1
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Skvortsov IY, Kuzin MS, Gerasimenko PS, Mironova MV, Golubev YV, Kulichikhin VG. Non-Coagulant Spinning of High-Strength Fibers from Homopolymer Polyacrylonitrile Synthesized via Anionic Polymerisation. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1185. [PMID: 38732654 PMCID: PMC11085752 DOI: 10.3390/polym16091185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The rheological properties, spinnability, and thermal-oxidative stabilization of high-molecular-weight linear polyacrylonitrile (PAN) homopolymers (molecular weights Mη = 90-500 kg/mol), synthesized via a novel metal-free anionic polymerization method, were investigated to reduce coagulant use, enable solvent recycling, and increase the carbon yield of the resulting carbon fibers. This approach enabled the application of the mechanotropic (non-coagulating) spinning method for homopolymer PAN solutions in a wide range of molecular weights and demonstrated the possibility of achieving a high degree of fiber orientation and reasonable mechanical properties. Rheological analysis revealed a significant increase in solution elasticity (G') with increasing molecular weight, facilitating the choice of optimal deformation rates for effective chain stretching prior to strain-induced phase separation during the eco-friendly spinning of concentrated solutions without using coagulation baths. The possibility of collecting ~80 wt% of the solvent at the first stage of spinning from the as-spun fibers was shown. Transparent, defect-free fibers with a tensile strength of up to 800 MPa and elongation at break of about 20% were spun. Thermal treatment up to 1500 °C yielded carbon fibers with a carbon residue of ~50 wt%, in contrast to ~35 wt% for industrial radically polymerized PAN carbonized under the same conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Yu. Skvortsov
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (M.S.K.); (P.S.G.); (M.V.M.); (Y.V.G.); (V.G.K.)
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2
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Song T, Jiang Z, Man X, Shi W. Joint Experimental and Theoretical Study on Deposition Morphologies in Polymer Sessile Droplets. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:860-870. [PMID: 38109327 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c03038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Although past experimental and theoretical research has made substantial progress in understanding evaporation behaviors in various suspensions, the fundamental mechanism for polymer sessile droplets is still lacking. One critical effect is the molecular weight on the evaporation behaviors. Here, systematic experiments are carried out to investigate the evaporation behavior of polymer droplets under the effects of polymer concentration, evaporation rate, and especially molecular weight. We obtain polymer films with various morphologies with molecular weights ranging from 2 orders of magnitude to 4 orders of magnitude and polymer concentration across 4 orders of magnitude. We further develop a theoretical model based on the Onsager principle to explain the evaporation mechanism from a dynamic perspective. Analysis indicates that increasing molecular weight or polymer concentration enhances the contact angle hysteresis and slows down the evaporation, resulting in the transition from multiring to coffee ring and eventually to uniform films. The findings offer a guideline for achieving the desired deposition patterns via droplet processing techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Song
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zechao Jiang
- School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xingkun Man
- School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
- Peng Huanwu Collaborative Center for Research and Education, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Weichao Shi
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300071, China
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3
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The Elasticity of Polymer Melts and Solutions in Shear and Extension Flows. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15041051. [PMID: 36850333 PMCID: PMC9961469 DOI: 10.3390/polym15041051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
This review is devoted to understanding the role of elasticity in the main flow modes of polymeric viscoelastic liquids-shearing and extension. The flow through short capillaries is the central topic for discussing the input of elasticity to the effects, which are especially interesting for shear. An analysis of the experimental data made it possible to show that the energy losses in such flows are determined by the Deborah and Weissenberg numbers. These criteria are responsible for abnormally high entrance effects, as well as for mechanical losses in short capillaries. In addition, the Weissenberg number determines the threshold of the flow instability due to the liquid-to-solid transition. In extension, this criterion shows whether deformation takes place as flow or as elastic strain. However, the stability of a free jet in extension depends not only on the viscoelastic properties of a polymeric substance but also on the driving forces: gravity, surface tension, etc. An analysis of the influence of different force combinations on the shape of the stretched jet is presented. The concept of the role of elasticity in the deformation of polymeric liquids is crucial for any kind of polymer processing.
