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Antolović I, Vrabec J, Klajmon M. COSMOPharm: Drug-Polymer Compatibility of Pharmaceutical Amorphous Solid Dispersions from COSMO-SAC. Mol Pharm 2024. [PMID: 39078049 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.4c00342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
The quantum mechanics-aided COSMO-SAC activity coefficient model is applied and systematically examined for predicting the thermodynamic compatibility of drugs and polymers. The drug-polymer compatibility is a key aspect in the rational selection of optimal polymeric carriers for pharmaceutical amorphous solid dispersions (ASD) that enhance drug bioavailability. The drug-polymer compatibility is evaluated in terms of both solubility and miscibility, calculated using standard thermodynamic equilibrium relations based on the activity coefficients predicted by COSMO-SAC. As inherent to COSMO-SAC, our approach relies only on quantum-mechanically derived σ-profiles of the considered molecular species and involves no parameter fitting to experimental data. All σ-profiles used were determined in this work, with those of the polymers being derived from their shorter oligomers by replicating the properties of their central monomer unit(s). Quantitatively, COSMO-SAC achieved an overall average absolute deviation of 13% in weight fraction drug solubility predictions compared to experimental data. Qualitatively, COSMO-SAC correctly categorized different polymer types in terms of their compatibility with drugs and provided meaningful estimations of the amorphous-amorphous phase separation. Furthermore, we analyzed the sensitivity of the COSMO-SAC results for ASD to different model configurations and σ-profiles of polymers. In general, while the free volume and dispersion terms exerted a limited effect on predictions, the structures of oligomers used to produce σ-profiles of polymers appeared to be more important, especially in the case of strongly interacting polymers. Explanations for these observations are provided. COSMO-SAC proved to be an efficient method for compatibility prediction and polymer screening in ASD, particularly in terms of its performance-cost ratio, as it relies only on first-principles calculations for the considered molecular species. The open-source nature of both COSMO-SAC and the Python-based tool COSMOPharm, developed in this work for predicting the API-polymer thermodynamic compatibility, invites interested readers to explore and utilize this method for further research or assistance in the design of pharmaceutical formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Antolović
- Thermodynamics, Technische Universität Berlin, Ernst-Reuter-Platz 1, 10587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jadran Vrabec
- Thermodynamics, Technische Universität Berlin, Ernst-Reuter-Platz 1, 10587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Klajmon
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czechia
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2
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Pluntze A, Beecher S, Anderson M, Wright D, Mudie D. Material-Sparing Feasibility Screening for Hot Melt Extrusion. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:76. [PMID: 38258087 PMCID: PMC10819182 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16010076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Hot melt extrusion (HME) offers a high-throughput process to manufacture amorphous solid dispersions. A variety of experimental and model-based approaches exist to predict API solubility in polymer melts, but these methods are typically aimed at determining the thermodynamic solubility and do not take into account kinetics of dissolution or the associated degradation of the API during thermal processing, both of which are critical considerations in generating a successful amorphous solid dispersion by HME. This work aims to develop a material-sparing approach for screening manufacturability of a given pharmaceutical API by HME using physically relevant time, temperature, and shear. Piroxicam, ritonavir, and phenytoin were used as model APIs with PVP VA64 as the dispersion polymer. We present a screening flowchart, aided by a simple custom device, that allows rapid formulation screening to predict both achievable API loadings and expected degradation from an HME process. This method has good correlation to processing with a micro compounder, a common HME screening industry standard, but only requires 200 mg of API or less.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Pluntze
- Global Research and Development, Small Molecules, Lonza, 64550 Research Road, Bend, OR 97703, USA (D.M.)
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3
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Liu T, Zhang F. Modelling drug degradation of amorphous solid dispersion during twin-screw extrusion. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2023; 190:197-205. [PMID: 37524213 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2023.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Twin-screw extrusion is one of the major technologies for solid dispersion in the pharmaceutical industry. However, the thermal exposure to the drug during extrusion can easily trigger and exacerbate drug degradation. A conventional method for investigating drug degradation in extrusion is trial-and-error, which can consume much time and material. We propose to model drug degradation kinetics and combine it with thermal history simulation to predict drug degradation. Ritonavir and copovidone were used as a model system of solid dispersion. Hydantoin aminoalchol was the major degradant of RTV in extrudate. In studying the RTV degradation kinetics, only in nitrogen atmosphere, RTV degradation pathway in TGA or DSC was like the degradation pathway in extrusion. The mixing and solubilization of RTV in copovidone also prevented RTV from degrading to oxazolidine derivative. The degradation samples were collected at various temperatures and at different times. The data was fitted into first-order kinetics model to get degradation rates constant at each temperature. The degradation rate constants were fitted into the Arrhenius equation with an activation energy of 159.3 kJ/mol, and a pre-exponential of 1.23 × 1017. An array of extrusion conditions was developed and analyzed via design of experiment (DOE). Relying on the measured melt temperature and residence time after kneading element and die, we simulated the thermal history in the section between kneading element and die. The RTV degradation kinetics in conjunction with simulated thermal history predicted degradation and achieved a 78% regression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongzhou Liu
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, 2409 University Avenue, A1920 Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Feng Zhang
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, 2409 University Avenue, A1920 Austin, TX 78712, USA.
