1
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Schaefer S, Corrigan N, Brunke S, Lenardon MD, Boyer C. Combatting Fungal Infections: Advances in Antifungal Polymeric Nanomaterials. Biomacromolecules 2024. [PMID: 39177507 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.4c00866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
Fungal pathogens cause over 6.5 million life-threatening systemic infections annually, with mortality rates ranging from 20 to 95%, even with medical intervention. The World Health Organization has recently emphasized the urgent need for new antifungal drugs. However, the range of effective antifungal agents remains limited and resistance is increasing. This Review explores the current landscape of fungal infections and antifungal drugs, focusing on synthetic polymeric nanomaterials like nanoparticles that enhance the physicochemical properties of existing drugs. Additionally, we examine intrinsically antifungal polymers that mimic naturally occurring peptides. Advances in polymer characterization and synthesis now allow precise design and screening for antifungal activity, biocompatibility, and drug interactions. These antifungal polymers represent a promising new class of drugs for combating fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Schaefer
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
- Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, UNSW, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, UNSW, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Nathaniel Corrigan
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
- Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, UNSW, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Sascha Brunke
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Megan D Lenardon
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, UNSW, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
- Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, UNSW, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
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2
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Schaefer S, Vij R, Sprague JL, Austermeier S, Dinh H, Judzewitsch PR, Müller-Loennies S, Lopes Silva T, Seemann E, Qualmann B, Hertweck C, Scherlach K, Gutsmann T, Cain AK, Corrigan N, Gresnigt MS, Boyer C, Lenardon MD, Brunke S. A synthetic peptide mimic kills Candida albicans and synergistically prevents infection. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6818. [PMID: 39122699 PMCID: PMC11315985 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50491-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
More than two million people worldwide are affected by life-threatening, invasive fungal infections annually. Candida species are the most common cause of nosocomial, invasive fungal infections and are associated with mortality rates above 40%. Despite the increasing incidence of drug-resistance, the development of novel antifungal formulations has been limited. Here we investigate the antifungal mode of action and therapeutic potential of positively charged, synthetic peptide mimics to combat Candida albicans infections. Our data indicates that these synthetic polymers cause endoplasmic reticulum stress and affect protein glycosylation, a mode of action distinct from currently approved antifungal drugs. The most promising polymer composition damaged the mannan layer of the cell wall, with additional membrane-disrupting activity. The synergistic combination of the polymer with caspofungin prevented infection of human epithelial cells in vitro, improved fungal clearance by human macrophages, and significantly increased host survival in a Galleria mellonella model of systemic candidiasis. Additionally, prolonged exposure of C. albicans to the synergistic combination of polymer and caspofungin did not lead to the evolution of tolerant strains in vitro. Together, this work highlights the enormous potential of these synthetic peptide mimics to be used as novel antifungal formulations as well as adjunctive antifungal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Schaefer
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Raghav Vij
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Jakob L Sprague
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Sophie Austermeier
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Hue Dinh
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, Australia
| | - Peter R Judzewitsch
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sven Müller-Loennies
- Division of Biophysics, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, Borstel, Germany
| | - Taynara Lopes Silva
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Eric Seemann
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Jena University Hospital - Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Britta Qualmann
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Jena University Hospital - Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Balance of the Microverse, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Kirstin Scherlach
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas Gutsmann
- Division of Biophysics, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, Borstel, Germany
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology (CSSB), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Amy K Cain
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, Australia
| | - Nathaniel Corrigan
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mark S Gresnigt
- Cluster of Excellence Balance of the Microverse, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
- Junior Research Group Adaptive Pathogenicity Strategies, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, Australia.
- Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Megan D Lenardon
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Sascha Brunke
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany.
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3
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Shao Z, Xu YD, Luo H, Hakobyan K, Zhang M, Xu J, Stenzel MH, Wong EHH. Smart Galactosidase-Responsive Antimicrobial Dendron: Towards More Biocompatible Membrane-Disruptive Agents. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024:e2400350. [PMID: 38895813 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202400350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is a global healthcare challenge that urgently needs the development of new therapeutic agents. Antimicrobial peptides and mimics thereof are promising candidates but mostly suffer from inherent toxicity issues due to the non-selective binding of cationic groups with mammalian cells. To overcome this toxicity issue, this work herein reports the synthesis of a smart antimicrobial dendron with masked cationic groups (Gal-Dendron) that could be uncaged in the presence of β-galactosidase enzyme to form the activated Enz-Dendron and confer antimicrobial activity. Enz-Dendron show bacteriostatic activity toward Gram-negative (P. aeruginosa and E. coli) and Gram-positive (S. aureus) bacteria with minimum inhibitory concentration values of 96 µm and exerted its antimicrobial mechanism via a membrane disruption pathway, as indicated by inner and outer membrane permeabilization assays. Crucially, toxicity studies confirmed that the masked prodrug Gal-Dendron exhibited low hemolysis and is at least 2.4 times less toxic than the uncaged cationic Enz-Dendron, thus demonstrating the advantage of masking the cationic groups with responsive immolative linkers to overcome toxicity and selectivity issues. Overall, this study highlights the potential of designing new membrane-disruptive antimicrobial agents that are more biocompatible via the amine uncaging strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyu Shao
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - You Dan Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Hao Luo
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Karen Hakobyan
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Mengnan Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Jiangtao Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Martina H Stenzel
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Edgar H H Wong
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
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4
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Ghosh D, Yadav S, Bag S, Mallick AI, De P. Antibacterial activity of hydrophobicity modulated cationic polymers with enzyme and pH-responsiveness. J Mater Chem B 2024; 12:2894-2904. [PMID: 38436419 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb02801a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
The membrane lipid compositions of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are inherently different in many aspects, although some similarities exist in their structure and composition. Therefore, selective targeting of membrane lipids with a compound of therapeutic value, such as an antibacterial copolymer, is often challenging. Hence, developing an ideal copolymer with antibacterial properties demands hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity balance with a high biosafety profile. To integrate hydrophobic/hydrophilic balance and cationic charge in an alternating antibacterial copolymer with enzyme and pH-responsiveness, a lysine appended styrenic monomer was copolymerized with a fatty acid (octanoic acid (OA) or myristic acid (MA)) tethered maleimide monomer via reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. A range of microscopic analyses, including dynamic light scattering (DLS), confirmed the formation of nanoaggregates (size ∼30-40 nm) by these polymers in aqueous solution with positive zeta potential (cationic surface charge). Hydrophobic Nile red (NR) dye was successfully encapsulated in the nanoaggregates, and the in vitro release kinetics of the NR dye were monitored at different pHs and in the presence or absence of esterase/lipase. The in vitro release kinetics of NR revealed ∼85% dye release in the presence of pH 5.5 and lipase, suggesting their suitability for pH/enzyme-triggered therapeutic payload delivery. The standard broth microdilution assay showed significant bactericidal activity against both Gram-positive (Bacillus subtilis) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) bacteria with an MIC50 value <30 μg mL-1. The effect of polymeric nanoaggregates on bacterial morphology and in vitro survival was further confirmed by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), agar gel disk diffusion assay, and bacterial live/dead cell count. The significantly low hemolytic activity against red blood cells (RBCs) (HC50 >103 μg mL-1) and nontoxic effect on human intestinal epithelial cells (INT 407) (EC50 >500 μg mL-1) ensure that the polymer nanoaggregates are safe for in vivo use and can serve as a potent antibacterial polymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desoshree Ghosh
- Polymer Research Centre and Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal 741246, India.
| | - Sandeep Yadav
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal 741246, India.
| | - Sagar Bag
- Polymer Research Centre and Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal 741246, India.
| | - Amirul Islam Mallick
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal 741246, India.
| | - Priyadarsi De
- Polymer Research Centre and Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal 741246, India.