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4
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High Molecular Weight AB-Polybenzimidazole and Its Solutions in a Complex Organic Solvent: Dissolution Kinetics and Rheology. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14214648. [DOI: 10.3390/polym14214648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
AB-polybenzimidazole (ABPBI) dissolution kinetics in an eco-friendly complex acid-free solvent based on dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), methanol and KOH, and the rheological behavior of their solutions are investigated. The optimal component ratio of solvent providing the complete ABPBI dissolution is determined. Methanol containing dissolved KOH contributes to the creation of a single-phase superbasic medium, which accelerates and improves the polymer solubility in a mixture with DMSO, significantly reducing the viscoelasticity of the resulting solution. The optimum methanol content is up to 60 wt.% related to DMSO. The polymer dissolution rate increases by 5 times in this composition. It found the polymer concentration of 9% is close to the dissolution limit due to the strong solution structuring, which is probably associated with an increase in the amount of water released during the KOH-methanol-DMSO interactions. As a result, the conditions for obtaining high concentrated solutions in a complex, mainly organic solvent for fiber spinning are developed. The viscoelastic properties of solutions are measured in the concentration range of 1–9% at temperatures of 20–50 °C. The flow activation energy for 7 and 9% solutions decreases by 1.5 and 2.3 times, respectively, as the content of methanol in the complex solvent increases from 10 to 60%.
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5
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Semenov A, Nyrkova I. Capillary Thinning of Viscoelastic Threads of Unentangled Polymer Solutions. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14204420. [PMID: 36297999 PMCID: PMC9611572 DOI: 10.3390/polym14204420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we theoretically consider the process of the capillary thinning of a polymer fluid thread bridging two large immobile droplets in the regime of highly stretched polymer chains. We first derive a new relation between the pressure p and the flow velocity v in unentangled polymer solutions, which is called the anti-Bernoulli law: it shows that p is higher where v is faster. Using this equation, it is shown that the flow field is asymptotically irrotational, in particular, in the thread/droplet transition zones (in the case, the negligible solvent viscosity and inertial effects). On this basis, we predict the free surface profile and the thread thinning law for the FENE-P model of polymer dynamics. The predictions are compared with recent theoretical results and some experimental data on capillary thinning.
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6
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Quan Q, Zhang Y, Piao H, Zhang H, Zhao J. Polybutyrolactam (PBY) fiber: A promising biobased and biodegradable fiber fabricated by dry-jet-wet spinning. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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7
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Skvortsov I, Malkin A, Kuzin M, Bondarenko G, Gerasimenko P, Litmanovich E. Rheology and molecular interactions in polyacrylonitrile solutions: role of a solvent. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.119938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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8
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Muthukrishnan L. An overview on electrospinning and its advancement toward hard and soft tissue engineering applications. Colloid Polym Sci 2022; 300:875-901. [PMID: 35765603 PMCID: PMC9226287 DOI: 10.1007/s00396-022-04997-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
One of the emerging technologies of the recent times harboring nanotechnology to fabricate nanofibers for various biomedical and environmental applications are electrospinning (nanofiber technology). Their relative ease in use, simplicity, functionality and diversity has surpassed the pitfalls encountered with the conventional method of generating fibers. This review aims to provide an overview of electrospinning, principle, methods, feed materials, and applications toward tissue engineering. To begin with, evolution of electrospinning and its typical apparatus have been briefed. Simultaneously, discussion on the production of nanofibers with diversified feed materials such as polymers, small molecules, colloids, and nanoparticles and its transformation into a powerful technology has been dealt with. Further, highlights on the application of nanofibers in tissue engineering and the commercialized products developed using nanofiber technology have been summed up. With this rapidly emerging technology, there would be a great demand pertaining to scalability and environmental challenge toward tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmipathy Muthukrishnan
- Department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Poonamallee High Road, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600 077 India
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9
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The Role of Structure in Polymer Rheology: Review. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14061262. [PMID: 35335592 PMCID: PMC8951770 DOI: 10.3390/polym14061262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The review is devoted to the analysis of the current state of understanding relationships among the deformation-induced structure transformations, observed rheological properties, and the occurrence of non-linear effects for polymer liquids (melts, solutions, and composites). Three levels of non-linearity are the base for consideration. The first one concerns changes in the relaxation spectra of viscoelastic liquids, which are responsible for weak non-linear phenomena. The second one refers to the strong non-linearity corresponding to such changes in the structure of a medium that leads to the emergence of a new relaxation state of a matter. Finally, the third one describes the deformation-induced changes in the phase state and/or the occurring of bifurcations and instability in flow and reflects the thermodynamic non-linear behavior. From a structure point of view, a common cause of the non-linear effects is the orientation of macromolecules and changes in intermolecular interaction, while a dominant factor in describing fluid dynamics of polymer liquids is their elasticity. The modern understanding of thixotropic effects, yielding viscoplastic materials, deformation-induced phase transition, and the experimental observations, demonstrating direct correlations between the structure and rheology of polymer liquids, are the main objects for discussion. All these topics are reviewed and discussed mainly on the basis of the latest five-year publications.
