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Doyle E, Mirmira P, Ma P, Vu MC, Hixson-Wells T, Kumar R, Amanchukwu CV. Phase Morphology Dependence of Ionic Conductivity and Oxidative Stability in Fluorinated Ether Solid-State Electrolytes. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2024; 36:5063-5076. [PMID: 38828186 PMCID: PMC11137829 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.4c00199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Solid-state polymer electrolytes can enable the safe operation of high energy density lithium metal batteries; unfortunately, they have low ionic conductivity and poor redox stability at electrode interfaces. Fluorinated ether polymer electrolytes are a promising approach because the ether units can solvate and conduct ions, while the fluorinated moieties can increase oxidative stability. However, current perfluoropolyether (PFPE) electrolytes exhibit deficient lithium-ion coordination and ion transport. Here, we incorporate cross-linked poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) units within the PFPE matrix and increase the polymer blend electrolyte conductivity by 6 orders of magnitude as compared to pure PFPE at 60 °C from 1.55 × 10-11 to 2.26 × 10-5 S/cm. Blending varying ratios of PEG and PFPE induces microscale phase separation, and we show the impact of morphology on ion solvation and dynamics in the electrolyte. Spectroscopy and simulations show weak ion-PFPE interactions, which promote salt phase segregation into-and ion transport within-the PEG domain. These polymer electrolytes show promise for use in high-voltage lithium metal batteries with improved Li|Li cycling due to enhanced mechanical properties and high-voltage stability beyond 6 V versus Li/Li+. Our work provides insights into transport and stability in fluorinated polymer electrolytes for next-generation batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily
S. Doyle
- Pritzker School of Molecular
Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Priyadarshini Mirmira
- Pritzker School of Molecular
Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Peiyuan Ma
- Pritzker School of Molecular
Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Minh Canh Vu
- Pritzker School of Molecular
Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Trinity Hixson-Wells
- Pritzker School of Molecular
Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Ritesh Kumar
- Pritzker School of Molecular
Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Chibueze V. Amanchukwu
- Pritzker School of Molecular
Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
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2
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Yang Q, Kong D, Fu L, He Y, Hu H. Investigation on the mechanical integrity of a PEO-based polymer electrolyte in all-solid-state lithium batteries. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:8125-8140. [PMID: 38411583 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp06165e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Polyethylene oxide (PEO)-based solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) have good ionic conductivity and flexibility, and is a key component of all-solid-state lithium batteries (ASSLBs). Therefore, the mechanical integrity of PEO-based SPEs during cell operation needs to be urgently evaluated. Here, we conducted a series of tensile and shear adhesion performance tests on PEO16-LiTFSI electrolyte and LiFePO4 electrode adhesion samples at various temperatures and quenching rates. Based on the interface performance data and the elastic-viscoplastic material model of the PEO-LiTFSI electrolyte, a comprehensive electrochemical-mechanical model was established to analyze the stress in the cell and evaluate the mechanical integrity of the PEO16-LiTFSI electrolyte and SPE/cathode interface. The experimental results show that the adhesion strength of the SPE and cathode decreases significantly with increasing operating temperature and quenching rate. The simulation study indicates that the mechanical properties of the SPE can be fully utilized to a certain extent by increasing the quenching rate. In addition, appropriately increasing the operating temperature helps maintain the mechanical integrity of the SPE during cell operation. However, increasing the quenching rate and operating temperature will reduce the interface bonding properties between the SPE and the cathode, resulting in an increased probability of mechanical failure at the SPE/cathode interface. To suppress this negative effect, a design scheme to maintain the structural integrity of the PEO-based polymer electrolyte is proposed by using the C-rate and the SPE thickness as control parameters, which can assist in engineering design and safe operation of Li/PEO16-LiTFSI/LiFePO4 for ASSLBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghua Yang
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, School of Mechanics and Engineering Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200072, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Mechanics in Energy Engineering, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Detao Kong
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, School of Mechanics and Engineering Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200072, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Mechanics in Energy Engineering, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Liang Fu
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, School of Mechanics and Engineering Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200072, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Mechanics in Energy Engineering, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Yaolong He
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, School of Mechanics and Engineering Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200072, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Mechanics in Energy Engineering, Shanghai 200072, China
- Shanghai Frontier Science Center of Mechanoinformatics, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Hongjiu Hu
