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Beeren IAO, Morgan FLC, Rademakers T, Bauer J, Dijkstra PJ, Moroni L, Baker MB. Well-Defined Synthetic Copolymers with Pendant Aldehydes Form Biocompatible Strain-Stiffening Hydrogels and Enable Competitive Ligand Displacement. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:24330-24347. [PMID: 39163519 PMCID: PMC11378284 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c04988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2024]
Abstract
Dynamic hydrogels are attractive platforms for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine due to their ability to mimic key extracellular matrix (ECM) mechanical properties like strain-stiffening and stress relaxation while enabling enhanced processing characteristics like injectability, 3D printing, and self-healing. Systems based on imine-type dynamic covalent chemistry (DCvC) have become increasingly popular. However, most reported polymers comprising aldehyde groups are based on either end-group-modified synthetic or side-chain-modified natural polymers; synthetic versions of side-chain-modified polymers are noticeably absent. To facilitate access to new classes of dynamic hydrogels, we report the straightforward synthesis of a water-soluble copolymer with a tunable fraction of pendant aldehyde groups (12-64%) using controlled radical polymerization and their formation into hydrogel biomaterials with dynamic cross-links. We found the polymer synthesis to be well-controlled with the determined reactivity ratios consistent with a blocky gradient microarchitecture. Subsequently, we observed fast gelation kinetics with imine-type cross-linking. We were able to vary hydrogel stiffness from ≈2 to 20 kPa, tune the onset of strain-stiffening toward a biologically relevant regime (σc ≈ 10 Pa), and demonstrate cytocompatibility using human dermal fibroblasts. Moreover, to begin to mimic the dynamic biochemical nature of the native ECM, we highlight the potential for temporal modulation of ligands in our system to demonstrate ligand displacement along the copolymer backbone via competitive binding. The combination of highly tunable composition, stiffness, and strain-stiffening, in conjunction with spatiotemporal control of functionality, positions these cytocompatible copolymers as a powerful platform for the rational design of next-generation synthetic biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivo A O Beeren
- Department of Instructive Biomaterials Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Complex Tissue Regeneration, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Francis L C Morgan
- Department of Instructive Biomaterials Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Complex Tissue Regeneration, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Timo Rademakers
- Department of Complex Tissue Regeneration, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jurica Bauer
- Department of Complex Tissue Regeneration, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter J Dijkstra
- Department of Complex Tissue Regeneration, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Lorenzo Moroni
- Department of Complex Tissue Regeneration, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Matthew B Baker
- Department of Instructive Biomaterials Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Complex Tissue Regeneration, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
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2
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Fornaciari C, Lemaur V, Pasini D, Coulembier O. Quasi-alternating copolymerization of oxiranes driven by a benign acetate-based catalyst. Commun Chem 2023; 6:235. [PMID: 37898680 PMCID: PMC10613202 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-023-01031-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Alternating copolymers are distinctly unique in comparison with other copolymers. Herein, an in-depth investigation of the oxyanionic ring-opening copolymerization of propylene oxide (PO) and allyl glycidyl ether (AGE) from benzyl alcohol (BnOH) activated with potassium acetate (KOAc) complexed by 18-crown-6 ether (18C6) is described. We demonstrate that the 18C6/KOAc complex is an efficient and benign catalytic system to promote copolymerization of both oxirane monomers, leading to well-defined polyethers with varied comonomer content and low dispersity values (ƉM < 1.20). Kinetic analysis confirmed the controlled nature of the (co)polymerization process, and the determination of reactivity ratios revealed a quasi-alternating copolymerization profile, according to the Fineman-Ross method. The comparison between the quasi-alternating-type PO/AGE copolymerization and block or gradient copolymerization revealed significant differences, to confirm the different sequence incorporation in the different topological copolymers. These results highlight the great potential of 18C6/KOAc-mediated copolymerization process for the controlled sythesis of a series of copolymer topologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Fornaciari
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials (LPCM), Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), University of Mons, Place du Parc, 20, Mons, 7000, Belgium
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli, 10, Pavia, 27100, Italy
| | - Vincent Lemaur
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, Materials Research Institute, University of Mons, Place du Parc, 20, 7000, Mons, Belgium
| | - Dario Pasini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli, 10, Pavia, 27100, Italy.
| | - Olivier Coulembier
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials (LPCM), Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), University of Mons, Place du Parc, 20, Mons, 7000, Belgium.