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10
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Subbotin AV, Semenov AN. Dynamics of Dilute Polymer Solutions at the Final Stages of Capillary Thinning. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrey V. Subbotin
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii prospect 29, Moscow 119991, Russia
- A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii prospect 31, Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Alexander N. Semenov
- Institut Charles Sadron, CNRS-UPR 22, Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue du Loess, BP 84047, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
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11
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Merchiers J, Reddy NK, Sharma V. Extensibility-Enriched Spinnability and Enhanced Sorption and Strength of Centrifugally Spun Polystyrene Fiber Mats. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c02164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jorgo Merchiers
- Institute for Materials research (IMO-IMOMEC), Hasselt University, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
- IMEC vzw-Division IMOMEC, Wetenschapspark 1, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Naveen K. Reddy
- Institute for Materials research (IMO-IMOMEC), Hasselt University, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
- IMEC vzw-Division IMOMEC, Wetenschapspark 1, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Vivek Sharma
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
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12
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Ewaldz E, Randrup J, Brettmann B. Solvent Effects on the Elasticity of Electrospinnable Polymer Solutions. ACS POLYMERS AU 2021; 2:108-117. [PMID: 36855340 PMCID: PMC9954283 DOI: 10.1021/acspolymersau.1c00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ultrafine fibers manufactured through electrospinning are a frontrunner for advanced fiber applications, but transitioning from potential to commercial applications for ultrafine fibers requires a better understanding of the behavior of polymer solutions in electrospinning to enable the design of more complex spinning dopes. In complex fluids, there are viscoelastic stresses and microstructural transitions that alter free surface flows. These may not be seen in shear rheology; therefore, an in-depth analysis of the extensional rheological behavior must be performed. In this work, we use dripping-onto-substrate rheometry to characterize the extensional viscosities of electrospinning dopes from four polymer solutions commonly used in electrospinning (low- and high-molecular-weight polyvinylpyrrolidone in methanol and water as well as poly(ethylene oxide) and poly(vinyl alcohol) in water). We link the electrospinnability, characterized through fiber morphology, to the extensional rheological properties for semidilute and entangled polymer solutions and show that high-surface-tension solvents require higher extensional viscosities and relaxation times to form smooth fibers and that the Deborah and Ohnesorge numbers are a promising method of determining electrospinnability. Through this tie between solvent characteristics, viscoelasticity, and electrospinnability, we will enable the design of more complex spinning dopes amenable to applications in wearable electronics, pharmaceuticals, and more.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Ewaldz
- Materials
Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute
of Technology, 711 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United
States
| | - Joshua Randrup
- Chemical
and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute
of Technology, 311 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United
States
| | - Blair Brettmann
- Materials
Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute
of Technology, 711 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United
States,Chemical
and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute
of Technology, 311 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United
States,
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13
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Merchiers J, Martínez Narváez CDV, Slykas C, Reddy NK, Sharma V. Evaporation and Rheology Chart the Processability Map for Centrifugal Force Spinning. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jorgo Merchiers
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO-IMOMEC), Hasselt University, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
- IMEC vzw−Division IMOMEC, Wetenschapspark 1, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | | | - Cheryl Slykas
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60608, United States
| | - Naveen K. Reddy
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO-IMOMEC), Hasselt University, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
- IMEC vzw−Division IMOMEC, Wetenschapspark 1, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Vivek Sharma
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60608, United States
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14
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Subbotin AV. Features of the Behavior of a Polymer Solution Jet in Electrospinning. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES A 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0965545x21020127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Using the numerical analysis of the force balance equation and the rheological equation of the model of finitely extensible chains, the dynamics of a charged jet during the electrospinning of a polymer solution and the orientation of macromolecules in the jet are studied. In fairly weak electric fields, the jet always remains rectilinear, while in strong fields the straight section of the jet has a finite length, after which the motion of the jet becomes unstable. This behavior is due to the competition between inertial and viscoelastic forces, with viscoelasticity dominating in strong fields. It is found that polymer chains in the jet are strongly stretched along the flow direction.
