1
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Lin TW, Padilla-Vélez O, Kaewdeewong P, LaPointe AM, Coates GW, Eagan JM. Advances in Nonreactive Polymer Compatibilizers for Commodity Polyolefin Blends. Chem Rev 2024; 124:9609-9632. [PMID: 39052522 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Recycling mixed polyolefin plastics is a significant challenge due to the limitations in sorting and degraded mechanical properties of blends. Nonreactive compatibilization by adding a small amount of polymeric additive is a widespread approach to restoring the performance and value of recycled plastics. Over the past several decades, synthetic advances have enabled access to low-cost copolymers and precision architectures for deepening the understanding of compatibilization mechanisms in semicrystalline polyolefins. This review covers the design parameters of a polymeric compatibilizer, the testing of blends, the synthetic methods of producing economically viable additives, and surveys the literature of blends of compatibilized HDPE, LLDPE, LDPE, and iPP. From this, readers should gain a comprehension of the polymer mechanics, synthesis, and macromolecular engineering of processable polyolefin blends, along with the field's future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Wei Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, United States
| | - Omar Padilla-Vélez
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, United States
| | - Parin Kaewdeewong
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The Goodyear Polymer Science Building, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-3909, United States
| | - Anne M LaPointe
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, United States
| | - Geoffrey W Coates
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, United States
| | - James M Eagan
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The Goodyear Polymer Science Building, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-3909, United States
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2
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Mei X, Do QV, Narita T, Yamaguchi M, Yamaguchi M. Rheological Property Modification of a Molten-State Polyamide through the Addition of an α-Olefin-Maleic Anhydride Copolymer. Molecules 2024; 29:3730. [PMID: 39202810 PMCID: PMC11357056 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29163730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2024] [Revised: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The rheological properties of a polyamide (PA) resin with low crystallinity were modified by melt-mixing it with a small amount of an alternative α-olefin-maleic anhydride copolymer as a reactive compound. Because PA has a low melting point, rheological characterization was performed over a wide temperature range. Owing to the reaction between PA and the alternative α-olefin-maleic anhydride copolymer, the blend sample behaved as a long-chain branched polymer in the molten state. The thermo-rheological complexity was obvious owing to large flow activation energy values in the low modulus region, i.e., the rheological time-temperature superposition principle was not applicable. The primary normal stress difference under steady shear was greatly increased in the wide shear rate range, leading to a large swell ratio at the capillary extrusion. Furthermore, strain hardening in the transient elongational viscosity, which is responsible for favorable processability, was clear. Because this is a simple modification method, it will be widely employed to modify the rheological properties of various polyamide resins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianzhu Mei
- Materials Chemistry Frontiers Research Area, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi 923-1292, Ishikawa, Japan; (X.M.); (Q.-V.D.)
| | - Quoc-Viet Do
- Materials Chemistry Frontiers Research Area, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi 923-1292, Ishikawa, Japan; (X.M.); (Q.-V.D.)
| | - Takaaki Narita
- Performance Additives Group, C&A Hiroshima, Coating & Additives R&D Center, Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation, 20-1 Miyukicho, Otake 739-0693, Hiroshima, Japan; (T.N.); (M.Y.)
| | - Misaki Yamaguchi
- Performance Additives Group, C&A Hiroshima, Coating & Additives R&D Center, Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation, 20-1 Miyukicho, Otake 739-0693, Hiroshima, Japan; (T.N.); (M.Y.)
| | - Masayuki Yamaguchi
- Materials Chemistry Frontiers Research Area, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi 923-1292, Ishikawa, Japan; (X.M.); (Q.-V.D.)
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3
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Thompson JE, Edgar KJ. Regioselective and controlled-density branching in amylose esters. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 332:121885. [PMID: 38431390 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.121885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we report creation of methodology for one-pot synthesis of 2,3-O-acetyl-6-bromo-6-deoxy (2,3Ac-6Br) amylose with controlled degree of substitution of bromide (DS(Br)) followed by quantitative azide substitution as a route to branched polysaccharide derivatives. This methodology affords complete control of "tine" location, and strong control of degree of branching of comb-structured polymers. In this way, we achieved bromination strictly at C6 and esterification at the other hydroxy groups, where the DS(Br) at C6 was well-controlled by bromination/acylation conditions in the one-pot process. Azide displacement of all C6 bromides followed by copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) click reaction with the small molecule tert-butyl propargyl ether (TBPE) demonstrated the potential to create such branched structures. This synthetic method has broad potential to generate well-defined polysaccharide-based comb-like structures, with a degree of structural control that is very unusual in polysaccharide chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey E Thompson
- Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States
| | - Kevin J Edgar
- Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States; Department of Sustainable Biomaterials, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States.