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3
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Ferrier RC, Kumbhar G, Crum-Dacon S, Lynd NA. A guide to modern methods for poly(thio)ether synthesis using Earth-abundant metals. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:12390-12410. [PMID: 37753731 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc03046f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Polyethers and polythioethers have a long and storied history dating back to the start of polymer science as a distinct field. As such, these materials have been utilized in a wide range of commercial applications and fundamental studies. The breadth of their material properties and the contexts in which they are applied is ultimately owed to their diverse monomer pre-cursors, epoxides and thiiranes, respectively. The facile polymerization of these monomers, both historically and contemporaneously, across academia and industry, has occurred through the use of Earth-abundant metals as catalysts and/or initiators. Despite this, polymerization methods for these monomers are underutilized compared to other monomer classes like cyclic olefins, vinyls, and (meth)acrylates. We feel a focused review that clearly outlines the benefits and shortcomings of extant synthetic methods for poly(thio)ethers along with their proposed mechanisms and quirks will help facilitate the utilization of these methods and by extension the unique polymer materials they create. Therefore, this Feature Article briefly describes the applications of poly(thio)ethers before discussing the feature-set of each poly(thio)ether synthetic method and qualitatively scoring them on relevant metrics (e.g., ease-of-use, molecular weight control, etc.) to help would-be poly(thio)ether-makers find an appropriate synthetic approach. The article is concluded with a look ahead at the future of poly(thio)ether synthesis with Earth-abundant metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Ferrier
- Michigan State University, Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, East Lansing MI, USA.
| | - Gouree Kumbhar
- Michigan State University, Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, East Lansing MI, USA.
| | - Shaylynn Crum-Dacon
- Michigan State University, Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, East Lansing MI, USA.
| | - Nathaniel A Lynd
- University of Texas-Austin, McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, Austin, TX, USA
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4
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Zheng Z, Yang L, Yang Y, Li L, Lin B, Fu L, Xu C. Flexible, sensitive and rapid humidity-responsive sensor based on rubber/aldehyde-modified sodium carboxymethyl starch for human respiratory detection. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 306:120625. [PMID: 36746577 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.120625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Natural polymers with abundant hydrophilic groups are potential candidates for humidity sensor designing. Unfortunately, most of natural polymers lack essential stretchability and high conductivity, which hinder their development in the field of flexible humidity sensor. Cooperation with rubbers and conductive nanometer materials is an effective method to make the best use of natural polymers in flexible humidity sensor. In this paper, a flexible and sensitive sensor with rapid response to humidity change is fabricated based on aldehyde-modified sodium carboxymethyl starch (ACMS), carboxylated styrene-butadiene rubber (XSBR) and Ag nanoflakes through film-forming method. The pre-prepared ACMS owns a better dispersibility in the aqueous phase and serves as reducing agent for formation of Ag nanoflakes. After the film-forming process, the composite film shows a strength of 5.66 MPa and a high stretchability with strain of 367 %. Besides, our sensor shows a rapider response to humidity change than the commercial electronic hygrometer that it takes only 1 s to respond to the humidity change from 25 % RH to 27 % RH. Therefore, the XSBR/ACMS/Ag sensor possesses an impressive sensitive response to slight sweat on human skin and breath, which could find applications in monitoring people's health and distinguish their physical condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongjie Zheng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Resource Processing and Process Intensification Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Li Yang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Resource Processing and Process Intensification Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Yunpeng Yang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Resource Processing and Process Intensification Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Luji Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Resource Processing and Process Intensification Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Baofeng Lin
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Resource Processing and Process Intensification Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Lihua Fu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Resource Processing and Process Intensification Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Chuanhui Xu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Resource Processing and Process Intensification Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China..