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15
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Wang C, Hashimoto T. A Scenario of a Fiber Formation Mechanism in Electrospinning: Jet Evolves Assemblies of Phase-Separated Strings That Eventually Split into As-spun Fibers Observed on the Grounded Collector. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chi Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan, ROC
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16
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Donets S, Guskova O, Sommer JU. Flow-Induced Formation of Thin PEO Fibers in Water and Their Stability After the Strain Release. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:9224-9229. [PMID: 32935989 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c05627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Recently, we have shown that a tensile stress applied to chains of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) in water reduces the solubility and leads to phase separation of PEO chains from water with the formation of a two-phase region. In this work, we further elucidate the generic mechanism behind strain-induced phase transitions in aqueous PEO solutions with concentrations of 50-60 wt % by performing all-atom molecular dynamics simulations. In particular, we study the stability of oriented PEO fibers after removing stretching forces. We found that the size of the PEO bundle increased with time, which is associated with the dissolution of PEO chains on the fiber surface due to the reformation of hydrogen bonds between the outer PEO molecules and water. For precise characterization of the fibers, the scattering patterns (small- and wide-angle X-ray spectra) for configurations taken at different relaxation times are calculated. The tendency of the oligomer chains to be peeled off from the surface of the bundle eventually might lead to a complete dissolution of the PEO fiber. We conclude that either entanglement constraints or a quick drying process are necessary to conserve the fiber structure in a quiescent state. The scattering results show that external strain induced a liquid-liquid phase separation first. On long time scales, this can be a precursor for crystallization of the fiber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergii Donets
- Institute Theory of Polymers, Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Olga Guskova
- Institute Theory of Polymers, Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany.,Dresden Center for Computational Materials Science (DCMS), Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jens-Uwe Sommer
- Institute Theory of Polymers, Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany.,Institute of Theoretical Physics, Technische Universität Dresden, Zellescher Weg 17, 01069 Dresden, Germany
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17
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Orientation and Aggregation of Polymer Chains in the Straight Electrospinning Jet. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13194295. [PMID: 32993019 PMCID: PMC7578949 DOI: 10.3390/ma13194295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The dynamics of a straight section of a jet arising during the electrospinning of a polymer solution without entanglements, and the orientation of polymer chains in the jet were explored based on the analysis of the forces balance equation and the rheological equation of the finitely extensible nonlinear elastic model. Two modes of the jet behavior were predicted. At relatively low volumetric flow rates, the straight jet has a limited length, after that, its rectilinear motion becomes impossible, while at higher flow rates, the jet always remains straightforward. It is shown that polymer chains in a jet can be strongly stretched, which leads to phase separation in a spinning solution. Aggregation of the stretched chains was also studied and the parameters of the emerging inhomogeneous structure were predicted.
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18
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The Effect of the Synthetic Procedure of Acrylonitrile-Acrylic Acid Copolymers on Rheological Properties of Solutions and Features of Fiber Spinning. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13163454. [PMID: 32764383 PMCID: PMC7475841 DOI: 10.3390/ma13163454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The influence of introducing acrylic acid (AA) into the reaction mixture with acrylonitrile at the synthesis of copolymers by free-radical polymerization (FRP) and radical polymerization with reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) on the rheological properties of their solutions in dimethyl sulfoxide, as well as on the capability to spin fibers by the mechanotropic method, is analyzed. The influence of AA dosing conditions on the rheological properties of the solutions in the concentration range above the crossover point was not revealed. In the case of RAFT synthesis, the rheological properties differ distinctively in the high concentration region that is expressed by unusual viscoelastic characteristics. Dilute solution viscometry revealed the influence of the comonomer loading order on the interaction intensity of the copolymer macromolecules with a solvent, which is more pronounced for samples synthesized by FRP and can be associated with the copolymers' molecular structure. Fiber spinning from solutions of polyacrylonitrile and its copolymers (PAN) synthesized by the RAFT method was not able to achieve a high degree of orientation drawing, while for polymers with a wider molecular weight distribution synthesized by FRP, it was possible to realize large stretches, which led to high-quality fibers with strength values up to 640 MPa and elongation at a break of 20%.
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19
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Malkin AY, Subbotin AV, Kulichikhin VG. Stability of polymer jets in extension: physicochemical and rheological mechanisms. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2020. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr4941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The review is devoted to the fundamental problems of physical chemistry and rheology posed in the analysis of stability loss of polymer jets in extension. Studies of phenomena occurring in deformation of polymeric fluids are of considerable applied interest because extension of polymeric fluids underlies many industrial processes, first of all, fibre spinning. Studies of critical conditions of deformation are based on general principles of fluid mechanics, which are applicable to all fluids and various phenomena in nature and technology. First we discuss solutions to classical problems of instability of liquid jets as the basis for further analysis of the behaviour of polymeric fluids in particular situations. Next, specific features of the deformation mechanisms and appearance of instabilities of polymeric fluid jets are considered as consequences of their physicochemical and rheological properties.
