markwart JC, Schartel B, Wurm FR. Molekulare Brandbekämpfung – wie moderne Phosphorchemie zur Lösung der Flammschutzaufgabe beitragen kann. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201711735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria M. Velencoso
- Physikalische Chemie der PolymereMax-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Alexander Battig
- Technische Eigenschaften von PolymerwerkstoffenBundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) Unter den Eichen 87 12205 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Jens C. Markwart
- Physikalische Chemie der PolymereMax-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Deutschland
- Exzellenz-Graduiertenschule “Materials Science in Mainz” Staudinger Weg 9 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Bernhard Schartel
- Technische Eigenschaften von PolymerwerkstoffenBundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) Unter den Eichen 87 12205 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Frederik R. Wurm
- Physikalische Chemie der PolymereMax-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Deutschland
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37
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Seneca S, Simon J, Weber C, Ghazaryan A, Ethirajan A, Mailaender V, Morsbach S, Landfester K. How Low Can You Go? Low Densities of Poly(ethylene glycol) Surfactants Attract Stealth Proteins. Macromol Biosci 2018; 18:e1800075. [PMID: 29943446 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201800075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
It is now well-established that the surface chemistry and "stealth" surface functionalities such as poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) chains of nanocarriers play an important role to decrease unspecific protein adsorption of opsonizing proteins, to increase the enrichment of specific stealth proteins, and to prolong the circulation times of the nanocarriers. At the same time, PEG chains are used to provide colloidal stability for the nanoparticles. However, it is not clear how the chain length and density influence the unspecific and specific protein adsorption keeping at the same time the stability of the nanoparticles in a biological environment. Therefore, this study aims at characterizing the protein adsorption patterns depending on PEG chain length and density to define limits for the amount of PEG needed for a stealth effect by selective protein adsorption as well as colloidal stability during cell experiments. PEG chains are introduced using the PEGylated Lutensol AT surfactants, which allow easy modification of the nanoparticle surface. These findings indicate that a specific enrichment of stealth proteins already occurs at low PEG concentrations; for the decrease of unspecific protein adsorption and finally the colloidal stability a full surface coverage is advised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senne Seneca
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 1 and Agoralaan D, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium.,Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, University Medical Center, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Johanna Simon
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, University Medical Center, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Claudia Weber
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, University Medical Center, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Arthur Ghazaryan
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, University Medical Center, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Anitha Ethirajan
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 1 and Agoralaan D, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium.,IMEC, associated lab IMOMEC, Wetenschapspark 1, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Volker Mailaender
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, University Medical Center, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Svenja Morsbach
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, University Medical Center, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Katharina Landfester
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, University Medical Center, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
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38
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Simon J, Wolf T, Klein K, Landfester K, Wurm FR, Mailänder V. Hydrophilicity Regulates the Stealth Properties of Polyphosphoester-Coated Nanocarriers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:5548-5553. [PMID: 29479798 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201800272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Increasing the plasma half-life is an important goal in the development of drug carriers, and can be effectively achieved through the attachment of polymers, in particular poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG). While the increased plasma half-life has been suggested to be a result of decreased overall protein adsorption on the hydrophilic surface in combination with the adsorption of specific proteins, the molecular reasons for the success of PEG and other hydrophilic polymers are still widely unknown. We prepared polyphosphoester-coated nanocarriers with defined hydrophilicity to control the stealth properties of the polymer shell. We found that the log P value of the copolymer controls the composition of the protein corona and the cell interaction. Upon a significant change in hydrophilicity, the overall amount of blood proteins adsorbed on the nanocarrier remained unchanged, while the protein composition varied. This result underlines the importance of the protein type for the protein corona and cellular uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Simon
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany.,Dermatology Clinic, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas Wolf
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Katja Klein
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Katharina Landfester
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Frederik R Wurm
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Volker Mailänder
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany.,Dermatology Clinic, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
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39
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Simon J, Wolf T, Klein K, Landfester K, Wurm FR, Mailänder V. Hydrophilie als bestimmender Faktor des Stealth-Effekts von Polyphosphoester-funktionalisierten Nanoträgern. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201800272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Simon
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung; Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Deutschland
- Universitätsmedizin der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Hautklinik; Langenbeckstraße 1 55131 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Thomas Wolf
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung; Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Katja Klein
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung; Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Katharina Landfester
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung; Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Frederik R. Wurm
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung; Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Volker Mailänder
