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Park K, Luo X, Kwok JJ, Khasbaatar A, Mei J, Diao Y. Subtle Molecular Changes Largely Modulate Chiral Helical Assemblies of Achiral Conjugated Polymers by Tuning Solution-State Aggregation. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2023; 9:2096-2107. [PMID: 38033802 PMCID: PMC10683494 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.3c00775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the solution-state aggregate structure and the consequent hierarchical assembly of conjugated polymers is crucial for controlling multiscale morphologies during solid thin-film deposition and the resultant electronic properties. However, it remains challenging to comprehend detailed solution aggregate structures of conjugated polymers, let alone their chiral assembly due to the complex aggregation behavior. Herein, we present solution-state aggregate structures and their impact on hierarchical chiral helical assembly using an achiral diketopyrrolopyrrole-quaterthiophene (DPP-T4) copolymer and its two close structural analogues wherein the bithiophene is functionalized with methyl groups (DPP-T2M2) or fluorine atoms (DPP-T2F2). Combining in-depth small-angle X-ray scattering analysis with various microscopic solution imaging techniques, we find distinct aggregate in each DPP solution: (i) semicrystalline 1D fiber aggregates of DPP-T2F2 with a strongly bound internal structure, (ii) semicrystalline 1D fiber aggregates of DPP-T2M2 with a weakly bound internal structure, and (iii) highly crystalline 2D sheet aggregates of DPP-T4. These nanoscopic aggregates develop into lyotropic chiral helical liquid crystal (LC) mesophases at high solution concentrations. Intriguingly, the dimensionality of solution aggregates largely modulates hierarchical chiral helical pitches across nanoscopic to micrometer scales, with the more rigid 2D sheet aggregate of DPP-T4 creating much larger pitch length than the more flexible 1D fiber aggregates. Combining relatively small helical pitch with long-range order, the striped twist-bent mesophase of DPP-T2F2 composed of highly ordered, more rigid 1D fiber aggregate exhibits an anisotropic dissymmetry factor (g-factor) as high as 0.09. This study can be a prominent addition to our knowledge on a solution-state hierarchical assembly of conjugated polymers and, in particular, chiral helical assembly of achiral organic semiconductors that can catalyze an emerging field of chiral (opto)electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung
Sun Park
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Ave., Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Xuyi Luo
- Department
of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Dr., West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Justin J. Kwok
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 1304 W. Green St., Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Azzaya Khasbaatar
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Ave., Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Jianguo Mei
- Department
of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Dr., West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Ying Diao
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Ave., Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 1304 W. Green St., Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Beckman
Institute, Molecular Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 405 N. Mathews Ave., Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois at
Urbana−Champaign, 505 S. Mathews Ave., Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Materials
Research Laboratory, The Grainger College of Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 104 S. Goodwin Ave., Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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2
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Xue Y, Cao M, Chen C, Zhong M. Design of Microstructure-Engineered Polymers for Energy and Environmental Conservation. JACS AU 2023; 3:1284-1300. [PMID: 37234122 PMCID: PMC10207122 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
With the ever-growing demand for sustainability, designing polymeric materials using readily accessible feedstocks provides potential solutions to address the challenges in energy and environmental conservation. Complementing the prevailing strategy of varying chemical composition, engineering microstructures of polymer chains by precisely controlling their chain length distribution, main chain regio-/stereoregularity, monomer or segment sequence, and architecture creates a powerful toolbox to rapidly access diversified material properties. In this Perspective, we lay out recent advances in utilizing appropriately designed polymers in a wide range of applications such as plastic recycling, water purification, and solar energy storage and conversion. With decoupled structural parameters, these studies have established various microstructure-function relationships. Given the progress outlined here, we envision that the microstructure-engineering strategy will accelerate the design and optimization of polymeric materials to meet sustainability criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazhen Xue
- Department
of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Mengxue Cao
- Department
of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Charles Chen
- Department
of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Mingjiang Zhong
- Department
of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
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3
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Wang L, Hu M, Zhang Y, Yuan Z, Hu Y, Zhao X, Chen Y. High molecular weight polymeric acceptors based on semi-perfluoroalkylated perylene diimides for pseudo-planar heterojunction all-polymer organic solar cells. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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4