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5
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Zhu J, Wang R, Ma Z, Zuo W, Zhu M. Unleashing the Power of PET-RAFT Polymerization: Journey from Porphyrin-Based Photocatalysts to Combinatorial Technologies and Advanced Bioapplications. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:1371-1390. [PMID: 38346318 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c01356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
The emergence of photoinduced energy/electron transfer-reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization (PET-RAFT) not only revolutionized the field of photopolymerization but also accelerated the development of porphyrin-based photocatalysts and their analogues. The continual expansion of the monomer family compatible with PET-RAFT polymerization enhances the range of light radiation that can be harnessed, providing increased flexibility in polymerization processes. Furthermore, the versatility of PET-RAFT polymerization extends beyond its inherent capabilities, enabling its integration with various technologies in diverse fields. This integration holds considerable promise for the advancement of biomaterials with satisfactory bioapplications. As researchers delve deeper into the possibilities afforded by PET-RAFT polymerization, the collaborative efforts of individuals from diverse disciplines will prove invaluable in unleashing its full potential. This Review presents a concise introduction to the fundamental principles of PET-RAFT, outlines the progress in photocatalyst development, highlights its primary applications, and offers insights for future advancements in this technique, paving the way for exciting innovations and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaoyang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Ruili Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Zhiyuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Weiwei Zuo
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Meifang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai 201620, China
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6
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Schaefer S, Melodia D, Pracey C, Corrigan N, Lenardon MD, Boyer C. Mimicking Charged Host-Defense Peptides to Tune the Antifungal Activity and Biocompatibility of Amphiphilic Polymers. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:871-889. [PMID: 38165721 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c01038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
Invasive fungal infections impose a substantial global health burden. They cause more than 1.5 million deaths annually and are insufficiently met by the currently approved antifungal drugs. Antifungal peptides are a promising alternative to existing antifungal drugs; however, they can be challenging to synthesize, and are often susceptible to proteases in vivo. Synthetic polymers which mimic the properties of natural antifungal peptides can circumvent these limitations. In this study, we developed a library of 29 amphiphilic polyacrylamides with different charged units, namely, amines, guanidinium, imidazole, and carboxylic acid groups, representative of the natural amino acids lysine, arginine, histidine, and glutamic acid. Ternary polymers incorporating primary ammonium (lysine-like) or imidazole (histidine-like) groups demonstrated superior activity against Candida albicans and biocompatibility with mammalian cells compared to the polymers containing the other charged groups. Furthermore, a combination of primary ammonium, imidazole, and guanidinium (arginine-like) within the same polymer outperformed the antifungal drug amphotericin B in terms of therapeutic index and exhibited fast C. albicans-killing activity. The most promising polymer compositions showed synergistic effects in combination with caspofungin and fluconazole against C. albicans and additionally demonstrated activity against other clinically relevant fungi. Collectively, these results indicate the strong potential of these easily producible polymers to be used as antifungals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Schaefer
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
- Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, UNSW, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, UNSW, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Daniele Melodia
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
- Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, UNSW, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Christopher Pracey
- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Facility, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, UNSW, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Nathaniel Corrigan
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
- Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, UNSW, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Megan D Lenardon
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, UNSW, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
- Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, UNSW, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
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7
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Li ZY, Zhang X, Qian YL, Du FS, Li ZC. Synthesis and antibacterial properties of fluorinated biodegradable cationic polyesters. J Mater Chem B 2024; 12:1569-1578. [PMID: 38252543 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb02578k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptide-mimicking antibacterial polymers represent a practical strategy to conquer the ever-growing threat of antimicrobial resistance. Herein, we report the syntheses and antibacterial performance of degradable amphiphilic cationic polyesters containing pendent quaternary ammonium motifs and hydrophobic alkyl or fluoroalkyl groups. These polyesters were conveniently prepared from poly(3-methylene-1,5-dioxepan-2-one) via highly efficient one-pot successive thiol-Michael addition reactions. The antibacterial activity of these polyesters against S. aureus and E. coli and their hemolytic activity toward red blood cells were evaluated; some of them showed moderate antibacterial activity and selectivity against Gram-positive S. aureus. The membrane disruption mechanism of these cationic polyesters was briefly explored by monitoring the bacteria killing kinetics and SEM observations. Moreover, the effects of cationic/hydrophobic ratio and the incorporation of fluoroalkyl groups on the antibacterial activity and selectivity of the polyesters were demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Yue Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Xiaoying Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Yi-Lin Qian
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Fu-Sheng Du
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Zi-Chen Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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Kanth S, Malgar Puttaiahgowda Y, Kulal A. Synthesis, characterization, and antimicrobial activities of a starch-based polymer. Carbohydr Res 2023; 532:108900. [PMID: 37459722 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2023.108900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
Due to the rise of nosocomial infections and the increasing threat of antibiotic resistance, new techniques are required to combat bacteria and fungi. Functional antimicrobial biodegradable materials developed from low-cost renewable resources like polysaccharides would enable greater applications in this regard. Our group has developed and characterized a new antimicrobial polymer using commercially available N-ethyl piperazine and starch via simple one-pot method. The prepared antimicrobial polymer was characterized by FTIR and NMR. In addition, the thermal properties of the synthesized antimicrobial polymer were examined through TGA and DSC. The antimicrobial potential of the prepared material was investigated using the bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Mycobacterium smegmatis and a fungi Candida albicans. The result indicates that, as the amount of polymer increases, the antimicrobial activity also increases. SA-E-NPz exhibited a zone of inhibition in the range of 8-13 mm, and the MIC was found to be < 0.625 mg against all four microbes. The antimicrobial activity of polymer coated on fabric was also studied. Furthermore, the cytotoxicity studied against human fibroblast cell lines showed that the prepared polymer is non-toxic to the cells. The study concluded that the synthesized polymer shows good antimicrobial activity, is non-toxic to human fibroblast cells, and thus can be used for wound dressing or textile applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreya Kanth
- Department of Chemistry, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, India
| | - Yashoda Malgar Puttaiahgowda
- Department of Chemistry, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, India.
| | - Ananda Kulal
- Biological Sciences Division, Poornaprajna Institute of Scientific Research, Devanahalli, Bangalore, 562 110, Karnataka, India
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9
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McDonald SM, Augustine EK, Lanners Q, Rudin C, Catherine Brinson L, Becker ML. Applied machine learning as a driver for polymeric biomaterials design. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4838. [PMID: 37563117 PMCID: PMC10415291 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40459-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymers are ubiquitous to almost every aspect of modern society and their use in medical products is similarly pervasive. Despite this, the diversity in commercial polymers used in medicine is stunningly low. Considerable time and resources have been extended over the years towards the development of new polymeric biomaterials which address unmet needs left by the current generation of medical-grade polymers. Machine learning (ML) presents an unprecedented opportunity in this field to bypass the need for trial-and-error synthesis, thus reducing the time and resources invested into new discoveries critical for advancing medical treatments. Current efforts pioneering applied ML in polymer design have employed combinatorial and high throughput experimental design to address data availability concerns. However, the lack of available and standardized characterization of parameters relevant to medicine, including degradation time and biocompatibility, represents a nearly insurmountable obstacle to ML-aided design of biomaterials. Herein, we identify a gap at the intersection of applied ML and biomedical polymer design, highlight current works at this junction more broadly and provide an outlook on challenges and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emily K Augustine
- Thomas Lord Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Quinn Lanners
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Cynthia Rudin
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - L Catherine Brinson
- Thomas Lord Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Matthew L Becker
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
- Thomas Lord Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
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10