The bibliography includes 162 references.
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20
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Pan H, Lin J, Han X, Li Y, Meng X, Luo R, Broughton JJ, Imtiaz M, Chen Z, Wang D, Zhu S, Liu P, Guo Z. Assembly of 1T'-MoS 2 based fibers for flexible energy storage. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:6562-6570. [PMID: 32159565 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr00487a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
As a new type of 2D material, 1T'-MoS2 has become one of the fastest growing topics, owing to its extraordinary electrical conductivity and electrochemical activity. Nevertheless, these marvelous properties have not yet been realized in their macroscopic structures such as films and fibers, due to the lack of an assembly method. Herein, we report the synthesis of well-soluble 1T'-MoS2 sheets, which can form a nematic liquid crystalline structure in their aqueous suspensions. The liquid crystalline suspensions were then assembled into macroscopic 1T'-MoS2 fibers via a simple and cost-effective dry-spinning process. A similar process can be used for the preparation of 1T'-MoS2/graphene oxide (1T'-MoS2/GO) fibers from 1T'-MoS2/GO 2D/2D composite liquid crystals. The fabricated 1T'-MoS2/GO fibers exhibited an excellent electrical conductivity of 1.5 × 104 S m-1 as well as a high tensile strength of 145 MPa. When used as an electrode, the fibers showed an extremely high capacitance of 1379.8 F cm-3 (∼645 F g-1) at a scan rate of 10 mV s-1 by using K3[Fe(CN)6]/K4[Fe(CN)6] as the electrolyte. Our findings will open up an avenue for liquid crystal physics of low dimensional non-carbon materials beyond graphene, and stimulate a wide range of application explorations, especially on energy storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Jingyi Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Xiaoyu Han
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London WC1H 0AJ, UK.
| | - Yao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Xin Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Ruichun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | | | - Muhammad Imtiaz
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Zhixin Chen
- School of Mechanical, Materials & Mechatronics Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Dawei Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Shenmin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Pan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Zhengxiao Guo
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London WC1H 0AJ, UK. and Departments of Chemistry and Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
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Vítková L, Musilová L, Achbergerová E, Minařík A, Smolka P, Wrzecionko E, Mráček A. Electrospinning of Hyaluronan Using Polymer Coelectrospinning and Intermediate Solvent. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1517. [PMID: 31540478 PMCID: PMC6780821 DOI: 10.3390/polym11091517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the current study, we present methods of sodium hyaluronate, also denoted as hyaluronan (HA), nanofiber fabrication using a direct-current (DC) electric field. HA was spun in combination with poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and polyethylene oxide (PEO) and as a pure polymer. Nonaggressive solvents were used due to the possible use of the fibers in life sciences. The influences of polymer concentration, average molecular weight (Mw), viscosity, and solution surface tension were analyzed. HA and PVA were fluorescent-labeled in order to examine the electrospun structures using fluorescence confocal microscopy. In this study, two intermediate solvent mixtures that facilitate HA electrospinning were found. In the case of polymer co-electrospinning, the effect of the surfactant content on the HA/PVA electrospinning process, and the effect of HA Mw on HA/PEO nanofiber morphology, were examined, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Vítková
- Department of Physics and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Thomas Bata University in Zlín, Vavrečkova 275, 760 01 Zlín, Czech Republic.
| | - Lenka Musilová
- Department of Physics and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Thomas Bata University in Zlín, Vavrečkova 275, 760 01 Zlín, Czech Republic.
- Center of Polymer Systems, Thomas Bata University in Zlín, tř. Tomáše Bati 5678, 760 01 Zlín, Czech Republic.
| | - Eva Achbergerová
- CEBIA-Tech, Faculty of Applied Informatics, Thomas Bata University in Zlín, Nad Stráněmi 4511, 760 05 Zlín, Czech Republic.
| | - Antonín Minařík
- Department of Physics and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Thomas Bata University in Zlín, Vavrečkova 275, 760 01 Zlín, Czech Republic.
- Center of Polymer Systems, Thomas Bata University in Zlín, tř. Tomáše Bati 5678, 760 01 Zlín, Czech Republic.
| | - Petr Smolka
- Department of Physics and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Thomas Bata University in Zlín, Vavrečkova 275, 760 01 Zlín, Czech Republic.
