1
|
Bochenek M, Ciach MA, Smeets S, Beckers O, Vanderspikken J, Miasojedow B, Domżał B, Valkenborg D, Maes W, Gambin A. An Automated Analysis of Homocoupling Defects Using MALDI-MS and Open-Source Computer Software. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2024; 35:2366-2375. [PMID: 39291650 PMCID: PMC11450816 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.4c00225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Revised: 08/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Abstract
Conjugated organic polymers have substantial potential for multiple applications but their properties are strongly influenced by structural defects such as homocoupling of monomer units and unexpected end-groups. Detecting and/or quantifying these defects requires complex experimental techniques, which hinder the optimization of synthesis protocols and fundamental studies on the influence of structural defects. Mass spectrometry offers a simple way to detect these defects but a manual analysis of many complex spectra is tedious and provides only approximate results. In this work, we develop a computational methodology for analyzing complex mass spectra of organic copolymers. Our method annotates spectra similarly to a human expert and provides quantitative information about the proportions of signal assigned to each ion. Our method is based on the open-source Masserstein algorithm, which we modify to handle large libraries of reference spectra required for annotating complex mass spectra of polymers. We develop a statistical methodology to analyze the quantitative annotations and compare the statistical distributions of structural defects in polymer chains between samples. We apply this methodology to analyze commercial and lab-made samples of a benchmark polymer and show that the samples differ both in the amount and in the types of structural defects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Bochenek
- Faculty
of Mathematics, Informatics and Mechanics, University of Warsaw, Banacha 2, Warsaw 02-097, Poland
| | - Michał Aleksander Ciach
- Faculty
of Mathematics, Informatics and Mechanics, University of Warsaw, Banacha 2, Warsaw 02-097, Poland
- Data
Science Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt 3500, Belgium
- Department
of Applied Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Malta, Msida, MSD 2080, Malta
| | - Sander Smeets
- Institute
for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, Agoralaan, Diepenbeek 3590, Belgium
- IMEC,
Associated lab IMOMEC, Wetenschapspark 1, Diepenbeek,3590, Belgium
- Energyville, Thorpark, Genk 3600, Belgium
| | - Omar Beckers
- Institute
for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, Agoralaan, Diepenbeek 3590, Belgium
- IMEC,
Associated lab IMOMEC, Wetenschapspark 1, Diepenbeek,3590, Belgium
- Energyville, Thorpark, Genk 3600, Belgium
| | - Jochen Vanderspikken
- Institute
for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, Agoralaan, Diepenbeek 3590, Belgium
- IMEC,
Associated lab IMOMEC, Wetenschapspark 1, Diepenbeek,3590, Belgium
- Energyville, Thorpark, Genk 3600, Belgium
| | - Błażej Miasojedow
- Faculty
of Mathematics, Informatics and Mechanics, University of Warsaw, Banacha 2, Warsaw 02-097, Poland
| | - Barbara Domżał
- Faculty
of Mathematics, Informatics and Mechanics, University of Warsaw, Banacha 2, Warsaw 02-097, Poland
| | - Dirk Valkenborg
- Data
Science Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt 3500, Belgium
| | - Wouter Maes
- Institute
for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, Agoralaan, Diepenbeek 3590, Belgium
- IMEC,
Associated lab IMOMEC, Wetenschapspark 1, Diepenbeek,3590, Belgium
- Energyville, Thorpark, Genk 3600, Belgium
| | - Anna Gambin
- Faculty
of Mathematics, Informatics and Mechanics, University of Warsaw, Banacha 2, Warsaw 02-097, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang T, Chen Z, Zhang W, Wang L, Yu G. Recent Progress of Fluorinated Conjugated Polymers. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2403961. [PMID: 38830614 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202403961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, conjugated polymers have received widespread attention due to their characteristic advantages of light weight, favorable solution processability, and structural modifiability. Among various conjugated polymers, fluorinated ones have developed rapidly to achieve high-performance n-type or ambipolar polymeric semiconductors. The uniqueness of fluorinated conjugated polymers contains the high coplanarity of their structures, lower frontier molecular orbital energy levels, and strong nonbonding interactions. In this review, first the fluorinated building blocks, including fluorinated benzene and thiophene rings, fluorinated B←N bridged units, and fluoroalkyl side chains are summarized. Subsequently, different synthetic methods of fluorinated conjugated polymers are described, with a special focus on their respective advantages and disadvantages. Then, with these numerous fluorinated structures and appropriate synthetic methods bear in mind, the properties and applications of the fluorinated conjugated polymers, such as cyclopentadithiophene-, amide-, and imide-based polymers, and B←N embedded polymers, are systematically discussed. The introduction of fluorine atoms can further enhance the electron-deficiency of the backbone, influencing the charge carrier transport performance. The promising fluorinated conjugated polymers are applied widely in organic field-effect transistors, organic solar cells, organic thermoelectric devices, and other organic opto-electric devices. Finally, the outlook on the challenges and future development of fluorinated conjugated polymers is systematically discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tianhao Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Zhihui Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Weifeng Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Liping Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Gui Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kimpel J, Kim Y, Asatryan J, Martín J, Kroon R, Müller C. High-mobility organic mixed conductors with a low synthetic complexity index via direct arylation polymerization. Chem Sci 2024; 15:7679-7688. [PMID: 38784738 PMCID: PMC11110131 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc01430h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Through direct arylation polymerization, a series of mixed ion-electron conducting polymers with a low synthetic complexity index is synthesized. A thieno[3,2-b]thiophene monomer with oligoether side chains is used in direct arylation polymerization together with a wide range of aryl bromides with varying electronic character from electron-donating thiophene to electron-accepting benzothiadiazole. The obtained polymers are less synthetically complex than other mixed ion-electron conducting polymers due to higher yield, fewer synthetic steps and less toxic reagents. Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) based on a newly synthesized copolymer comprising thieno[3,2-b]thiophene with oligoether side chains and bithiophene exhibit excellent device performance. A high charge-carrier mobility of up to μ = 1.8 cm2 V-1 s-1 was observed, obtained by dividing the figure of merit [μC*] from OECT measurements by the volumetric capacitance C* from electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, which reached a value of more than 215 F cm-3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joost Kimpel
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology 412 96 Göteborg Sweden
| | - Youngseok Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology 412 96 Göteborg Sweden
| | - Jesika Asatryan
- Universidade da Coruña, Campus Industrial de Ferrol, CITENI Esteiro 15403 Ferrol Spain
| | - Jaime Martín
- Universidade da Coruña, Campus Industrial de Ferrol, CITENI Esteiro 15403 Ferrol Spain
| | - Renee Kroon
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University Norrköping Sweden
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University Norrköping Sweden
| | - Christian Müller
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology 412 96 Göteborg Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Moro S, Spencer SE, Lester DW, Nübling F, Sommer M, Costantini G. Molecular-Scale Imaging Enables Direct Visualization of Molecular Defects and Chain Structure of Conjugated Polymers. ACS NANO 2024; 18:11655-11664. [PMID: 38652866 PMCID: PMC11080458 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c10842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Conjugated polymers have become materials of choice for applications ranging from flexible optoelectronics to neuromorphic computing, but their polydispersity and tendency to aggregate pose severe challenges to their precise characterization. Here, the combination of vacuum electrospray deposition (ESD) with scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) is used to acquire, within the same experiment, assembly patterns, full mass distributions, exact sequencing, and quantification of polymerization defects. In a first step, the ESD-STM results are successfully benchmarked against NMR for low molecular mass polymers, where this technique is still applicable. Then, it is shown that ESD-STM is capable of reaching beyond its limits by characterizing, with the same accuracy, samples that are inaccessible to NMR. Finally, a recalibration procedure is proposed for size exclusion chromatography (SEC) mass distributions, using ESD-STM results as a reference. The distinctiveness of the molecular-scale information obtained by ESD-STM highlights its role as a crucial technique for the characterization of conjugated polymers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Moro
- School
of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | | | - Daniel W. Lester
- Polymer
Characterisation Research Technology Platform, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | - Fritz Nübling