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Soukarieh F, Gurnani P, Romero M, Halliday N, Stocks M, Alexander C, Cámara M. Design of Quorum Sensing Inhibitor-Polymer Conjugates to Penetrate Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms. ACS Macro Lett 2023; 12:314-319. [PMID: 36790191 PMCID: PMC10035027 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.2c00699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global threat to public health with a forecast of a negative financial impact of one trillion dollars per annum, hence novel therapeutics are urgently needed. The resistance of many bacteria against current drugs is further augmented by the ability of these microbes to form biofilms where cells are encased in a slimy extracellular matrix and either adhered to a surface or forming cell aggregates. Biofilms form physiochemical barriers against the penetration of treatments such as small molecule antibacterials, rendering most treatments ineffective. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a priority pathogen of immediate concern, controls biofilm formation through multiple layers of gene regulation pathways including quorum sensing (QS), a cell-to-cell signaling system. We have recently reported a series of inhibitors of the PqsR QS regulator from this organism that can potentiate the action of antibiotics. However, these QS inhibitors (QSIs) have shown modest effects on biofilms in contrast with planktonic cultures due to poor penetration through the biofilm matrix. To enhance the delivery of the inhibitors, a small library of polymers was designed as carriers of a specific QSI, with variations in the side chains to introduce either positively charged or neutral moieties to aid penetration into and through the P. aeruginosa biofilm. The synthesized polymers were evaluated in a series of assays to establish their effects on the inhibition of the Pqs QS system in P. aeruginosa, the levels of inhibitor release from polymers, and their impact on biofilm formation. A selected cationic polymer-QSI conjugate was found to penetrate effectively through biofilm layers and to release the QSI. When used in combination with ciprofloxacin, it enhanced the biofilm antimicrobial activity of this antibiotic compared to free QSI and ciprofloxacin under the same conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadi Soukarieh
- National
Biofilms Innovation Centre, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United
Kingdom
- School
of Life Sciences, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United
Kingdom
| | - Pratik Gurnani
- Division
of Molecular Therapeutics and Formulation, Boots Science Building,
School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Manuel Romero
- National
Biofilms Innovation Centre, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United
Kingdom
- Department
of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Biology-CIBUS, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain
| | - Nigel Halliday
- School
of Life Sciences, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United
Kingdom
| | - Michael Stocks
- School
of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Cameron Alexander
- Division
of Molecular Therapeutics and Formulation, Boots Science Building,
School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Miguel Cámara
- National
Biofilms Innovation Centre, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United
Kingdom
- School
of Life Sciences, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United
Kingdom
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11
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Lehnen AC, Bapolisi AM, Krass M, AlSawaf A, Kurki J, Kersting S, Fuchs H, Hartlieb M. Shape Matters: Highly Selective Antimicrobial Bottle Brush Copolymers via a One-Pot RAFT Polymerization Approach. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:5350-5360. [PMID: 36455024 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c01187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
The one-pot synthesis of antimicrobial bottle brush copolymers is presented. Reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) polymerization is used for the production of the polymeric backbone, as well as for the grafts, which were installed using a grafting-from approach. A combination of N-isopropyl acrylamide and a Boc-protected primary amine-containing acrylamide was used in different compositions. After deprotection, polymers featuring different charge densities were obtained in both linear and bottle brush topologies. Antimicrobial activity was tested against three clinically relevant bacterial strains, and growth inhibition was significantly increased for bottle brush copolymers. Blood compatibility investigations revealed strong hemagglutination for linear copolymers and pronounced hemolysis for bottle brush copolymers. However, one bottle brush copolymer with a 50% charge density revealed strong antibacterial activity and negligible in vitro blood toxicity (regarding hemolysis and hemagglutination tests) resulting in selectivity values as high as 320. Membrane models were used to probe the mechanism of shown polymers that was found to be based on membrane disruption. The trends from bioassays are accurately reflected in model systems indicating that differences in lipid composition might be responsible for selectivity. However, bottle brush copolymers were found to possess increased cytotoxicity against human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells compared with linear analogues. The introduced synthetic platform enables screening of further, previously inaccessible parameters associated with the bottle brush topology, paving the way to further improve their activity profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Catherine Lehnen
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, 14476Potsdam, Germany.,Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research (IAP), Geiselbergstraße 69, 14476Potsdam, Germany
| | - Alain M Bapolisi
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, 14476Potsdam, Germany
| | - Melanie Krass
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Diagnostic Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353Berlin, Germany
| | - Ahmad AlSawaf
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, 14476Potsdam, Germany
| | - Jan Kurki
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, 14476Potsdam, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kersting
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses (IZI-BB), Am Mühlenberg 13, 14476Potsdam, Germany
| | - Hendrik Fuchs
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Diagnostic Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Hartlieb
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, 14476Potsdam, Germany.,Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research (IAP), Geiselbergstraße 69, 14476Potsdam, Germany
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12
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Miyagawa A, Ohno S, Yamamura H. Synthesis of antimicrobial polymers with mannose residues as binders for the
FimH
adhesin of
Escherichia coli. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20220540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Miyagawa
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology Nagoya Japan
| | - Shinya Ohno
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology Nagoya Japan
| | - Hatsuo Yamamura
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology Nagoya Japan
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13
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Terzioğlu İ, Ventura-Hunter C, Ulbrich J, Saldívar-Guerra E, Schubert US, Guerrero-Sánchez C. Automated Parallel Dialysis for Purification of Polymers. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14224835. [PMID: 36432962 PMCID: PMC9697721 DOI: 10.3390/polym14224835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The implementation of a dialysis method for the simultaneous purification of different polymer materials in a commercially available automated parallel synthesizer (APS) is discussed. The efficiency of this "unattended" automated parallel dialysis (APD) method was investigated by means of proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) measurements, which confirmed that the method enables the removal of up to 99% of the unreacted monomer derived from the synthesis of the corresponding polymers in the APS. Size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) revealed that the molar mass and molar mass distribution of the investigated polymers did not undergo significant changes after the application of the APD method. The method discussed herein can be regarded as a good alternative to the "unattended" and reliable purification of polymer libraries prepared in APS. This method may be useful for overcoming current limitations of high-throughput/-output (HT/O) synthesis of polymer libraries, where purification of the generated materials currently represents a significant constraint for establishing fully automated experimental workflows necessary to advance towards a full digitalization of research and development of new polymers for diverse applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- İpek Terzioğlu
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Carolina Ventura-Hunter
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Polymerization Processes Department, Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada (CIQA), Blvd. Enrique Reyna No. 140, Saltillo 25294, Coahuila, Mexico
| | - Jens Ulbrich
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Enrique Saldívar-Guerra
- Polymerization Processes Department, Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada (CIQA), Blvd. Enrique Reyna No. 140, Saltillo 25294, Coahuila, Mexico
| | - Ulrich S. Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Carlos Guerrero-Sánchez
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Correspondence:
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14
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Ventura-Hunter C, Lechuga-Islas VD, Ulbrich J, Kellner C, Schubert US, Saldívar-Guerra E, Rosales-Guzmán M, Guerrero-Sánchez C. Glycerol methacrylate-based copolymers: Reactivity ratios, physicochemical characterization and cytotoxicity. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuong Pham
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine School of Chemical Engineering The University of New South Wales Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Susan Oliver
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine School of Chemical Engineering The University of New South Wales Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine School of Chemical Engineering The University of New South Wales Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
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16
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Pham P, Oliver S, Nguyen DT, Boyer C. Effect of Cationic Groups on the Selectivity of Ternary Antimicrobial Polymers. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2200377. [PMID: 35894165 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial polymers (AMPs) have emerged as a promising approach to combat multidrug-resistant pathogens. Developed from binary polymers, which contain cationic and hydrophobic groups, ternary polymers are enhanced by adding neutral hydrophilic monomers to improve their biocompatibility. Cationic groups have attracted significant attention owing to their pivotal role in AMPs. Although many studies have investigated the effect of cationic groups on antimicrobial activity of binary AMPs, there is a lack of comprehensive and systematic evaluation for ternary AMPs. Therefore, a library of 31 statistical amphiphilic ternary polymers containing different cationic groups, including primary amine, guanidine and sulfonium groups was prepared to investigate the impact of cationic groups on antimicrobial activity and biocompatibility. We show that the cationic balance appears to be a critical factor influencing polymers' antibacterial activity and selectivity. Our results reveal that the polymers that have the ratio of the cationic groups ranging between 50-60%, coupled with a cationic/hydrophobic ratio in the range of [1.4-2] and an appropriate neutral hydrophilic/hydrophobic balance, exhibited the highest selectivity toward mammalian cells. Furthermore, selectivity can be improved with suitable cationic moieties and good neutral hydrophilic candidates. In the present study, a lysine-mimicking monomer and PEG chain were the best choices for cationic and hydrophilic sources to develop the most selective AMPs, displaying an impressive selectivity for HC50 and IC50 greater than 83 and 21, respectively. This study elucidates a structure-property-performance relationship for ternary AMPs, which contributes to the development of AMPs capable of selectively targeting gram-negative pathogens. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuong Pham
- Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Susan Oliver
- Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Duong Thanh Nguyen
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, 100000, Vietnam
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
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17