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4
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Yokoyama K, Guan Z. A Vitrimer Acts as a Compatibilizer for Polyethylene and Polypropylene Blends. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202317264. [PMID: 38407469 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202317264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Polymer compatibilization plays a critical role in achieving polymer blends with favorable mechanical properties and enabling efficient recycling of mixed plastic wastes. Nonetheless, traditional compatibilization methods often require tailored designs based on the specific chemical compositions of the blends. In this study, we propose a new approach for compatibilizing polymer blends using a dynamically crosslinked polymer network, known as vitrimers. By adding a relatively small amount (1-5 w/w%) of a vitrimer made of siloxane-crosslinked high-density polyethylene (HDPE), we successfully compatibilized unmodified HDPE and isotactic polypropylene (iPP). The vitrimer-compatibilized blend exhibited enhanced elongation at break (120 %) and smaller iPP domain sizes (0.4 μm) compared to the control blend (22 % elongation at break, 0.9 μm iPP droplet size). Moreover, the vitrimer-compatibilized blend showed significantly improved microphase stability during annealing at 180 °C. This straightforward method shows promise for applications across various polymer blend systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Yokoyama
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California, 92697, United States
| | - Zhibin Guan
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California, 92697, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Irvine, California, 92697, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Irvine, California, 92697, United States
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5
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Chen Z, Seong HG, Hu M, Gan X, Ribbe AE, Ju J, Wang H, Doucet M, Emrick T, Russell TP. Janus bottlebrush compatibilizers. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:1554-1564. [PMID: 38270211 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm01484c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Bottlebrush random copolymers (BRCPs), consisting of a random distribution of two homopolymer chains along a backbone, can segregate to the interface between two immiscible homopolymers. BRCPs undergo a reconfiguration, where each block segregates to one of the homopolymer phases, adopting a Janus-type structure, reducing the interfacial tension and promoting adhesion between the two homopolymers, thereby serving as a Janus bottlebrush copolymer (JBCP) compatibilizer. We synthesized a series of JBCPs by copolymerizing deuterated or hydrogenated polystyrene (DPS/PS) and poly(tert-butyl acrylate) (PtBA) macromonomers using ruthenium benzylidene-initiated ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP). Subsequent acid-catalyzed hydrolysis converted the PtBA brushes to poly(acrylic acid) (PAA). The JBCPs were then placed at the interface between DPS/PS homopolymers and poly(2-vinyl pyridine) (P2VP) homopolymers, where the degree of polymerization of the backbone (NBB) and the grafting density (GD) of the JBCPs were varied. Neutron reflectivity (NR) was used to determine the interfacial width and segmental density distributions (including PS homopolymer, PS block, PAA block and P2VP homopolymer) across the polymer-polymer interface. Our findings indicate that the star-like JBCP with NBB = 6 produces the largest interfacial broadening. Increasing NBB to 100 (rod-like shape) and 250 (worm-like shape) reduced the interfacial broadening due to a decrease in the interactions between blocks and homopolymers by stretching of blocks. Decreasing the GD from 100% to 80% at NBB = 100 caused an increase the interfacial width, yet further decreasing the GD to 50% and 20% reduced the interfacial width, as 80% of GD may efficiently increase the flexibility of blocks and promote interactions between homopolymers, while maintaining relatively high number of blocks attached to one molecule. The interfacial conformation of JBCPs was further translated into compatibilization efficiency. Thin film morphology studies showed that only the lower NBB values (NBB = 6 and NBB = 24) and the 80% GD of NBB = 100 had bicontinuous morphologies, due to a sufficient binding energy that arrested phase separation, supported by mechanical testing using asymmetric double cantilever beam (ADCB) tests. These provide fundamental insights into the assembly behavior of JBCPs compatibilizers at homopolymer interfaces, opening strategies for the design of new BCP compatibilizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan Chen
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.
| | - Hong-Gyu Seong
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.
| | - Mingqiu Hu
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.
| | - Xuchen Gan
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.