- Institute
for Macromolecular Chemistry, University
of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany
| | - Michael Sommer
- Institute
for Chemistry, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz 09111, Germany
- Center
for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz 09126, Germany
| | - Giovanni Costantini
- School
of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Theoretical design, synthesis, characterization and solvatochromic studies and non-linear optical properties of poly[( 2,3,5,6- tetrafluorophenyl)-2,3-dihydrothieno[3,4-b][1,4]dioxine)] copolymer. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-022-03347-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
6
|
Theoretical design, synthesis and third-order non-linear optical properties of thiophene and tetrafluorobenzene based low band gap conducting polymers. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.133301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
|
7
|
Stegerer D, Pracht M, Günther F, Sun H, Preis K, Zerson M, Maftuhin W, Tan WL, Kroon R, McNeill CR, Fabiano S, Walter M, Biskup T, Gemming S, Magerle R, Müller C, Sommer M. Organogels from Diketopyrrolopyrrole Copolymer Ionene/Polythiophene Blends Exhibit Ground-State Single Electron Transfer in the Solid State. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Stegerer
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Chemnitz, 09111 Chemnitz, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Martin Pracht
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Chemnitz, 09111 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Florian Günther
- Instituto de Física de Saõ Carlos, Universidade de Saõ Paulo, Saõ Paulo 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Hengda Sun
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics (LOE), Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, 601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Kevin Preis
- Institut für Physik, Technische Universität Chemnitz, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Mario Zerson
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Chemnitz, 09111 Chemnitz, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Technische Universität Chemnitz, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Wafa Maftuhin
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Wen Liang Tan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Renee Kroon
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics (LOE), Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, 601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Christopher R. McNeill
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Simone Fabiano
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics (LOE), Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, 601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Michael Walter
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Till Biskup
- Physikalische Chemie und Didaktik der Chemie, Universität des Saarlandes, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Sibylle Gemming
- Institut für Physik, Technische Universität Chemnitz, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany
- Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Technische Universität Chemnitz, Chemnitz 09126, Germany
| | - Robert Magerle
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Chemnitz, 09111 Chemnitz, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Technische Universität Chemnitz, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Christian Müller
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Michael Sommer
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Chemnitz, 09111 Chemnitz, Germany
- Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Technische Universität Chemnitz, Chemnitz 09126, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhang C, Tan WL, Liu Z, He Q, Li Y, Ma J, Chesman ASR, Han Y, McNeill CR, Heeney M, Fei Z. High-Performance Unipolar n-Type Conjugated Polymers Enabled by Highly Electron-Deficient Building Blocks Containing F and CN Groups. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chan Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Wen Liang Tan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Zhongwei Liu
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Qiao He
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, White City Campus, Imperial College London, London W120BZ, U.K
| | - Yanru Li
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Jianeng Ma
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, China
| | | | - Yang Han
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Christopher R. McNeill
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Martin Heeney
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, White City Campus, Imperial College London, London W120BZ, U.K
| | - Zhuping Fei
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhang Y, Zhang C, Su Y, Dong W, Li Y, Liu Z, Yao X, Han Y, Fei Z. Chlorinated conjugated polymer based on chlorine‐ and cyano‐substituted (
E
)‐1,2‐di(thiophen‐2‐yl)ethane for ambipolar and n‐type Organic thin‐film transistors. CHINESE J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202200209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Plus and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations Tianjin 300192 China
| | - Chan Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Plus and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations Tianjin 300192 China
| | - Yunran Su
- Institute of Molecular Plus and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations Tianjin 300192 China
| | - Weijia Dong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Yanru Li
- Institute of Molecular Plus and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations Tianjin 300192 China
| | - Zhongwei Liu
- Institute of Molecular Plus and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations Tianjin 300192 China
| | - Xiang Yao
- Institute of Molecular Plus and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations Tianjin 300192 China
| | - Yang Han
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Zhuping Fei
- Institute of Molecular Plus and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations Tianjin 300192 China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ma B, Shi Q, Ma X, Li Y, Chen H, Wen K, Zhao R, Zhang F, Lin Y, Wang Z, Huang H. Defect-Free Alternating Conjugated Polymers Enabled by Room- Temperature Stille Polymerization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202115969. [PMID: 35099844 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202115969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The Stille cross-coupling polymerization is one of the most efficient synthetic methods for donor-acceptor (D-A) type π-conjugated polymers (CPs). Nevertheless, thermal-activation Stille polymerization readily produced homocoupling defects, resulting in batch-to-batch variations in copolymers quality and deteriorating the device performance of electronics and optoelectronics. Here, a room-temperature Stille-type polymerization was developed, the utility and generality of which were demonstrated by synthesis of twelve D-A CPs with high molecular weights. Importantly, the resultant copolymers possessed no homocoupling (hc) structural defects, while hc reactions were observed in the thermal-activation Stille reactions. Thus, the organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) based on the former exhibited twofold higher charge transport mobility (2.10 cm2 V-1 s-1 ), since it possessed stronger crystallinity and lower trap density of states (tDOS).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bowei Ma
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology & Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering & CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation & CAS Key Laboratory of Vacuum Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Qinqin Shi
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology & Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering & CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation & CAS Key Laboratory of Vacuum Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoying Ma
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yawen Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Hao Chen
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology & Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering & CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation & CAS Key Laboratory of Vacuum Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Kaikai Wen
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology & Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering & CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation & CAS Key Laboratory of Vacuum Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Ruihua Zhao
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Fengjiao Zhang
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yuze Lin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Zhixiang Wang
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Hui Huang
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology & Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering & CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation & CAS Key Laboratory of Vacuum Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ma B, Shi Q, Ma X, Li Y, Chen H, Wen K, Zhao R, Zhang F, Lin Y, Wang Z, Huang H. Defect‐Free Alternating Conjugated Polymers Enabled by Room‐ Temperature Stille Polymerization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202115969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bowei Ma
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology & Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering & CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation & CAS Key Laboratory of Vacuum Physics University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Qinqin Shi