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Xu Z, Park KS, Kwok JJ, Lin O, Patel BB, Kafle P, Davies DW, Chen Q, Diao Y. Not All Aggregates Are Made the Same: Distinct Structures of Solution Aggregates Drastically Modulate Assembly Pathways, Morphology, and Electronic Properties of Conjugated Polymers. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2203055. [PMID: 35724384 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202203055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Tuning structures of solution-state aggregation and aggregation-mediated assembly pathways of conjugated polymers is crucial for optimizing their solid-state morphology and charge-transport property. However, it remains challenging to unravel and control the exact structures of solution aggregates, let alone to modulate assembly pathways in a controlled fashion. Herein, aggregate structures of an isoindigo-bithiophene-based polymer (PII-2T) are modulated by tuning selectivity of the solvent toward the side chain versus the backbone, which leads to three distinct assembly pathways: direct crystallization from side-chain-associated amorphous aggregates, chiral liquid crystal (LC)-mediated assembly from semicrystalline aggregates with side-chain and backbone stacking, and random agglomeration from backbone-stacked semicrystalline aggregates. Importantly, it is demonstrated that the amorphous solution aggregates, compared with semicrystalline ones, lead to significantly improved alignment and reduced paracrystalline disorder in the solid state due to direct crystallization during the meniscus-guided coating process. Alignment quantified by the dichroic ratio is enhanced by up to 14-fold, and the charge-carrier mobility increases by a maximum of 20-fold in films printed from amorphous aggregates compared to those from semicrystalline aggregates. This work shows that by tuning the precise structure of solution aggregates, the assembly pathways and the resulting thin-film morphology and device properties can be drastically tuned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuang Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Kyung Sun Park
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Justin J Kwok
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1304 W. Green Street, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Oliver Lin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Bijal B Patel
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Prapti Kafle
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Daniel W Davies
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Qian Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1304 W. Green Street, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 104 South Goodwin Avenue, MC-230, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 N. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Ying Diao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1304 W. Green Street, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 104 South Goodwin Avenue, MC-230, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 N. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
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5
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Park JS, Kim GU, Lee S, Lee JW, Li S, Lee JY, Kim BJ. Material Design and Device Fabrication Strategies for Stretchable Organic Solar Cells. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2201623. [PMID: 35765775 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202201623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of organic solar cells (OSCs) have greatly enhanced their commercial viability. Considering the technical standards (e.g., mechanical robustness) required for wearable electronics, which are promising application platforms for OSCs, the development of fully stretchable OSCs (f-SOSCs) should be accelerated. Here, a comprehensive overview of f-SOSCs, which are aimed to reliably operate under various forms of mechanical stress, including bending and multidirectional stretching, is provided. First, the mechanical requirements of f-SOSCs, in terms of tensile and cohesion/adhesion properties, are summarized along with the experimental methods to evaluate those properties. Second, essential studies to make each layer of f-SOSCs stretchable and efficient are discussed, emphasizing strategies to simultaneously enhance the photovoltaic and mechanical properties of the active layer, ranging from material design to fabrication control. Key improvements to the other components/layers (i.e., substrate, electrodes, and interlayers) are also covered. Lastly, considering that f-SOSC research is in its infancy, the current challenges and future prospects are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Su Park
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Geon-U Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungjin Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Woo Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sheng Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Yong Lee
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Bumjoon J Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
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6
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Kwok JJ, Park KS, Patel BB, Dilmurat R, Beljonne D, Zuo X, Lee B, Diao Y. Understanding Solution State Conformation and Aggregate Structure of Conjugated Polymers via Small Angle X-ray Scattering. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c02449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Justin J. Kwok
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1304 W. Green St., Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Kyung Sun Park
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Ave., Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Bijal B. Patel
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Ave., Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Rishat Dilmurat
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons, Place du Parc, 20, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - David Beljonne
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons, Place du Parc, 20, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Xiaobing Zuo
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Byeongdu Lee
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Ying Diao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1304 W. Green St., Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Ave., Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Beckman Institute, Molecular Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 N. Mathews Ave., Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 104 S. Goodwin Ave., Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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7
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Wu HT, Yao ZF, Xu Z, Kong HK, Wang XY, Li QY, Wang JY, Pei J. Controlling Solution-State Aggregation and Solid-State Microstructures of Conjugated Polymers by Tuning Backbone Conformation. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2200069. [PMID: 35362637 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Molecular ordering of conjugated polymers both in solution-state aggregates and in solid-state microstructures is a determining factor of the charge transport properties in optoelectronic devices. However, the effect of backbone conformation in conjugated polymers on assembly structures is still unclear. Herein, to understand such backbone conformation effect, three novel chlorinated benzodifurandionge-based oligo(p-phenylene vinylene) (BDOPV) polymers are systematically developed. These BDOPV-based polymers exhibit significantly twisted backbone conformation (near 90° interunit torsion angle) between conjugated units, which can prevent polymer chains from forming ordered assembly structures by increasing conformational energy penalty in closely packed chains. A higher rotational barrier of the torsion angle would further prevent polymer chains from assembling, finally resulting in non-aggregated chains in solution and highly disordered solid-state packing structures. This work will deepen the understanding of the relationship between polymer backbone conformation and assembly structures, contributing to the exploration of the structure-property relationship of polymers. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Tian Wu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Ze-Fan Yao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Zhe Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Hua-Kang Kong