| | - Alexander E Ribbe
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.
| | - Jaechul Ju
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Hanyu Wang
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Mathieu Doucet
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Todd Emrick
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.
| | - Thomas P Russell
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 37831, USA
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6
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Huang DE, Kotula AP, Snyder CR, Migler KB. Crystallization Kinetics in an Immiscible Polyolefin Blend. Macromolecules 2022; 55. [PMID: 36969109 PMCID: PMC10037551 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Motivated by the problem of brittle mechanical behavior in recycled blends of high density polyethylene (HDPE) and isotactic polypropylene (iPP), we employ optical microscopy, rheo-Raman, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to measure the composition dependence of their crystallization kinetics. Raman spectra are analyzed via multivariate curve resolution with alternating least-squares (MCR-ALS) to provide component crystallization values. We find that iPP crystallization behavior varies strongly with blend composition. Optical microscopy shows that three crystallization kinetic regimes correspond to three underlying two-phase morphologies: HDPE droplets in iPP, the inverse, and cocontinuous structures. In the HDPE droplet regime, iPP crystallization temperature decreases sharply with increasing HDPE composition. For cocontinuous morphologies, iPP crystallization is delayed, but the onset temperature changes little with the exact blend composition. In the iPP droplet regime, the two components crystallize nearly concurrently. Rheological measurements are consistent with these observations. DSC indicates that the enthalpy of crystallization of the blends is less than the weighted values of the individual components, providing a possible clue for the decreased iPP crystallization temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek E. Huang
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Anthony P. Kotula
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Chad R. Snyder
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Kalman B. Migler
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
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7
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Xu Y, Wang J, Luo Z, Li J, Xue B, Chen X, Li X, Yang L, Linghu C, Tao Y. Structures of the co‐branching reactive products of isotactic polypropylene with high‐density polyethylene and the effect on the in situ compatibilization of mixed recycled materials. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yinhan Xu
- College of Materials and Metallurgy Guizhou University Guiyang China
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Materials and Metallurgy Guizhou University Guiyang China
| | - Zhu Luo
- College of Materials and Metallurgy Guizhou University Guiyang China
| | - Jianjun Li
- Kingfa Science & Technology Co., Ltd Guangzhou China
| | - Bai Xue
- College of Materials and Metallurgy Guizhou University Guiyang China
| | | | - Xiaolong Li
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Huazhong University of Science &Technology Wuhan China
| | - Le Yang
- School of Materials and Energy Engineering Guizhou Institute of Technology Guiyang China
| | - Changkai Linghu
- College of Materials and Metallurgy Guizhou University Guiyang China
| | - Yao Tao
- College of Materials and Metallurgy Guizhou University Guiyang China
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8
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Self J, Zervoudakis AJ, Peng X, Lenart WR, Macosko CW, Ellison CJ. Linear, Graft, and Beyond: Multiblock Copolymers as Next-Generation Compatibilizers. JACS AU 2022; 2:310-321. [PMID: 35252981 PMCID: PMC8889609 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.1c00500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Properly addressing the global issue of unsustainable plastic waste generation and accumulation will require a confluence of technological breakthroughs on various fronts. Mechanical recycling of plastic waste into polymer blends is one method expected to contribute to a solution. Due to phase separation of individual components, mechanical recycling of mixed polymer waste streams generally results in an unsuitable material with substantially reduced performance. However, when an appropriately designed compatibilizer is used, the recycled blend can have competitive properties to virgin materials. In its current state, polymer blend compatibilization is usually not cost-effective compared to traditional waste management, but further technical development and optimization will be essential for driving future cost competitiveness. Historically, effective compatibilizers have been diblock copolymers or in situ generated graft copolymers, but recent progress shows there is great potential for multiblock copolymer compatibilizers. In this perspective, we lay out recent advances in synthesis and understanding for two types of multiblock copolymers currently being developed as blend compatibilizers: linear and graft. Importantly, studies of appropriately designed copolymers have shown them to efficiently compatibilize model binary blends at concentrations as low as ∼0.2 wt %. These investigations pave the way for studies on more complex (ternary or higher) mixed waste streams that will require novel compatibilizer architectures. Given the progress outlined here, we believe that multiblock copolymers offer a practical and promising solution to help close the loop on plastic waste. While a complete discussion of the implementation of this technology would entail infrastructural, policy, and social developments, they are outside the scope of this perspective which instead focuses on material design considerations and the technical advancements of block copolymer compatibilizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey