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4
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Zhang J, Guo M, Luo M, Cai T. Advances in the development of amorphous solid dispersions: The role of polymeric carriers. Asian J Pharm Sci 2023; 18:100834. [PMID: 37635801 PMCID: PMC10450425 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2023.100834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) is one of the most effective approaches for delivering poorly soluble drugs. In ASDs, polymeric materials serve as the carriers in which the drugs are dispersed at the molecular level. To prepare the solid dispersions, there are many polymers with various physicochemical and thermochemical characteristics available for use in ASD formulations. Polymer selection is of great importance because it influences the stability, solubility and dissolution rates, manufacturing process, and bioavailability of the ASD. This review article provides a comprehensive overview of ASDs from the perspectives of physicochemical characteristics of polymers, formulation designs and preparation methods. Furthermore, considerations of safety and regulatory requirements along with the studies recommended for characterizing and evaluating polymeric carriers are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
- College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha 410022, China
| | - Minshan Guo
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Minqian Luo
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Ting Cai
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
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5
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Jia X, Chen J, Cheng H, Pan X, Ke Y, Fu T, Qiao H, Cui X, Li W, Zou L, Cheng J, Li J. Use of surfactant-based amorphous solid dispersions for BDDCS class II drugs to enhance oral bioavailability: A case report of resveratrol. Int J Pharm 2023; 641:123059. [PMID: 37196879 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
This paper aimed to improve in vitro dissolution/solubility as well as inhibit intestinal metabolism and thus enhance oral bioavailability for a BDDCS class II drug by constructing surfactant-based amorphous solid dispersions using resveratrol (RES) as a model drug. After preliminary screening of polymers and surfactants, and subsequent prescription optimization, two optimized spray-drying RES-polymer-surfactant ASDs were obtained and exhibited a significant increase in solubility of RES by 2.69-3.45-fold compared to crystalline RES, and by 1.13-1.56-fold compared to corresponding RES-polymer ASDs, maintaining a higher concentration in the dissolution process. A metabolism study using everted sacs showed that two optimized ASDs reduced the concentration ratio of RES-G to RES to 51.66%-52.05% of crystalline RES on the serosal side of the rat everted intestinal sac at 2 h. Consequently, these two RES-polymer-surfactant ASDs achieved significantly higher exposure of RES in the plasma with significant enhancements in Cmax (2.33-2.35-fold higher than crystalline RES, and 1.72-2.04-fold higher than corresponding RES-polymer ASDs), and in AUC 0-∞ (3.51-3.56-fold higher than crystalline RES, and 1.38-1.41-fold higher than corresponding RES-polymer ASDs). These advantages of the RES-polymer-surfactant ASDs in oral absorption of RES were attributed to solubilization by ASDs and metabolic inhibition by UGT inhibitors. The introduction of surfactants including EL and Lab to ASDs plays an important role in inhibiting glucuronidation and further improving solubility. This study demonstrated that such surfactant-based amorphous solid dispersions may serve as a new approach to increase the oral absorption of BDDCS class II drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoshun Jia
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Provincial TCM Engineering Technology Research Center of High Efficient Drug Delivery System (DDS), 138 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jinfeng Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Provincial TCM Engineering Technology Research Center of High Efficient Drug Delivery System (DDS), 138 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hongqing Cheng
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Provincial TCM Engineering Technology Research Center of High Efficient Drug Delivery System (DDS), 138 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xinxin Pan
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Provincial TCM Engineering Technology Research Center of High Efficient Drug Delivery System (DDS), 138 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, China; Department of Pharmacy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 157 Daming Avenue, Nanjing 210001, China
| | - Yixin Ke
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Provincial TCM Engineering Technology Research Center of High Efficient Drug Delivery System (DDS), 138 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Tingming Fu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hongzhi Qiao
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Provincial TCM Engineering Technology Research Center of High Efficient Drug Delivery System (DDS), 138 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiaobing Cui
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wen Li
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, China; Department of Pharmacy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 157 Daming Avenue, Nanjing 210001, China
| | - Lisi Zou
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Jianming Cheng
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Classical Prescription, 138 Xianlin Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Junsong Li
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Provincial TCM Engineering Technology Research Center of High Efficient Drug Delivery System (DDS), 138 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, China.
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6
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Wu H, Wang Z, Zhao Y, Gao Y, Zhang H, Wang L, Wang Z, Han J. Effect of Span 20 Feeding Zone in the Twin Screw Extruder on the Properties of Amorphous Solid Dispersion of Ritonavir. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020441. [PMID: 36839764 PMCID: PMC9960583 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
A ternary amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) system consisting of drug/polymer/surfactant is receiving increased attention to improve the oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. The effect of polymers has been extensively studied, while the impact of surfactants has not yet to be studied to the same extent. Challenging questions to be answered are whether the surfactants should be added with the drug or separately and the resulting differences between the two operating processes. By adjusting the liquid feeding zone for Span 20 in the hot-melt twin screw extruder equipment, we investigated the effect of Span 20 on the properties of the polyvinylpyrrolidone/vinyl acetate (PVPVA)-based ASD formulations of ritonavir. We found that with the delayed feeding positions of Span 20 in the twin screw extruder, the ability of the ternary ASDs to maintain the supersaturation of the milled extrudates was observed to be significantly enhanced. Furthermore, adding surfactant after a thorough mixing of polymer and drug could decrease the molecular mobility of ternary ASD formulations. In addition, the effects of Span 20 on the complex viscosity and structure of PVPVA were also investigated. The delayed addition of Span 20 could improve the complex viscosity of PVPVA, thus leading to the drug precipitation inhibition. In conclusion, the delayed addition of Span 20 in the twin screw extruder and prolonging the mixing time of the drug and polymer may be critical to the maintenance of supersaturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengqian Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
| | - Zhengping Wang
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
- Liaocheng High-Tech Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Liaocheng 252059, China
| | - Yanna Zhao
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
| | - Yan Gao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Heng Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Lili Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Anhui Biochem Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hefei 230088, China
| | - Jun Han
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
- Liaocheng High-Tech Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Liaocheng 252059, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-0635-8239136
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7
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Kim HB, Ryu S, Baek JS. The Effect of Hot-Melt Extrusion of Mulberry Leaf on the Number of Active Compounds and Antioxidant Activity. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:3019. [PMID: 36432749 PMCID: PMC9697546 DOI: 10.3390/plants11223019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to compare the functions of the physiologically active compounds of three types of mulberry leaf by cultivar, and to confirm the changes using hot-melt extrusion (HME-ML). The active components of mulberry leaf were analyzed using the HPLC system, and total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant activity were measured. Among the three varieties, the highest contents of rutin and isoquercetin were detected in Cheongil, of TPC in Cheongol, and of TFC in Cheongil. It was confirmed that this bio-accessibility was increased in HME-ML compared with the control. The DPPH radical scavenging activity of Cheongol showed greater antioxidant properties, and HME showed improvement in the antioxidant properties of all mulberry leaves. These results suggest that the application of HME technology can improve the biological activities of mulberry leaf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Bok Kim
- National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, RDA, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Suji Ryu
- Department of Bio-Health Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Jong-Suep Baek
- Department of Bio-Health Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
- Department of Herbal Medicine Resource, Kangwon National University, Samcheok 25949, Korea
- BeNatureBioLab, Cuncheon 24206, Korea
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8
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Du Y, Su Y. 19F Solid-state NMR characterization of pharmaceutical solids. SOLID STATE NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE 2022; 120:101796. [PMID: 35688018 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssnmr.2022.101796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Solid-state NMR has been increasingly recognized as a high-resolution and versatile spectroscopic tool to characterize drug substances and products. However, the analysis of pharmaceutical materials is often carried out at natural isotopic abundance and a relatively low drug loading in multi-component systems and therefore suffers from challenges of low sensitivity. The fact that fluorinated therapeutics are well represented in pipeline drugs and commercial products offers an excellent opportunity to utilize fluorine as a molecular probe for pharmaceutical analysis. We aim to review recent advancements of 19F magic angle spinning NMR methods in modern drug research and development. Applications to polymorph screening at the micromolar level, structural elucidation, and investigation of molecular interactions at the Ångström to submicron resolution in drug delivery, stability, and quality will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Du
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, 07065, United States
| | - Yongchao Su
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, 07065, United States; Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, IN, 47907, United States; Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, United States; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, United States.