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology & Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering & CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation & CAS Key Laboratory of Vacuum Physics University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Xiaoying Ma
- School of Chemical Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Yawen Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Hao Chen
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology & Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering & CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation & CAS Key Laboratory of Vacuum Physics University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Kaikai Wen
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology & Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering & CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation & CAS Key Laboratory of Vacuum Physics University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Ruihua Zhao
- School of Chemical Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Fengjiao Zhang
- School of Chemical Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Yuze Lin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Zhixiang Wang
- School of Chemical Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Hui Huang
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology & Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering & CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation & CAS Key Laboratory of Vacuum Physics University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kaya K, Yagci Y. Contemporary Approaches for Conventional and Light‐Mediated Synthesis of Conjugated Heteroaromatic Polymers. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202100334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kerem Kaya
- Chemistry Department Istanbul Technical University Maslak Istanbul 34469 Turkey
| | - Yusuf Yagci
- Chemistry Department Istanbul Technical University Maslak Istanbul 34469 Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Chu B, Wu X, Fu Z, Wu W, Wang B, Zhu J. Rhodium-Catalyzed Redox-Neutral Cross-Dehydrogenative Alkenylation of Arylhydrazines for Polymer Synthesis. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benfa Chu
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xuan Wu
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ziwen Fu
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Weiping Wu
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jin Zhu
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ye L, Thompson BC. Improving the efficiency and sustainability of catalysts for direct arylation polymerization (DArP). JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Ye
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute University of Southern California Los Angeles California USA
| | - Barry C. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute University of Southern California Los Angeles California USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zhao B, Liang Z, Zhang Y, Sui Y, Shi Y, Zhang X, Li M, Deng Y, Geng Y. Direct Arylation Polycondensation toward Water/Alcohol-Soluble Conjugated Polymers: Influence of Side Chain Functional Groups. ACS Macro Lett 2021; 10:419-425. [PMID: 35549230 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.1c00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Direct arylation of 2,7-dibromofluorene with n-octyl, 6-diethoxylphosphorylhexyl, 6-(N,N-diethylamino)hexyl or 6-bromohexyl side chains and 1,2,4,5-tetrafluorobenzene (TFB) were conducted to investigate the effect of side chain functional groups on the coupling, and the resulting TFB-substituted fluorene derivatives were used as C-H monomers for the synthesis of water/alcohol soluble conjugated polymers (WSCPs) by direct arylation polycondensation (DArP). The direct arylation and DArP of the monomers carrying phosphonate and amino groups went on smoothly in typical DArP conditions, that is, Pd(OAc)2/PtBu2Me-HBF4/base/DMAc and Pd2(dba)3·CHCl3/P(o-MeOPh)3/pivalic acid/base/THF, and high molecular weight polymers with these groups were successfully synthesized. However, for fluorene-monomers with bromohexyl side chains, the target products could not be obtained from the above conditions but could be prepared in the absence of carboxylic acid additives in low polar solvents. With the above DArP-made polymers as cathode interfacial layers, high performance organic solar cells (OSCs) were successfully fabricated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ziqi Liang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Sui
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yibo Shi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuwen Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Miaomiao Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yunfeng Deng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanhou Geng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People’s Republic of China
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Luo N, Zhang G, Liu Z. Keep glowing and going: recent progress in diketopyrrolopyrrole synthesis towards organic optoelectronic materials. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo00613d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Recent progress in the syntheses of DPP derivatives is summarized as well as the structure–property relationships of the derivatives, including the syntheses of DPP cores, N-functionalization reactions, and π-extensions on and along the DPP cores.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC)
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
- China
| | - Guanxin Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
| | - Zitong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC)
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
- China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Sui Y, Shi Y, Deng Y, Li R, Bai J, Wang Z, Dang Y, Han Y, Kirby N, Ye L, Geng Y. Direct Arylation Polycondensation of Chlorinated Thiophene Derivatives to High-Mobility Conjugated Polymers. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c02206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Sui
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yibo Shi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yunfeng Deng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Riqing Li
- School of Science and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Junhua Bai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Zhongli Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yanfeng Dang
- School of Science and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yang Han
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Nigel Kirby
- Australian Synchrotron, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Long Ye
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yanhou Geng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Jones AL, De Keersmaecker M, Pelse I, Reynolds JR. Curious Case of BiEDOT: MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry Reveals Unbalanced Monomer Incorporation with Direct (Hetero)arylation Polymerization. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Austin L. Jones
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, and Georgia Tech Polymer Network, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Michel De Keersmaecker
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, and Georgia Tech Polymer Network, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Ian Pelse
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, and Georgia Tech Polymer Network, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - John R. Reynolds
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, and Georgia Tech Polymer Network, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Pankow RM, Ye L, Thompson BC. Influence of the Ester Directing Group on the Inhibition of Defect Formation in Polythiophenes with Direct Arylation Polymerization (DArP). Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert M. Pankow
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
| | - Liwei Ye
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
| | - Barry C. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Lenjani SV, Zerson M, Wang Q, Sommer M, Magerle R. Liquid-Crystalline Order and Film Thickness Determine the Semicrystalline Morphology in Diketopyrrolopyrrole-Based Copolymers. ACS Macro Lett 2019; 8:1611-1616. [PMID: 35619397 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.9b00722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Lyotropic liquid crystalline (LC) phases offer a means of controlling molecular order and orientation in thin films of conjugated polymers. Surface energy, surface-induced ordering, and film thickness are additional factors determining the molecular order in thin films. Through solvent vapor annealing and in situ atomic force microscopy in the swollen state, we show that in ultrathin films of a poly(dithiazolyldiketopyrrolopyrrole-tetrafluorobenzene) (PTzDPPTzF4) alternating copolymer stacks of monomolecular-thick layers with a 2.1 nm step height form, which resemble a lyotropic smectic LC phase. Within the smectic layers, the polymer backbones are aligned parallel to the film plane, with edge-on oriented diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) cores. Thicker films resemble a semicrystalline morphology with lamellae consisting of blocks. Such lamellae are typical for polymers crystallizing via Strobl's block-forming model. Our findings indicate that molecular order, molecular orientation, and the morphology of PTzDPPTzF4 copolymer films are tunable by LC order and by varying the film thickness according to the desired application of the particular organic electronic devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shayan Vazirieh Lenjani