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5
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Dreier P, Matthes R, Barent RD, Schüttner S, Müller AHE, Frey H. In Situ Kinetics Reveal the Influence of Solvents and Monomer Structure on the Anionic Ring‐Opening Copolymerization of Epoxides. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202200209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philip Dreier
- Department of Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg‐University Duesbergweg 10–14 D‐55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Rebecca Matthes
- Department of Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg‐University Duesbergweg 10–14 D‐55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Ramona D. Barent
- Department of Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg‐University Duesbergweg 10–14 D‐55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Sandra Schüttner
- Department of Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg‐University Duesbergweg 10–14 D‐55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Axel H. E. Müller
- Department of Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg‐University Duesbergweg 10–14 D‐55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Holger Frey
- Department of Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg‐University Duesbergweg 10–14 D‐55128 Mainz Germany
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6
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Brotherton EE, Jesson CP, Warren NJ, Smallridge MJ, Armes SP. New Aldehyde‐Functional Methacrylic Water‐Soluble Polymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202015298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emma E. Brotherton
- Chemistry The University of Sheffield Dainton Building, Brook Hill Sheffield S3 7HF UK
| | - Craig P. Jesson
- Chemistry The University of Sheffield Dainton Building, Brook Hill Sheffield S3 7HF UK
| | - Nicholas J. Warren
- Chemistry The University of Sheffield Dainton Building, Brook Hill Sheffield S3 7HF UK
| | - Mark J. Smallridge
- GEO Specialty Chemicals Charleston Road, Hardley, Hythe Southampton SO45 3ZG UK
| | - Steven P. Armes
- Chemistry The University of Sheffield Dainton Building, Brook Hill Sheffield S3 7HF UK
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7
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Brotherton EE, Jesson CP, Warren NJ, Smallridge MJ, Armes SP. New Aldehyde-Functional Methacrylic Water-Soluble Polymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:12032-12037. [PMID: 33617018 PMCID: PMC8252606 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202015298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Aldehyde groups enable facile conjugation to proteins, enzymes, oligonucleotides or fluorescent dyes, yet there are no literature examples of water-soluble aldehyde-functional vinyl monomers. We report the synthesis of a new hydrophilic cis-diol-based methacrylic monomer (GEO5MA) by transesterification of isopropylideneglycerol penta(ethylene glycol) using methyl methacrylate followed by acetone deprotection via acid hydrolysis. The corresponding water-soluble aldehyde monomer, AGEO5MA, is prepared by aqueous periodate oxidation of GEO5MA at 22 °C. RAFT polymerization of GEO5MA yields the water-soluble homopolymer, PGEO5MA. Aqueous periodate oxidation of the terminal cis-diol units on PGEO5MA at 22 °C affords a water-soluble aldehyde-functional homopolymer (PAGEO5MA). Moreover, a library of hydrophilic statistical copolymers bearing cis-diol and aldehyde groups was prepared using sub-stoichiometric periodate/cis-diol molar ratios. The aldehyde groups on PAGEO5MA homopolymer were reacted in turn with three amino acids to demonstrate synthetic utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma E Brotherton
- Chemistry, The University of Sheffield, Dainton Building, Brook Hill, Sheffield, S3 7HF, UK
| | - Craig P Jesson
- Chemistry, The University of Sheffield, Dainton Building, Brook Hill, Sheffield, S3 7HF, UK
| | - Nicholas J Warren
- Chemistry, The University of Sheffield, Dainton Building, Brook Hill, Sheffield, S3 7HF, UK
| | - Mark J Smallridge
- GEO Specialty Chemicals, Charleston Road, Hardley, Hythe, Southampton, SO45 3ZG, UK
| | - Steven P Armes
- Chemistry, The University of Sheffield, Dainton Building, Brook Hill, Sheffield, S3 7HF, UK
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8
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Wahlen C, Rauschenbach M, Blankenburg J, Kersten E, Ender CP, Frey H. Myrcenol-Based Monomer for Carbanionic Polymerization: Functional Copolymers with Myrcene and Bio-Based Graft Copolymers. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Wahlen
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Moritz Rauschenbach
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jan Blankenburg
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Erik Kersten
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Christopher P. Ender
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Holger Frey
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55099 Mainz, Germany
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9
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Linker O, Blankenburg J, Maciol K, Bros M, Frey H. Ester Functional Epoxide Monomers for Random and Gradient Poly(ethylene glycol) Polyelectrolytes with Multiple Carboxylic Acid Moieties. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b02320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olga Linker
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Graduate School Materials Science in Mainz, Staudingerweg 9, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jan Blankenburg
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Graduate School Materials Science in Mainz, Staudingerweg 9, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Kamil Maciol
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Matthias Bros
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Holger Frey
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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10