L. Self
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Aristotle J. Zervoudakis
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Xiayu Peng
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - William R. Lenart
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Christopher W. Macosko
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Christopher J. Ellison
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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9
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Scott SS, Roşca SC, Gilmour DJ, Brant P, Schafer LL. Commodity Polymers to Functional Aminated Materials: Single-Step and Atom-Economic Synthesis by Hydroaminoalkylation. ACS Macro Lett 2021; 10:1266-1272. [PMID: 35549039 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.1c00519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Hydroaminoalkylation (HAA) is demonstrated to be a promising postpolymerization route to catalytically prepare amine-functionalized atactic polypropylene. Using a recently reported tantalum catalyst supported by a N,O-chelating cyclic ureate ligand, vinyl-terminated polypropylene (VTPP) is transformed into both aryl and alkyl secondary amine-terminated polyolefins. Early transition-metal-catalyzed hydroaminoalkylation avoids protection/deprotection protocols typically required for secondary amine synthesis. This single-step reaction can be performed at multigram scale with minimal solvent and is atom economic, thereby allowing for optimized product isolation. Materials are characterized by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy, DSC, and TGA. The utility of the reactive and unprotected amine terminus is highlighted by the installation of a fluorescent end group and the assembly of a graft copolymer by condensation of the secondary amine terminus with carboxylic acid moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina S Scott
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Sorin-Claudiu Roşca
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Damon J Gilmour
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada.,a2o Advanced Materials Inc., 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Patrick Brant
- a2o Advanced Materials Inc., 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Laurel L Schafer
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada.,a2o Advanced Materials Inc., 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
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10
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Graziano A, Titton Dias OA, Sena Maia B, Li J. Enhancing the mechanical, morphological, and rheological behavior of polyethylene/polypropylene blends with maleic anhydride‐grafted polyethylene. POLYM ENG SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antimo Graziano
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Carleton University Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Otavio Augusto Titton Dias
- Centre for Biocomposites and Biomaterials Processing, John H. Daniels Faculty of Architecture, Landscape, and Design University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Bruno Sena Maia
- Centre for Biocomposites and Biomaterials Processing, John H. Daniels Faculty of Architecture, Landscape, and Design University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Jinlei Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering McMaster University Hamilton Ontario Canada
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11
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Insight on compatibilization of LLDPE/PS blends from morphology, interfacial state, mechanical properties and melt properties: Comb-like copolymer vs diblock copolymer. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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12
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Fagnani DE, Tami JL, Copley G, Clemons MN, Getzler YDYL, McNeil AJ. 100th Anniversary of Macromolecular Science Viewpoint: Redefining Sustainable Polymers. ACS Macro Lett 2021; 10:41-53. [PMID: 35548997 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Although Staudinger realized makromoleküles had enormous potential, he likely did not anticipate the consequences of their universal adoption. With 6.3 billion metric tons of plastic waste now contaminating our land, water, and air, we are facing an environmental and public health crisis. Synthetic polymer chemists can help create a more sustainable future, but are we on the right path to do so? Herein, a comprehensive literature survey reveals that there has been an increased focus on "sustainable polymers" in recent years, but most papers focus on biomass-derived feedstocks. In contrast, there is less focus on polymer end-of-life fates. Moving forward, we suggest an increased emphasis on chemical recycling, which sees value in plastic waste and promotes a closed-loop plastic economy. To help keep us on the path to sustainability, the synthetic polymer community should routinely seek the systems perspective offered by life cycle assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle E. Fagnani
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Jessica L. Tami
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Graeme Copley
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Mackenzie N. Clemons
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | | | - Anne J. McNeil
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