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, School of Mechanics and Engineering Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200072, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Mechanics in Energy Engineering, Shanghai 200072, China
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3
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Park J, Kim WJ, Kim Y, Lee EK, Kim H. Threading Subunits for Polymers to Predict the Equilibrium Ensemble of Solid Polymer Electrolytes. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:1227-1233. [PMID: 38277277 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c03486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
We present a computational method for polymer growth called "threading subunits for polymers (TSP)" that can efficiently sample solid polymer electrolyte structures with extended conformations. The TSP method involves equilibrating subunit (e.g., monomer) conformations that form favorable solvation ion shells, followed by consecutively connecting the subunits and minimizing the structures. The TSP method can sample polymers with good solvent-like conformations and from near-equilibrium structures in which ions are well-dispersed, avoiding unusual ion clustering under ambient conditions. Using the TSP method, the equilibration time can be reduced significantly by effectively sampling the polymer conformations near equilibrium. We anticipate that the TSP method can be applied to simulate various polymer electrolytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihye Park
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Won June Kim
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Changwon National University, Changwondaehak-ro 20, Uichang-gu, Changwon-si, Gyeongsangnam-do 51140, Republic of Korea
| | - YongJoo Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea
| | - Eok Kyun Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungjun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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4
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Tekell MC, Nikolakakou G, Glynos E, Kumar SK. Ionic Conductivity and Mechanical Reinforcement of Well-Dispersed Polymer Nanocomposite Electrolytes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37327494 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c04633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles are commonly added to polymer electrolytes to enhance both their mechanical and ion transport properties. Previous work reports significant increases in the ionic conductivity and Li-ion transference in nanocomposite electrolytes with inert, ceramic fillers. The mechanistic understanding of this property enhancement, however, assumes nanoparticle dispersion states─namely, well-dispersed or percolating aggregates─that are seldom quantified using small-angle scattering. In this work, we carefully control the inter-silica nanoparticle structure (where each NP has a diameter D = 14 nm) in a model polymer electrolyte system (PEO:LiTFSI). We find that hydrophobically modified silica NPs are stabilized against aggregation in an organic solvent by inter-NP electrostatic repulsion. Favorable NP surface chemistry and a strongly negative zeta potential promote compatibility with PEO and the resulting electrolyte. Upon prolonged thermal annealing, the nanocomposite electrolytes display structure factors with characteristic interparticle spacings determined by particle volume fraction. Thermal annealing and particle structuring yield significant increases in the storage modulus, G', at 90 °C for the PEO/NP mixtures. We measure the dielectric spectra and blocking-electrode (κb) conductivities from -100 to 100 °C, and the Li+ current fraction (ρLi+) in symmetric Li-metal cells at 90 °C. We find that nanoparticles monotonically decrease the bulk ionic conductivity of PEO:LiTFSI at a rate faster than Maxwell's prediction for transport in composite media, while ρLi+ does not significantly change as a function of particle loading. Thus, when nanoparticle dispersion is controlled in polymer electrolytes, Li+ conductivity monotonically, i.e., (κbρLi+), decreases but favorable mechanical properties are realized. These results imply that percolating aggregates of ceramic surfaces, as opposed to physically separated particles, probably are required to achieve increases in bulk, ionic conductivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marshall C Tekell
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Georgia Nikolakakou
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, 711 10 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, 710 03 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Emmanouil Glynos
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, 711 10 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Sanat K Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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5
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Nguyen MT, Abbas UL, Qi Q, Shao Q. Distinct effects of zwitterionic molecules on ionic solvation in (ethylene oxide) 10: a molecular dynamics simulation study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:8180-8189. [PMID: 36880351 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp02301f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Ion-containing polymers play a critical role in various energy and sensing applications. Adjusting ionic solvation is one approach to tune the performance of ion-containing polymers. Small zwitterionic molecule additives have presented their ability to regulate ionic solvation because they possess two charged groups covalently connected together. One remaining question is how the effect of zwitterionic molecules on ionic solvation depends on their own chemical structures, especially the anionic groups. To shed light on this question, we investigate the ionic solvation structure and dynamics in LiTFSI/(ethylene oxide)10 (EO10) with the presence of three distinct zwitterionic molecules (MPC, SB, and CB) using molecular dynamics simulations (MPC: 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine, SB: sulfobetaine ethylimidazole, CB: carboxybetaine ethylimidazole, and LiTFSI: lithium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)-imide). The simulation systems include two Li+ : O(EO10) molar ratios: 1 : 6 and 1 : 18. The simulation results show that all three zwitterionic molecules reduce the Li+-EO10 coordination number in the order of MPC > CB > SB. In addition, nearly 10% of Li+ exclusively coordinates with MPC molecules, only 2-4% of Li+ exclusively cooridinates with CB molecules, while no Li+ exclusively coordinates with SB molecules. MPC molecules also present the most stable Li+ coordination among the three zwitterionic molecules. Our simulations indicate that zwitterionic molecule additives may benefit a high Li+ concentration environment. At a low Li+ concentration, all three zwitterionic molecules reduce the diffusion coefficient of Li+. However, at a high Li+ concentration, only SB molecules reduce the diffusion coefficient of Li+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manh Tien Nguyen