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Li Z, Han Z, Stenzel MH, Chapman R. A High Throughput Approach for Designing Polymers That Mimic the TRAIL Protein. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:2660-2666. [PMID: 35312327 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c04469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We have leveraged a high throughput approach to design a fully synthetic polymer mimic of the chemotherapeutic protein "TRAIL". Our design enables the synthesis of libraries of star-shaped polymers presenting exactly one receptor binding peptide at the end of each arm with no purification steps. Clear structure-activity relationships in screening for receptor binding and the apoptotic activity on colon cancer lines (COLO205) led us to identify trivalent structures, ∼1.5 nm in hydrodynamic radius as the best mimics. These showed IC50 values ∼2 μM and resulted in the elevated levels of caspase-8 expected from this mechanism of cell death. Our results demonstrate the potential for HTP screening methods to be used in the design of polymers that can mimic a whole range of complex therapeutic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihao Li
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design, School of Chemistry, Univeristy of New South Wales Sydney, Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Zifei Han
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design, School of Chemistry, Univeristy of New South Wales Sydney, Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Martina H Stenzel
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design, School of Chemistry, Univeristy of New South Wales Sydney, Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Robert Chapman
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design, School of Chemistry, Univeristy of New South Wales Sydney, Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia
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18
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Wu C, Corrigan N, Lim CH, Liu W, Miyake G, Boyer C. Rational Design of Photocatalysts for Controlled Polymerization: Effect of Structures on Photocatalytic Activities. Chem Rev 2022; 122:5476-5518. [PMID: 34982536 PMCID: PMC9815102 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, the use of photocatalysts (PCs) in controlled polymerization has brought new opportunities in sophisticated macromolecular synthesis. However, the selection of PCs in these systems has been typically based on laborious trial-and-error strategies. To tackle this limitation, computer-guided rational design of PCs based on knowledge of structure-property-performance relationships has emerged. These rational strategies provide rapid and economic methodologies for tuning the performance and functionality of a polymerization system, thus providing further opportunities for polymer science. This review provides an overview of PCs employed in photocontrolled polymerization systems and summarizes their progression from early systems to the current state-of-the-art. Background theories on electronic transitions are also introduced to establish the structure-property-performance relationships from a perspective of quantum chemistry. Typical examples for each type of structure-property relationships are then presented to enlighten future design of PCs for photocontrolled polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyu Wu
- Qingdao Institute for Theoretical and Computational Sciences, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | | | - Chern-Hooi Lim
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
- New Iridium Incorporated, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Wenjian Liu
- Qingdao Institute for Theoretical and Computational Sciences, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Garret Miyake
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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19
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Huang Y, Guo WL, He JC, Li X, Cai T. Development of High Throughput Photopolymerizations Using Micron-Sized Ultrathin Metal-Organic Framework Nanosheets. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2200020. [PMID: 35182089 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Polymer syntheses in a high throughput format are still challenging due to the tedious procedures for prior deoxygenation and catalyst removal. Two-dimensional (2D) metal-organic framework (MOF) nanosheets are advantageous for elevating the catalytic efficiency and catalyst recyclability. Polymerization of a wide variety of monomers, including hydrophilic acrylamides and hydrophobic acrylates, was attempted directly in a multi-well plate by employing Zn-ZnPPF-2D nanosheets (PPF = porphyrin paddlewheel framework) as a heterogeneous photocatalyst. Various parameters such as monomer concentration, catalyst concentration and light wavelength were investigated with respect to their effects on polymerization rate and the degree of control over the molecular weight and molecular weight distribution. Due to the larger surface area and more accessible catalytic sites, the top-performing Zn-ZnPPF-2D exhibited fast polymerization kinetics over the Zn-ZnPPF-3D bulk crystals. In addition, the synthesis of triblock copolymers with a single loading of catalysts confirmed the outstanding catalytic performance of these 2D MOF catalysts. Finally, PET-RAFT polymerization was demonstrated to be achievable entirely in a microliter-scale human cell culture medium. As such, this strategy provides high levels of control and precision over macromolecular synthesis outcomes that best align with the requirements of high throughput approaches towards biological applications. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Huang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, P. R. China.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Intelligent Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Technology, William Mong Institute of Nano Science and Technology, and Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Wan Lin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, P. R. China.,Wuhan University Suzhou Research Institute, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215213, P. R. China
| | - Jin Cheng He
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Xue Li
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, P. R. China.,Wuhan University Suzhou Research Institute, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215213, P. R. China
| | - Tao Cai
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, P. R. China.,Wuhan University Suzhou Research Institute, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215213, P. R. China
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20
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Jung K, Corrigan N, Wong EHH, Boyer C. Bioactive Synthetic Polymers. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2105063. [PMID: 34611948 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202105063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic polymers are omnipresent in society as textiles and packaging materials, in construction and medicine, among many other important applications. Alternatively, natural polymers play a crucial role in sustaining life and allowing organisms to adapt to their environments by performing key biological functions such as molecular recognition and transmission of genetic information. In general, the synthetic and natural polymer worlds are completely separated due to the inability for synthetic polymers to perform specific biological functions; in some cases, synthetic polymers cause uncontrolled and unwanted biological responses. However, owing to the advancement of synthetic polymerization techniques in recent years, new synthetic polymers have emerged that provide specific biological functions such as targeted molecular recognition of peptides, or present antiviral, anticancer, and antimicrobial activities. In this review, the emergence of this generation of bioactive synthetic polymers and their bioapplications are summarized. Finally, the future opportunities in this area are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenward Jung
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), Australian Centre for Nanomedicine (ACN), and School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Nathaniel Corrigan
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), Australian Centre for Nanomedicine (ACN), and School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Edgar H H Wong
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), Australian Centre for Nanomedicine (ACN), and School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), Australian Centre for Nanomedicine (ACN), and School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
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21
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Wang Z, Zhou Y, Chen M. Computer‐Aided
Living Polymerization Conducted under
Continuous‐Flow
Conditions
†. CHINESE J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202100544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zeyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University Shanghai 200438 China
| | - Yang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University Shanghai 200438 China
| | - Mao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University Shanghai 200438 China
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22
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Stockmal KA, Downs LP, Davis AN, Kemp LK, Karim S, Morgan SE. Cationic Glycopolyelectrolytes for RNA Interference in Tick Cells. Biomacromolecules 2021; 23:34-46. [PMID: 34793129 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c00824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The black-legged tick (Ixodes scapularis) is the primary vector for bacteria that cause Lyme disease (Borrelia burgdorferi), where numerous glycosylated tick proteins are involved at the interface of vector-host-pathogen interactions. Reducing the expression of key tick proteins, such as selenoprotein K (SelK), through RNA interference is a promising approach to reduce pathogen transmission, but efficient delivery of nucleic acids to arthropods has proven challenging. While cationic glycopolymers have been used as nonviral gene delivery vehicles in mammalian cells, their use in arthropod or insect gene transfection has not been established. In this study, statistical acrylamide-based cationic glycopolymers with glucose or galactose pendant groups were synthesized by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization, and the effects of the saccharide pendant group and cationic monomer loading on polymer cytotoxicity, RNA complexation, and SelK gene knockdown in ISE6 cells were evaluated. All polymers exhibited low cytotoxicity, yet RNA/copolymer complex cell uptake and gene knockdown were highly dependent on the saccharide structure and the N:P (amino to phosphate groups) ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelli A Stockmal
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406-5050, United States
| | - Latoyia P Downs
- School of Biological, Environmental, and Earth Sciences, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406-5050, United States
| | - Ashley N Davis
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406-5050, United States
| | - Lisa K Kemp
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406-5050, United States
| | - Shahid Karim
- School of Biological, Environmental, and Earth Sciences, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406-5050, United States.,Center for Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406-5050, United States
| | - Sarah E Morgan
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406-5050, United States
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23
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Li CY, Yu SS. Efficient Visible-Light-Driven RAFT Polymerization Mediated by Deep Eutectic Solvents under an Open-to-Air Environment. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Yu Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Sheng Yu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
- Core Facility Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
- Program on Smart and Sustainable Manufacturing, Academy of Innovative Semiconductor and Sustainable Manufacturing, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
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24
