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Thermoelectric Performance of Polypropylene/Carbon Nanotube/Ionic Liquid Composites and Its Dependence on Electron Beam Irradiation. JOURNAL OF COMPOSITES SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/jcs6010025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The thermoelectric behavior of polypropylene (PP) based nanocomposites containing single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and five kinds of ionic liquids (Ils) dependent on composite composition and electron beam irradiation (EB) was studied. Therefore, several samples were melt-mixed in a micro compounder, while five Ils with sufficiently different anions and/or cations were incorporated into the PP/SWCNT composites followed by an EB treatment for selected composites. Extensive investigations were carried out considering the electrical, thermal, mechanical, rheological, morphological and, most significantly, thermoelectric properties. It was found that it is possible to prepare n-type melt-mixed polymer composites from p-type commercial SWCNTs with relatively high Seebeck coefficients when adding four of the selected Ils. The highest Seebeck coefficients achieved in this study were +49.3 µV/K (PP/2 wt.% SWCNT) for p-type composites and −27.6 µV/K (PP/2 wt.% SWCNT/4 wt.% IL type AMIM Cl) for n-type composites. Generally, the type of IL is decisive whether p- or n-type thermoelectric behavior is achieved. After IL addition higher volume conductivity could be reached. Electron beam treatment of PP/SWCNT leads to increased values of the Seebeck coefficient, whereas the EB treated sample with IL (AMIM Cl) shows a less negative Seebeck coefficient value.
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Processes and Properties of Ionic Liquid-Modified Nanofiller/Polymer Nanocomposites—A Succinct Review. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9030480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionic liquids can typically be synthesized via protonation, alkylation, metathesis, or neutralization reactions. The many types of ionic liquids have increased their attractiveness to researchers for employment in various areas, including in polymer composites. Recently, ionic liquids have been employed to modify nanofillers for the fabrication of polymer nanocomposites with improved physicochemical properties. In this succinct review, four types of imidazolium-based ionic liquids that are employed as modifiers—specifically alkylimidazolium halide, alkylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, alkylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, and alkylimidazolium bistriflimide—are reviewed. Additionally, three types of ionic liquid-modified nanofiller/polymer nanocomposites—namely ionic liquid-nanofiller/thermoplastic nanocomposites, ionic liquid-nanofiller/elastomer nanocomposites, and ionic liquid-nanofiller/thermoset nanocomposites—are described as well. The effect of imidazolium-based ionic liquids on the thermo-mechanico-chemical properties of the polymer nanocomposites is also succinctly reviewed. This review can serve as an initial guide for polymer composite researchers in modifying nanofillers by means of ionic liquids for improving the performance of polymer nanocomposites.
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Comprehensive Analysis of Mechanical Properties of CB/SiO 2/PVDF Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12010146. [PMID: 31936029 PMCID: PMC7022327 DOI: 10.3390/polym12010146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Damage is a key problem that limits the application of polymer membranes. In this paper, conductive carbon black (CB) and silicon dioxide (SiO2)-reinforced polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) composites were prepared using a solution mixing method. Through a uniaxial tensile test, the fracture and damage characteristics of the material were analyzed. When the structure had inevitable notch damage, changing the notch angle was very helpful for the material to bear more load. In addition, when there were two kinds of fillers in the PVDF matrix at the same time, there was an interaction between particles. The microstructure of the composite was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive spectrometry (EDS), and thermogravimetric (TG) analysis. The experimental results indicate that, when the ratio of CB:SiO2:PVDF was 1:4:95, the general mechanical properties of the composite were the best.