- Chemische Physik, Institut für Physik, Technische Universität Chemnitz, Reichenhainerstr. 70, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Mario Zerson
- Chemische Physik, Institut für Physik, Technische Universität Chemnitz, Reichenhainerstr. 70, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Qian Wang
- Polymerchemie, Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Chemnitz, Straße der Nationen 62, 09111 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Michael Sommer
- Polymerchemie, Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Chemnitz, Straße der Nationen 62, 09111 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Robert Magerle
- Chemische Physik, Institut für Physik, Technische Universität Chemnitz, Reichenhainerstr. 70, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Luzio A, Nübling F, Martin J, Fazzi D, Selter P, Gann E, McNeill CR, Brinkmann M, Hansen MR, Stingelin N, Sommer M, Caironi M. Microstructural control suppresses thermal activation of electron transport at room temperature in polymer transistors. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3365. [PMID: 31358747 PMCID: PMC6662673 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11125-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent demonstrations of inverted thermal activation of charge mobility in polymer field-effect transistors have excited the interest in transport regimes not limited by thermal barriers. However, rationalization of the limiting factors to access such regimes is still lacking. An improved understanding in this area is critical for development of new materials, establishing processing guidelines, and broadening of the range of applications. Here we show that precise processing of a diketopyrrolopyrrole-tetrafluorobenzene-based electron transporting copolymer results in single crystal-like and voltage-independent mobility with vanishing activation energy above 280 K. Key factors are uniaxial chain alignment and thermal annealing at temperatures within the melting endotherm of films. Experimental and computational evidences converge toward a picture of electrons being delocalized within crystalline domains of increased size. Residual energy barriers introduced by disordered regions are bypassed in the direction of molecular alignment by a more efficient interconnection of the ordered domains following the annealing process. Though solution-processed conjugated polymers with inverted temperature activated transport have been reported, the origin of this behaviour is unclear. Here, the authors realize temperature-independent electron transport above 280 K in a donor-acceptor copolymer through microstructural engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Luzio
- Center for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Giovanni Pascoli 70/3, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Fritz Nübling
- Technische Universität Chemnitz, Polymerchemie, Straße der Nationen 62, 09111, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Jaime Martin
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avenida de Tolosa 72, 20018, Donostia-San, Sebastián, Spain.,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Daniele Fazzi
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Department Chemie, Universität zu Köln, Luxemburger Str. 116, D - 50939, Köln, Germany
| | - Philipp Selter
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstraße 28, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Eliot Gann
- Materials Science and Engineering, Monash Univeristy, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.,Australian Synchrotron, ANSTO, Clatyon, VIC, 3168, Australia.,National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | | | - Martin Brinkmann
- Institut Charles Sadron, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue du Loess, BP 84047, Cedex 2 67034, Strasbourg, France
| | - Michael Ryan Hansen
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstraße 28, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Natalie Stingelin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 771 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, 30332, GA, USA
| | - Michael Sommer
- Technische Universität Chemnitz, Polymerchemie, Straße der Nationen 62, 09111, Chemnitz, Germany.
| | - Mario Caironi
- Center for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Giovanni Pascoli 70/3, Milan, 20133, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Ni Z, Wang H, Zhao Q, Zhang J, Wei Z, Dong H, Hu W. Ambipolar Conjugated Polymers with Ultrahigh Balanced Hole and Electron Mobility for Printed Organic Complementary Logic via a Two-Step CH Activation Strategy. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1806010. [PMID: 30656763 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201806010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
High mobility ambipolar conjugated polymers are seriously absent regardless their great potential for flexible and printed plastic devices and circuits. Here, ambipolar polymers with ultrahigh balanced hole and electron mobility are developed via a two-step CH activation strategy. Diketopyrrolopyrrole-benzothiadiazole-diketopyrrolopyrrole (DBD) and its copolymers with thiophene/selenophene units (short as PDBD-T and PDBD-Se) are used as examples. PDBD-Se exhibits highly efficient ambipolar transport with hole and electron mobility up to 8.90 and 7.71 cm2 V-1 s-1 in flexible organic field-effect transistors, presenting a milestone for ambipolar copolymer screening. Based on this performance metrics and good solubility, PDBD-Se is investigated as inkjet-printable semiconductor ink for organic complementary logic circuits. Under ambient processing, maximum hole and electron mobilities reach 6.70 and 4.30 cm2 V-1 s-1 , respectively. Printed complementary inverter and NAND gates with transition voltages near VDD /2 are fabricated, providing an easy-handling, general material for printed electronics and logic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenjie Ni
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Hanlin Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Jianqi Zhang
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P.R. China
| | - Zhixiang Wei
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P.R. China
| | - Huanli Dong
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Wenping Hu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Aldrich TJ, Dudnik AS, Eastham ND, Manley EF, Chen LX, Chang RPH, Melkonyan FS, Facchetti A, Marks TJ. Suppressing Defect Formation Pathways in the Direct C–H Arylation Polymerization of Photovoltaic Copolymers. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b02297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Lin X. Chen
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | | | | | - Antonio Facchetti
- Flexterra Corporation, 8025 Lamon Avenue, Skokie, Illinois 60077, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Gao Y, Bai J, Sui Y, Han Y, Deng Y, Tian H, Geng Y, Wang F. High Mobility Ambipolar Diketopyrrolopyrrole-Based Conjugated Polymers Synthesized via Direct Arylation Polycondensation: Influence of Thiophene Moieties and Side Chains. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Gao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
| | - Junhua Bai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Ying Sui
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Yang Han
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Yunfeng Deng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Hongkun Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
| | - Yanhou Geng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
- Collaborative
Innovation
Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Fosong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Blaskovits JT, Johnson PA, Leclerc M. Mechanistic Origin of β-Defect Formation in Thiophene-Based Polymers Prepared by Direct (Hetero)arylation. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul A. Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Mario Leclerc
- Department of Chemistry, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Blaskovits JT, Leclerc M. CH Activation as a Shortcut to Conjugated Polymer Synthesis. Macromol Rapid Commun 2018; 40:e1800512. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201800512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
27
|
|
28
|
Hendsbee AD, Li Y. Performance Comparisons of Polymer Semiconductors Synthesized by Direct (Hetero)Arylation Polymerization (DHAP) and Conventional Methods for Organic Thin Film Transistors and Organic Photovoltaics. Molecules 2018; 23:E1255. [PMID: 29794982 PMCID: PMC6100596 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23061255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Revised: 05/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
C-C bond forming reactions are central to the construction of π-conjugated polymers. Classical C-C bond forming reactions such as the Stille and Suzuki coupling reactions have been widely used in the past for this purpose. More recently, direct (hetero)arylation polymerization (DHAP) has earned a place in the spotlight with an increasing number of π-conjugated polymers being produced using this atom-economic and more sustainable chemistry. As semiconductors in organic electronics, the device performances of the polymers made by DHAP are of great interest and importance. This review compares the device performances of some representative π-conjugated polymers made using the DHAP method with those made using the conventional C-C bond forming reactions when they are used as semiconductors in organic thin film transistors (OTFTs) and organic photovoltaics (OPVs).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arthur D Hendsbee
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology (WIN), University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada.