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9
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Than YM, Suriyarak S, Titapiwatanakun V. Rheological Investigation of Hydroxypropyl Cellulose–Based Filaments for Material Extrusion 3D Printing. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14061108. [PMID: 35335439 PMCID: PMC8948723 DOI: 10.3390/polym14061108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The rheological properties of drug–polymer mixtures have a significant influence on their processability when using transformative techniques, such as hot-melt-extrusion and material-extrusion 3D printing; however, there has been limited data on printable systems. This study investigated the rheological properties of 17 formulations of successful printed tablets for both immediate and controlled release. Hydroxypropyl cellulose was used in various ratios to obtain printable filaments in combination with various drugs (indomethacin or theophylline), polymers and disintegrants. The complex viscosity, shear thinning behavior and viscoelastic properties were affected by the drug load, polymer composite, disintegrant type, temperature and shear rate applied. Larger windows of processing viscosity were revealed. The viscosity of the printable blends could be as low as the range 10–1000 Pa·s at 100 rad/s angular frequency. All formulations showed shear thinning behavior with a broad slope of complex viscosity from −0.28 to −0.74. The addition of 30–60% drug or disintegrant tended to have greater viscosity values. While microcrystalline cellulose was found to be an alternative additive to lower the storage and loss modulus among disintegrants. This rheological data could be useful for the preformulation and further development of material-extrusion 3D-printing medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yee Mon Than
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
| | - Sarisa Suriyarak
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Emerging Processes for Food Functionality Design Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Correspondence: (S.S.); (V.T.)
| | - Varin Titapiwatanakun
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
- Correspondence: (S.S.); (V.T.)
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10
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Prasad E, Robertson J, Halbert GW. Mefenamic acid solid dispersions: Impact of formulation composition on processing parameters, product properties and performance. Int J Pharm 2022; 616:121505. [PMID: 35085732 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to develop an immediate release (IR), crystalline solid dispersion (CSD) formulation of Mefenamic acid (MFA) by hot-melt-extrusion (HME) and assess the impact of drug loading on process parameters, product physico-chemical properties and product performance. An HME process to produce a range of MFA-Soluplus®-Sorbitol polymer matrix CSD formulations was developed based on rheological screening assays of physical mixtures (PM). The impact of drug loading on process parameters was compared to the impact of drug loading on the physico-chemical properties of formulations. Based on process and product data, three groupings of API drug loading were identified: sub-saturated, saturated, and supersaturated systems. CSD formulations were obtained for 20 - 50% (w/w) drug loading containing the stable polymorphic form I of MFA. CSD formulations predominantly improved the consistency of the product performance. An Amorphous Solid Dispersion (ASD) was obtained for 10% (w/w) drug loading, exhibiting faster drug release even at physiologically relevant pH. This study illustrates the impact of drug loading on process and product characteristics and how a better understanding of maximum API solubility in a given polymer system can improve targeted formulation development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Prasad
- EPSRC Future Manufacturing Research Hub in Continuous Manufacturing and Advanced Crystallisation, University of Strathclyde, Technology and Innovation Centre, 99 George Street, Glasgow, G1 1RD, UK; Strathclyde Institute for Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G4 0RE, UK
| | - John Robertson
- EPSRC Future Manufacturing Research Hub in Continuous Manufacturing and Advanced Crystallisation, University of Strathclyde, Technology and Innovation Centre, 99 George Street, Glasgow, G1 1RD, UK; Strathclyde Institute for Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G4 0RE, UK
| | - Gavin W Halbert
- EPSRC Future Manufacturing Research Hub in Continuous Manufacturing and Advanced Crystallisation, University of Strathclyde, Technology and Innovation Centre, 99 George Street, Glasgow, G1 1RD, UK; Strathclyde Institute for Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G4 0RE, UK
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11
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Thompson SA, Davis DA, Moon C, Williams RO. Increasing Drug Loading of Weakly Acidic Telmisartan in Amorphous Solid Dispersions through pH Modification during Hot-Melt Extrusion. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:318-331. [PMID: 34846902 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Oral drug therapy requiring large quantities of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) can cause a substantial pill burden, which can increase nonadherence and worsen healthcare outcomes. Maximizing the drug loading of APIs in oral dosage forms is essential to reduce pill burden. This can be challenging for poorly water-soluble APIs without compromising performance. We show a promising strategy for maximizing the drug loading of pH-dependent APIs in amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) produced by hot-melt extrusion (HME) without compromising their dissolution performance. We examine potential increases in the drug loading (w/w) of telmisartan in ASDs by incorporating bases to modify pH during HME. Telmisartan is a weakly acidic, poorly water-soluble API with pH-dependent solubility. It is practically insoluble at physiological pH, but its solubility increases exponentially at pH values above 10. Telmisartan was extruded with the polymer Soluplus and various bases. With no base, the maximum drug loading achieved by extrusion was only 5% before crystalline telmisartan was detected. Including a strong, water-soluble base (NaOH or KOH) increased the maximum amorphous drug loading to 50%. These results indicate that telmisartan has pH-dependent solubility in a molten polymer, similar to that in an aqueous solution. We also examine the stability of Soluplus when extruded with a strong base, using solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (ssNMR) to determine that NaOH (but not KOH) causes degradation by hydrolysis. Supersaturation was maintained for at least 20 h during dissolution testing of a 50% telmisartan ASD in biorelevant media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Thompson
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, The University of Texas at Austin College of Pharmacy, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Daniel A Davis
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, The University of Texas at Austin College of Pharmacy, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Chaeho Moon
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, The University of Texas at Austin College of Pharmacy, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Robert O Williams
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, The University of Texas at Austin College of Pharmacy, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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12
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Salave S, Prayag K, Rana D, Amate P, Pardhe R, Jadhav A, Jindal AB, Benival D. Recent Progress in Hot Melt Extrusion Technology in Pharmaceutical Dosage Form Design. RECENT ADVANCES IN DRUG DELIVERY AND FORMULATION 2022; 16:170-191. [PMID: 35986528 DOI: 10.2174/2667387816666220819124605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Hot Melt Extrusion (HME) technique has shown tremendous potential in transforming highly hydrophobic crystalline drug substances into amorphous solids without using solvents. This review explores in detail the general considerations involved in the process of HME, its applications and advances. OBJECTIVE The present review examines the physicochemical properties of polymers pertinent to the HME process. Theoretical approaches for the screening of polymers are highlighted as a part of successful HME processed drug products. The critical quality attributes associated with the process of HME are also discussed in this review. HME plays a significant role in the dosage form design, and the same has been mentioned with suitable examples. The role of HME in developing several sustained release formulations, films, and implants is described along with the research carried out in a similar domain. METHODS The method includes the collection of data from different search engines like PubMed, ScienceDirect, and SciFinder to get coverage of relevant literature for accumulating appropriate information regarding HME, its importance in pharmaceutical product development, and advanced applications. RESULTS HME is known to have advanced pharmaceutical applications in the domains related to 3D printing, nanotechnology, and PAT technology. HME-based technologies explored using Design-of- Experiments also lead to the systematic development of pharmaceutical formulations. CONCLUSION HME remains an adaptable and differentiated technique for overall formulation development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagar Salave