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Guan J, Shen J, Chen X, Wang H, Chen Q, Li J, Li Y. Crystal Forms and Microphase Structures of Poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) Physically and Chemically Incorporated with Ionic Liquids. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b02087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jipeng Guan
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, No. 16 Xuelin Rd., Hangzhou 310036, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, , Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 2019, Jialuo Road, Jiading District, Shanghai 201800, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jieqing Shen
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, No. 16 Xuelin Rd., Hangzhou 310036, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xingru Chen
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, No. 16 Xuelin Rd., Hangzhou 310036, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hengti Wang
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, No. 16 Xuelin Rd., Hangzhou 310036, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qin Chen
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, No. 16 Xuelin Rd., Hangzhou 310036, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingye Li
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, , Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 2019, Jialuo Road, Jiading District, Shanghai 201800, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yongjin Li
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, No. 16 Xuelin Rd., Hangzhou 310036, People’s Republic of China
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5
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Effect of ion-dipole interaction on the formation of polar extended-chain crystals in high pressure-crystallized poly(vinylidene fluoride). POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.10.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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6
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Song S, Bi X, Jiang S, Lv X, Sun S, Li Q. Enhanced electroactive phase, toughness and dielectric properties of poly(vinylidene fluoride) with addition of MMA-BA-IL copolymer. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-018-1561-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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7
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Advanced Material-Ordered Nanotubular Ceramic Membranes Covalently Capped with Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes. MATERIALS 2018; 11:ma11050739. [PMID: 29735904 PMCID: PMC5978116 DOI: 10.3390/ma11050739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Advanced ceramic materials with a well-defined nano-architecture of their surfaces were formed by applying a two-step procedure. Firstly, a primary amine was docked on the ordered nanotubular ceramic surface via a silanization process. Subsequently, single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) were covalently grafted onto the surface via an amide building block. Physicochemical (e.g., hydrophobicity, and surface free energy (SFE)), mechanical, and tribological properties of the developed membranes were improved significantly. The design, preparation, and extended characterization of the developed membranes are presented. Tools such as high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), single-area electron diffraction (SAED) analysis, microscopy, tribology, nano-indentation, and Raman spectroscopy, among other techniques, were utilized in the characterization of the developed membranes. As an effect of hydrophobization, the contact angles (CAs) changed from 38° to 110° and from 51° to 95° for the silanization of ceramic membranes 20 (CM20) and CM100, respectively. SWCNT functionalization reduced the CAs to 72° and 66° for ceramic membranes carbon nanotubes 20 (CM-CNT-20) and CM-CNT-100, respectively. The mechanical properties of the developed membranes improved significantly. From the nanotribological study, Young’s modulus increased from 3 to 39 GPa for CM-CNT-20 and from 43 to 48 GPa for pristine CM-CNT-100. Furthermore, the nanohardness increased by about 80% after the attachment of CNTs for both types of ceramics. The proposed protocol within this work for the development of functionalized ceramic membranes is both simple and efficient.
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Ionic and conformational mobility in poly(vinylidene fluoride)/ionic liquid blends: Dielectric and electrical conductivity behavior. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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9
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Song S, Xia S, Jiang S, Lv X, Sun S, Li Q. A Facile Strategy to Enhance the Dielectric and Mechanical Properties of MWCNTs/PVDF Composites with the Aid of MMA-co-GMA Copolymer. MATERIALS 2018; 11:ma11030347. [PMID: 29495491 PMCID: PMC5872926 DOI: 10.3390/ma11030347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A facile strategy is adopted to prepare carboxylic functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotube (c-MWCNT) modified high dielectric constant (high-k) poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) composites with the aid of methyl methacrylate-co-glycidyl methacrylate copolymer (MG). The MG is miscible with PVDF and the epoxy groups of the copolymer can react with the carboxylic groups of c-MWCNT, which induce the uniform dispersion of c-MWCNT and a form insulator layer on the surface of c-MWCNT. The c-MWCNTs/MG/PVDF composites with 8 vol % c-MWCNT present excellent dielectric properties with high dielectric constant (~448) and low dielectric loss (~2.36) at the frequency of 1 KHz, the dielectric loss is much lower than the c-MWCNT/PVDF composites without MG. The obvious improvement in dielectric properties ascribes to the existence of MG, which impede the direct contact of c-MWCNTs and PVDF and avoid the formation of conductive network. Therefore, we propose a practical and simple strategy for preparing composites with excellent dielectric properties, which are promising for applications in electronics devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shixin Song
- Engineering Research Center of Synthetic Resin and Special Fiber, Ministry of Education, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Shan Xia
- Engineering Research Center of Synthetic Resin and Special Fiber, Ministry of Education, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Shangkun Jiang
- Engineering Research Center of Synthetic Resin and Special Fiber, Ministry of Education, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Xue Lv
- Engineering Research Center of Synthetic Resin and Special Fiber, Ministry of Education, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Shulin Sun
- Engineering Research Center of Synthetic Resin and Special Fiber, Ministry of Education, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Quanming Li
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials, College of Materials Science & Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130025, China.