- Center of Polymer Systems, Thomas Bata University in Zlín, tř. Tomáše Bati 5678, 760 01 Zlín, Czech Republic.
| | - Erik Wrzecionko
- Department of Physics and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Thomas Bata University in Zlín, Vavrečkova 275, 760 01 Zlín, Czech Republic.
- Center of Polymer Systems, Thomas Bata University in Zlín, tř. Tomáše Bati 5678, 760 01 Zlín, Czech Republic.
| | - Aleš Mráček
- Department of Physics and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Thomas Bata University in Zlín, Vavrečkova 275, 760 01 Zlín, Czech Republic.
- Center of Polymer Systems, Thomas Bata University in Zlín, tř. Tomáše Bati 5678, 760 01 Zlín, Czech Republic.
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Subbotin AV, Semenov AN. Phase Separation in Polymer Solutions under Extension. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES C 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1811238218020200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Skvortsov IY, Toms RV, Prokopov NI, Chernikova EV, Kulichikhin VG. Rheological Properties of Acrylonitrile Terpolymer Solutions Synthesized by Different Methods. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES A 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s0965545x18060093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Kulichikhin VG, Skvortsov IY, Subbotin AV, Kotomin SV, Malkin AY. A Novel Technique for Fiber Formation: Mechanotropic Spinning-Principle and Realization. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E856. [PMID: 30960781 PMCID: PMC6403789 DOI: 10.3390/polym10080856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We present basic experimental data and the theoretical background of a novel technique for fiber spinning from polymer solutions. The principal feature of the advanced process is realization of phase separation with detachment of a solvent, accompanied by the orientation of macromolecules, under the action of high extension rates. This is similar in some respects to dry spinning, though the driving force is not diffusion with subsequent evaporation of a solvent but redistribution of polymer-solvent interactions in favor of polymer-polymer and solvent-solvent ones governed by mechanical stresses. A promise of this approach has been demonstrated by experiments performed with polyacrylonitrile solutions in different solvents and solutions of the rigid-chain aromatic polyamide. We examined mechanotropic fiber spinning in model experiments with stretching jets from a drop of polymer solution in different conditions, and then demonstrated the possibility of realizing this process in the stable long-term continuous mode. During extension, phase separation happens throughout the whole section of a jet, as was confirmed by visual observation. Then a solvent diffuses on a jet surface, forming a liquid shell on the oriented fiber. Instability of this cover due to surface tension leads either to formation of separate solvent drops "seating" on the fiber or to the flow of a solvent down to the Taylor cone. The separate liquid droplets can be easily taken off a fiber. The physics underlying this process is related to the analysis of the influence of macromolecule coil-to-stretched chain transition on the intermolecular interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valery G Kulichikhin
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences 29, Leninsky prospect, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Ivan Yu Skvortsov
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences 29, Leninsky prospect, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Andrey V Subbotin
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences 29, Leninsky prospect, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Sergey V Kotomin
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences 29, Leninsky prospect, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Alexander Ya Malkin
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences 29, Leninsky prospect, Moscow 119991, Russia.
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Donets S, Sommer JU. Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Strain-Induced Phase Transition of Poly(ethylene oxide) in Water. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:392-397. [PMID: 29260568 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b10793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We study the dilute aqueous solutions of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) oligomers that are subject to an elongating force dipole acting on both chain ends using atomistic molecular dynamics. By increasing the force, liquid-liquid demixing can be observed at room temperature far below the lower critical solution temperature. For forces above 35 pN, fibrillar nanostructures are spontaneously formed related to a decrease in hydrogen bonding between PEO and water. Most notable is a rapid decrease in the bifurcated hydrogen bonds during stretching, which can also be observed for isolated single chains. The phase-segregated structures display signs of chain ordering, but a clear signature of the crystalline order is not obtained during the simulation time, indicating a liquid-liquid phase transition induced by chain stretching. Our results indicate that the solvent quality of the aqueous solution of PEO depends on the conformational state of the chains, which is most likely related to the specific hydrogen-bond-induced solvation of PEO in water. The strain-induced demixing of PEO opens the possibility to obtain polymer fibers with low energy costs because crystallization starts via the strain-induced demixing in the extended state only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergii Donets
- Institute Theory of Polymers, Leibniz-Institute of Polymer Research , 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jens-Uwe Sommer
- Institute Theory of Polymers, Leibniz-Institute of Polymer Research , 01069 Dresden, Germany.,Institute for Theoretical Physics, Technische Universität Dresden , 01069 Dresden, Germany
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