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Pearce AK, O'Reilly RK. Polymers for Biomedical Applications: The Importance of Hydrophobicity in Directing Biological Interactions and Application Efficacy. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:4459-4469. [PMID: 34495643 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c00434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The past decades have seen significant research effort in the field of polymers for a range of biomedical applications, driven by the promising prospect of these materials for realizing next generation therapeutics in the clinic. In this regard, it is widely accepted that polymer properties such as chemistry, charge, and block composition, as well as properties of their self-assemblies including size, shape, surface chemistry, and biodegradation, all influence and direct their interactions with cells and biological membranes. In particular, polymer hydrophobicity is a property of interest, with growing evidence demonstrating the significant impact that hydrophobic interactions with lipid membranes and proteins can have on biomaterial application efficacy within the body. However, to date, this phenomenon has been relatively underexplored, and therefore there exists no clear universal understanding to direct polymer design. In this Perspective, we highlight important contributions to this field, focusing on seminal studies which investigate experimentally and theoretically how incorporation of hydrophobic moieties within polymer systems can influence their ultimate properties when used in biomedical applications. In this way, we aim to signify future directions in the design of highly performing polymers for biomedicine, making a case for the importance of standardized computational modeling to achieve widely applicable conclusions and facilitate future translational efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K Pearce
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Rachel K O'Reilly
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
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25
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Judzewitsch PR, Corrigan N, Wong EHH, Boyer C. Photo-Enhanced Antimicrobial Activity of Polymers Containing an Embedded Photosensitiser. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:24248-24256. [PMID: 34453390 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202110672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This work presents the synthesis of a novel photosensitive acrylate monomer for use as both a self-catalyst in the photoinduced electron/energy transfer-reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (PET-RAFT) polymerisation process and a photosensitiser (PS) for antibacterial applications. Hydrophilic, cationic, and antimicrobial formulations are explored to compare the antibacterial effects between charged and non-charged polymers. Covalent attachment of the catalyst to well-defined linear polymer chains has no effect on polymerisation control or singlet oxygen generation. The addition of the PS to polymers provides activity against S. aureus for all polymer formulations, resulting in up to a 99.99999 % killing efficacy in 30 min. Antimicrobial peptide mimetic polymers previously active against P. aeruginosa, but not S. aureus, gain significant bactericidal activity against S. aureus through the inclusion of PS groups, with 99.998 % killing efficiency after 30 min incubation with light. Thus, a broader spectrum of antimicrobial activity is achieved using two distinct mechanisms of bactericidal activity via the incorporation of a photosensitiser monomer into an antimicrobial polymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter R Judzewitsch
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD) and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine (ACN), School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Nathaniel Corrigan
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD) and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine (ACN), School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Edgar H H Wong
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD) and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine (ACN), School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD) and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine (ACN), School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
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26
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Chen C, Richter F, Zhang J, Guerrero-Sanchez C, Traeger A, Schubert US, Feng A, Thang SH. Synthesis of functional miktoarm star polymers in an automated parallel synthesizer. Eur Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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27
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Photo‐Enhanced Antimicrobial Activity of Polymers Containing an Embedded Photosensitiser. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202110672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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28
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Tewabe A, Marew T, Birhanu G. The contribution of nano-based strategies in overcoming ceftriaxone resistance: a literature review. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2021; 9:e00849. [PMID: 34331383 PMCID: PMC8324973 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial drug resistance, including resistance to multiple antibiotics, is continuously increasing. According to research findings, many bacteria resistant to other antibiotics were susceptible to ceftriaxone. However, over the last few years, ceftriaxone resistance has become growing and extremely worrisome challenge to the global healthcare system and several strategies have been initiated to contain the spread of antimicrobial drug resistance. Its extended use for therapeutic or preventative measures in humans and farm animals resulted in the development and spread of resistance. Recent advances in nanotechnology also offer novel formulations based on distinct types of nanostructure particles with different sizes and shapes, and flexible antimicrobial properties. For ceftriaxone, several nanostructured formulations through conjugation, intercalation, encapsulation with lipid carrier, and polymeric films have been investigated by different groups with promising results in combating the development of resistance. This review addressed the existing knowledge and practice on the contribution of nano-based delivery approaches in overcoming ceftriaxone resistance. Evidences have been generated from published research articles using major search electronic databases such as PubMed, Medline, Google Scholar, and Science Direct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashagrachew Tewabe
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Social PharmacySchool of PharmacyCollege of Health SciencesAddis Ababa UniversityAddis AbabaEthiopia
- Department of PharmacyCollege of Medicine and Health SciencesBahir Dar UniversityBahir DarEthiopia
| | - Tesfa Marew
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Social PharmacySchool of PharmacyCollege of Health SciencesAddis Ababa UniversityAddis AbabaEthiopia
| | - Gebremariam Birhanu
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Social PharmacySchool of PharmacyCollege of Health SciencesAddis Ababa UniversityAddis AbabaEthiopia
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29
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Soheilmoghaddam F, Rumble M, Cooper-White J. High-Throughput Routes to Biomaterials Discovery. Chem Rev 2021; 121:10792-10864. [PMID: 34213880 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Many existing clinical treatments are limited in their ability to completely restore decreased or lost tissue and organ function, an unenviable situation only further exacerbated by a globally aging population. As a result, the demand for new medical interventions has increased substantially over the past 20 years, with the burgeoning fields of gene therapy, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine showing promise to offer solutions for full repair or replacement of damaged or aging tissues. Success in these fields, however, inherently relies on biomaterials that are engendered with the ability to provide the necessary biological cues mimicking native extracellular matrixes that support cell fate. Accelerating the development of such "directive" biomaterials requires a shift in current design practices toward those that enable rapid synthesis and characterization of polymeric materials and the coupling of these processes with techniques that enable similarly rapid quantification and optimization of the interactions between these new material systems and target cells and tissues. This manuscript reviews recent advances in combinatorial and high-throughput (HT) technologies applied to polymeric biomaterial synthesis, fabrication, and chemical, physical, and biological screening with targeted end-point applications in the fields of gene therapy, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine. Limitations of, and future opportunities for, the further application of these research tools and methodologies are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhad Soheilmoghaddam
- Tissue Engineering and Microfluidics Laboratory (TEaM), Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), University Of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia 4072.,School of Chemical Engineering, University Of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia 4072
| | - Madeleine Rumble
- Tissue Engineering and Microfluidics Laboratory (TEaM), Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), University Of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia 4072.,School of Chemical Engineering, University Of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia 4072
| | - Justin Cooper-White
- Tissue Engineering and Microfluidics Laboratory (TEaM), Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), University Of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia 4072.,School of Chemical Engineering, University Of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia 4072
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Schaefer S, Pham TTP, Brunke S, Hube B, Jung K, Lenardon MD, Boyer C. Rational Design of an Antifungal Polyacrylamide Library with Reduced Host-Cell Toxicity. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:27430-27444. [PMID: 34060800 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c05020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Life-threatening invasive fungal infections represent an urgent threat to human health worldwide. The limited set of antifungal drugs has critical constraints such as resistance development and/or adverse side effects. One approach to overcome these limitations is to mimic naturally occurring antifungal peptides called defensins. Inspired by their advantageous amphiphilic properties, a library of 35 synthetic, linear, ternary polyacrylamides was prepared by controlled/living radical polymerization. The effect of the degree of polymerization (20, 40, and 100) and varying hydrophobic functionalities (branched, linear, cyclic, or aromatic differing in their number of carbons) on their antifungal activity was investigated. Short copolymers with a calculated log P of ∼1.5 revealed optimal activity against the major human fungal pathogen Candida albicans and other pathogenic fungal species with limited toxicity to mammalian host cells (red blood cells and fibroblasts). Remarkably, selected copolymers outperformed the commercial antifungal drug amphotericin B, with respect to the therapeutic index, highlighting their potential as novel antifungal compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Schaefer
- School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
- Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, UNSW, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Thi Thu Phuong Pham
- School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
- Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, UNSW, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Sascha Brunke
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Bernhard Hube
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Kenward Jung
- School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
- Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, UNSW, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Megan Denise Lenardon
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, UNSW, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
- Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, UNSW, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
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31
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Kim M, Mun W, Jung WH, Lee J, Cho G, Kwon J, Ahn DJ, Mitchell RJ, Kim BS. Antimicrobial PEGtides: A Modular Poly(ethylene glycol)-Based Peptidomimetic Approach to Combat Bacteria. ACS NANO 2021; 15:9143-9153. [PMID: 33988968 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c02644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Despite their high potency, the widespread implementation of natural antimicrobial peptides is still challenging due to their low scalability and high hemolytic activities. Herein, we address these issues by employing a modular approach to mimic the key amino acid residues present in antimicrobial peptides, such as lysine, leucine, and serine, but on the highly biocompatible poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) backbone. A series of these PEG-based peptides (PEGtides) were developed using functional epoxide monomers, corresponding to each key amino acid, with several possessing highly potent bactericidal activities and controlled selectivities, with respect to their hemolytic behavior. The critical role of the composition and the structure of the PEGtides in their selectivities was further supported by coarse-grained molecular dynamic simulations. This modular approach is anticipated to provide the design principles necessary for the future development of antimicrobial polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minseong Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Joonhee Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | - Byeong-Su Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
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32
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Upadhya R, Kosuri S, Tamasi M, Meyer TA, Atta S, Webb MA, Gormley AJ. Automation and data-driven design of polymer therapeutics. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 171:1-28. [PMID: 33242537 PMCID: PMC8127395 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Polymers are uniquely suited for drug delivery and biomaterial applications due to tunable structural parameters such as length, composition, architecture, and valency. To facilitate designs, researchers may explore combinatorial libraries in a high throughput fashion to correlate structure to function. However, traditional polymerization reactions including controlled living radical polymerization (CLRP) and ring-opening polymerization (ROP) require inert reaction conditions and extensive expertise to implement. With the advent of air-tolerance and automation, several polymerization techniques are now compatible with well plates and can be carried out at the benchtop, making high throughput synthesis and high throughput screening (HTS) possible. To avoid HTS pitfalls often described as "fishing expeditions," it is crucial to employ intelligent and big data approaches to maximize experimental efficiency. This is where the disruptive technologies of machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) will likely play a role. In fact, ML and AI are already impacting small molecule drug discovery and showing signs of emerging in drug delivery. In this review, we present state-of-the-art research in drug delivery, gene delivery, antimicrobial polymers, and bioactive polymers alongside data-driven developments in drug design and organic synthesis. From this insight, important lessons are revealed for the polymer therapeutics community including the value of a closed loop design-build-test-learn workflow. This is an exciting time as researchers will gain the ability to fully explore the polymer structural landscape and establish quantitative structure-property relationships (QSPRs) with biological significance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Supriya Atta
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, USA
| | - Michael A Webb
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
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Bellotti V, Simonutti R. New Light in Polymer Science: Photoinduced Reversible Addition-Fragmentation Chain Transfer Polymerization (PET-RAFT) as Innovative Strategy for the Synthesis of Advanced Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1119. [PMID: 33915928 PMCID: PMC8036437 DOI: 10.3390/polym13071119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Photochemistry has attracted great interest in the last decades in the field of polymer and material science for the synthesis of innovative materials. The merging of photochemistry and reversible-deactivation radical polymerizations (RDRP) provides good reaction control and can simplify elaborate reaction protocols. These advantages open the doors to multidisciplinary fields going from composite materials to bio-applications. Photoinduced Electron/Energy Transfer Reversible Addition-Fragmentation Chain-Transfer (PET-RAFT) polymerization, proposed for the first time in 2014, presents significant advantages compared to other photochemical techniques in terms of applicability, cost, and sustainability. This review has the aim of providing to the readers the basic knowledge of PET-RAFT polymerization and explores the new possibilities that this innovative technique offers in terms of industrial applications, new materials production, and green conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roberto Simonutti
- Department of Materials Science, Università Degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi, 55, 20125 Milan, Italy;
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34
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Luo H, Yin XQ, Tan PF, Gu ZP, Liu ZM, Tan L. Polymeric antibacterial materials: design, platforms and applications. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:2802-2815. [PMID: 33710247 DOI: 10.1039/d1tb00109d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decades, the morbidity and mortality caused by pathogen invasion remain stubbornly high even though medical care has increasingly improved worldwide. Besides, impacted by the ever-growing multidrug-resistant bacterial strains, the crisis owing to the abuse and misuse of antibiotics has been further exacerbated. Among the wide range of antibacterial strategies, polymeric antibacterial materials with diversified synthetic strategies exhibit unique advantages (e.g., their flexible structural design, processability and recyclability, tuneable platform construction, and safety) for extensive antibacterial fields as compared to low molecular weight organic or inorganic antibacterial materials. In this review, polymeric antibacterial materials are summarized in terms of four structure styles and the most representative material platforms to achieve specific antibacterial applications. The superiority and defects exhibited by various polymeric antibacterial materials are elucidated, and the design of various platforms to elevate their efficacy is also described. Moreover, the application scope of polymeric antibacterial materials is summarized with regard to tissue engineering, personal protection, and environmental security. In the last section, the subsequent challenges and direction of polymeric antibacterial materials are discussed. It is highly expected that this critical review will present an insight into the prospective development of antibacterial functional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Luo
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China.
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35
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Namivandi-Zangeneh R, Wong EHH, Boyer C. Synthetic Antimicrobial Polymers in Combination Therapy: Tackling Antibiotic Resistance. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:215-253. [PMID: 33433995 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is a critical global healthcare issue that urgently needs new effective solutions. While small molecule antibiotics have been safeguarding us for nearly a century since the discovery of penicillin by Alexander Fleming, the emergence of a new class of antimicrobials in the form of synthetic antimicrobial polymers, which was driven by the advances in controlled polymerization techniques and the desire to mimic naturally occurring antimicrobial peptides, could play a key role in fighting multidrug resistant bacteria in the near future. By harnessing the ability to control chemical and structural properties of polymers almost at will, synthetic antimicrobial polymers can be strategically utilized in combination therapy with various antimicrobial coagents in different formats to yield more potent (synergistic) outcomes. In this review, we present a short summary of the different combination therapies involving synthetic antimicrobial polymers, focusing on their combinations with nitric oxide, antibiotics, essential oils, and metal- and carbon-based inorganics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashin Namivandi-Zangeneh
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD) and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine (ACN), School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW Australia, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Edgar H. H. Wong
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD) and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine (ACN), School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW Australia, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD) and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine (ACN), School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW Australia, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
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36
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Wulandari E, Namivandi-Zangeneh R, Judzewitsch PR, Budhisatria R, Soeriyadi AH, Boyer C, Wong EHH. Silk Sponges with Surface Antimicrobial Activity. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c01222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erna Wulandari
- Australian Centre for NanoMedicine (ACN), School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Rashin Namivandi-Zangeneh
- Australian Centre for NanoMedicine (ACN), School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Peter R. Judzewitsch
- Australian Centre for NanoMedicine (ACN), School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Rachel Budhisatria
- Mochtar Riady Institute of Nanotechnology (MRIN), Banten 15810, Indonesia
| | | | - Cyrille Boyer
- Australian Centre for NanoMedicine (ACN), School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Edgar H. H. Wong
- Australian Centre for NanoMedicine (ACN), School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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37
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Wulandari E, Budhisatria R, Soeriyadi AH, Willcox M, Boyer C, Wong EHH. Releasable antimicrobial polymer-silk coatings for combating multidrug-resistant bacteria. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py01219c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Controlled release of synthetic cationic antimicrobial polymers from silk-based coating for preventing bacterial biofilm formation on the surface and for killing planktonic bacteria cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erna Wulandari
- Australian Centre for NanoMedicine (ACN), School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Rachel Budhisatria
- Mochtar Riady Institute of Nanotechnology (MRIN), Banten 15810, Indonesia
| | | | - Mark Willcox
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Australian Centre for NanoMedicine (ACN), School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Edgar H. H. Wong
- Australian Centre for NanoMedicine (ACN), School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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38
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Ng G, Jung K, Li J, Wu C, Zhang L, Boyer C. Screening RAFT agents and photocatalysts to mediate PET-RAFT polymerization using a high throughput approach. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py01258d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We report a high throughput approach for the screening of RAFT agents and photocatalysts to mediate photoinduced electron/energy transfer-reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (PET-RAFT) polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gervase Ng