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Guan J, Wang Y, Wu S, Li Y, Li J. Durable Anti-Superbug Polymers: Covalent Bonding of Ionic Liquid onto the Polymer Chains. Biomacromolecules 2017; 18:4364-4372. [PMID: 29111688 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.7b01416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Here, we fabricated the ionic liquid (IL) grafted poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) (PVDF-g-IL) via electron-beam irradiation to fight common bacteria and multidrug-resistant "superbugs". Two types of ILs, 1-vinyl-3-butylimmidazolium chloride (IL (Cl)) and 1-vinyl-3-ethylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (IL (BF4)), were used. It was found that the PVDF-g-IL exhibited superior antibacterial performance, with almost the same mechanical and thermal performance as unmodified PVDF. Nonwovens and films made from PVDF-g-IL materials exhibited broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against common bacteria and "superbugs" with the strong electrostatic interactions between ILs and microbial cell membranes. With extremely low IL loading (0.05 wt %), the cell reduction of PVDF-g-IL (Cl) nonwovens improved from 0.2 to 4.4 against S. aureus. Moreover, the antibacterial activity of PVDF-g-IL nonwovens was permanent for the covalent bonds between ILs and polymer chains. The work provides a simple strategy to immobilize ionic antibacterial agents onto polymer substrates, which may have great potential applications in healthcare and household applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jipeng Guan
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University , No. 16 Xuelin Rd., Hangzhou 310036, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , No.2019, Jialuo Road, Jiading District, Shanghai 201800, People's Republic of China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanyuan Wang
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University , No. 16 Xuelin Rd., Hangzhou 310036, People's Republic of China
| | - Shilu Wu
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University , No. 16 Xuelin Rd., Hangzhou 310036, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongjin Li
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University , No. 16 Xuelin Rd., Hangzhou 310036, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingye Li
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , No.2019, Jialuo Road, Jiading District, Shanghai 201800, People's Republic of China
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Towards Flexible Dielectric Materials with High Dielectric Constant and Low Loss: PVDF Nanocomposites with both Homogenously Dispersed CNTs and Ionic Liquids Nanodomains. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:polym9110562. [PMID: 30965866 PMCID: PMC6418540 DOI: 10.3390/polym9110562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Flexible dielectric materials with high dielectric constant and low loss have attracted significant attention. In this work, we fabricated novel polymer-based nanocomposites with both homogeneously dispersed conductive nanofillers and ion-conductive nanodomains within a polymer matrix. An unsaturated ionic liquid (IL), 1-vinyl-3-ethylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([VEIM][BF4]), was first coated on the surface of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) by the mechanical grinding. The ILs coated CNTs were then well dispersed in poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) matrix by melt-blending. The ILs on the surface of CNTs were subsequently grafted onto the PVDF chains by electron beam irradiation (EBI). The formed ILs grafted PVDF (PVDF-g-IL) finally aggregated into ionic nanodomains with the size of 20–30 nm in the melt state. Therefore, novel PVDF nanocomposites with both homogenously dispersed CNTs and ionic nanodomains were achieved. Both carbon nanotubes and ionic nanodomains contributed to the enhancement of the dielectric constant of PVDF significantly. At the same time, such homogeneously dispersed CNTs along with the confined ions in the nandomains decreased current leakage effectively and thus led to the low dielectric loss. The final PVDF nanocomposites exhibited high dielectric constant, low dielectric loss and good flexibility, which may be promising for applications in soft/flexible devices.