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, 40506, USA.
| | - Usman L Abbas
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, 40506, USA.
| | - Qiao Qi
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, 40506, USA.
| | - Qing Shao
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, 40506, USA.
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6
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Zhang B, Cui S, Lodge TP, Bates FS. Structure and Phase Behavior of Bottlebrush Diblock Copolymer-Linear Homopolymer Ternary Blends. Macromolecules 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c02434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Shuquan Cui
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Timothy P. Lodge
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Frank S. Bates
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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7
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Lee J, Gao KW, Shah NJ, Kang C, Snyder RL, Abel BA, He L, Teixeira SCM, Coates GW, Balsara NP. Relationship between Ion Transport and Phase Behavior in Acetal-Based Polymer Blend Electrolytes Studied by Electrochemical Characterization and Neutron Scattering. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jaeyong Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California94720, United States
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois60439, United States
| | - Kevin W. Gao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California94720, United States
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois60439, United States
| | - Neel J. Shah
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California94720, United States
| | - Cheol Kang
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois60439, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York14850, United States
| | - Rachel L. Snyder
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois60439, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York14850, United States
| | - Brooks A. Abel
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California94720, United States
| | - Lilin He
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Knoxville, Tennessee37830, United States
| | - Susana C. M. Teixeira
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland20899, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware19716, United States
| | - Geoffrey W. Coates
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois60439, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York14850, United States
| | - Nitash P. Balsara
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California94720, United States
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois60439, United States
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8
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Liu Z, Li X, Zou R, Zhou Z, Ma Q, Zhang P. Deciphering the quaternary structure of PEDOT:PSS aqueous dispersion with small-angle scattering. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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9
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Zheng C, Zhang B, Bates FS, Lodge TP. Self-Assembly of Partially Charged Diblock Copolymer-Homopolymer Ternary Blends. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caini Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Frank S. Bates
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Timothy P. Lodge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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10
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Paren BA, Nguyen N, Ballance V, Hallinan DT, Kennemur JG, Winey KI. Superionic Li-Ion Transport in a Single-Ion Conducting Polymer Blend Electrolyte. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A. Paren
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, 3231 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Nam Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, 95 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Valerie Ballance
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, 3231 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Daniel T. Hallinan
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Florida A&M University−Florida State University (FAMU-FSU) College of Engineering, 2525 Pottsdamer Street, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
| | - Justin G. Kennemur
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, 95 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Karen I. Winey
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, 3231 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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11
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Grim BJ, Green MD. Thermodynamics and Structure‐Property Relationships of Charged Block Polymers. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202200036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bradley J. Grim
- Chemical Engineering School for Engineering of Matter Transport and Energy Arizona State University Tempe AZ 85287
| | - Matthew D. Green
- Chemical Engineering School for Engineering of Matter Transport and Energy Arizona State University Tempe AZ 85287