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13
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Otero Navas I, Kamkar M, Arjmand M, Sundararaj U. Morphology Evolution, Molecular Simulation, Electrical Properties, and Rheology of Carbon Nanotube/Polypropylene/Polystyrene Blend Nanocomposites: Effect of Molecular Interaction between Styrene-Butadiene Block Copolymer and Carbon Nanotube. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13020230. [PMID: 33440844 PMCID: PMC7827940 DOI: 10.3390/polym13020230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This work studied the impact of three types of styrene-butadiene (SB and SBS) block copolymers on the morphology, electrical, and rheological properties of immiscible blends of polypropylene:polystyrene (PP:PS)/multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) with a fixed blend ratio of 70:30 vol.%. The addition of block copolymers to PP:PS/MWCNT blend nanocomposites produced a decrease in the droplet size. MWCNTs, known to induce co-continuity in PP:PS blends, did not interfere with the copolymer migration to the interface and, thus, there was morphology refinement upon addition of the copolymers. Interestingly, the addition of the block copolymers decreased the electrical resistivity of the PP:PS/1.0 vol.% MWCNT system by 5 orders of magnitude (i.e., increase in electrical conductivity). This improvement was attributed to PS Droplets-PP-Copolymer-Micelle assemblies, which accumulated MWCNTs, and formed an integrated network for electrical conduction. Molecular simulation and solubility parameters were used to predict the MWCNT localization in the immiscible blend. The simulation results showed that diblock copolymers favorably interact with the nanotubes in comparison to the triblock copolymer, PP, and PS. However, the interaction between the copolymers and PP or PS is stronger than the interaction of the copolymers and MWCNTs. Hence, the addition of copolymer also changed the localization of MWCNT from PS to PS–PP–Micelles–Interface, as observed by TEM images. In addition, in the last step of this work, we investigated the effect of the addition of copolymers on inter- and intra-cycle viscoelastic behavior of the MWCNT incorporated polymer blends. It was found that addition of the copolymers not only affects the linear viscoelasticity (e.g., increase in the value of the storage modulus) but also dramatically impacts the nonlinear viscoelastic behavior under large deformations (e.g., higher distortion of Lissajous–Bowditch plots).]
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivonne Otero Navas
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (I.O.N.); (M.K.)
| | - Milad Kamkar
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (I.O.N.); (M.K.)
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada;
| | - Mohammad Arjmand
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada;
| | - Uttandaraman Sundararaj
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (I.O.N.); (M.K.)
- Correspondence:
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14
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Wang H, Onbulak S, Weigand S, Bates FS, Hillmyer MA. Polyolefin graft copolymers through a ring-opening metathesis grafting through approach. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py01728k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A series of polyethylene-g-atactic polypropylene graft copolymers were synthesized by grafting through copolymerization of a cyclooctene terminated aPP macromonomer with cyclooctene monomer and subsequent hydrogenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiqun Wang
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Minnesota
- Minneapolis
- USA
| | - Sebla Onbulak
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Minnesota
- Minneapolis
- USA
| | - Steven Weigand
- The Advanced Photon Source
- Argonne National Laboratory
- Argonne
- USA
| | - Frank S. Bates
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science
- University of Minnesota
- Minneapolis
- USA
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15
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Effect of Different Compatibilization Systems on the Rheological, Mechanical and Morphological Properties of Polypropylene/Polystyrene Blends. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12102335. [PMID: 33066114 PMCID: PMC7601996 DOI: 10.3390/polym12102335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of reactive processing, non reactive and reactive copolymers on immiscible polypropylene (PP)–polystyrene (PS) blends with varying PS concentrations (10 wt.% and 25 wt.%) was evaluated by mechanical (tensile and tensile impact), rheological (melt flow rate, extensional and dynamic rheology) and morphological (scanning electron microscopy) analysis. As an extended framework of the study, the creation of a link to industrial applicable processing conditions as well as an economically efficient use of compatibilzing agent were considered. For radical processed blends, a high improvement in melt strength was observed while non reactive copolymers exhibited a pronounced increase in toughness and ductility correlated with overall best phase homogeneity. Conversely, the influence of the reactive copolymer was quite different for the varied PS concentrations not allowing the assumption of a specific trend for resulting blend properties, but nevertheless in the case of a lower PS concentration the tensile impact strength exceeded the value of virgin PP. Since PS and PP are widely used, the findings of this work could not only be relevant for the generation of more versatile blends compared to virgin components but also for recycling purposes, allowing the enhancement of specific properties facilitating the production of more valuable secondary materials.
