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Liao Y, Pérez-Camargo RA, Sardon H, Martínez de Ilarduya A, Hu W, Liu G, Wang D, Müller AJ. Challenging Isodimorphism Concepts: Formation of Three Crystalline Phases in Poly(hexamethylene- ran-octamethylene carbonate) Copolymers. Macromolecules 2023; 56:8199-8213. [PMID: 37900097 PMCID: PMC10601535 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.3c01265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
In this work, poly(hexamethylene-ran-octamethylene carbonate) copolycarbonates were synthesized by melt polycondensation in a wide range of compositions. The copolymers displayed some of the characteristic isodimorphic thermal behavior, such as crystallization for all the compositions and a pseudoeutectic behavior of the melting temperature (Tm) versus composition. The pseudoeutectic point was located at 33 mol % poly(octamethylene carbonate) (POC) content (i.e., corresponding to the PH67O33C copolymer). Surprisingly, the crystallinities (Xc) for a wide range of copolymer compositions were higher than those of the parent components, a phenomenon that has not been observed before in isodimorphic random copolymers. The structural characterization, performed by wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) and small-angle X-ray scattering experiments, revealed unexpected results depending on composition. On the one hand, the poly(hexamethylene carbonate) (PHC)- and POC-rich copolymers crystallize in PHC- and POC-type crystals, as expected. Moreover, upon cooling and heating, in situ WAXS experiments evidenced that these materials undergo reversible solid-solid transitions [δ-α (PHC) and δ-α-β (POC)] present in the parent components but at lower temperatures. On the other hand, a novel behavior was found for copolymers with 33-73 mol % POC (including the pseudoeutectic point), which are those with higher crystallinities than the parent components. For these copolymers, a new crystalline phase that is different from that of both homopolymers was observed. The in situ WAXS results for these copolymers confirmed that this novel phase is stable upon cooling and heating and does not show any crystallographic feature of the parent components or their solid-solid transitions. FTIR experiments confirmed this behavior, revealing that the new phase adopts a polyethylene-like chain conformation that differs from the trans-dominant ones exhibited by the parent components. This finding challenges the established concepts of isodimorphism and questions whether a combination of crystallization modes (isodimorphism and isomorphism) is possible in the same family of random copolymers just by changing the composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilong Liao
- POLYMAT
and Department of Polymers and Advanced Materials: Physics, Chemistry,
and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University
of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizábal, 3, Donostia-San Sebastián 20018, Spain
| | - Ricardo A. Pérez-Camargo
- POLYMAT
and Department of Polymers and Advanced Materials: Physics, Chemistry,
and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University
of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizábal, 3, Donostia-San Sebastián 20018, Spain
| | - Haritz Sardon
- POLYMAT
and Department of Polymers and Advanced Materials: Physics, Chemistry,
and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University
of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizábal, 3, Donostia-San Sebastián 20018, Spain
| | - Antxon Martínez de Ilarduya
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnic University
of Catalonia ETSEIB-UPC, Diagonal 647, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Wenxian Hu
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of
Engineering Plastics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Guoming Liu
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of
Engineering Plastics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Dujin Wang
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of
Engineering Plastics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Alejandro J. Müller
- POLYMAT
and Department of Polymers and Advanced Materials: Physics, Chemistry,
and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University
of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizábal, 3, Donostia-San Sebastián 20018, Spain
- Ikerbasque,
Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi 5, Bilbao 48009, Spain
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Hung Y, Xiang W, Zou Z, Zhang Y, Wang B, Yu C, Zheng Y, Pan P. Isodimorphic crystallization and thermally-induced crystal transitions in poly(octamethylene-ran-decamethylene carbonate): Critical role of comonomer defects. POLYMER 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2023.125903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
