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Yan T, Balzer AH, Herbert KM, Epps TH, Korley LTJ. Circularity in polymers: addressing performance and sustainability challenges using dynamic covalent chemistries. Chem Sci 2023; 14:5243-5265. [PMID: 37234906 PMCID: PMC10208058 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc00551h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The circularity of current and future polymeric materials is a major focus of fundamental and applied research, as undesirable end-of-life outcomes and waste accumulation are global problems that impact our society. The recycling or repurposing of thermoplastics and thermosets is an attractive solution to these issues, yet both options are encumbered by poor property retention upon reuse, along with heterogeneities in common waste streams that limit property optimization. Dynamic covalent chemistry, when applied to polymeric materials, enables the targeted design of reversible bonds that can be tailored to specific reprocessing conditions to help address conventional recycling challenges. In this review, we highlight the key features of several dynamic covalent chemistries that can promote closed-loop recyclability and we discuss recent synthetic progress towards incorporating these chemistries into new polymers and existing commodity plastics. Next, we outline how dynamic covalent bonds and polymer network structure influence thermomechanical properties related to application and recyclability, with a focus on predictive physical models that describe network rearrangement. Finally, we examine the potential economic and environmental impacts of dynamic covalent polymeric materials in closed-loop processing using elements derived from techno-economic analysis and life-cycle assessment, including minimum selling prices and greenhouse gas emissions. Throughout each section, we discuss interdisciplinary obstacles that hinder the widespread adoption of dynamic polymers and present opportunities and new directions toward the realization of circularity in polymeric materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianwei Yan
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware Newark 19716 Delaware USA
- Center for Plastics Innovation (CPI), University of Delaware Newark 19716 Delaware USA
| | - Alex H Balzer
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware Newark 19716 Delaware USA
- Center for Plastics Innovation (CPI), University of Delaware Newark 19716 Delaware USA
| | - Katie M Herbert
- Center for Plastics Innovation (CPI), University of Delaware Newark 19716 Delaware USA
| | - Thomas H Epps
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware Newark 19716 Delaware USA
- Center for Plastics Innovation (CPI), University of Delaware Newark 19716 Delaware USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware Newark 19716 Delaware USA
- Center for Research in Soft matter and Polymers (CRiSP), University of Delaware Newark 19716 Delaware USA
| | - LaShanda T J Korley
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware Newark 19716 Delaware USA
- Center for Plastics Innovation (CPI), University of Delaware Newark 19716 Delaware USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware Newark 19716 Delaware USA
- Center for Research in Soft matter and Polymers (CRiSP), University of Delaware Newark 19716 Delaware USA
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2
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Cen L, Du B, Lv G. Improved covulcanization and dynamic properties of millable polyurethane elastomer/natural rubber blends: Thermal pretreatment. J Appl Polym Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lan Cen
- School of Materials and Energy Guangdong University of Technology Guangzhou China
| | - Binghua Du
- School of Materials and Energy Guangdong University of Technology Guangzhou China
| | - Guozheng Lv
- School of Materials and Energy Guangdong University of Technology Guangzhou China
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3
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Schoustra SK, de Heer Kloots MHP, Posthuma J, van Doorn D, Dijksman JA, Smulders MMJ. Raman Spectroscopy Reveals Phase Separation in Imine-Based Covalent Adaptable Networks. Macromolecules 2022; 55:10341-10355. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sybren K. Schoustra
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn H. P. de Heer Kloots
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Joris Posthuma
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Daphne van Doorn
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Joshua A. Dijksman
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten M. J. Smulders
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
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4
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Cantamessa F, Damonte G, Monticelli O, Arrigo R, Fina A. Thermoreversible Cross-Linked Rubber Prepared via Melt Blending and Its Nanocomposites. ACS APPLIED POLYMER MATERIALS 2022; 4:4796-4807. [PMID: 35846782 PMCID: PMC9274616 DOI: 10.1021/acsapm.2c00416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A covalent adaptable network based on the thermoreversible cross-linking of an ethylene-propylene rubber through Diels-Alder (DA) reaction was prepared for the first time through melt blending as an environmental-friendly alternative to traditional synthesis in organic solvents. Functionalization of the rubber with furan groups was performed in a melt blender and subsequently mixed with different amounts of bismaleimide in a microextruder. Cross-linking was confirmed by FT-IR spectroscopy and insolubility at room temperature, while its thermoreversible character was confirmed by a solubility test at 110 °C and by remolding via hot-pressing. Mechanical and thermomechanical properties of the obtained rubbers showed potential to compete with conventionally cross-linked elastomers, with stiffness in the range 1-1.7 MPa and strain at break in the range 200-500%, while allowing recycling via a simple melt processing step. Nanocomposites based on the thermoreversible rubber were prepared with reduced graphene oxide (rGO), showing significantly increasing stiffness up to ca. 8 MPa, ∼2-fold increased strength, and thermal conductivity up to ∼0.5 W/(m K). Results in this paper may open for industrially viable and sustainable applications of thermoreversible elastomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Cantamessa