| | - Yuning Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology (WIN), University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Pirotte G, Kesters J, Cardeynaels T, Verstappen P, D'Haen J, Lutsen L, Champagne B, Vanderzande D, Maes W. The Impact of Acceptor-Acceptor Homocoupling on the Optoelectronic Properties and Photovoltaic Performance of PDTSQx ff Low Bandgap Polymers. Macromol Rapid Commun 2018; 39:e1800086. [PMID: 29682847 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201800086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Push-pull-type conjugated polymers applied in organic electronics do not always contain a perfect alternation of donor and acceptor building blocks. Misscouplings can occur, which have a noticeable effect on the device performance. In this work, the influence of homocoupling on the optoelectronic properties and photovoltaic performance of PDTSQxff polymers is investigated, with a specific focus on the quinoxaline acceptor moieties. A homocoupled biquinoxaline segment is intentionally inserted in specific ratios during the polymerization. These homocoupled units cause a gradually blue-shifted absorption, while the highest occupied molecular orbital energy levels decrease only significantly upon the presence of 75-100% of homocouplings. Density functional theory calculations show that the homocoupled acceptor unit generates a twist in the polymer backbone, which leads to a decreased conjugation length and a reduced aggregation tendency. The virtually defect-free PDTSQxff affords a solar cell efficiency of 5.4%, which only decreases substantially upon incorporating a homocoupling degree over 50%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Geert Pirotte
- UHasselt - Hasselt University, Institute for Materials Research (IMO-IMOMEC), Design & Synthesis of Organic Semiconductors (DSOS), Electrical and Physical Characterization (ELPHYC), Agoralaan-Building D, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Jurgen Kesters
- UHasselt - Hasselt University, Institute for Materials Research (IMO-IMOMEC), Design & Synthesis of Organic Semiconductors (DSOS), Electrical and Physical Characterization (ELPHYC), Agoralaan-Building D, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Tom Cardeynaels
- UHasselt - Hasselt University, Institute for Materials Research (IMO-IMOMEC), Design & Synthesis of Organic Semiconductors (DSOS), Electrical and Physical Characterization (ELPHYC), Agoralaan-Building D, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium.,Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry, Theoretical and Structural Physical Chemistry Unit, Namur Institute of Structured Matter, University of Namur, Rue de Bruxelles 61, 5000, Namur, Belgium
| | - Pieter Verstappen
- UHasselt - Hasselt University, Institute for Materials Research (IMO-IMOMEC), Design & Synthesis of Organic Semiconductors (DSOS), Electrical and Physical Characterization (ELPHYC), Agoralaan-Building D, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Jan D'Haen
- UHasselt - Hasselt University, Institute for Materials Research (IMO-IMOMEC), Design & Synthesis of Organic Semiconductors (DSOS), Electrical and Physical Characterization (ELPHYC), Agoralaan-Building D, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium.,IMEC - IMOMEC, Universitaire Campus - Wetenschapspark 1, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Laurence Lutsen
- IMEC - IMOMEC, Universitaire Campus - Wetenschapspark 1, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Benoît Champagne
- Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry, Theoretical and Structural Physical Chemistry Unit, Namur Institute of Structured Matter, University of Namur, Rue de Bruxelles 61, 5000, Namur, Belgium
| | - Dirk Vanderzande
- UHasselt - Hasselt University, Institute for Materials Research (IMO-IMOMEC), Design & Synthesis of Organic Semiconductors (DSOS), Electrical and Physical Characterization (ELPHYC), Agoralaan-Building D, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium.,IMEC - IMOMEC, Universitaire Campus - Wetenschapspark 1, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Wouter Maes
- UHasselt - Hasselt University, Institute for Materials Research (IMO-IMOMEC), Design & Synthesis of Organic Semiconductors (DSOS), Electrical and Physical Characterization (ELPHYC), Agoralaan-Building D, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium.,IMEC - IMOMEC, Universitaire Campus - Wetenschapspark 1, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Pankow RM, Ye L, Gobalasingham NS, Salami N, Samal S, Thompson BC. Investigation of green and sustainable solvents for direct arylation polymerization (DArP). Polym Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8py00749g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Green solvents, notably cyclopentyl methylether (CPME), are found to be highly effective in Direct Arylation Polymerization (DArP).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert M. Pankow
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute
- University of Southern California
- Los Angeles
- USA
| | - Liwei Ye
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute
- University of Southern California
- Los Angeles
- USA
| | - Nemal S. Gobalasingham
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute
- University of Southern California
- Los Angeles
- USA
| | - Neda Salami
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute
- University of Southern California
- Los Angeles
- USA
| | - Sanket Samal
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute
- University of Southern California
- Los Angeles
- USA
| | - Barry C. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute
- University of Southern California
- Los Angeles
- USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Hameury S, Kunz S, Sommer M. Expanding the Scope of Electron-Deficient C-H Building Blocks: Direct Arylation of Pyromellitic Acid Diimide. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:2483-2488. [PMID: 31457594 PMCID: PMC6640996 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b00420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Direct C-H activation of pyromellitic diimide (PMDI) is reported for the first time. The method avoids cumbersome pathways involving bromination usually required for further cross-coupling. Good to excellent yields of mono- and di-substituted PMDI derivatives can be obtained under optimized reaction conditions. The reaction scope was also explored, and the materials were characterized with respect to their thermal, optical, and electronic properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Hameury
- Makromolekulare
Chemie, Universität Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 31, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Susanna Kunz
- Makromolekulare
Chemie, Universität Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 31, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Sommer
- Makromolekulare
Chemie, Universität Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 31, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburger
Materialforschungszentrum, Universität
Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str.