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Kenward Jung
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Jun Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Chenyu Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Liwen Zhang
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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39
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Pham P, Oliver S, Wong EHH, Boyer C. Effect of hydrophilic groups on the bioactivity of antimicrobial polymers. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py01075a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial polymers have recently been investigated as potential treatments to combat multidrug-resistant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuong Pham
- Australian Centre for NanoMedicine and Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Susan Oliver
- Australian Centre for NanoMedicine and Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Edgar H. H. Wong
- Australian Centre for NanoMedicine and Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Australian Centre for NanoMedicine and Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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40
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Kimmins SD, Hanay SB, Murphy R, O'Dwyer J, Ramalho J, Ryan EJ, Kearney CJ, O'Brien FJ, Cryan SA, Fitzgerald-Hughes D, Heise A. Antimicrobial and degradable triazolinedione (TAD) crosslinked polypeptide hydrogels. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:5456-5464. [PMID: 34048521 DOI: 10.1039/d1tb00776a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogels are perfectly suited to support cell and tissue growth in advanced tissue engineering applications as well as classical wound treatment scenarios. Ideal hydrogel materials for these applications should be easy to produce, biocompatible, resorbable and antimicrobial. Here we report the fabrication of degradable covalent antimicrobial lysine and tryptophan containing copolypeptide hydrogels, whereby the hydrogel properties can be independently modulated by the copolypeptide monomer ratio and chiral composition. Well-defined statistical copolypeptides comprising different overall molecular weights as well as ratios of l- and d-lysine and tryptophan at ratios of 35 : 15, 70 : 30 and 80 : 20 were obtained by N-carboxyanhydride (NCA) polymerisation and subsequently crosslinked by the selective reaction of bifunctional triazolinedione (TAD) with tryptophan. Real-time rheology was used to monitor the crosslinking reaction recording the fastest increase and overall modulus for copolypeptides with the higher tryptophan ratio. Water uptake of cylindrical hydrogel samples was dependent on crosslinking ratio but found independent of chiral composition, while enzymatic degradation proceeded significantly faster for samples containing more l-amino acids. Antimicrobial activity on a range of hydrogels containing different polypeptide chain lengths, lysine/tryptophan composition and l/d enantiomers was tested against reference laboratory strains of Gram-negative Escherichia coli (E. coli; ATCC25922) and Gram-positive, Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus; ATCC25923). log reductions of 2.8-3.4 were recorded for the most potent hydrogels. In vitro leachable cytotoxicity tests confirmed non-cytotoxicity as per ISO guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott D Kimmins
- Department of Chemistry, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin 2, Ireland. and Instituto de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Avda. Universidad 330, Curauma, Placilla, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Saltuk B Hanay
- Department of Chemistry, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Robert Murphy
- Department of Chemistry, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Joanne O'Dwyer
- Drug Delivery and Advanced Materials Team, School of Pharmacy, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin 2, Ireland and Tissue Engineering Research Group, Department of Anatomy & Regenerative Medicines, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Jessica Ramalho
- Department of Chemistry, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Emily J Ryan
- Tissue Engineering Research Group, Department of Anatomy & Regenerative Medicines, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin 2, Ireland and Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, MA, USA and Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity College Dublin (TCD), Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Cathal J Kearney
- Tissue Engineering Research Group, Department of Anatomy & Regenerative Medicines, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin 2, Ireland and Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, MA, USA and Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity College Dublin (TCD), Dublin 2, Ireland and Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre (AMBER), RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, and Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Fergal J O'Brien
- Tissue Engineering Research Group, Department of Anatomy & Regenerative Medicines, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin 2, Ireland and Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity College Dublin (TCD), Dublin 2, Ireland and Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre (AMBER), RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, and Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland and Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CURAM), RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin 2, and National University or Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Sally-Ann Cryan
- Drug Delivery and Advanced Materials Team, School of Pharmacy, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin 2, Ireland and Tissue Engineering Research Group, Department of Anatomy & Regenerative Medicines, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin 2, Ireland and Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity College Dublin (TCD), Dublin 2, Ireland and Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre (AMBER), RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, and Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland and Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CURAM), RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin 2, and National University or Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Deirdre Fitzgerald-Hughes
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Andreas Heise
- Department of Chemistry, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin 2, Ireland. and Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre (AMBER), RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, and Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland and Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CURAM), RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin 2, and National University or Ireland, Galway, Ireland
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41
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Reversible-deactivation radical polymerization (Controlled/living radical polymerization): From discovery to materials design and applications. Prog Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2020.101311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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42
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Phuong PT, Oliver S, He J, Wong EHH, Mathers RT, Boyer C. Effect of Hydrophobic Groups on Antimicrobial and Hemolytic Activity: Developing a Predictive Tool for Ternary Antimicrobial Polymers. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:5241-5255. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c01320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pham Thu Phuong
- Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Susan Oliver
- Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Junchen He
- Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Edgar H. H. Wong
- Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Robert T. Mathers
- Department of Chemistry, Penn State University, New Kensington, Pennsylvania 15068, United States
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
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43
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Nothling MD, Fu Q, Reyhani A, Allison‐Logan S, Jung K, Zhu J, Kamigaito M, Boyer C, Qiao GG. Progress and Perspectives Beyond Traditional RAFT Polymerization. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:2001656. [PMID: 33101866 PMCID: PMC7578854 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202001656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The development of advanced materials based on well-defined polymeric architectures is proving to be a highly prosperous research direction across both industry and academia. Controlled radical polymerization techniques are receiving unprecedented attention, with reversible-deactivation chain growth procedures now routinely leveraged to prepare exquisitely precise polymer products. Reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization is a powerful protocol within this domain, where the unique chemistry of thiocarbonylthio (TCT) compounds can be harnessed to control radical chain growth of vinyl polymers. With the intense recent focus on RAFT, new strategies for initiation and external control have emerged that are paving the way for preparing well-defined polymers for demanding applications. In this work, the cutting-edge innovations in RAFT that are opening up this technique to a broader suite of materials researchers are explored. Emerging strategies for activating TCTs are surveyed, which are providing access into traditionally challenging environments for reversible-deactivation radical polymerization. The latest advances and future perspectives in applying RAFT-derived polymers are also shared, with the goal to convey the rich potential of RAFT for an ever-expanding range of high-performance applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell D. Nothling
- Polymer Science GroupDepartment of Chemical EngineeringThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVIC3010Australia
| | - Qiang Fu
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater Treatment (CTWW)School of Civil and Environmental EngineeringUniversity of Technology SydneyUltimoNSW2007Australia
| | - Amin Reyhani
- Polymer Science GroupDepartment of Chemical EngineeringThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVIC3010Australia
| | - Stephanie Allison‐Logan
- Polymer Science GroupDepartment of Chemical EngineeringThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVIC3010Australia
| | - Kenward Jung
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD) and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine (ACN)School of Chemical EngineeringUNWSSydneyNSW2052Australia
| | - Jian Zhu
- College of ChemistryChemical Engineering and Material ScienceDepartment of Polymer Science and EngineeringSoochow UniversitySuzhou215123China
| | - Masami Kamigaito
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular ChemistryGraduate School of EngineeringNagoya UniversityFuro‐cho, Chikusa‐kuNagoya464‐8603Japan
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD) and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine (ACN)School of Chemical EngineeringUNWSSydneyNSW2052Australia
| | - Greg G. Qiao
- Polymer Science GroupDepartment of Chemical EngineeringThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVIC3010Australia