- Dipartimento
di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, Politecnico
di Torino, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Giacomo Damonte
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università
di Genova, 16146 Genova, Italy
| | - Orietta Monticelli
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università
di Genova, 16146 Genova, Italy
| | - Rossella Arrigo
- Dipartimento
di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, Politecnico
di Torino, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Alberto Fina
- Dipartimento
di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, Politecnico
di Torino, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
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5
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SAXS-based study of crosslinking homogeneity in bio-based complexes prepared via the Maillard reaction between cationic polyelectrolytes and fructose. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.124929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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6
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Oba Y, Kimura T, Hayashi M, Yamamoto K. Correlation between Self-Assembled Nanostructures and Bond Exchange Properties for Polyacrylate-Based Vitrimer-like Materials with a Trans- N-Alkylation Bond Exchange Mechanism. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c02406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Oba
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Graduated School of Engineering,Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kimura
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Graduated School of Engineering,Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
| | - Mikihiro Hayashi
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Graduated School of Engineering,Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Yamamoto
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Graduated School of Engineering,Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
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7
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Qian M, Zou B, Chen Z, Huang W, Wang X, Tang B, Liu Q, Zhu Y. The Influence of Filler Size and Crosslinking Degree of Polymers on Mullins Effect in Filled NR/BR Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13142284. [PMID: 34301039 PMCID: PMC8309370 DOI: 10.3390/polym13142284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Two factors, the crosslinking degree of the matrix (ν) and the size of the filler (Sz), have significant impact on the Mullins effect of filled elastomers. Herein, the result. of the two factors on Mullins effect is systematically investigated by adjusting the crosslinking degree of the matrix via adding maleic anhydride into a rubber matrix and controlling the particle size of the filler via ball milling. The dissipation ratios (the ratio of energy dissipation to input strain energy) of different filled natural rubber/butadiene rubber (NR/BR) elastomer composites are evaluated as a function of the maximum strain in cyclic loading (εm). The dissipation ratios show a linear relationship with the increase of εm within the test range, and they depend on the composite composition (ν and Sz). With the increase of ν, the dissipation ratios decrease with similar slope, and this is compared with the dissipation ratios increase which more steeply with the increase in Sz. This is further confirmed through a simulation that composites with larger particle size show a higher strain energy density when the strain level increases from 25% to 35%. The characteristic dependence of the dissipation ratios on ν and Sz is expected to reflect the Mullins effect with mathematical expression to improve engineering performance or prevent failure of rubber products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Qian
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; (M.Q.); (B.Z.); (W.H.)
| | - Bo Zou
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; (M.Q.); (B.Z.); (W.H.)
| | - Zhixiao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis & Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; (Z.C.); (X.W.)
| | - Weimin Huang
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; (M.Q.); (B.Z.); (W.H.)
| | - Xiaofeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis & Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; (Z.C.); (X.W.)
| | - Bin Tang
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Melbourne/Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia;
| | - Qingtao Liu
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
- Correspondence: (Q.L.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yanchao Zhu
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; (M.Q.); (B.Z.); (W.H.)
- Correspondence: (Q.L.); (Y.Z.)