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, India
| | - Kedar Prayag
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani (BITS PILANI), Pilani, Rajasthan, India
| | - Dhwani Rana
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, India
| | - Prakash Amate
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, India
| | - Rupali Pardhe
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, India
| | - Ajinkya Jadhav
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, India
| | - Anil B Jindal
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani (BITS PILANI), Pilani, Rajasthan, India
| | - Derajram Benival
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, India
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13
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Rupp H, Binder WH. 3D Printing of Solvent-Free Supramolecular Polymers. Front Chem 2021; 9:771974. [PMID: 34912780 PMCID: PMC8666451 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.771974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Additive manufacturing has significantly changed polymer science and technology by engineering complex material shapes and compositions. With the advent of dynamic properties in polymeric materials as a fundamental principle to achieve, e.g., self-healing properties, the use of supramolecular chemistry as a tool for molecular ordering has become important. By adjusting molecular nanoscopic (supramolecular) bonds in polymers, rheological properties, immanent for 3D printing, can be adjusted, resulting in shape persistence and improved printing. We here review recent progress in the 3D printing of supramolecular polymers, with a focus on fused deposition modelling (FDM) to overcome some of its limitations still being present up to date and open perspectives for their application.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wolfgang H. Binder
- Division of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences II (Chemistry, Physics and Mathematics), Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
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14
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Fan W, Zhang X, Zhu W, Zhang X, Di L. Preparation of Curcumin-Eudragit ® E PO Solid Dispersions with Gradient Temperature through Hot-Melt Extrusion. Molecules 2021; 26:4964. [PMID: 34443551 PMCID: PMC8400050 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26164964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Hot-melt extrusion (HME) has great advantages for the preparation of solid dispersion (SD), for instance, it does not require any organic solvents. Nevertheless, its application to high-melting-point and thermosensitive drugs has been rarely reported. In this study, thermally unstable curcumin (Cur) was used as a drug model. The HME process was systematically studied by adjusting the gradient temperature mode and residence time, with the content, crystallinity and dissolution of Cur as the investigated factors. The effects of barrel temperature, screw speed and cooling rate on HME were also examined. Solubility parameters and the Flory-Huggins method were used to evaluate the miscibility between Cur and carriers. Differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, equilibrium solubility and in vitro and in vivo experiments were used to characterize and evaluate the results. An amorphous Cur SD was successfully obtained, increasing the solubility and release of Cur. In the optimal process, the mass ratio of Cur to Eudragit® E PO (EPO) was 1:4 and the barrel temperature was set at a gradient heating mode (130 °C-135 °C-140 °C-145 °C-150 °C-155 °C-160 °C) at 100 rpm. Related pharmacokinetic test results also showed the improved bioavailability of the drug in rats. In a pharmacodynamic analysis of Sprague-Dawley rats, the Cmax and the bioavailability of the Cur-EPO SD were 2.6 and 1.5 times higher than those of Cur, respectively. The preparation of the amorphous SD not only provided more solubility but also improved the bioavailability of Cur, which provides an effective way to improve the bioavailability of BCS II drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenling Fan
- Laboratory of Pharmacy Engineering, College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; (X.Z.); (W.Z.); (X.Z.)
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiaotong Zhang
- Laboratory of Pharmacy Engineering, College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; (X.Z.); (W.Z.); (X.Z.)
| | - Wenjing Zhu
- Laboratory of Pharmacy Engineering, College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; (X.Z.); (W.Z.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xinyi Zhang
- Laboratory of Pharmacy Engineering, College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; (X.Z.); (W.Z.); (X.Z.)
| | - Liuqing Di
- Institute of Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Efficient Delivery System of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China;
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15
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Thompson SA, Williams RO. Specific mechanical energy - An essential parameter in the processing of amorphous solid dispersions. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 173:374-393. [PMID: 33781785 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Specific mechanical energy (SME) is a frequently overlooked but essential parameter of hot-melt extrusion (HME). It can determine whether an amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) can be successfully processed. A minimum combination of thermal input and SME is required to convert a crystalline active pharmaceutical product (API) into its amorphous form. A maximum combination is allowed before it or the carrier polymer chemically degrades. This has important implications on design space. SME input during HME provides information on the totality of the effect of various independent processing parameters such as screw speed, feed rate, and complex viscosity. If only these independent processing parameters are considered separately instead of SME, then important information would be lost regarding the interaction of these parameters and their ability to affect ASD formulation. A complete understanding of the HME process requires an analysis of SME. This paper provides a review of SME use in the pharmaceutical processing of ASDs, the importance of SME in terms of a variety of formulation qualities, and novel future uses of SME. Theoretical background is discussed, along with the relative importance of thermal and mechanical input on various nonsolvent ASD processing methods.
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16
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Yang F, Su Y, Brown CD, DiNunzio J. Solubilizing temperature of crystalline drug in polymer carrier: A rheological investigation on a posaconazole-copovidone system with low drug load. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2021; 164:28-35. [PMID: 33895292 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2021.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Measuring the solubility of a crystalline active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) in a polymer-rich system is challenging due to the high viscosity of the polymer which kinetically impedes reaching the solubility equilibrium. In this study, a rheological approach of determining the solubilizing temperature of a crystalline API in a polymeric carrier has been developed. To validate the method, a model physical mixture of crystalline posaconazole and copovidone with a relatively low API load (25 wt%) was utilized. First, a comparison between conventional differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and a rheological temperature ramp was conducted to illustrate that the rheological method could capture the melting point depression behavior similarly to the more well-known DSC technique. Second, to further understand the dissolution process of the crystalline posaconazole into the copovidone carrier and precisely measure the solubilizing temperature, a series of isothermal rheological time sweeps were carried out at various temperatures selected based on the rheological temperature sweep. Because the dissolved API molecule imparted a plasticizing effect to the polymeric carrier, the complex viscosity of the API-polymer system decreased gradually over time and correlated well to an exponential decay function. Moreover, dependent on the applied temperature, the API-polymer system eventually accomplished distinct equilibrium states (complex viscosities) within different time frames. The obtained time constants at different temperatures were fitted to the Arrhenius equation, allowing the determination of the activation energy of the mixing process. The results indicated that once the processing temperature exceeded a critical point below the melting point of the crystalline API, the API-polymer solubilization process switched from a surface dominated dispersive mechanism to a molecular-level solubilization mode, manifested by the significantly increased activation energy. To the best of our knowledge, the currently developed rheological approach was the first successful measurement of the solubilizing temperature of a crystalline drug in a polymer-rich system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyuan Yang
- Ashland Specialty Ingredients G.P., Wilmington, DE, USA.