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Singh T, Hook AL, Luckett J, Maitz MF, Sperling C, Werner C, Davies MC, Irvine DJ, Williams P, Alexander MR. Discovery of hemocompatible bacterial biofilm-resistant copolymers. Biomaterials 2020; 260:120312. [PMID: 32866726 PMCID: PMC7534038 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Blood-contacting medical devices play an important role within healthcare and are required to be biocompatible, hemocompatible and resistant to microbial colonization. Here we describe a high throughput screen for copolymers with these specific properties. A series of weakly amphiphilic monomers are combinatorially polymerized with acrylate glycol monomers of varying chain lengths to create a library of 645 multi-functional candidate materials containing multiple chemical moieties that impart anti-biofilm, hemo- and immuno-compatible properties. These materials are screened in over 15,000 individual biological assays, targeting two bacterial species, one Gram negative (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and one Gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus) commonly associated with central venous catheter infections, using 5 different measures of hemocompatibility and 6 measures of immunocompatibililty. Selected copolymers reduce platelet activation, platelet loss and leukocyte activation compared with the standard comparator PTFE as well as reducing bacterial biofilm formation in vitro by more than 82% compared with silicone. Poly(isobornyl acrylate-co-triethylene glycol methacrylate) (75:25) is identified as the optimal material across all these measures reducing P. aeruginosa biofilm formation by up to 86% in vivo in a murine foreign body infection model compared with uncoated silicone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taranjit Singh
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK; Biodiscovery Institute and School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Andrew L Hook
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Jeni Luckett
- Biodiscovery Institute and School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Manfred F Maitz
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Max Bergmann Centre for Biomaterials Dresden, Hohe Str. 6, D-01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Claudia Sperling
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Max Bergmann Centre for Biomaterials Dresden, Hohe Str. 6, D-01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Carsten Werner
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Max Bergmann Centre for Biomaterials Dresden, Hohe Str. 6, D-01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Martyn C Davies
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Derek J Irvine
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Paul Williams
- Biodiscovery Institute and School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
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45
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Liu D, Cai W, Zhang L, Boyer C, Tan J. Efficient Photoinitiated Polymerization-Induced Self-Assembly with Oxygen Tolerance through Dual-Wavelength Type I Photoinitiation and Photoinduced Deoxygenation. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b02710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Liu
- Department of Polymeric Materials and Engineering, School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Weibin Cai
- Department of Polymeric Materials and Engineering, School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Polymeric Materials and Engineering, School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Soft Condensed Matter, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Jianbo Tan
- Department of Polymeric Materials and Engineering, School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Soft Condensed Matter, Guangzhou 510006, China
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46
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Islam MN, Aksu B, Güncü M, Gallei M, Tulu M, Eren T. Amphiphilic water soluble cationic ring opening metathesis copolymer as an antibacterial agent. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20190194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Nazrul Islam
- Faculty of Science and Arts, Department of ChemistryYildiz Technical University Esenler, Istanbul Turkey
| | - Burak Aksu
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical MicrobiologyMarmara University Maltepe, Istanbul Turkey
| | - Mehmet Güncü
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical MicrobiologyMarmara University Maltepe, Istanbul Turkey
| | - Markus Gallei
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular ChemistrySaarland University Saarbrucken Germany
| | - Metin Tulu
- Faculty of Science and Arts, Department of ChemistryYildiz Technical University Esenler, Istanbul Turkey
| | - Tarik Eren
- Faculty of Science and Arts, Department of ChemistryYildiz Technical University Esenler, Istanbul Turkey
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Tamasi M, Kosuri S, DiStefano J, Chapman R, Gormley AJ. Automation of Controlled/Living Radical Polymerization. ADVANCED INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 2:1900126. [PMID: 35586369 PMCID: PMC9113399 DOI: 10.1002/aisy.201900126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Controlled/living radical polymerization (CLRP) techniques are widely utilized to synthesize advanced and controlled synthetic polymers for chemical and biological applications. While automation has long stood as a high-throughput (HTP) research tool to increase productivity as well as synthetic/analytical reliability and precision, oxygen intolerance of CLRP has limited the widespread adoption of these systems. Recently, however, oxygen-tolerant CLRP techniques, such as oxygen-tolerant photoinduced electron/energy transfer-reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (PET-RAFT), enzyme degassing of RAFT (Enz-RAFT), and atom-transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), have emerged. Herein, the use of a Hamilton MLSTARlet liquid handling robot for automating CLRP reactions is demonstrated. Synthesis processes are developed using Python and used to automate reagent handling, dispensing sequences, and synthesis steps required to create homopolymers, random heteropolymers, and block copolymers in 96-well plates, as well as postpolymerization modifications. Using this approach, the synergy between highly customizable liquid handling robotics and oxygen-tolerant CLRP to automate advanced polymer synthesis for HTP and combinatorial polymer research is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Tamasi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Shashank Kosuri
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Jason DiStefano
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Robert Chapman
- Australian Centre for Nanomedicine (ACN) and the Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemistry, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Adam J Gormley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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Judzewitsch PR, Corrigan N, Trujillo F, Xu J, Moad G, Hawker CJ, Wong EHH, Boyer C. High-Throughput Process for the Discovery of Antimicrobial Polymers and Their Upscaled Production via Flow Polymerization. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b02207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter R. Judzewitsch
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD) and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine (ACN), School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Nathaniel Corrigan
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD) and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine (ACN), School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Francisco Trujillo
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD) and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine (ACN), School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Jiangtao Xu
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD) and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine (ACN), School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Graeme Moad
- Manufacturing, CSIRO, Bag 10, Clayton South, VIC 3169, Australia
| | - Craig J. Hawker
- Materials Research Laboratory and Departments of Materials, Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Edgar H. H. Wong
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD) and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine (ACN), School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD) and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine (ACN), School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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49
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Li S, Han G, Zhang W. Photoregulated reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py00054j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Different strategies on photoregulated RAFT polymerization are developed. This minireview summarizes recent advances in photoregulated RAFT polymerization and its applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenzhen Li
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry
- College of Chemistry
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
| | - Guang Han
- State Key Laboratory of Special Functional Waterproof Materials
- Beijing Oriental Yuhong Waterproof Technology Co
- Ltd
- Beijing 100123
- China
| | - Wangqing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry
- College of Chemistry
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
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50
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Namivandi-Zangeneh R, Yang Y, Xu S, Wong EHH, Boyer C. Antibiofilm Platform based on the Combination of Antimicrobial Polymers and Essential Oils. Biomacromolecules 2019; 21:262-272. [PMID: 31657209 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b01278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The development of potent strategies to counter microbial biofilm is an urgent priority in healthcare. The majority of bacterial infections in humans are biofilm related, however, effective treatments are still lacking especially for combating multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains. Herein, we report an effective antibiofilm platform based on the use of synthetic antimicrobial polymers in combination with essential oils, where the antimicrobial polymers play a secondary role as delivery vehicle for essential oils. Two ternary antimicrobial polymers consisting of cationic primary amines, low-fouling oligo(ethylene glycol) and hydrophobic ethylhexyl groups were synthesized in the form of random and block copolymers, and mixed with either carvacrol or eugenol. Coadministration of these compounds improved the efficacy against Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms compared to the individual compounds. We observed about a 60-75% and 70-85% biofilm inhibition effect for all tested combinations against wild-type P. aeruginosa PAO1 and MDR strain PA37, respectively, upon 6.5 h of incubation time. While both random and block copolymers demonstrated similar biofilm inhibition potencies in combination with essential oils, only the block copolymer acted synergistically with essential oils in killing biofilm. Treatment of PAO1 biofilm for 20 min with the block copolymer-oil combinations resulted in the killing of >99.99% of biofilm bacteria. This synergistic bactericidal activity is attributed to the targeted delivery of essential oils to the biofilm, driven by the electrostatic interaction between positively charged delivery vehicles, in the form of polymeric micelles, and negatively charged bacteria. This study thus highlights the advantage of combining essential oils and antimicrobial polymers as an effective avenue for antibacterial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashin Namivandi-Zangeneh
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD) and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine (ACN), School of Chemical Engineering , UNSW Australia , Sydney , NSW 2052 , Australia
| | - Yiling Yang
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD) and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine (ACN), School of Chemical Engineering , UNSW Australia , Sydney , NSW 2052 , Australia
| | - Sihao Xu
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD) and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine (ACN), School of Chemical Engineering , UNSW Australia , Sydney , NSW 2052 , Australia
| | - Edgar H H Wong
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD) and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine (ACN), School of Chemical Engineering , UNSW Australia , Sydney , NSW 2052 , Australia
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD) and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine (ACN), School of Chemical Engineering , UNSW Australia , Sydney , NSW 2052 , Australia
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