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Wang S, Zhao K, Li J, Yu X, Zhang Q, Han Y. Microstructural Evolution of P(NDI2OD-T2) Films with Different Molecular Weight during Stretching Deformation. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024; 45:e2300624. [PMID: 38018318 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202300624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated polymers exhibit excellent electrical and mechanical properties when their molecular weight (Mw) is above the critical molecular weight (Mc). The microstructural changes of polymers under strain are crucial to establish a structure-performance relationship. Herein, the tensile deformation of P(NDI2OD-T2) is visualized, and cracks are revealed either along the (100) crystal plane of side chain packing or along the main chain direction which depends on the Mw is below or above the Mc. When Mw < Mc, the film cracks along the (100) plane under small strains. When Mw > Mc, the polymer chains first undergo stretch-induced orientation and then fracture along the main chain direction at large strains. This is attributed to the fact that the low Mw film exhibits large crystalline domains and the absence of interdomain connectivity, which are vulnerable to mechanical stress. In contrast, the high Mw film displays a nearly amorphous morphology with adequate entanglements, the molecular chains can endure stresses in the stretching direction to release substantial strain energy under greater mechanical deformation. Therefore, the film with Mw > Mc exhibits the optimal electrical and mechanical performances simultaneously, i.e., the electron mobility is retained under 100% strain and after 100 stretching-releasing cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sichun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Kefeng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China
| | - Junhang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Xinhong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China
| | - Yanchun Han
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
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2
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Peng Z, Xian K, Liu J, Zhang Y, Sun X, Zhao W, Deng Y, Li X, Yang C, Bian F, Geng Y, Ye L. Unraveling the Stretch-Induced Microstructural Evolution and Morphology-Stretchability Relationships of High-Performance Ternary Organic Photovoltaic Blends. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2207884. [PMID: 36333886 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202207884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The stretchability and stretch-induced structural evolution of organic solar cells (OSCs) are pivotal for their collapsible, portable, and wearable applications, and they are mainly affected by the complex morphology of active layers. Herein, a highly ductile conjugated polymer P(NDI2OD-T2) is incorporated into the active layers of high-efficiency OSCs based on nonfullerene small molecule acceptors to simultaneously investigate the morphological, mechanical, and photovoltaic properties and structural evolution under stretching of ternary blend films with various acceptor contents. The structural robustness of the blend films is indicated by their stretch-induced structural evolution, which is monitored in real-time by a combination of in situ wide/small angle X-ray scattering. It is found that adding the soft P(NDI2OD-T2) can enhance the stretchability and structural robustness of ternary blend films by more entangled chains and tie chains to dissipate strain. Furthermore, the stretchability of the ternary blends can be superbly predicted by a 3D equivalent box model. This work provides instructive insight and guidance for designing stretchable electronics and predicting the stretchability of multicomponent blends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongxiang Peng
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201204, China
| | - Kaihu Xian
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Junwei Liu
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Yaowen Zhang
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201204, China
| | - Xiaokang Sun
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201204, China
| | - Wenchao Zhao
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Yunfeng Deng
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Xiuhong Li
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201204, China
| | - Chunming Yang
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201204, China
| | - Fenggang Bian
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201204, China
| | - Yanhou Geng
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou, 350207, China
| | - Long Ye
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
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3
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Zhu Q, Xue J, Zhang L, Wen J, Lin B, Naveed HB, Bi Z, Xin J, Zhao H, Zhao C, Zhou K, Frank Liu S, Ma W. Intermolecular Interaction Control Enables Co-optimization of Efficiency, Deformability, Mechanical and Thermal Stability of Stretchable Organic Solar Cells. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2007011. [PMID: 33719196 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202007011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Promoting efficiency, deformability, and life expectancy of stretchable organic solar cells (OSCs) have always been key concerns that researchers are committed to solving. However, how to improve them simultaneously remains challenging, as morphology parameters, such as ordered molecular arrangement, beneficial for highly efficient devices actually limits mechanical stability and deformability. In this study, the unfavorable trade-off among these properties has been reconciled in an all-polymer model system utilizing a mechanically deformable guest component. The success of this strategy stems from introducing a highly ductile component without compromising the pristine optimized morphology. Preferable interaction between two donors can maintain the fiber-like structure while enhancing the photocurrent to improve efficiency. Morphology evolution detected via grazing incidence X-ray scattering and in situ UV-vis absorption spectra during stretching have verified the critical role of strengthened interaction on stabilizing morphology against external forces. The strengthened interaction also benefits thermal stability, enabling the ternary films with small efficiency degradation after heating 1500 h under 80 °C. This work highlights the effect of morphology evolution on mechanical stability and provides new insights from the view of intermolecular interaction to fabricate highly efficient, stable, and stretchable/wearable OSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinglian Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Jingwei Xue
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Jialun Wen
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Baojun Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Hafiz Bilal Naveed
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Zhaozhao Bi
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Jingming Xin
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Heng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Chao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Ke Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Shengzhong Frank Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Wei Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
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4
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Ding Z, Liu D, Zhao K, Han Y. Optimizing Morphology to Trade Off Charge Transport and Mechanical Properties of Stretchable Conjugated Polymer Films. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zicheng Ding
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dongle Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, Shaanxi, China
| | - Kui Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yanchun Han
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, China
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5
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Uniaxial tensile deformation of microinjection molded PCL/SWCNTs nanocomposites: Effect of interfacial “soft epitaxy” on the structural evolution as studied by synchrotron SAXS and WAXD techniques. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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6
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Wei C, Zhang W, Huang J, Li H, Zhou Y, Yu G. Realizing n-Type Field-Effect Performance via Introducing Trifluoromethyl Groups into the Donor–Acceptor Copolymer Backbone. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Congyuan Wei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Weifeng Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Jianyao Huang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Hao Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Yankai Zhou
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Gui Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
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