21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Bura T, Beaupré S, Légaré MA, Quinn J, Rochette E, Blaskovits JT, Fontaine FG, Pron A, Li Y, Leclerc M. Direct heteroarylation polymerization: guidelines for defect-free conjugated polymers. Chem Sci 2017; 8:3913-3925. [PMID: 28966781 PMCID: PMC5578375 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc00589j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct (hetero)arylation polymerization (DHAP) has emerged as a valuable and atom-economical alternative to traditional cross-coupling methods for the synthesis of low-cost and efficient conjugated polymers for organic electronics. However, when applied to the synthesis of certain (hetero)arene-based materials, a lack of C-H bond selectivity has been observed. To prevent such undesirable side-reactions, we report the design and synthesis of new, bulky, phosphine-based ligands that significantly enhance selectivity of the DHAP process for both halogenated and non-halogenated electron-rich and electron-deficient thiophene-based comonomers. To better understand the selectivity issues, density functional theory (DFT) calculations have been performed on various halogenated and non-halogenated electron-rich and electron-deficient thiophene-based comonomers. Calculations showed that the presence of bromine atoms decreases the energy of activation (Ea) of the adjacent C-H bonds, allowing undesirable β-defects for some brominated aromatic units. Both calculations and the new ligands should lead to the rational design of monomers and methods for the preparation of defect-free conjugated polymers from DHAP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Bura
- Canada Research Chair on Electroactive and Photoactive Polymers , Department of Chemistry , Université Laval , Quebec City , Quebec G1V 0A6 , Canada .
| | - Serge Beaupré
- Canada Research Chair on Electroactive and Photoactive Polymers , Department of Chemistry , Université Laval , Quebec City , Quebec G1V 0A6 , Canada .
| | - Marc-André Légaré
- Department of Chemistry , Université Laval , Quebec City , Quebec G1V 0A6 , Canada
| | - Jesse Quinn
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Waterloo , Waterloo , Ontario N2L 3G1 , Canada
| | - Etienne Rochette
- Department of Chemistry , Université Laval , Quebec City , Quebec G1V 0A6 , Canada
| | - J Terence Blaskovits
- Canada Research Chair on Electroactive and Photoactive Polymers , Department of Chemistry , Université Laval , Quebec City , Quebec G1V 0A6 , Canada .
| | | | - Agnieszka Pron
- Merck Chemicals Ltd , Chilworth Technical Centre , SO16 7QD , UK (A Subsidiary of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany)
| | - Yuning Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Waterloo , Waterloo , Ontario N2L 3G1 , Canada
| | - Mario Leclerc
- Canada Research Chair on Electroactive and Photoactive Polymers , Department of Chemistry , Université Laval , Quebec City , Quebec G1V 0A6 , Canada .
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Wakioka M, Takahashi R, Ichihara N, Ozawa F. Mixed-Ligand Approach to Palladium-Catalyzed Direct Arylation Polymerization: Highly Selective Synthesis of π-Conjugated Polymers with Diketopyrrolopyrrole Units. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b02679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Wakioka
- International Research Center
for Elements Science (IRCELS), Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Rina Takahashi
- International Research Center
for Elements Science (IRCELS), Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Nobuko Ichihara
- International Research Center
for Elements Science (IRCELS), Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Fumiyuki Ozawa
- International Research Center
for Elements Science (IRCELS), Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Application of direct (hetero)arylation in constructing conjugated small molecules and polymers for organic optoelectronic devices. Tetrahedron Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2016.11.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
35
|
Wakioka M, Ozawa F. Development of Palladium-Catalyzed Direct Arylation Polymerization (DArP). J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2017. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.75.810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Fumiyuki Ozawa
- Internal Research Center for Elements Science, Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Lombeck F, Marx F, Strassel K, Kunz S, Lienert C, Komber H, Friend R, Sommer M. To branch or not to branch: C–H selectivity of thiophene-based donor–acceptor–donor monomers in direct arylation polycondensation exemplified by PCDTBT. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py00879a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The possibility for unselective C–H activation of a thiophene-based, donor–acceptor–donor monomer during direct arylation polycondensation is investigated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Lombeck
- Makromolekulare Chemie
- Universität Freiburg
- 79104 Freiburg
- Germany
- Optoelectronics Group
| | - Franziska Marx
- Makromolekulare Chemie
- Universität Freiburg
- 79104 Freiburg
- Germany
| | - Karen Strassel
- Makromolekulare Chemie
- Universität Freiburg
- 79104 Freiburg
- Germany
| | - Susanna Kunz
- Makromolekulare Chemie
- Universität Freiburg
- 79104 Freiburg
- Germany
| | | | - Hartmut Komber
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V
- 01069 Dresden
- Germany
| | - Richard Friend
- Optoelectronics Group
- Cavendish Laboratory
- J.J. Thomson Avenue
- University of Cambridge
- Cambridge CB3 0HE
| | - Michael Sommer
- Makromolekulare Chemie
- Universität Freiburg
- 79104 Freiburg
- Germany
- Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Schroot R, Jäger M, Schubert US. Synthetic approaches towards structurally-defined electrochemically and (photo)redox-active polymer architectures. Chem Soc Rev 2017; 46:2754-2798. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00811a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
This review details synthetic strategies leading to structurally-defined electrochemically and (photo)redox-active polymer architectures,e.g.block, graft and end functionalized (co)polymers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Schroot
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- 07743 Jena
- Germany
| | - Michael Jäger
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- 07743 Jena
- Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena)
| | - Ulrich S. Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- 07743 Jena
- Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena)
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Kuwabara J, Fujie Y, Maruyama K, Yasuda T, Kanbara T. Suppression of Homocoupling Side Reactions in Direct Arylation Polycondensation for Producing High Performance OPV Materials. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b02380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Junpei Kuwabara
- Tsukuba
Research Center for Interdisciplinary Materials Science (TIMS), Graduate
School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - Yohei Fujie
- Tsukuba
Research Center for Interdisciplinary Materials Science (TIMS), Graduate
School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - Keisuke Maruyama
- Tsukuba
Research Center for Interdisciplinary Materials Science (TIMS), Graduate
School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yasuda
- Research
Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
| | - Takaki Kanbara
- Tsukuba
Research Center for Interdisciplinary Materials Science (TIMS), Graduate
School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Lu TJ, Lin PH, Lee KM, Liu CY. End-Capping Groups for Small-Molecule Organic Semiconducting Materials: Synthetic Investigation and Photovoltaic Applications through Direct C-H (Hetero)arylation. European J Org Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201601257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Te-Jui Lu