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8
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Wang Z, Gu Y, Ma M, Liu Y, Chen M. Strengthening Polyethylene Thermoplastics through a Dynamic Covalent Networking Additive Based on Alkylboron Chemistry. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c02870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zongtao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Yu Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Mingyu Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Yinli Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Mao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
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9
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Schoustra SK, Groeneveld T, Smulders MMJ. The effect of polarity on the molecular exchange dynamics in imine-based covalent adaptable networks. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py01555e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Polarity-induced effects in dynamic covalent polyimine CANs were studied, revealing a three-step stress relaxation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sybren K. Schoustra
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry
- Wageningen University
- 6708 WE Wageningen
- The Netherlands
| | - Timo Groeneveld
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry
- Wageningen University
- 6708 WE Wageningen
- The Netherlands
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10
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Curing behavior, chain dynamics, and microstructure of high Tg thiol-acrylate networks with systematically varied network heterogeneity. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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11
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Diels-Alder-based thermo-reversibly crosslinked polymers: Interplay of crosslinking density, network mobility, kinetics and stereoisomerism. Eur Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.109882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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12
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He Z, Niu H, Li Y. UV‐Light Responsive and Self‐Healable Ethylene/Propylene Copolymer Rubbers Based on Reversible [4 + 4] Cycloaddition of Anthracene Derivatives. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202000096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zongke He
- State Key Laboratory of Fine ChemicalsLiaoning Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and EngineeringDepartment of Polymer Science and EngineeringSchool of Chemical EngineeringDalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 China
| | - Hui Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine ChemicalsLiaoning Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and EngineeringDepartment of Polymer Science and EngineeringSchool of Chemical EngineeringDalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 China
| | - Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine ChemicalsLiaoning Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and EngineeringDepartment of Polymer Science and EngineeringSchool of Chemical EngineeringDalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 China
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13
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Zhang H, Ma C, Sun R, Liao X, Wu J, Xie M. Sustainable elastomer of triazolinedione-modified Eucommia ulmoides gum with enhanced elasticity and shape memory capability. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.121904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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14
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Scheutz GM, Lessard JJ, Sims MB, Sumerlin BS. Adaptable Crosslinks in Polymeric Materials: Resolving the Intersection of Thermoplastics and Thermosets. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:16181-16196. [PMID: 31525287 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b07922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 309] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The classical division of polymeric materials into thermoplastics and thermosets based on covalent network structure often implies that these categories are distinct and irreconcilable. Yet, the past two decades have seen extensive development of materials that bridge this gap through incorporation of dynamic crosslinks, enabling them to behave as both robust networks and moldable plastics. Although their potential utility is significant, the growth of covalent adaptable networks (CANs) has obscured the line between "thermoplastic" and "thermoset" and erected a conceptual barrier to the growing number of new researchers entering this discipline. This Perspective aims to both outline the fundamental theory of CANs and provide a critical assessment of their current status. We emphasize throughout that the unique properties of CANs emerge from the network chemistry, and particularly highlight the role that the crosslink exchange mechanism (i.e., dissociative exchange or associative exchange) plays in the resultant material properties under processing conditions. Predominant focus will be on thermally induced dynamic behavior, as the majority of presently employed exchange chemistries rely on thermal stimulus, and it is simple to apply to bulk materials. Lastly, this Perspective aims to identify current issues and address possible solutions for better fundamental understanding within this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg M Scheutz
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry , University of Florida , Gainesville , Florida 32611 , United States
| | - Jacob J Lessard
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry , University of Florida , Gainesville , Florida 32611 , United States
| | - Michael B Sims
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry , University of Florida , Gainesville , Florida 32611 , United States
| | - Brent S Sumerlin
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry , University of Florida , Gainesville , Florida 32611 , United States
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15
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Laing B, De Keyzer J, Seveno D, Van Bael A. Effect of co‐agents on adhesion between peroxide cured ethylene–propylene–diene monomer and thermoplastics in two‐component injection molding. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brittany Laing
- KU Leuven, Diepenbeek CampusMaterials Technology TC Wetenschapspark 27, Diepenbeek 3590 Belgium
| | - Jozefien De Keyzer
- KU Leuven, Diepenbeek CampusSustainable Chemical Process Technology TC Wetenschapspark 27, Diepenbeek 3590 Belgium
| | - David Seveno
- KU LeuvenDepartment of Materials Engineering (MTM) Kasteelpark Arenberg 44 Leuven 3001 Belgium
| | - Albert Van Bael
- KU Leuven, Diepenbeek CampusMaterials Technology TC Wetenschapspark 27, Diepenbeek 3590 Belgium
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16
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Tanasi P, Hernández Santana M, Carretero-González J, Verdejo R, López-Manchado MA. Thermo-reversible crosslinked natural rubber: A Diels-Alder route for reuse and self-healing properties in elastomers. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.04.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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17
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Time Domain NMR in Polymer Science: From the Laboratory to the Industry. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9091801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Highly controlled polymers and nanostructures are increasingly translated from the lab to the industry. Together with the industrialization of complex systems from renewable sources, a paradigm change in the processing of plastics and rubbers is underway, requiring a new generation of analytical tools. Here, we present the recent developments in time domain NMR (TD-NMR), starting with an introduction of the methods. Several examples illustrate the new take on traditional issues like the measurement of crosslink density in vulcanized rubber or the monitoring of crystallization kinetics, as well as the unique information that can be extracted from multiphase, nanophase and composite materials. Generally, TD-NMR is capable of determining structural parameters that are in agreement with other techniques and with the final macroscopic properties of industrial interest, as well as reveal details on the local homogeneity that are difficult to obtain otherwise. Considering its moderate technical and space requirements of performing, TD-NMR is a good candidate for assisting product and process development in several applications throughout the rubber, plastics, composites and adhesives industry.