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12
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Tu CH, Veith L, Butt HJ, Floudas G. Ionic Conductivity of a Solid Polymer Electrolyte Confined in Nanopores. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c02490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Hua Tu
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Lothar Veith
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | | | - George Floudas
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Department of Physics, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
- University Research Center of Ioannina (URCI)─Institute of Materials Science and Computing, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
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13
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Bai L, Ghiassinejad S, Brassinne J, Fu Y, Wang J, Yang H, Vlad A, Minoia A, Lazzaroni R, Gohy JF. High Salt-Content Plasticized Flame-Retardant Polymer Electrolytes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:44844-44859. [PMID: 34505760 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c11058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
New solid polymer electrolytes are of particular interest for next-generation high-energy batteries since they can overcome the limited voltage window of conventional polyether-based electrolytes. Herein, a flame-retardant phosphorus-containing polymer, poly(dimethyl(methacryloyloxy)methyl phosphonate) (PMAPC1) is introduced as a promising polymer matrix. Free-standing membranes are easily obtained by mixing PMAPC1 with lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) and a small amount of acetonitrile (AN). LiTFSI/AN mixed aggregates are formed that act as plasticizers and enable ionic conductivities up to 1.6 × 10-3 S cm-1 at 100 °C. The high content of LiTFSI used in our electrolytes leads to the formation of a stable LiF solid-electrolyte interphase, which can effectively suppress Li dendrites and the chemical degradation of AN in contact with Li. Accordingly the electrolyte membranes exhibit a wide electrochemical stability window above 4.7 V versus Li+/Li and fire-retardant properties due to the presence of the phosphorus-containing polymer. Atomistic molecular modeling simulations have been performed to determine the structure of the electrolytes on the microscopic scale and to rationalize the trends in ionic conductivity and the transport regime as a function of the electrolyte composition. Finally, our electrolyte membranes enable stable cycling performance for LiFePO4|PMAPC1 + LiTFSI + AN|Li batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Bai
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Université catholique de Louvain, Place L. Pasteur 1, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Sina Ghiassinejad
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Université catholique de Louvain, Place L. Pasteur 1, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Jérémy Brassinne
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Université catholique de Louvain, Place L. Pasteur 1, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Yang Fu
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Université catholique de Louvain, Place L. Pasteur 1, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Jiande Wang
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Université catholique de Louvain, Place L. Pasteur 1, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Hui Yang
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Université catholique de Louvain, Place L. Pasteur 1, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Alexandru Vlad
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Université catholique de Louvain, Place L. Pasteur 1, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Andrea Minoia
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, Materials Research Institute, University of Mons-UMONS, Place du Parc 20, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Roberto Lazzaroni
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, Materials Research Institute, University of Mons-UMONS, Place du Parc 20, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Jean-François Gohy
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Université catholique de Louvain, Place L. Pasteur 1, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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14
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Warnock SJ, Sujanani R, Zofchak ES, Zhao S, Dilenschneider TJ, Hanson KG, Mukherjee S, Ganesan V, Freeman BD, Abu-Omar MM, Bates CM. Engineering Li/Na selectivity in 12-Crown-4-functionalized polymer membranes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2022197118. [PMID: 34493651 PMCID: PMC8449368 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2022197118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lithium is widely used in contemporary energy applications, but its isolation from natural reserves is plagued by time-consuming and costly processes. While polymer membranes could, in principle, circumvent these challenges by efficiently extracting lithium from aqueous solutions, they usually exhibit poor ion-specific selectivity. Toward this end, we have incorporated host-guest interactions into a tunable polynorbornene network by copolymerizing 1) 12-crown-4 ligands to impart ion selectivity, 2) poly(ethylene oxide) side chains to control water content, and 3) a crosslinker to form robust solids at room temperature. Single salt transport measurements indicate these materials exhibit unprecedented reverse permeability selectivity (∼2.3) for LiCl over NaCl-the highest documented to date for a dense, water-swollen polymer. As demonstrated by molecular dynamics simulations, this behavior originates from the ability of 12-crown-4 to bind Na+ ions more strongly than Li+ in an aqueous environment, which reduces Na+ mobility (relative to Li+) and offsets the increase in Na+ solubility due to binding with crown ethers. Under mixed salt conditions, 12-crown-4 functionalized membranes showed identical solubility selectivity relative to single salt conditions; however, the permeability and diffusivity selectivity of LiCl over NaCl decreased, presumably due to flux coupling. These results reveal insights for designing advanced membranes with solute-specific selectivity by utilizing host-guest interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J Warnock