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering; National Central University; Jhongli District 320, R.O.C. Taoyuan City Taiwan320, R.O.C
| | - Po-Han Lin
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering; National Central University; Jhongli District 320, R.O.C. Taoyuan City Taiwan320, R.O.C
| | - Kun-Mu Lee
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering; National Central University; Jhongli District 320, R.O.C. Taoyuan City Taiwan320, R.O.C
- Research Center for New Generation Photovoltaics (RCNPV); National Central University; Jhongli District Taoyuan City Taiwan320, R.O.C
| | - Ching-Yuan Liu
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering; National Central University; Jhongli District 320, R.O.C. Taoyuan City Taiwan320, R.O.C
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Liao X, Wu F, An Y, Xie Q, Chen L, Chen Y. Novel Copolymers Based Tetrafluorobenzene and Difluorobenzothiadiazole for Organic Solar Cells with Prominent Open Circuit Voltage and Stability. Macromol Rapid Commun 2016; 38. [PMID: 27930834 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201600556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Two novel copolymers based on benzothiadiazole (BT) or difluorobenzothiadizole (ffBT) with 2,2'-(perfluoro-1,4-phenylene)dithiophene (2TPF4), namely PBT-2TPF4 and PffBT-2TPF4, are synthesized for applications in polymer solar cells (PSCs). A noticeably high open-circuit voltage (Voc ) of 1.017 and 0.87 V are achieved for PffBT-2TPF4 and PBT-2TPF4-based devices, respectively. Although only a moderate efficiency (5.7%) of PBT-2TPF4-based devices is obtained, it is first demonstrated that 2TPF4 is a promising acceptor block for construction of the donor copolymers which possess high Voc , prominent crystallinity, and long-term stability, simultaneously. Besides, two thienyl flanking the tetrafluorophenylene can decrease torsion angle between conjugated units, resulting in a high coplanar structure of copolymers to enhance their charge carrier mobility. The findings may open a promising and practical way to accelerate the commercialization of PSCs by developing a series of new donor copolymers for efficient and long-term stable thickness bulk heterojunction PSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xunfan Liao
- College of Chemistry, Nanchang University, 999 Xuefu Avenue, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Feiyan Wu
- College of Chemistry, Nanchang University, 999 Xuefu Avenue, Nanchang, 330031, China.,Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of New Energy Chemistry/Institute of Polymers, Nanchang University, 999 Xuefu Avenue, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Yongkang An
- College of Chemistry, Nanchang University, 999 Xuefu Avenue, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Qian Xie
- College of Chemistry, Nanchang University, 999 Xuefu Avenue, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Lie Chen
- College of Chemistry, Nanchang University, 999 Xuefu Avenue, Nanchang, 330031, China.,Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of New Energy Chemistry/Institute of Polymers, Nanchang University, 999 Xuefu Avenue, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Yiwang Chen
- College of Chemistry, Nanchang University, 999 Xuefu Avenue, Nanchang, 330031, China.,Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of New Energy Chemistry/Institute of Polymers, Nanchang University, 999 Xuefu Avenue, Nanchang, 330031, China
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Dudnik AS, Aldrich TJ, Eastham ND, Chang RPH, Facchetti A, Marks TJ. Tin-Free Direct C-H Arylation Polymerization for High Photovoltaic Efficiency Conjugated Copolymers. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:15699-15709. [PMID: 27933999 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b10023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A new and highly regioselective direct C-H arylation polymerization (DARP) methodology enables the reproducible and sustainable synthesis of high-performance π-conjugated photovoltaic copolymers. Unlike traditional Stille polycondensation methods for producing photovoltaic copolymers, this DARP protocol eliminates the need for environmentally harmful, toxic organotin compounds. This DARP protocol employs low loadings of commercially available catalyst components, Pd2(dba)3·CHCl3 (0.5 mol%) and P(2-MeOPh)3 (2 mol%), sterically tuned carboxylic acid additives, and an environmentally friendly solvent, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran. Using this DARP protocol, several representative copolymers are synthesized in excellent yields and high molecular masses. The DARP-derived copolymers are benchmarked versus Stille-derived counterparts by close comparison of optical, NMR spectroscopic, and electrochemical properties, all of which indicate great chemical similarity and no significant detectable structural defects in the DARP copolymers. The DARP- and Stille-derived copolymer and fullerene blend microstructural properties and morphologies are characterized with AFM, TEM, and XRD and are found to be virtually indistinguishable. Likewise, the charge generation, recombination, and transport characteristics of the fullerene blend films are found to be identical. For the first time, polymer solar cells fabricated using DARP-derived copolymers exhibit solar cell performances rivalling or exceeding those achieved with Stille-derived materials. For the DARP copolymer PBDTT-FTTE, the power conversion efficiency of 8.4% is a record for a DARP copolymer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander S Dudnik
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Thomas J Aldrich
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Nicholas D Eastham
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Argonne Northwestern Solar Energy Research Center (ANSER), Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Robert P H Chang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Argonne Northwestern Solar Energy Research Center (ANSER), Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Antonio Facchetti
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Argonne Northwestern Solar Energy Research Center (ANSER), Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Polyera Corporation , 8045 Lamon Avenue, Skokie, Illinois 60077, United States
| | - Tobin J Marks
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Argonne Northwestern Solar Energy Research Center (ANSER), Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Pouliot JR, Grenier F, Blaskovits JT, Beaupré S, Leclerc M. Direct (Hetero)arylation Polymerization: Simplicity for Conjugated Polymer Synthesis. Chem Rev 2016; 116:14225-14274. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 333] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Rémi Pouliot
- Département de Chimie, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - François Grenier
- Département de Chimie, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 0A6, Canada
| | | | - Serge Beaupré
- Département de Chimie, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Mario Leclerc
- Département de Chimie, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 0A6, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Bura T, Blaskovits JT, Leclerc M. Direct (Hetero)arylation Polymerization: Trends and Perspectives. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:10056-71. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b06237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Bura
- Department of Chemistry, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada G1V 0A6
| | | | - Mario Leclerc
- Department of Chemistry, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada G1V 0A6
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Punzi A, Nicoletta F, Marzano G, Fortuna CG, Dagar J, Brown TM, Farinola GM. Synthetic Routes to TEG-Substituted Diketopyrrolopyrrole-Based Low Band-Gap Polymers. European J Org Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201600406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Angela Punzi