| | - Yongchao Su
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA
| | - Chad D Brown
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA
| | - James DiNunzio
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA
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17
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Liu T, Kittikunakorn N, Zhang Y, Zhang F. Mechanisms of twin screw melt granulation. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.102150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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18
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19
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Sarpal K, Munson EJ. Amorphous Solid Dispersions of Felodipine and Nifedipine with Soluplus®: Drug-Polymer Miscibility and Intermolecular Interactions. J Pharm Sci 2020; 110:1457-1469. [PMID: 33359813 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate thermodynamic and kinetic miscibility for two structurally similar model compounds nifedipine (NIF) and felodipine (FEL) when formulated as amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) with an amphiphilic polymer Soluplus®. Thermodynamic miscibility was studied via melting point depression approach for the two systems. The Flory Huggins theory was used to calculate the interaction parameter and generate the phase diagrams. It was shown that NIF was more miscible in Soluplus® than FEL. The nature of drug polymer interactions was studied by fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR) and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (ssNMR). The data from spectroscopic analyses showed that both the drugs interacted with Soluplus® through hydrogen bonding interactions. Furthermore, 13C ssNMR data was used to get quantitative estimate of the extent of hydrogen bonding for ASDs samples. Proton relaxation measurements were carried out on ASDs in order to evaluate phase heterogeneity on two different length scales of mixing. The data suggested that better phase homogeneity in NIF:SOL systems especially for lower Soluplus® content ASDs on smaller domains. This could be explained by understanding the extent of hydrogen bonding interactions for these two systems. This study highlights the need to consider thermodynamic and kinetic mixing, when formulating ASDs with the goal of understanding phase mixing between drug and polymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanika Sarpal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Eric J Munson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
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20
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Nair AR, Lakshman YD, Anand VSK, Sree KSN, Bhat K, Dengale SJ. Overview of Extensively Employed Polymeric Carriers in Solid Dispersion Technology. AAPS PharmSciTech 2020; 21:309. [PMID: 33161493 PMCID: PMC7649155 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-020-01849-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Solid dispersion is the preferred technology to prepare efficacious forms of BCS class-II/IV APIs. To prepare solid dispersions, there exist a wide variety of polymeric carriers with interesting physicochemical and thermochemical characteristics available at the disposal of a formulation scientist. Since the advent of the solid dispersion technology in the early 1960s, there have been more than 5000 scientific papers published in the subject area. This review discusses the polymeric carrier properties of most extensively used polymers PVP, Copovidone, PEG, HPMC, HPMCAS, and Soluplus® in the solid dispersion technology. The literature trends about preparation techniques, dissolution, and stability improvement are analyzed from the Scopus® database to enable a formulator to make an informed choice of polymeric carrier. The stability and extent of dissolution improvement are largely dependent upon the type of polymeric carrier employed to formulate solid dispersions. With the increasing acceptance of transfer dissolution setup in the research community, it is required to evaluate the crystallization/precipitation inhibition potential of polymers under dynamic pH shift conditions. Further, there is a need to develop a regulatory framework which provides definition and complete classification along with necessarily recommended studies to characterize and evaluate solid dispersions.
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21
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Prasad E, Robertson J, Halbert GW. Improving Consistency for a Mefenamic Acid Immediate Release Formulation. J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:3462-3470. [PMID: 32853635 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to develop an immediate release dose form containing 250 mg Mefenamic acid (MFA) presented as a crystalline solid dispersion in order to achieve improved consistency in drug release through a simplified formulation compared to a commercial product. An MFA-Soluplus®-Sorbitol polymer matrix was developed using an HME process based on rheological screening assays of physical mixtures. The physico-chemical properties of these formulations were assessed by thermal analysis, FTIR, mechanical testing and SEM image analysis, confirming the crystalline character and stable polymorphic form I of the API in the polymer matrix. A faster release and a significant improvement in consistency (±6%) of drug release was observed compared to a commercially available MFA product (±17%) (250 mg capsule). This study illustrates advantages of applying a structured development program aimed at retaining API physical properties in the final dosage form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Prasad
- EPSRC Future Manufacturing Research Hub, University of Strathclyde, Technology and Innovation Centre, 99 George Street, Glasgow G1 1RD, UK; Strathclyde Institute for Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK.
| | - John Robertson
- EPSRC Future Manufacturing Research Hub, University of Strathclyde, Technology and Innovation Centre, 99 George Street, Glasgow G1 1RD, UK; Strathclyde Institute for Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK
| | - Gavin W Halbert
- EPSRC Future Manufacturing Research Hub, University of Strathclyde, Technology and Innovation Centre, 99 George Street, Glasgow G1 1RD, UK; Strathclyde Institute for Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK
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22
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Yin J, Huang C, Guan H, Pang Z, Su Y, Kong X. In situ solid-state NMR characterization of pharmaceutical materials: An example of drug-polymer thermal mixing. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2020; 58:1049-1054. [PMID: 31846098 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.4982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical amorphous solid dispersions, a multicomponent system prepared by dispersing drug substances into polymeric matrix via thermal and mechanical processes, represent a major platform to deliver the poorly water-soluble drug. Microscopic properties of drug-polymer contacts play mechanistic roles in manipulating long-term physical stability as well as dissolution profiles. Although solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance has been utilized as an indispensable tool to probe structural details, previous studies are limited to ex situ characterizations. Our work provides likely the first documented example to investigate comelting of ketoconazole and polyacrylic acid, as a model system, in an in situ manner. Their physical mixture is melted and mixed in the solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance rotor under magic angle spinning at up to approximately 400 K. Critical structural events of molecular miscibility and interaction have been successfully identified. These results design and evaluate the instrumental and experimental protocols for real-time characterizations of the comelting of pharmaceutical materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinglin Yin
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chengbin Huang
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, 07033
| | - Hanxi Guan
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhenfeng Pang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yongchao Su
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, 07033
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712
| | - Xueqian Kong
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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23
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Duan P, Lamm MS, Yang F, Xu W, Skomski D, Su Y, Schmidt-Rohr K. Quantifying Molecular Mixing and Heterogeneity in Pharmaceutical Dispersions at Sub-100 nm Resolution by Spin Diffusion NMR. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:3567-3580. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pu Duan
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02453, United States
| | - Matthew S. Lamm
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Fengyuan Yang
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Wei Xu
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Daniel Skomski
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Yongchao Su
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Klaus Schmidt-Rohr
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02453, United States
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24
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Wolbert F, Stecker J, Luebbert C, Sadowski G. Viscosity of ASDs at humid conditions. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 154:387-396. [PMID: 32717391 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Many amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) are thermodynamically unstable. Thus, the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) might crystallize over time. The crystallization kinetics and therewith the long-term stability of ASDs depends on the storage conditions temperature and relative humidity (RH) as they determine the molecular mobility of the API in the polymer. To quantify the molecular mobility, the rheological behavior of two different ASDs with ibuprofen and either poly(vinyl acetate) or poly(vinylpyrrolidone-co-vinyl acetate) was analyzed as function of temperature and relative humidity by means of an oscillatory rheometer. The plasticizing effect of ibuprofen and absorbed water on the zero-shear viscosity of the polymer could be fully explained by the reduction of the glass-transition temperature of the mixture compared to the one of the pure polymer. Moreover, this work proposes an approach to predict the zero-shear viscosity of an ASD based on only the temperature dependence of the zero-shear viscosity of the pure polymer as well as the predicted water content in the ASD at certain RH using the Perturbed-Chain Statistical Associating Fluid Theory (PC-SAFT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Wolbert
- INVITE GmbH, Drug Delivery Innovation Center (DDiC), 51368 Leverkusen, Germany; TU Dortmund University, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Thermodynamics, Emil-Figge-Str. 70, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Joel Stecker
- TU Dortmund University, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Thermodynamics, Emil-Figge-Str. 70, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Christian Luebbert
- TU Dortmund University, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Thermodynamics, Emil-Figge-Str. 70, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Gabriele Sadowski
- TU Dortmund University, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Thermodynamics, Emil-Figge-Str. 70, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany.