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xin-Yi Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Qi-Yi Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jie-Yu Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jian Pei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
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8
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Wang S, Zuo G, Kim J, Sirringhaus H. Progress of Conjugated Polymers as Emerging Thermoelectric Materials. Prog Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2022.101548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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9
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Liu X, Yan Y, Zhang Q, Zhao K, Han Y. n-Type D-A Conjugated Polymers: Relationship Between Microstructure and Electrical/Mechanical Performance. Chem Res Chin Univ 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s40242-021-1269-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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10
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Ohayon D, Savva A, Du W, Paulsen BD, Uguz I, Ashraf RS, Rivnay J, McCulloch I, Inal S. Influence of Side Chains on the n-Type Organic Electrochemical Transistor Performance. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:4253-4266. [PMID: 33439636 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c18599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
n-Type (electron transporting) polymers can make suitable interfaces to transduce biological events that involve the generation of electrons. However, n-type polymers that are stable when electrochemically doped in aqueous media are relatively scarce, and the performance of the existing ones lags behind their p-type (hole conducting) counterparts. Here, we report a new family of donor-acceptor-type polymers based on a naphthalene-1,4,5,8-tetracarboxylic-diimide-bi-thiophene (NDI-T2) backbone where the NDI unit always bears an ethylene glycol (EG) side chain. We study how small variations in the side chains tethered to the acceptor as well as the donor unit affect the performance of the polymer films in the state-of-the-art bioelectronic device, the organic electrochemical transistor (OECT). First, we find that substitution of the T2 core with an electron-withdrawing group (i.e., methoxy) or an EG side chain leads to ambipolar charge transport properties and causes significant changes in film microstructure, which overall impairs the n-type OECT performance. We thus show that the best n-type OECT performer is the polymer that has no substitution on the T2 unit. Next, we evaluate the distance of the oxygen from the NDI unit as a design parameter by varying the length of the carbon spacer placed between the EG unit and the backbone. We find that the distance of the EG from the backbone affects the film order and crystallinity, and thus, the electron mobility. Consequently, our work reports the best-performing NDI-T2-based n-type OECT material to date, i.e., the polymer without the T2 substitution and bearing a six-carbon spacer between the EG and the NDI units. Our work provides new guidelines for the side-chain engineering of n-type polymers for OECTs and insights on the structure-performance relationships for mixed ionic-electronic conductors, crucial for devices where the film operates at the aqueous electrolyte interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ohayon
- Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Achilleas Savva
- Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Weiyuan Du
- KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bryan D Paulsen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Ilke Uguz
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Raja S Ashraf
- KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jonathan Rivnay
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - Iain McCulloch
- KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Sahika Inal
- Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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11
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Editorial. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b02527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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12
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Control the interplay of crystallization and phase separation of conjugated polymer blends by the relative rate of nucleation and growth. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.121827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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13
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Design and Characterization of New D-A Type Electrochromic Conjugated Copolymers Based on Indolo[3,2-b]Carbazole, Isoindigo and Thiophene Units. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11101626. [PMID: 31597368 PMCID: PMC6836008 DOI: 10.3390/polym11101626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Two new donor–acceptor (D–A) type organic conjugated random copolymers were successfully synthesized by three-component Stille coupling polymerization of indolo[3,2-b]carbazole (ICZ), isoindigo (IID) and thiophene units, namely PITID-X (X = 1 and 2), with the controlled monomer feed ratios of 3:1:4 and 1:1:2, respectively. The strategy of incorporating different alkyl-branched donor/acceptor units and raw material feed ratios facilitated the improvement of optical properties, solubility, conjugated structure, and electrochromic performance. Cyclic voltammetry, UV-vis-NIR absorption spectra, kinetic and colorimetric measurements of the spray-coated films were recorded in the fabricated three-electrode cells. The results showed that PITID-2, whose optical/electrical properties were better than that of PITID-1, was the candidate electrochromic material due to low band gap of 1.58 eV accompanying the color changing from cyan (neutral state) to gray (oxidized state). The copolymer also illustrated fast bleaching/coloration response time of 2.04/0.33 and 1.35/1.50 s in a 4 s time interval, high coloration efficiency of 171.52 and 153.08 cm2 C−1 and stable optical contrast of 18% and 58% at the wavelength of 675 and 1600 nm, respectively.