- Dipartimento di Chimica; Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro; Via Orabona 4 70126 Bari Italy
| | - Francesca Nicoletta
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche; Università degli Studi di Catania; Viale A. Doria 6 95125 Catania Italy
| | - Giuseppe Marzano
- Dipartimento di Chimica; Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro; Via Orabona 4 70126 Bari Italy
| | - Cosimo G. Fortuna
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche; Università degli Studi di Catania; Viale A. Doria 6 95125 Catania Italy
| | - Janardan Dagar
- CHOSE (Centre for Hybrid and Organic Solar Energy); Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettronica; Università degli studi Roma - Tor Vergata; Via del Politecnico 1 00133 Roma Italy
| | - Thomas M. Brown
- CHOSE (Centre for Hybrid and Organic Solar Energy); Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettronica; Università degli studi Roma - Tor Vergata; Via del Politecnico 1 00133 Roma Italy
| | - Gianluca M. Farinola
- Dipartimento di Chimica; Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro; Via Orabona 4 70126 Bari Italy
- CNR-ICCOM Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organometallici; Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettronica; Via Orabona 4 70126 Bari Italy
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Iizuka E, Wakioka M, Ozawa F. Mixed-Ligand Approach to Palladium-Catalyzed Direct Arylation Polymerization: Effective Prevention of Structural Defects Using Diamines. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b00441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eisuke Iizuka
- International
Research Center
for Elements Science (IRCELS), Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Masayuki Wakioka
- International
Research Center
for Elements Science (IRCELS), Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Fumiyuki Ozawa
- International
Research Center
for Elements Science (IRCELS), Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Kuwabara J, Takase N, Yasuda T, Kanbara T. Synthesis of conjugated polymers possessing diketopyrrolopyrrole units bearing phenyl, pyridyl, and thiazolyl groups by direct arylation polycondensation: Effects of aromatic groups in DPP on physical properties. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.28105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junpei Kuwabara
- Tsukuba Research Center for Interdisciplinary Materials Science (TIMS), Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba; 1-1-1 Tennodai Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8573 Japan
| | - Naoto Takase
- Tsukuba Research Center for Interdisciplinary Materials Science (TIMS), Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba; 1-1-1 Tennodai Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8573 Japan
| | - Takeshi Yasuda
- Organic Thin-Film Solar Cells Group; Photovoltaic Materials Unit, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS); 1-2-1 Sengen Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-0047 Japan
| | - Takaki Kanbara
- Tsukuba Research Center for Interdisciplinary Materials Science (TIMS), Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba; 1-1-1 Tennodai Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8573 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Shaik B, Han JH, Song DJ, Kang HM, Kim YB, Park CE, Lee SG. Synthesis of donor–acceptor copolymer using benzoselenadiazole as acceptor for OTFT. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra23805f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The synthesized copolymer has a low band gap and exhibits a hole mobility of around 0.1 cm2 V−1 s−1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baji Shaik
- Department of Chemistry
- Research Institute of Natural Science (RINS)
- Graduate School for Molecular Materials and Nanochemistry
- Gyeongsang National University
- Jinju 660-701
| | - Jin-Hee Han
- Department of Chemistry
- Research Institute of Natural Science (RINS)
- Graduate School for Molecular Materials and Nanochemistry
- Gyeongsang National University
- Jinju 660-701
| | - Dong Jin Song
- Department of Chemistry
- Research Institute of Natural Science (RINS)
- Graduate School for Molecular Materials and Nanochemistry
- Gyeongsang National University
- Jinju 660-701
| | - Hun-Min Kang
- Department of Chemistry
- Research Institute of Natural Science (RINS)
- Graduate School for Molecular Materials and Nanochemistry
- Gyeongsang National University
- Jinju 660-701
| | - Ye Beyeol Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)
- Organic Electronics Laboratory
- Polymer Research Institute
- Pohang 790-784
| | - Chan Eon Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)
- Organic Electronics Laboratory
- Polymer Research Institute
- Pohang 790-784
| | - Sang-Gyeong Lee
- Department of Chemistry
- Research Institute of Natural Science (RINS)
- Graduate School for Molecular Materials and Nanochemistry
- Gyeongsang National University
- Jinju 660-701
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Matsidik R, Komber H, Sommer M. Rational Use of Aromatic Solvents for Direct Arylation Polycondensation: C-H Reactivity versus Solvent Quality. ACS Macro Lett 2015; 4:1346-1350. [PMID: 35614780 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.5b00783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The solvent for direct arylation polycondensation (DAP) is of crucial importance. For conjugated polymers exhibiting reduced solubility, the choice of solvent decides on the maximum molecular weight that can be achieved, hence, good aromatic solvents are generally desirable. However, unintentional activation of C-H bonds present in aromatic solvents under DAP conditions leads to in situ solvent termination which competes with step growth. Here we evaluate relative C-H reactivity and solvent quality of seven aromatic solvents for the DAP of defect-free naphthalene diimide (NDI)-based copolymers of different solubility. C-H reactivity is strongly reduced with increasing degree of substitution for both chlorine and methyl substituents. Mesitylene is largely C-H unreactive and, thus, albeit being a moderate solvent, enables very high molecular weights at elevated temperature for NDI copolymers with limited solubility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rukiya Matsidik
- Universität Freiburg, Makromolekulare Chemie, Stefan-Meier-Str. 31, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Universität Freiburg, Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum, Stefan-Meier-Str. 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hartmut Komber
- Leibniz Institut
für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Sommer
- Universität Freiburg, Makromolekulare Chemie, Stefan-Meier-Str. 31, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Universität Freiburg, Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum, Stefan-Meier-Str. 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburger Institut
für Interaktive Materialien und Bioinspirierte Technologien, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Wakioka M, Ishiki S, Ozawa F. Synthesis of Donor–Acceptor Polymers Containing Thiazolo[5,4-d]thiazole Units via Palladium-Catalyzed Direct Arylation Polymerization. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b01822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Wakioka
- International
Research Center for Elements Science (IRCELS), Institute for Chemical
Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Satoru Ishiki
- International
Research Center for Elements Science (IRCELS), Institute for Chemical
Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Fumiyuki Ozawa
- International
Research Center for Elements Science (IRCELS), Institute for Chemical
Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
- ACT-C, Japan Science
and Technology Agency, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| |
Collapse
|