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106
| | - Rahul Sujanani
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712
| | - Everett S Zofchak
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712
| | - Shou Zhao
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106
| | | | - Kalin G Hanson
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106
| | - Sanjoy Mukherjee
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106
| | - Venkat Ganesan
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712;
| | - Benny D Freeman
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712;
| | - Mahdi M Abu-Omar
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106;
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106
| | - Christopher M Bates
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106;
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106
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15
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Tekell MC, Kumar SK. Structure and Dynamics of Stockmayer Polymer Electrolyte. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marshall C. Tekell
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Sanat K. Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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16
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Xie S, Zhang B, Bates FS, Lodge TP. Phase Behavior of Salt-Doped A/B/AB Ternary Polymer Blends: The Role of Homopolymer Distribution. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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17
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Loo WS, Fang C, Balsara NP, Wang R. Uncovering Local Correlations in Polymer Electrolytes by X-ray Scattering and Molecular Dynamics Simulations. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Whitney S. Loo
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Chao Fang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Nitash P. Balsara
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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18
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Maslyn JA, Frenck L, Veeraraghavan VD, Müller A, Ho AS, Marwaha N, Loo WS, Parkinson DY, Minor AM, Balsara NP. Limiting Current in Nanostructured Block Copolymer Electrolytes. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline A. Maslyn
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Louise Frenck
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Vijay D. Veeraraghavan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Alexander Müller
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Alec S. Ho
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Nandan Marwaha
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Whitney S. Loo
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Dilworth Y. Parkinson
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Andrew M. Minor
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Nitash P. Balsara
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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19
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Fang C, Loo WS, Wang R. Salt Activity Coefficient and Chain Statistics in Poly(ethylene oxide)-Based Electrolytes. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Fang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94702, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Whitney S. Loo
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94702, United States
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94702, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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20
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Xie S, Lindsay AP, Bates FS, Lodge TP. Formation of a C15 Laves Phase with a Giant Unit Cell in Salt-Doped A/B/AB Ternary Polymer Blends. ACS NANO 2020; 14:13754-13764. [PMID: 32866375 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c06071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Salt-doped A/B/AB ternary polymer blends, wherein an AB copolymer acts as a surfactant to stabilize otherwise incompatible A and B homopolymers, display a wide range of nanostructured morphologies with significant tunability. Among these structures, a bicontinuous microemulsion (BμE) has been a notable target. Here, we report the surprising appearance of a robust C15 Laves phase, at compositions near where the BμE has recently been reported, in lithium bis(trifluoromethane) sulfonimide (LiTFSI)-doped low-molar-mass poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)/polystyrene (PS)/symmetric PS-b-PEO block copolymer blends. The materials were analyzed by a combination of small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), 1H NMR spectroscopy, and impedance spectroscopy. The C15 phase emerges at a high total homopolymer volume fraction ϕH = 0.8 with a salt composition r = 0.06 (Li+/[EO]) and persists as a coexisting phase across a large area of the isothermal phase diagram with high PS homopolymer compositions. Notably, the structure exhibits a huge unit cell size, a = 121 nm, with an unusually high micelle core volume fraction (fcore = 0.41) and an unusually low fraction of amphiphile (20%). This unit cell dimension is at least 50% larger than any previously reported C15 phase in soft matter, despite the low molar masses used, unlocking the possibility of copolymer-based photonic crystals without compromising processability. The nanostructured phase evolution from lamellar to hexagonal to C15 along the EO60 isopleth (ϕPEO,homo-LiTFSI/ϕH = 0.6) is rationalized as a consequence of asymmetry in the homopolymer solubility limit for each block, which leads to exclusion of PS homopolymer from the PS-b-PEO brush prior to exclusion of the PEO homopolymer, driving increased interfacial curvature and favoring the emergence of the C15 Laves phase.