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Hu S, Liu L, Li H, Pahovnik D, Hadjichristidis N, Zhou X, Zhao J. Tuning the Properties of Ester-Based Degradable Polymers by Inserting Epoxides into Poly(ϵ-caprolactone). Chem Asian J 2023; 18:e202201097. [PMID: 36424185 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202201097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A series of ester-ether copolymers were obtained via the reaction between α,ω-dihydroxyl poly(ϵ-caprolactone) (PCL) and ethylene oxide (EO) or monosubstituted epoxides catalyzed by strong phosphazene bases. The two types of monomeric units were distributed in highly random manners due to the concurrence of epoxide ring-opening and fast transesterification reactions. The substituent of epoxide showed an interesting bidirectional effect on the enzymatic degradability of the copolymer. Compared with PCL, copolymers derived from EO exhibited enhanced hydrophilicity and decreased crystallinity which then resulted in higher degradability. For the copolymers derived from propylene oxide and 1,2-butylene oxide, the hydrophobic alkyl pendant groups also allowed lower crystallinity of the copolymers thus higher degradation rates. However, further enlarging the pendant groups by using styrene oxide or 2-ethylhexyl glycidyl ether caused a decrease in the degradation rate, which might be ascribed to the higher bulkiness hindering the contact of ester groups with lipase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangyan Hu
- Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, 518060, Shenzhen, P. R. China.,Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, 510640, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, 518060, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Lijun Liu
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, 510640, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Heng Li
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, 510640, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - David Pahovnik
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nikos Hadjichristidis
- Polymer Synthesis Laboratory, Catalysis Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), 23955, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Xuechang Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, 518060, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Junpeng Zhao
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, 510640, Guangzhou, P. R. China
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Yu Y, Zheng Y, Liang J, Sun X, Cao Y, Pan P, Wei Z. Temperature-Dependent Polymorphic Crystallization and Crystalline Structure of Unsaturated Polyesters Derived from cis-2-Butene-1,4-diol. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yu
- Department of Polymer Science and Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian116024, China
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Dalian University, Dalian116622, China
| | - Ying Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou310027, China
- Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, 78 Jiuhua Boulevard North, Quzhou324000, China
| | - Junhao Liang
- Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology (AISMST), School of Emergent Soft Matter, South China University of Technology, 510640Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoli Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing100029, China
| | - Yan Cao
- Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology (AISMST), School of Emergent Soft Matter, South China University of Technology, 510640Guangzhou, China
| | - Pengju Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou310027, China
- Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, 78 Jiuhua Boulevard North, Quzhou324000, China
| | - Zhiyong Wei
- Department of Polymer Science and Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian116024, China
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Xia J, Xu S, Zheng Y, Zhou J, Yu C, Shan G, Bao Y, Pan P. Isodimorphic Crystallization and Tunable γ–α Phase Transition in Aliphatic Copolyamides: Critical Roles of Comonomer Defects and Conformational Evolution. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianfei Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Shanshan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Ying Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Institue of Zhejiang University−Quzhou, 78 Jiuhua Boulevard North, Quzhou 324000, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Institue of Zhejiang University−Quzhou, 78 Jiuhua Boulevard North, Quzhou 324000, China
| | - Chengtao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Institue of Zhejiang University−Quzhou, 78 Jiuhua Boulevard North, Quzhou 324000, China
| | - Guorong Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Institue of Zhejiang University−Quzhou, 78 Jiuhua Boulevard North, Quzhou 324000, China
| | - Yongzhong Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Institue of Zhejiang University−Quzhou, 78 Jiuhua Boulevard North, Quzhou 324000, China
| | - Pengju Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Institue of Zhejiang University−Quzhou, 78 Jiuhua Boulevard North, Quzhou 324000, China
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Distinctive Polymorphism-like Isodimorphism in Poly(propylene succinate-ran-propylene fumarate). CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-022-2717-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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7
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Wang G, Song J. Synthesis and characterization of bio‐based polyesters derived from 1,10‐decanediol. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Wang
- College of Material Science and Engineering Jilin Jianzhu University Changchun China
| | - Jiaqi Song
- College of Material Science and Engineering Jilin Jianzhu University Changchun China