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25
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Probing the Molecular-Level Interactions in an Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) - Polymer Dispersion and the Resulting Impact on Drug Product Formulation. Pharm Res 2020; 37:94. [PMID: 32405662 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-020-02813-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE An investigation of underlying mechanisms of API-polymer interaction patterns has the potential to provide valuable insights for selecting appropriate formulations with superior physical stability and processability. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, copovidone was used as a polymeric carrier for several model compounds including clotrimazole, nifedipine, and posaconazole. The varied chemical structures conferred the ability for the model compounds to form distinct interactions with copovidone. Rheology and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) were combined to investigate the molecular pattern and relative strength of active pharmaceutical ingredient (API)-polymer interactions. In addition, the impact of the interactions on formulation processability via hot melt extrusion (HME) and physical stability were evaluated. RESULTS The rheological response of an API-polymer system was found to be highly sensitive to API-polymer interaction, depending both on API chemistry and API-polymer miscibility. In the systems studied, dispersed API induced a stronger plasticizer effect on the polymer matrix compared to crystalline/aggregated API. Correspondingly, the processing torque via HME showed a proportional relationship with the maximum complex viscosity of the API-polymer system. In order to quantitatively evaluate the relative strength of the API-polymer interaction, homogeneously dispersed API-polymer amorphous samples were prepared by HME at an elevated temperature. DSC, XRD, and rheology were employed to confirm the amorphous integrity and homogeneity of the resultant extrudates. Subsequently, the homogeneously dispersed API-polymer amorphous dispersions were interrogated by rheology and NMR to provide a qualitative and quantitative assessment of the nature of the API-polymer interaction, both macroscopically and microscopically. Rheological master curves of frequency sweeps of the extrudates exhibited a strong dependence on the API chemistry and revealed a rank ordering of the relative strength of API-copovidone interactions, in the order of posaconazole > nifedipine > clotrimazole. NMR data provided the means to precisely map the API-polymer interaction pattern and identify the specific sites of interaction from a molecular perspective. Finally, the impact of API-polymer interactions on the physical stability of the resultant extrudates was studied. CONCLUSION Qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the relative strength of the API-polymer interaction was successfully accomplished by utilizing combined rheology and NMR. Graphical Abstract.
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Influence of Carbamazepine Dihydrate on the Preparation of Amorphous Solid Dispersions by Hot Melt Extrusion. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12040379. [PMID: 32326114 PMCID: PMC7238004 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12040379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) are commonly used in the pharmaceutical industry to improve the dissolution and bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. Hot melt extrusion (HME) has been employed to prepare ASD based products. However, due to the narrow processing window of HME, ASDs are normally obtained with high processing temperatures and mechanical stress. Interestingly, one-third of pharmaceutical compounds reportedly exist in hydrate forms. In this study, we selected carbamazepine (CBZ) dihydrate to investigate its solid-state changes during the dehydration process and the impact of the dehydration on the preparation of CBZ ASDs using a Leistritz micro-18 extruder. Various characterization techniques were used to study the dehydration kinetics of CBZ dihydrate under different conditions. We designed the extrusion runs and demonstrated that: 1) the dehydration of CBZ dihydrate resulted in a disordered state of the drug molecule; 2) the resulted higher energy state CBZ facilitated the drug solubilization and mixing with the polymer matrix during the HME process, which significantly decreased the required extrusion temperature from 140 to 60 °C for CBZ ASDs manufacturing compared to directly processing anhydrous crystalline CBZ. This work illustrated that the proper utilization of drug hydrates can significantly improve the processability of HME for preparing ASDs.