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12
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Performance improvement of poly(vinylidene fluoride) by in situ copolymerization of methyl methacrylate and ionic liquid. Macromol Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-017-5154-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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13
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In-situ preparation of hierarchical flower-like TiO 2/carbon nanostructures as fillers for polymer composites with enhanced dielectric properties. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43970. [PMID: 28262766 PMCID: PMC5338293 DOI: 10.1038/srep43970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel three-dimensional hierarchical flower-like TiO2/carbon (TiO2/C) nanostructures were in-situ synthesized via a solvothermal method involving calcination of organic precursor under inert atmosphere. The composite films comprised of P (VDF-HFP) and as-prepared hierarchical flower-like TiO2/C were fabricated by a solution casting and hot-pressing approach. The results reveal that loading the fillers with a small amount of carbon is an effective way to improve the dielectric constant and suppress the dielectric loss. In addition, TiO2/C particles with higher carbon contents exhibit superiority in promoting the dielectric constants of composites when compared with their noncarbon counterparts. For instance, the highest dielectric constant (330.6) of the TiO2/C composites is 10 times over that of noncarbon-TiO2-filled ones at the same filler volume fraction, and 32 times over that of pristine P (VDF-HFP). The enhancement in the dielectric constant can be attributed to the formation of a large network, which is composed of local micro-capacitors with carbon particles as electrodes and TiO2 as the dielectric in between.
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Ke K, Pötschke P, Gao S, Voit B. An Ionic Liquid as Interface Linker for Tuning Piezoresistive Sensitivity and Toughness in Poly(vinylidene fluoride)/Carbon Nanotube Composites. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:5437-5446. [PMID: 28080021 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b13454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Conductive polymer nanocomposites (CPNCs) have emerged as potential alternatives for metallic foil sensors and semiconductor strain gauges. The simultaneous achievement of high piezoresistive sensitivity and large strain ranges for CPNCs currently presents a great challenge and solving this challenge may extend the applications of CPNCs with self-diagnosis capabilities to many structural health-monitoring (SHM) systems. This paper reports a facile strategy for fabricating highly piezoresistive and tough poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) based CPNCs by tuning the interactions between the polymer matrix and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CNT) using an ionic liquid (IL) as an interface linker/modifier. As a result, the presence of IL achieves homogeneous dispersion of CNTs in PVDF but causes a reduced number of CNT-CNT ohmic contacts with higher electrical contact resistance. According to the lower initial resistivity, piezoresistive sensitivity is greatly improved, and the gauge factor (GF) varies from 7 to 60 upon the addition of IL. It is also shown that IL tunes PVDF-CNT interfacial bonding and, as an effective interface linker/modifier, achieves significantly improved sensing strain ranges (increased from ca. 6 to 21%) and toughness (elongation at break increases from 6 to 130%) of CPNCs. These results substantially advance the understanding of the missing relationship between polymer-filler interface interactions and piezoresistive properties and have important implications for future studies of tuning polymer-filler interface bonding properties and piezoresistive sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Ke
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden (IPF) , Hohe Strasse 6, 01069 Dresden Germany
- Organic Chemistry of Polymers, Technische Universität Dresden , 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Petra Pötschke
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden (IPF) , Hohe Strasse 6, 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Shanglin Gao
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden (IPF) , Hohe Strasse 6, 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Brigitte Voit
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden (IPF) , Hohe Strasse 6, 01069 Dresden Germany
- Organic Chemistry of Polymers, Technische Universität Dresden , 01062 Dresden, Germany
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15
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Xing C, Li J, Yang C, Li Y. Local Grafting of Ionic Liquid in Poly(vinylidene fluoride) Amorphous Region and the Subsequent Microphase Separation Behavior in Melt. Macromol Rapid Commun 2016; 37:1559-1565. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201600228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Xing
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Hangzhou Normal University; No. 16 Xuelin Rd Hangzhou 310036 P. R. China
- CAS Center for Excellence on TMSR Energy System; Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; No. 2019 Jialuo Road Jiading District Shanghai 201800 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Jingye Li
- CAS Center for Excellence on TMSR Energy System; Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; No. 2019 Jialuo Road Jiading District Shanghai 201800 P. R. China
| | - Chunming Yang
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility; Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shanghai 201204 P. R. China
| | - Yongjin Li
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Hangzhou Normal University; No. 16 Xuelin Rd Hangzhou 310036 P. R. China
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