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung; Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Deutschland
- Universitätsmedizin der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Hautklinik; Langenbeckstraße 1 55131 Mainz Deutschland
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40
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Synthesis and ring-opening polymerization of glycidyl ethylene phosphate with a formation of linear and branched polyphosphates. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2018.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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41
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Bauer KN, Liu L, Andrienko D, Wagner M, Macdonald EK, Shaver MP, Wurm FR. Polymerizing Phostones: A Fast Way to In-Chain Poly(phosphonate)s with Adjustable Hydrophilicity. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b02473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristin N. Bauer
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Polymerforschunng, Ackermannweg
10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Lei Liu
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Polymerforschunng, Ackermannweg
10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Denis Andrienko
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Polymerforschunng, Ackermannweg
10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Manfred Wagner
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Polymerforschunng, Ackermannweg
10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Emily K. Macdonald
- School
of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster
Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Michael P. Shaver
- School
of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster
Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Frederik R. Wurm
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Polymerforschunng, Ackermannweg
10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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42
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Wolf T, Hunold J, Simon J, Rosenauer C, Hinderberger D, Wurm FR. Temperature responsive poly(phosphonate) copolymers: from single chains to macroscopic coacervates. Polym Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py01811h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Detailed investigation of the LCST phase separation mechanism of poly(ethylene alkyl phosphonate)- copolymers is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Wolf
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
| | - Johannes Hunold
- Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg
- Institut für Chemie
- 06120 Halle (Saale)
- Germany
| | - Johanna Simon
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
| | | | - Dariush Hinderberger
- Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg
- Institut für Chemie
- 06120 Halle (Saale)
- Germany
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43
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44
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Macdonald EK, Shaver MP. Understanding the phosphoric acid catalysed ring opening polymerisation of β-Butyrolactone and other cyclic esters. Eur Polym J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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45
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Wolf T, Rheinberger T, Wurm FR. Thermoresponsive coacervate formation of random poly(phosphonate) terpolymers. Eur Polym J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2017.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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46
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Bauer KN, Tee HT, Velencoso MM, Wurm FR. Main-chain poly(phosphoester)s: History, syntheses, degradation, bio-and flame-retardant applications. Prog Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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47
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Wolf T, Rheinberger T, Simon J, Wurm FR. Reversible Self-Assembly of Degradable Polymersomes with Upper Critical Solution Temperature in Water. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:11064-11072. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b02723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Wolf
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung, Ackermannweg
10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Timo Rheinberger
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung, Ackermannweg
10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Johanna Simon
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung, Ackermannweg
10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Frederik R. Wurm
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung, Ackermannweg
10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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48
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Zhao Y, Zhang Z, Dai L, Zhang S. Preparation of high water flux and antifouling RO membranes using a novel diacyl chloride monomer with a phosphonate group. J Memb Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2017.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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49
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Gillon BH, Gates DP, Henderson MA, Janusson E, McIndoe JS. Mass spectrometric characterization of oligomeric phosphaalkenes. CAN J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2016-0206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Oligomeric phosphaalkenes are readily characterized using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). The high affinity of phosphines for silver ions permits the detection of the unadulterated polymer as [M + xAg]x+ions (x = 2–3). When the oligomers are oxidized using H2O2, the resulting phosphine oxide polymer may be treated with sodium ions to produce [M + xNa]x+ions (x = 2–3). Both methods predict a similar distribution of oligomers: Mnvalues of 3450 ± 100 Da and a PDI of 1.09 ± 0.01 cover both analyses. This distribution represents oligomers of the general formula Me(PMesCPh2)nH from n = 4–20, maximizing at ∼n = 10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bronwyn H. Gillon
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Derek P. Gates
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Matthew A. Henderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3065, Victoria, BC V8W 3V6, Canada
| | - Eric Janusson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3065, Victoria, BC V8W 3V6, Canada
| | - J. Scott McIndoe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3065, Victoria, BC V8W 3V6, Canada
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50
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Henke H, Brüggemann O, Teasdale I. Branched Macromolecular Architectures for Degradable, Multifunctional Phosphorus-Based Polymers. Macromol Rapid Commun 2017; 38. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201600644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Helena Henke
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry; Johannes Kepler University Linz; Altenberger Straße 69 4040 Linz Austria
| | - Oliver Brüggemann
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry; Johannes Kepler University Linz; Altenberger Straße 69 4040 Linz Austria
| | - Ian Teasdale
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry; Johannes Kepler University Linz; Altenberger Straße 69 4040 Linz Austria
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