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18
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Wu C, Gao Y, Liang X, Gubanski SM, Wang Q, Bao W, Li S. Manifestation of Interactions of Nano-Silica in Silicone Rubber Investigated by Low-Frequency Dielectric Spectroscopy and Mechanical Tests. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11040717. [PMID: 31010177 PMCID: PMC6523167 DOI: 10.3390/polym11040717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Silicone rubber composites filled with nano-silica are currently widely used as high voltage insulating materials in power transmission and substation systems. We present a systematic study on the dielectric and mechanical performance of silicone rubber filled with surface modified and unmodified fumed nano-silica. The results indicate that the different interfaces between the silicone rubber and the two types of nano-silica introduce changes in their dielectric response when electrically stressed by a sinusoidal excitation in the frequency range of 10−4–1 Hz. The responses of pure silicone rubber and the composite filled with modified silica can be characterized by a paralleled combination of Maxwell-Wagner-Sillars interface polarization and DC conduction. In contrast, the silicone rubber composite with the unmodified nano-silica exhibits a quasi-DC (Q-DC) transport process. The mechanical properties of the composites (represented by their stress-strain characteristics) reveal an improvement in the mechanical strength with increasing filler content. Moreover, the strain level of the composite with a modified filler is improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, State Key Lab of Power System, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
- Electrical Insulation Research Center, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
| | - Yanfeng Gao
- State Grid Jibei Electric Power Co. Ltd. Research Institute, Beijing 100045, China.
| | - Xidong Liang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, State Key Lab of Power System, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Stanislaw M Gubanski
- Department of Electrical Engineering, State Key Lab of Power System, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
- High Voltage Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE⁻412 96 Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, State Key Lab of Power System, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Weining Bao
- Department of Electrical Engineering, State Key Lab of Power System, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Shaohua Li
- Department of Electrical Engineering, State Key Lab of Power System, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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19
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Possible contamination of ionic liquids upon dissolution and absorption of rubber and resin components. J Mol Liq 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2019.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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20
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Xu J, Li Z, Wang B, Liu F, Liu Y, Liu F. Recyclable biobased materials based on Diels-Alder cycloaddition. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianan Xu
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of High Performance Plastics, Ministry of Education; Jilin University; Changchun 130012 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiying Li
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of High Performance Plastics, Ministry of Education; Jilin University; Changchun 130012 People's Republic of China
| | - Bao Wang
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of High Performance Plastics, Ministry of Education; Jilin University; Changchun 130012 People's Republic of China
| | - Fengya Liu
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of High Performance Plastics, Ministry of Education; Jilin University; Changchun 130012 People's Republic of China
| | - Yudong Liu
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of High Performance Plastics, Ministry of Education; Jilin University; Changchun 130012 People's Republic of China
| | - Fengqi Liu
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of High Performance Plastics, Ministry of Education; Jilin University; Changchun 130012 People's Republic of China
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21
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Ma Y, Shen Y, Liu Z, Shi Z, Yin J, Tian M, Qu R. Exploring multiple functions of diarylsemipinacol linked to the saturated ethylene–propylene elastomer: from the dynamic covalent networks to tailoring its macroscopic performance. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py01354g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Through the multiple functions of diarylsemipinacol, we prepared a mechanically robust and healable EPM with shape memory properties, by integrating self-associating ureidopyrimidinone (UPy) into the dynamic covalent networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youwei Ma