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21
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Xie S, Zhang B, Mao Y, He L, Hong K, Bates FS, Lodge TP. Influence of Added Salt on Chain Conformations in Poly(ethylene oxide) Melts: SANS Analysis with Complications. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yimin Mao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
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22
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Gao KW, Loo WS, Snyder RL, Abel BA, Choo Y, Lee A, Teixeira SCM, Garetz BA, Coates GW, Balsara NP. Miscible Polyether/Poly(ether–acetal) Electrolyte Blends. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin W. Gao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Whitney S. Loo
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Rachel L. Snyder
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, United States
| | - Brooks A. Abel
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, United States
| | - Youngwoo Choo
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Andrew Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, NYU Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, New York 11201, United States
| | - Susana C. M. Teixeira
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Bruce A. Garetz
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, NYU Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, New York 11201, United States
| | - Geoffrey W. Coates
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, United States
| | - Nitash P. Balsara
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
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23
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Chakraborty S, Jiang X, Hoffman ZJ, Sethi GK, Zhu C, Balsara NP, Villaluenga I. Reversible Changes in the Grain Structure and Conductivity in a Block Copolymer Electrolyte. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saheli Chakraborty
- Energy Storage & Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Xi Jiang
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Zach J. Hoffman
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Gurmukh K. Sethi
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Chenhui Zhu
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Nitash P. Balsara
- Energy Storage & Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Irune Villaluenga
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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24
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Loo WS, Faraone A, Grundy LS, Gao KW, Balsara NP. Polymer Dynamics in Block Copolymer Electrolytes Detected by Neutron Spin Echo. ACS Macro Lett 2020; 9:639-645. [PMID: 35648570 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Polymer chain dynamics of a nanostructured block copolymer electrolyte, polystyrene-block-poly(ethylene oxide) (SEO) mixed with lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) salt, are investigated by neutron spin echo (NSE) spectroscopy on the 0.1-100 ns time scale and analyzed using the Rouse model at short times (t ≤ 10 ns) and the reptation tube model at long times (t ≥ 50 ns). In the Rouse regime, the monomeric friction coefficient increases with increasing salt concentration, as seen previously in homopolymer electrolytes. In the reptation regime, the tube diameters, which represent entanglement constraints, decrease with increasing salt concentration. The normalized longest molecular relaxation time, calculated from the NSE results, increases with increasing salt concentration. We argue that quantifying chain motion in the presence of ions is essential for predicting the behavior of polymer-electrolyte-based batteries operating at large currents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitney S. Loo
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California−Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Antonio Faraone
- National Institute of Standards and Technology Center for Neutron Research, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Lorena S. Grundy
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California−Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Kevin W. Gao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California−Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Nitash P. Balsara
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California−Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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25
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Hou KJ, Loo WS, Balsara NP, Qin J. Comparing Experimental Phase Behavior of Ion-Doped Block Copolymers with Theoretical Predictions Based on Selective Ion Solvation. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J. Hou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Whitney S. Loo
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California—Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Nitash P. Balsara
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California—Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jian Qin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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26
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Mongcopa KIS, Gribble DA, Loo WS, Tyagi M, Mullin SA, Balsara NP. Segmental Dynamics Measured by Quasi-Elastic Neutron Scattering and Ion Transport in Chemically Distinct Polymer Electrolytes. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katrina Irene S. Mongcopa
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Daniel A. Gribble
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Whitney S. Loo
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Madhusudan Tyagi
- National Institute of Standards and Technology Center for Neutron Research, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | | | - Nitash P. Balsara
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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