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14
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Wang S, Fazzi D, Puttisong Y, Jafari MJ, Chen Z, Ederth T, Andreasen JW, Chen WM, Facchetti A, Fabiano S. Effect of Backbone Regiochemistry on Conductivity, Charge Density, and Polaron Structure of n-Doped Donor-Acceptor Polymers. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2019; 31:3395-3406. [PMID: 31296974 PMCID: PMC6613787 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.9b00558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the influence of backbone regiochemistry on the conductivity, charge density, and polaron structure in the widely studied n-doped donor-acceptor polymer poly[N,N'-bis(2-octyldodecyl)-1,4,5,8-naphthalenediimide-2,6-diyl]-alt-5,5'-(2,2'-bithiophene) [P(NDI2OD-T2)]. In contrast to classic semicrystalline polymers such as poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT), the regioirregular (RI) structure of the naphthalenediimide (NDI)-bithiophene (T2) backbone does not alter the intramolecular steric demand of the chain versus the regioregular (RR) polymer, yielding RI-P(NDI2OD-T2) with similar energetics and optical features as its RR counterpart. By combining the electrical, UV-vis/infrared, X-ray diffraction, and electron paramagnetic resonance data and density functional theory calculations, we quantitatively characterized the conductivity, aggregation, crystallinity, and charge density, and simulated the polaron structures, molecular vibrations, and spin density distribution of RR-/RI-P(NDI2OD-T2). Importantly, we observed that RI-P(NDI2OD-T2) can be doped to a greater extent compared to its RR counterpart. This finding is remarkable and contrasts benchmark P3HT, allowing us to uniquely study the role of regiochemistry on the charge-transport properties of n-doped donor-acceptor polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhao Wang
- Laboratory
of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Daniele Fazzi
- Institut
für Physikalische Chemie, Department Chemie, Universität zu Köln, Luxemburger Str. 116, D-50939 Köln, Germany
| | - Yuttapoom Puttisong
- Department
of Physics Chemistry and Biology, Linköping
University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Mohammad J. Jafari
- Department
of Physics Chemistry and Biology, Linköping
University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Zhihua Chen
- Flexterra
Corporation, 8025 Lamon
Avenue, 60077-5318 Skokie, Illinois, United States
| | - Thomas Ederth
- Department
of Physics Chemistry and Biology, Linköping
University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Jens W. Andreasen
- Department
of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical
University of Denmark, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Weimin M. Chen
- Department
of Physics Chemistry and Biology, Linköping
University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Antonio Facchetti
- Flexterra
Corporation, 8025 Lamon
Avenue, 60077-5318 Skokie, Illinois, United States
- Department
of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208 United
States
| | - Simone Fabiano
- Laboratory
of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden
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15
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Biskup T. Structure-Function Relationship of Organic Semiconductors: Detailed Insights From Time-Resolved EPR Spectroscopy. Front Chem 2019; 7:10. [PMID: 30775359 PMCID: PMC6367236 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic photovoltaics (OPV) is a promising technology to account for the increasing demand for energy in form of electricity. Whereas the last decades have seen tremendous progress in the field witnessed by the steady increase in efficiency of OPV devices, we still lack proper understanding of fundamental aspects of light-energy conversion, demanding for systematic investigation on a fundamental level. A detailed understanding of the electronic structure of semiconducting polymers and their building blocks is essential to develop efficient materials for organic electronics. Illuminating conjugated polymers not only leads to excited states, but sheds light on some of the most important aspects of device efficiency in organic electronics as well. The interplay between electronic structure, morphology, flexibility, and local ordering, while at the heart of structure-function relationship of organic electronic materials, is still barely understood. (Time-resolved) electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy is particularly suited to address these questions, allowing one to directly detect paramagnetic states and to reveal their spin-multiplicity, besides its clearly superior spectral resolution compared to optical methods. This article aims at giving a non-specialist audience an overview of what EPR spectroscopy and particularly its time-resolved variant (TREPR) can contribute to unraveling aspects of structure-function relationship in organic semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Till Biskup
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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16