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16
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Klimovica K, Pan S, Lin TW, Peng X, Ellison CJ, LaPointe AM, Bates FS, Coates GW. Compatibilization of iPP/HDPE Blends with PE- g- iPP Graft Copolymers. ACS Macro Lett 2020; 9:1161-1166. [PMID: 35653207 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The compatibilization of polyethylene (PE) and isotactic polypropylene (iPP) blends is of particular interest due to the challenges associated with recycling these plastics from mixed waste streams. Polyethylene-graft-iPP copolymers (PE-g-iPP) were prepared using a grafting-through strategy by copolymerization of ethylene with allyl-terminated iPP macromonomers in the presence of a hafnium pyridylamido catalyst. Graft copolymers with a variety of graft lengths (Mn = 6-28 kg/mol), graft numbers, and graft spacings were prepared. These graft copolymers were melt-blended with high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and iPP (iPP/HDPE = 30/70 w/w), and the blend properties were evaluated by tensile testing. The blends showed enhanced tensile strength at 5 and 1 wt % loading, with higher tensile strength observed for larger block numbers and graft lengths. These results indicate that graft copolymers are efficient compatibilizers for blends of HDPE and iPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Klimovica
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Sanshui Pan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Ting-Wei Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Xiayu Peng
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Christopher J. Ellison
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Anne M. LaPointe
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Frank S. Bates
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Geoffrey W. Coates
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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17
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Brant P, Lu J, Shivokhin M, Yakovlev S, Kang S, Welke B, Raney M, Throckmorton J, Rapp J, Wang H, Yablon D. Strategy for Scalable Comb Block Polyolefin Synthesis. Efficient Graft of Isotactic Polypropylene to a Commercial Broad Molecular Weight Distribution, Hyperbranched, Ethylene Methylacrylate Copolymer. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Brant
- Global Product Fundamentals Department, ExxonMobil Chemical Company, Baytown, Texas 77520, United States
| | - Jiemin Lu
- Global Product Fundamentals Department, ExxonMobil Chemical Company, Baytown, Texas 77520, United States
| | - Maksim Shivokhin
- Global Advanced Characterization Department, ExxonMobil Chemical Company, Baytown, Texas 77520, United States
| | - Sergey Yakovlev
- Global Advanced Characterization Department, ExxonMobil Chemical Company, Baytown, Texas 77520, United States
| | - Shuhui Kang
- Global Advanced Characterization Department, ExxonMobil Chemical Company, Baytown, Texas 77520, United States
| | - Bethany Welke
- Global Advanced Characterization Department, ExxonMobil Chemical Company, Baytown, Texas 77520, United States
| | - Melissa Raney
- Global Advanced Characterization Department, ExxonMobil Chemical Company, Baytown, Texas 77520, United States
| | - Joseph Throckmorton
- Global Advanced Characterization Department, ExxonMobil Chemical Company, Baytown, Texas 77520, United States
| | - Jennifer Rapp
- Global Advanced Characterization Department, ExxonMobil Chemical Company, Baytown, Texas 77520, United States
| | - Hao Wang
- Global Advanced Characterization Department, ExxonMobil Chemical Company, Baytown, Texas 77520, United States
| | - Dalia Yablon
- SurfaceChar LLC, Sharon Massachusetts 02067, United States
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18
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Impact of Reduced Graphene Oxide on structure and properties of polyethylene rich binary systems for performance-based applications. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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19
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Effect of Olefin-based Compatibilizers on the Formation of Cocontinuous Structure in Immiscible HDPE/iPP Blends. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-020-2433-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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20
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Study on Optimization of Damping Performance and Damping Temperature Range of Silicone Rubber by Polyborosiloxane Gel. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12051196. [PMID: 32456294 PMCID: PMC7285255 DOI: 10.3390/polym12051196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyborosiloxane gel (PBS-gel) with shear hardening properties was prepared by cross-linking boric acid and hydroxyl-terminated polydimethylsiloxane through B-O-Si dynamic covalent bonding. The prepared PBS gel was mixed with methyl vinyl silicone rubber (MVQ), and a benzoyl peroxide (BPO) cross-linking agent was added to vulcanize the silicone rubber. At the same time, the gel molecules were co-vulcanizing with MVQ to produce molecular cross-linking. The effects of PBS-gel on the damping properties of silicone rubber were analyzed by dynamic rheological test, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and dynamic mechanical analysis. The results demonstrated that the damping performance of MVQ/PBS rubber is greatly improved and the rubber has a tanδ > 0.3 in the range of -25~125 °C. The shear-hardening gel is uniformly dispersed in the system, due to the combined action of covalent bonds and intermolecular forces, which act as an active molecular chain that can efficiently dissipate and transfer energy inside the silicone rubber.