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27
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Pisa E, Hughes LP, Wren SAC, Booth J, McCabe JF, Whittaker DTE, Mantle MD. NMR and Thermal Studies for the Characterization of Mass Transport and Phase Separation in Paracetamol/Copovidone Hot-Melt Extrusion Formulations. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:2021-2033. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Pisa
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K
| | - Leslie P. Hughes
- Global Product Development, AstraZeneca, Charter Way, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, U.K
| | - Stephen A. C. Wren
- Global Product Development, AstraZeneca, Charter Way, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, U.K
| | - Jonathan Booth
- Global Product Development, AstraZeneca, Charter Way, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, U.K
| | - James Francis McCabe
- Pharmaceutical Development, AstraZeneca, Charter Way, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, U.K
| | - David T. E. Whittaker
- Early Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, U.K
| | - Mick D. Mantle
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K
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28
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Lu X, Tsutsumi Y, Huang C, Xu W, Byrn SR, Templeton AC, Buevich AV, Amoureux JP, Su Y. Molecular packing of pharmaceuticals analyzed with paramagnetic relaxation enhancement and ultrafast magic angle pinning NMR. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:13160-13170. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cp02049d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Probing molecular details of fluorinated pharmaceutical compounds at a faster acquisition utilizing paramagnetic relaxation enhancement and better resolution from ultrafast magic angle spinning (νrot = 110 kHz) and high magnetic field (B0 = 18.8 T).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Wei Xu
- MRL, Merck & Co., Inc
- Kenilworth
- USA
| | - Stephen R. Byrn
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy
- College of Pharmacy
- Purdue University
- Indiana 47907
- USA
| | | | | | | | - Yongchao Su
- MRL, Merck & Co., Inc
- Kenilworth
- USA
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy
- College of Pharmacy
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29
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Li C, Wang J, Wang Y, Gao H, Wei G, Huang Y, Yu H, Gan Y, Wang Y, Mei L, Chen H, Hu H, Zhang Z, Jin Y. Recent progress in drug delivery. Acta Pharm Sin B 2019; 9:1145-1162. [PMID: 31867161 PMCID: PMC6900554 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2019.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 405] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug delivery systems (DDS) are defined as methods by which drugs are delivered to desired tissues, organs, cells and subcellular organs for drug release and absorption through a variety of drug carriers. Its usual purpose to improve the pharmacological activities of therapeutic drugs and to overcome problems such as limited solubility, drug aggregation, low bioavailability, poor biodistribution, lack of selectivity, or to reduce the side effects of therapeutic drugs. During 2015-2018, significant progress in the research on drug delivery systems has been achieved along with advances in related fields, such as pharmaceutical sciences, material sciences and biomedical sciences. This review provides a concise overview of current progress in this research area through its focus on the delivery strategies, construction techniques and specific examples. It is a valuable reference for pharmaceutical scientists who want to learn more about the design of drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jiancheng Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yiguang Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Huile Gao
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Gang Wei
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yongzhuo Huang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Haijun Yu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yong Gan
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yongjun Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Lin Mei
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Huabing Chen
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Haiyan Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhiping Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yiguang Jin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
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30
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Sarpal K, Delaney S, Zhang GGZ, Munson EJ. Phase Behavior of Amorphous Solid Dispersions of Felodipine: Homogeneity and Drug–Polymer Interactions. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:4836-4851. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kanika Sarpal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
| | - Sean Delaney
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
| | - Geoff G. Z. Zhang
- Drug Product Development, Research and Development, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Eric J. Munson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
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31
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Chmiel K, Knapik-Kowalczuk J, Paluch M. How does the high pressure affects the solubility of the drug within the polymer matrix in solid dispersion systems. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2019; 143:8-17. [PMID: 31398439 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2019.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we employed Broadband Dielectric Spectroscopy (BDS) in order to determine the effect of the high pressure on the solubility limits of the amorphous flutamide within Kollidon VA64 matrix. In order to achieve this goal, drug-polymer systems have been examined: (i) at ambient pressure and both isothermal and nonisothermal conditions by means of BDS as well as Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), to validate proposed method; (ii) at high pressure conditions (20 and 50 MPa) and elevated temperatures (343 K, 353 K and 363 K) by means of dielectric spectroscopy. Our studies revealed that regardless of applied pressure the solubility of the flutamide within the co-polymer matrix increases with increasing temperature at isobar conditions. Moreover, our results clearly indicate that with increasing pressure the solubility of the drug within the polymer matrix is decreasing at isothermal conditions. Therefore, during the solubility limit studies one should consider the situation in which by increasing the pressure (at constant temperature) would achieve an effect similar to the lowering of the temperature (at constant pressure).
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Affiliation(s)
- K Chmiel
- Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, ul. 75 Pułku Piechoty 1a, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland; Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, ul. 75 Pułku Piechoty 1a, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland.
| | - J Knapik-Kowalczuk
- Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, ul. 75 Pułku Piechoty 1a, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland; Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, ul. 75 Pułku Piechoty 1a, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland
| | - M Paluch
- Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, ul. 75 Pułku Piechoty 1a, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland; Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, ul. 75 Pułku Piechoty 1a, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland
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32
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Holistic QbD approach for hot-melt extrusion process design space evaluation: Linking materials science, experimentation and process modeling. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2019; 141:149-160. [PMID: 31132400 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2019.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to investigate the relationship between formulation material properties, process parameters and process performance for the manufacturing of amorphous solid dispersions via hot-melt extrusion (HME) using experimentation coupled with process modeling. Specifically, we evaluated the impact of the matrix copovidone melt rheology with and without the addition of a plasticizing surfactant, polysorbate 80, while also varying the process parameters, barrel temperature and screw speed, and keeping fill volume constant. To correlate the process performance to a critical quality attribute, we used telmisartan as an indicator substance by processing at temperatures below its solubility temperature in the polymeric matrix. We observed a broader design space of HME processes for the plasticized formulation with respect to screw speed than for the copovidone-only matrix formulation. This observation was determined by the range of observed melt temperatures in the extruder, both measured and simulated. The reason was not primarily linked to a reduced shear-thinning behavior, characterized by the power law index, n, but instead more to an overall reduced melt viscosity during extrusion and zero-shear rate viscosity, η0, accordingly. We also found that the amount of residual crystallinity of telmisartan correlated with the simulated maximum melt temperature in the extruder barrel. This finding confirmed the applicability of the temperature-dependent API-matrix solubility phase diagram for HME to process development. Given the complex inter-dependent relationships between material properties, process and performance, process modeling combined with reduced laboratory experimentation was established as a holistic approach for the evaluation of Quality-by-Design-based HME process design spaces.