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composite Materials and Shanghai Key Lab of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Yufei Shen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composite Materials and Shanghai Key Lab of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Zhiyong Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composite Materials and Shanghai Key Lab of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Zixing Shi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composite Materials and Shanghai Key Lab of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Jie Yin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composite Materials and Shanghai Key Lab of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Ming Tian
- State Key Lab of Organic–Inorganic Composites
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing
- China
| | - Rongjun Qu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Ludong University
- Yantai 264025
- China
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Ricarte RG, Tournilhac F, Leibler L. Phase Separation and Self-Assembly in Vitrimers: Hierarchical Morphology of Molten and Semicrystalline Polyethylene/Dioxaborolane Maleimide Systems. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b02144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ralm G. Ricarte
- Matière Molle et Chimie, ESPCI Paris, CNRS, PSL University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - François Tournilhac
- Matière Molle et Chimie, ESPCI Paris, CNRS, PSL University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Ludwik Leibler
- Gulliver, ESPCI Paris, PSL University, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
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Local Order and Dynamics of Nanoconstrained Ethylene-Butylene Chain Segments in SEBS. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:polym10060655. [PMID: 30966689 PMCID: PMC6404420 DOI: 10.3390/polym10060655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Subtle alterations in the mid-block of polystyrene-b-poly (ethylene-co-butylene)-b-polystyrene (SEBS) have a significant impact on the mechanical properties of the resulting microphase separated materials. In samples with high butylene content, the ethylene-co-butylene (EB) phase behaves as a rubber, as seen by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), time domain (TD) and Magic Angle Spinning (MAS) NMR, X-ray scattering at small (SAXS), and wide (WAXS) angles. In samples where the butylene content is lower—but still sufficient to prevent crystallization in bulk EB—the DSC thermogram presents a broad endothermic transition upon heating from 221 to 300 K. TD NMR, supported by WAXS and dielectric spectroscopy measurements, probed the dynamic phenomena of EB during this transition. The results suggest the existence of a rotator phase for the EB block below room temperature, as a result of nanoconfinement.
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Polgar LM, Keizer J, Blom R, Niemeijer B, de With T, Picchioni F, van Duin M. THERMOREVERSIBLE CROSS-LINKING OF RUBBER COMPOUNDS: FROM PROOF-OF-CONCEPT TOWARD AN INDUSTRIAL PROCESS. RUBBER CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.5254/rct-18-82638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
It is demonstrated that the concept of thermoreversible cross-linking of functionalized maleic anhydride grafted ethylene–propylene (EPM-g-MA) rubber using Diels–Alder chemistry is limited neither to laboratory scale using a solvent route nor to gum rubber. The use of an internal mixer is the first step toward an industrial process, since it greatly reduces the processing time and allows for a solventless process for the furan-functionalization and subsequent bismaleimide cross-linking of EPM rubber. Practical rubber compounds were prepared by mixing thermoreversibly cross-linked EPM with carbon black and mineral oil in the same batch mixer. This resulted in reinforcement of the rubber without affecting the thermoreversible character of the cross-linking. The pendant furan groups of the (non)cross-linked EPM-g-furan interact with the carbon black filler. Finally, crystalline EPM rubber compounds were prepared, which show excellent material properties and property retention over multiple reprocessing cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. M. Polgar
- University of Groningen, Department of Chemical Engineering, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
- Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI), P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - J. Keizer
- University of Groningen, Department of Chemical Engineering, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - R. Blom
- University of Groningen, Department of Chemical Engineering, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - B. Niemeijer
- University of Groningen, Department of Chemical Engineering, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - T. de With
- University of Groningen, Department of Chemical Engineering, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - F. Picchioni
- University of Groningen, Department of Chemical Engineering, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
- Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI), P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - M. van Duin
- University of Groningen, Department of Chemical Engineering, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
- ARLANXEO Performance Elastomers, Keltan R&D, P.O. Box 1130, 6160 BC Geleen, The Netherlands
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