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Yao CJ, Zhang HL, Zhang Q. Recent Progress in Thermoelectric Materials Based on Conjugated Polymers. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E107. [PMID: 30960091 PMCID: PMC6401909 DOI: 10.3390/polym11010107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic thermoelectric (TE) materials can directly convert heat to electricity, and they are emerging as new materials for energy harvesting and cooling technologies. The performance of TE materials mainly depends on the properties of materials, including the Seebeck coefficient, electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, and thermal stability. Traditional TE materials are mostly based on low-bandgap inorganic compounds, such as bismuth chalcogenide, lead telluride, and tin selenide, while organic materials as promising TE materials are attracting more and more attention because of their intrinsic advantages, including cost-effectiveness, easy processing, low density, low thermal conductivity, and high flexibility. However, to meet the requirements of practical applications, the performance of organic TE materials needs much improvement. A variety of efforts have been made to enhance the performance of organic TE materials, including the modification of molecular structure, and chemical or electrochemical doping. In this review, we summarize recent progress in organic TE materials, and discuss the feasible strategies for enhancing the properties of organic TE materials for future energy-harvesting applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Jiang Yao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (Singapore), Singapore 639798, Singapore.
| | - Hao-Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Tianshui Southern Road 222, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Qichun Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (Singapore), Singapore 639798, Singapore.
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17
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Xu B, Pelse I, Agarkar S, Ito S, Zhang J, Yi X, Chujo Y, Marder S, So F, Reynolds JR. Randomly Distributed Conjugated Polymer Repeat Units for High-Efficiency Photovoltaic Materials with Enhanced Solubility and Processability. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:44583-44588. [PMID: 30543279 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b15522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Three structurally disordered terpolymer derivatives of PffBT4T-2OD (PCE11), prepared by replacing a varied amount of bithiophene linkers with single thiophenes, were found to exhibit reduced aggregation in solution with increasing thiophene content, while important redox and optoelectronic properties remained similar to those of PffBT4T-2OD. Solar cells based on random terpolymer-PC71BM blends exhibited average power conversion efficiencies of over 9.5% when processed with preheated substrates, with fill factors above 70%, exceeding those from PffBT4T-2OD. Thanks to increased solubility, random terpolymer devices were able to be fabricated on room-temperature substrates, reaching virtually identical performance among all three polymers despite remarkable thicknesses of ∼400 nm. Thus, we show that the random terpolymer approach is successful in improving processability while maintaining device performance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Shunichiro Ito
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering , Kyoto University , Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510 , Japan
| | | | - Xueping Yi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , North Carolina State University , Raleigh , North Carolina 27606 , United States
| | - Yoshiki Chujo
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering , Kyoto University , Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510 , Japan
| | | | - Franky So
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , North Carolina State University , Raleigh , North Carolina 27606 , United States
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18
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Trefz D, Gross YM, Dingler C, Tkachov R, Hamidi-Sakr A, Kiriy A, McNeill CR, Brinkmann M, Ludwigs S. Tuning Orientational Order of Highly Aggregating P(NDI2OD-T2) by Solvent Vapor Annealing and Blade Coating. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b02176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Trefz
- IPOC-Functional Polymers, Institute of Polymer Chemistry (IPOC), University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Yannic M. Gross
- IPOC-Functional Polymers, Institute of Polymer Chemistry (IPOC), University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Carsten Dingler
- IPOC-Functional Polymers, Institute of Polymer Chemistry (IPOC), University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Roman Tkachov
- IPOC-Functional Polymers, Institute of Polymer Chemistry (IPOC), University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Amer Hamidi-Sakr
- Institut Charles Sadron, CNRS − Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue du loess, 67034 Strasbourg, France
| | - Anton Kiriy
- Leibniz Institute
of Polymer Research Dresden, Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Christopher R. McNeill
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Martin Brinkmann
- Institut Charles Sadron, CNRS − Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue du loess, 67034 Strasbourg, France
| | - Sabine Ludwigs
- IPOC-Functional Polymers, Institute of Polymer Chemistry (IPOC), University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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19
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Sun H, Wang L, Wang Y, Guo X. Imide‐Functionalized Polymer Semiconductors. Chemistry 2018; 25:87-105. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201803605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huiliang Sun
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringSouthern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials & Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials & DevicesSouth China University of Technology Guangzhou Guangdong 510640 China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringSouthern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