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Safari M, Otaegi I, Aramburu N, Guerrica-Echevarria G, de Ilarduya AM, Sardon H, Müller AJ. Synthesis, Structure, Crystallization and Mechanical Properties of Isodimorphic PBS- ran-PCL Copolyesters. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13142263. [PMID: 34301021 PMCID: PMC8309441 DOI: 10.3390/polym13142263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Isodimorphic behavior is determined by partial inclusion of comonomer segments within the crystalline structure and arises from the comparatively similar repeating chain units of the parental homopolymers. Isodimorphic random copolymers are able to crystallize irrespective of their composition and exhibit a pseudo-eutectic behavior when their melting point values are plotted as a function of comonomer content. At the pseudo-eutectic point or region, two crystalline phases can coexist. On the right-hand and the left-hand side of the pseudo-eutectic point or region, only one single crystalline phase can form which is very similar to the crystalline structures of the parent homopolymers. This article aims to study the synthesis method, structure, crystallization behavior and mechanical properties of isodimorphic random PBS-ran-PCL copolyesters. Moreover, this study provides a comprehensive analysis of our main recent results on PBS-ran-PCL random copolyesters with three different molecular weights. The results show that the comonomer composition and crystallization conditions are the major factors responsible for the crystalline morphology, crystallization kinetics and mechanical performance of isodimorphic random copolyesters. Our studies demonstrate that in the pseudo-eutectic region, where both crystalline phases can coexist, the crystallization conditions determine the crystalline phase or phases of the copolymer. The relationships between the comonomer composition and mechanical properties are also addressed in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Safari
- POLYMAT and Department of Polymers and Advanced Materials: Physics, Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal, 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain; (M.S.); (I.O.); (N.A.); (G.G.-E.); (H.S.)
| | - Itziar Otaegi
- POLYMAT and Department of Polymers and Advanced Materials: Physics, Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal, 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain; (M.S.); (I.O.); (N.A.); (G.G.-E.); (H.S.)
| | - Nora Aramburu
- POLYMAT and Department of Polymers and Advanced Materials: Physics, Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal, 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain; (M.S.); (I.O.); (N.A.); (G.G.-E.); (H.S.)
| | - Gonzalo Guerrica-Echevarria
- POLYMAT and Department of Polymers and Advanced Materials: Physics, Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal, 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain; (M.S.); (I.O.); (N.A.); (G.G.-E.); (H.S.)
| | - Antxon Martínez de Ilarduya
- Departament d’Enginyeria Química, L’Escola Tècnica Superior d’Enginyeria Industrial de Barcelona (ETSEIB), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Diagonal 647, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Haritz Sardon
- POLYMAT and Department of Polymers and Advanced Materials: Physics, Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal, 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain; (M.S.); (I.O.); (N.A.); (G.G.-E.); (H.S.)
| | - Alejandro J. Müller
- POLYMAT and Department of Polymers and Advanced Materials: Physics, Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal, 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain; (M.S.); (I.O.); (N.A.); (G.G.-E.); (H.S.)
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi 5, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-943-018-191
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Li Y, Huang G, Chen C, Wei XW, Dong X, Zhao W, Ye HM. Poly(butylene succinate- co-butylene acetylenedicarboxylate): Copolyester with Novel Nucleation Behavior. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:365. [PMID: 33498848 PMCID: PMC7865284 DOI: 10.3390/polym13030365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Big spherulite structure and high crystallinity are the two main drawbacks of poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) and hinder its application. In this work, a new type of copolyester poly(butylene succinate-co-butylene acetylenedicarboxylate) (PBSAD) is synthesized. With the incorporation of acetylenedicarboxylate (AD) units into PBS chains, the crystallization temperature and crystallinity are depressed by excluding AD units to the amorphous region. In contrast, the primary nucleation capability is significantly strengthened, without changing the crystal modification or crystallization kinetics, leading to the recovery of total crystallization rate of PBSAD under the same supercooling condition. The existence of specific interaction among AD units is found to be crucial. Although it is too weak to contribute to the melt memory effect at elevated temperature, the interaction continuously strengthens as the temperature falls down, and the heterogeneous aggregation of AD units keeps growing. When the aggregating process reaches a certain extent, it will induce the formation of a significant amount of crystal nuclei. The unveiled nucleation mechanism helps to design PBS copolymer with good performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China; (Y.L.); (G.H.); (C.C.); (X.-W.W.); (X.D.)