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21
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Zhang D, Jiang N, Chen X, He B. Rheology of crosslinked entangled polymers: Shear stiffening in oscillatory shear. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nan Jiang
- College of ChemistrySichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Xiaoyan Chen
- College of ChemistrySichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Bobing He
- College of ChemistrySichuan University Chengdu China
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22
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Xu Q, Gao R, Liu D. Studies on chain shuttling polymerization reaction of nonbridged half-titanocene and bis(phenoxy-imine) Zr binary catalyst system. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019; 6:182007. [PMID: 31183130 PMCID: PMC6502386 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.182007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this contribution, olefin block copolymers were produced via chain shuttling polymerization (CSP), using a new combination of catalysts and a chain shuttling agent (CSA) diethylzinc (ZnEt2). The binary catalyst system included nonbridged half-titanocene catalyst, Cp*TiCl2(O-2,6-iPr2C6H3) (Cat A) and bis(phenoxy-imine) zirconium, {η 2-1-[C(H)=NC6H11]-2-O-3-tBu-C6H3}2ZrCl2 (Cat B), as well as co-catalyst methylaluminoxane (MAO). In contrast to dual-catalyst system in the absence of CSA, the blocky structure was obtained in the presence of CSA and rationalized from rheological studies. The binary catalyst system could cause the CSP reaction to occur in the presence of CSA ZnEt2, which yielded broad distribution ethylene/1-octene copolymers (M w/M n: 35.86) containing block polymer chains with high M w. The presented dual-catalytic system was applied for the first time in CSP and has a potential to be extended to produce a library of olefin block copolymers that can be used as advanced additives for thermoplastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinwen Xu
- Polyolefins National Engineering and Research Center, Sinopec Beijing Research Institute of Chemical Industry, Beijing 100013, People's Republic of China
- Polyethylene Research Center, Sinopec Beijing Research Institute of Chemical Industry, Beijing 100013, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Gao
- Polyolefins National Engineering and Research Center, Sinopec Beijing Research Institute of Chemical Industry, Beijing 100013, People's Republic of China
- Polyethylene Research Center, Sinopec Beijing Research Institute of Chemical Industry, Beijing 100013, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongbing Liu
- Polyolefins National Engineering and Research Center, Sinopec Beijing Research Institute of Chemical Industry, Beijing 100013, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Catalysis Science, Sinopec Beijing Research Institute of Chemical Industry, Beijing 100013, People's Republic of China
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23
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Xu J, Eagan JM, Kim SS, Pan S, Lee B, Klimovica K, Jin K, Lin TW, Howard MJ, Ellison CJ, LaPointe AM, Coates GW, Bates FS. Compatibilization of Isotactic Polypropylene (iPP) and High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) with iPP–PE Multiblock Copolymers. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Xu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - James M. Eagan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Sung-Soo Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Sanshui Pan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Bongjoon Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Kristine Klimovica
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Kailong Jin
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Ting-Wei Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Micah J. Howard
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Christopher J. Ellison
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Anne M. LaPointe
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Geoffrey W. Coates
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Frank S. Bates
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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24
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López-Barrón CR, Brant P, Shivokhin M, Lu J, Kang S, Throckmorton JA, Mouton T, Pham T, Savage RC. Long-Chain Hyperbranched Comb Block Copolymers: Synthesis, Microstructure, Rheology, and Thermal Behavior. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrick Brant
- ExxonMobil Chemical Company, Baytown, Texas 77520, United States
| | - Maksim Shivokhin
- ExxonMobil Chemical Company, Baytown, Texas 77520, United States
| | - Jiemin Lu
- ExxonMobil Chemical Company, Baytown, Texas 77520, United States
| | - Shuhui Kang
- ExxonMobil Chemical Company, Baytown, Texas 77520, United States
| | | | - Trent Mouton
- ExxonMobil Chemical Company, Baytown, Texas 77520, United States
| | - Truyen Pham
- ExxonMobil Chemical Company, Baytown, Texas 77520, United States
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25
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Li L, Cao ZQ, Bao RY, Xie BH, Yang MB, Yang W. Poly(l-lactic acid)-polyethylene glycol-poly(l-lactic acid) triblock copolymer: A novel macromolecular plasticizer to enhance the crystallization of poly(l-lactic acid). Eur Polym J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2017.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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