- The Co-Innovation Center of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering of Tianjin, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of ChemistryNankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Yingfeng Wang
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringSouthern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
| | - Xugang Guo
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringSouthern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
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20
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Yuan Z, Buckley C, Thomas S, Zhang G, Bargigia I, Wang G, Fu B, Silva C, Brédas JL, Reichmanis E. A Thiazole–Naphthalene Diimide Based n-Channel Donor–Acceptor Conjugated Polymer. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Gang Wang
- The Materials Research Center, Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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21
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Ouyang G, Wu H, Qiao X, Zhang J, Li H. Modulating Surface Morphology and Thin-Film Transistor Performance of Bi-thieno[3,4- c]pyrrole-4,6-dione-Based Polymer Semiconductor by Altering Preaggregation in Solution. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:9290-9295. [PMID: 31459061 PMCID: PMC6644335 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b01690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Due to their strong intermolecular interactions, polymer semiconductors aggregate in solution even at elevated temperature. With the aim to study the effect of this kind preaggregation on the order of thin films and further transistor performance, bi-thieno[3,4-c]pyrrole-4,6-dione and fluorinated oligothiophene copolymerized polymer semiconductor P1, which shows strong temperature-dependent aggregation behavior in solution, is synthesized. Its films are deposited through a temperature-controlled dip-coating technique. X-ray diffraction and atomic force microscopy results reveal that the aggregation behavior of P1 in solution affects the microstructures and order of P1 films. The charge transport properties of P1 films are investigated with bottom-gate top-contacted thin-film transistors. The variation of device performance (from 0.014 to 1.03 cm2 V-1 s-1) demonstrates the importance of optimizing preaggregation degree. The correlation between preaggregation degree and transistor performance of P1 films is explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangcheng Ouyang
- Key
Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional
Molecules, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- The
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hongzhuo Wu
- Key
Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional
Molecules, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- The
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaolan Qiao
- Key
Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional
Molecules, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jidong Zhang
- State
Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute
of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Hongxiang Li
- Key
Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional
Molecules, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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22
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Zhong Y, Biniek L, Leclerc N, Ferry S, Brinkmann M. Segregated versus Disordered Stacking in Two Low Bandgap Alternated Copolymers for Photovoltaic Applications: Impact of Polymorphism on Optical Properties. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b00378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Zhong
- Institut Charles Sadron, CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue du Loess, Strasbourg 67034, France
| | - Laure Biniek
- Institut Charles Sadron, CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue du Loess, Strasbourg 67034, France
| | - Nicolas Leclerc
- Institut de Chimie et Procédés pour l’Energie, l’Environnement et la Santé, UMR 7515, ECPM, 25 rue Becquerel, Cedex 2 67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Stéphanie Ferry
- Institut de Chimie et Procédés pour l’Energie, l’Environnement et la Santé, UMR 7515, ECPM, 25 rue Becquerel, Cedex 2 67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Martin Brinkmann
- Institut Charles Sadron, CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue du Loess, Strasbourg 67034, France
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23
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Meyer DL, Matsidik R, Huettner S, Sommer M, Biskup T. Solvent-mediated aggregate formation of PNDIT2: decreasing the available conformational subspace by introducing locally highly ordered domains. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:2716-2723. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp07725d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Time-resolved EPR spectroscopy proves aggregation of PNDIT2 to introduce highly ordered domains and to change the exciton delocalisation mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah L. Meyer
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie
- Albertstraße 21
- 79104 Freiburg
- Germany
| | - Rukiya Matsidik
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg
- Institut für Makromolekulare Chemie
- Stefan-Meier-Straße 31
- 79104 Freiburg
- Germany
| | - Sven Huettner
- Universität Bayreuth
- Makromolekulare Chemie
- Universitätsstraße 30
- 95440 Bayreuth
- Germany
| | - Michael Sommer
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg
- Institut für Makromolekulare Chemie
- Stefan-Meier-Straße 31
- 79104 Freiburg
- Germany
| | - Till Biskup
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie
- Albertstraße 21
- 79104 Freiburg
- Germany
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