| | - Guoyong Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China; (Y.L.); (G.H.); (C.C.); (X.-W.W.); (X.D.)
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Failure, Corrosion and Protection of Oil/Gas Facilities, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Cong Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China; (Y.L.); (G.H.); (C.C.); (X.-W.W.); (X.D.)
| | - Xue-Wei Wei
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China; (Y.L.); (G.H.); (C.C.); (X.-W.W.); (X.D.)
| | - Xi Dong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China; (Y.L.); (G.H.); (C.C.); (X.-W.W.); (X.D.)
| | - Wei Zhao
- SCNU-TUE Joint Lab of Device Integrated Responsive Materials (DIRM), National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Hai-Mu Ye
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China; (Y.L.); (G.H.); (C.C.); (X.-W.W.); (X.D.)
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Failure, Corrosion and Protection of Oil/Gas Facilities, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
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Meng XY, Li Y, Yao SF, Wei XW, Ye HM. Unusual Spherulitic Morphology of Poly(propylene fumarate). CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-021-2518-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Wei XW, Huang G, Wang J, Meng X, Zhou Q, Ye HM. Tailoring Crystallization of Random Terpolyester: Combination of Isodimorphism and Isomorphism. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Wei Wei
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of New Energy and Materials, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, P. R. China
| | - Guoyong Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of New Energy and Materials, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, P. R. China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of New Energy and Materials, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyu Meng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of New Energy and Materials, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, P. R. China
| | - Qiong Zhou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of New Energy and Materials, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, P. R. China
| | - Hai-Mu Ye
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of New Energy and Materials, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, P. R. China
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Zheng Y, Pan P. Crystallization of biodegradable and biobased polyesters: Polymorphism, cocrystallization, and structure-property relationship. Prog Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2020.101291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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13
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Zhu H, Lv Y, Shi D, Li YG, Miao WJ, Wang ZB. A Synchrotron in situ X-ray Study on the Multiple Melting Behaviors of Isomorphous Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (P(HB-co-HV)) with Middle HV Content. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-020-2427-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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14
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Gao Y, Guo B, Xu J. Critical Size of Secondary Nuclei Determined via Nucleation Theorem Reveals Selective Nucleation in Three-Component Co-Crystals. ENTROPY 2019. [PMCID: PMC7514336 DOI: 10.3390/e21111032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The critical size of the secondary nuclei plays an important role in determining the crystal growth rate. In the past, the Nucleation Theorem has been applied to determine the number of molecules in the critical nuclei of a single-component crystal via variation of the crystal growth rate with dilution by the non-crystallizable component. In this work, we extend the method to the three-component co-crystal poly (ethylene oxide)/urea/thiourea inclusion compound. The theoretical crystal growth kinetics were deduced and the dependence of the radial growth rate of the inclusion compound spherulites on the mass fraction of urea in urea/thiourea was measured. The results reveal that the secondary nuclei of the poly (ethylene oxide)/urea/thiourea inclusion compound consist mainly of ethylene oxide repeating units and urea molecules. We propose that only urea molecules and ethylene oxide repeating units are selected to form the secondary nuclei while co-crystallization of the three components happens at the lateral spreading stage. As a result, the composition of the critical secondary nuclei is different from that of the bulk inclusion compound crystals. The work is expected to deepen our understanding of the nucleation of multi-component co-crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jun Xu
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-10-6278-4740
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