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Lee J, Han S, Kim M, Kim BS. Anionic Polymerization of Azidoalkyl Glycidyl Ethers and Post-Polymerization Modification. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b02236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joonhee Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Sohee Han
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Minseong Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong-Su Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
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11
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Bernhard C, Roeters SJ, Bauer KN, Weidner T, Bonn M, Wurm FR, Gonella G. Both Poly(ethylene glycol) and Poly(methyl ethylene phosphate) Guide Oriented Adsorption of Specific Proteins. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:14092-14097. [PMID: 31568725 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b02275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Developing new functional biomaterials requires the ability to simultaneously repel unwanted and guide wanted protein adsorption. Here, we systematically interrogate the factors determining the protein adsorption by comparing the behaviors of different polymeric surfaces, poly(ethylene glycol) and a poly(phosphoester), and five different natural proteins. Interestingly we observe that, at densities comparable to those used in nanocarrier functionalization, the same proteins are either adsorbed (fibrinogen, human serum albumin, and transferrin) or repelled (immunoglobulin G and lysozyme) by both polymers. However, when adsorption takes place, the specific surface dictates the amount and orientation of each protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Bernhard
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research , Ackermannweg 10 , 55128 Mainz , Germany
| | - Steven J Roeters
- Department of Chemistry , Aarhus University , 8000 Aarhus C , Denmark
| | - Kristin N Bauer
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research , Ackermannweg 10 , 55128 Mainz , Germany
| | - Tobias Weidner
- Department of Chemistry , Aarhus University , 8000 Aarhus C , Denmark
| | - Mischa Bonn
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research , Ackermannweg 10 , 55128 Mainz , Germany
| | - Frederik R Wurm
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research , Ackermannweg 10 , 55128 Mainz , Germany
| | - Grazia Gonella
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research , Ackermannweg 10 , 55128 Mainz , Germany
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12
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Hong C, Wang X, Chen C. Palladium-Catalyzed Dimerization of Vinyl Ethers: Mechanism, Catalyst Optimization, and Polymerization Applications. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Changwen Hong
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xingbao Wang
- Training Base of State Key Laboratory of Coal Science and Technology Jointly Constructed by Shanxi Province and Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Changle Chen
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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13
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Blankenburg J, Frey H. Aminal Protection of Epoxide Monomer Permits the Introduction of Multiple Secondary Amine Moieties at Poly(ethylene glycol). Macromol Rapid Commun 2019; 40:e1900057. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201900057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Blankenburg
- Institute of Organic ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
- Graduate School Materials Science in Mainz (MAINZ) Staudingerweg 9 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Holger Frey
- Institute of Organic ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
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14
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Blankenburg J, Frey H. Convenient Access to α‐Amino‐ω‐Hydroxyl Heterobifunctional PEG and PPO via a Sacrificial Hexahydro‐Triazine Star Strategy. Macromol Rapid Commun 2019; 40:e1900020. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201900020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Blankenburg
- Institute of Organic ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
- Graduate School Materials Science in Mainz Staudingerweg 9 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Holger Frey
- Institute of Organic ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
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15
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Blankenburg J, Kersten E, Maciol K, Wagner M, Zarbakhsh S, Frey H. The poly(propylene oxide-co-ethylene oxide) gradient is controlled by the polymerization method: determination of reactivity ratios by direct comparison of different copolymerization models. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py00500e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
An investigation of the copolymerization of EO and PO by in situ1H NMR spectroscopy reveals striking differences in the monomer gradient, depending on the polymerization method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Blankenburg
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Johannes Gutenberg-University
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
- Graduate School Materials Science in Mainz
| | - Erik Kersten
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Johannes Gutenberg-University
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
| | - Kamil Maciol
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Johannes Gutenberg-University
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
| | - Manfred Wagner
- Max-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
| | | | - Holger Frey
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Johannes Gutenberg-University
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
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