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Knapik-Kowalczuk J, Chmiel K, Jurkiewicz K, Wojnarowska Z, Kurek M, Jachowicz R, Paluch M. Influence of Polymeric Additive on the Physical Stability and Viscoelastic Properties of Aripiprazole. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:1742-1750. [PMID: 30848603 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this article, we investigated aripiprazole + Kollidon VA64 (ARP/KVA) and aripiprazole + Soluplus (ARP/SOP) amorphous solid dispersions. Thermal properties of all prepared systems have been examined by means of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Compositions revealing the recrystallization tendency were subsequently investigated by means of broadband dielectric spectroscopy (BDS). On the basis of dielectric data, the physically stable drug-polymer concentrations have been found. Finally, these systems have been investigated by rheology, which enables us to determine the minimal temperature required for dissolving the drug in the polymeric matrix, as well as the temperature dependence of the sample viscosity. Our investigations have shown that the amorphous form of the investigated antipsychotic drug might be effectively stabilized by both employed polymers. However, due to the better stabilization effect and the more favorable rheological properties, KVA proved to be a better polymeric excipient for extrusion of amorphous aripiprazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Knapik-Kowalczuk
- Institute of Physics , University of Silesia, SMCEBI , 75 Pułku Piechoty 1a , 41-500 Chorzów , Poland
| | - Krzysztof Chmiel
- Institute of Physics , University of Silesia, SMCEBI , 75 Pułku Piechoty 1a , 41-500 Chorzów , Poland
| | - Karolina Jurkiewicz
- Institute of Physics , University of Silesia, SMCEBI , 75 Pułku Piechoty 1a , 41-500 Chorzów , Poland
| | - Zaneta Wojnarowska
- Institute of Physics , University of Silesia, SMCEBI , 75 Pułku Piechoty 1a , 41-500 Chorzów , Poland
| | - Mateusz Kurek
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics , Jagiellonian University , Medyczna 9 , 30-688 Kraków , Poland
| | - Renata Jachowicz
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics , Jagiellonian University , Medyczna 9 , 30-688 Kraków , Poland
| | - Marian Paluch
- Institute of Physics , University of Silesia, SMCEBI , 75 Pułku Piechoty 1a , 41-500 Chorzów , Poland
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Santiago D, Mendoza A, Morales Z, Santos J. Characterization of amorphous celecoxib mixed with plasticizing (TPGS) and anti-plasticizing (PVP) ingredients using Hot Melt Extrusion. J Pharm Innov 2019; 15:357-364. [PMID: 33343766 DOI: 10.1007/s12247-019-09377-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Hot melt extrusion (HME) has demonstrated to be an adequate compounding method for poorly-soluble pharmaceutical drugs, as it increases its solubility by fixing its amorphous solid-state using polymers (plasticizing) and other ingredients (non- plasticizing). However, it's amorphous state of the drug and the stability of the amorphous state will greatly depend on its interactions with these (plasticizing or not). Methods In this study, we aimed at characterizing the impact of the combination of plasticizing (TPGS) and anti-plasticizing (PVP) ingredients in amorphous celecoxib prepared using HME in terms of chemical interactions between the components (FTIR, Raman and NMR), viscoelasticity (loss and storage modulus) and required energy for flow (activation energy). Different celecoxib/PVP/TPGS ratios were studied to understand the synergistic effect of PVP and TPGS in inhibiting the crystallization of celecoxib when preparing amorphous dispersions using HME. We aimed at linking the viscoelastic properties of the melt with the resulting amorphous state described by the chemical interactions upon extrusion. Results The amorphous state of celecoxib was evidenced by strengthening of H-bonding between celecoxib and PVP, lack of characteristic crystalline peaks of celecoxib, and deshielding of aromatic protons. The melt was also characterized in terms of viscoelastic temperature dependent behavior (liquid G"; elastic G'), where increasing amounts of TPGS and PVP showed opposites effects; TPGS reduced the viscoelastic response whereas PVP increased it. Calculated melt activation energies (Ea) from the temperature dependent viscosity revealed a threshold of TPGS concentration where samples with 1% w/w of TPGS showed higher flow activation energies (higher Ea) independent of the drug/polymer ratios, compared to samples with higher amounts of TPGS. Conclusions Low drug content combined with anti-plasticizing (PVP) amounts and relatively low plasticizing (TPGS) amounts yields an amorphous dispersion that is characterized with strong H-bonding due to efficient mixing using HME.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Javier Santos
- Molecular Science Research Building, University of Puerto Rico
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35
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Ma X, Huang S, Lowinger MB, Liu X, Lu X, Su Y, Williams RO. Influence of mechanical and thermal energy on nifedipine amorphous solid dispersions prepared by hot melt extrusion: Preparation and physical stability. Int J Pharm 2019; 561:324-334. [PMID: 30858115 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Hot melt extrusion (HME) has been used to prepare solid dispersions, especially molecularly dispersed amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) for solubility enhancement purposes. The energy generated by the extruder in the form of mechanical and thermal output enables the dispersion and dissolution of crystalline drugs in polymeric carriers. However, the impact of this thermal and mechanical energy on ASD systems remains unclear. We selected a model ASD system containing nifedipine (NIF) and polyvinylpyrrolidone vinyl acetate (PVP/VA 64) to investigate how different types of energy input affect the preparation and physical stability of ASDs. Formulations were prepared using a Leistritz Nano-16 extruder, and we varied the screw design, barrel temperature, screw speed, and feed rate to control the mechanical and thermal energy input. Specific mechanical energy (SME) was calculated to quantitate the mechanical energy input, and the thermal energy was estimated using barrel temperature. We find that both mechanical and thermal energy inputs affect the conversion of crystalline NIF into an amorphous form, and they also affect the level of mixing and the degree of homogeneity in NIF ASDs. However, for small size extruders (e.g., Leistritz Nano-16), thermal energy is more efficient than mechanical energy in preparing NIF ASDs that have better stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Ma
- Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, 2409 University Avenue, 78712 Austin, TX, USA
| | - Siyuan Huang
- Small Molecule Design and Development, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, 46221 Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Michael B Lowinger
- Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, 2409 University Avenue, 78712 Austin, TX, USA; Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Xu Liu
- Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, 2409 University Avenue, 78712 Austin, TX, USA
| | - Xingyu Lu
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Yongchao Su
- Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, 2409 University Avenue, 78712 Austin, TX, USA; Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Robert O Williams
- Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, 2409 University Avenue, 78712 Austin, TX, USA.
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36
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Can drug release rate from implants be tailored using poly(urethane) mixtures? Int J Pharm 2019; 557:390-401. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.11.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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37
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Moseson DE, Taylor LS. The application of temperature-composition phase diagrams for hot melt extrusion processing of amorphous solid dispersions to prevent residual crystallinity. Int J Pharm 2018; 553:454-466. [PMID: 30393199 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.10.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Hot melt extrusion (HME) can be used to produce amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) at temperatures below the drug's melting point if the drug and polymer exhibit melting point depression. However, the risk of residual crystallinity becomes significant. The purpose of this study was to apply the temperature-composition phase diagram to the HME process, correlating process conditions to ASD residual crystallinity, and identifying the formulation critical temperature, which defines the theoretical minimum processing temperature. The phase diagram of indomethacin (IDM) and polyvinylpyrrolidone/vinyl acetate copolymer (PVPVA) was generated using melting point depression measurements coupled with Flory-Huggins theory. Extrudates were manufactured above, at, and below the formulation critical temperature (Tc) as identified from the phase diagram, with a range of residence times, and characterized for crystallinity. Below the Tc, a fully amorphous sample could not be prepared. Above Tc, sufficient residence time led to amorphous samples. A processing operating design space diagram with three regimes was generated to correlate temperature and residence time factors with process outcome. In conclusion, phase diagrams provide a rational basis for designing hot melt extrusion processes of amorphous solid dispersions to minimize residual crystalline content, delineating the minimum processing temperature based on thermodynamic considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana E Moseson
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Lynne S Taylor
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States.
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38
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Hanada M, Jermain SV, Lu X, Su Y, Williams RO. Predicting physical stability of ternary amorphous solid dispersions using specific mechanical energy in a hot melt extrusion process. Int J Pharm 2018; 548:571-585. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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39
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Bochmann ES, Gryczke A, Wagner KG. Validation of Model-Based Melt Viscosity in Hot-Melt Extrusion Numerical Simulation. Pharmaceutics 2018; 10:pharmaceutics10030132. [PMID: 30126193 PMCID: PMC6161212 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10030132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A validation for the use of model-based melt viscosity in hot-melt extrusion numerical simulations was presented. Here, the melt viscosity of an amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) was calculated by using its glass transition temperature (Tg) and the rheological flow profile of the pure polymeric matrix. All further required physical properties were taken from the pure polymer. For forming the ASDs, four active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), that had not been considered in first place to establish the correlation between Tg and melt viscosity were examined. The ASDs were characterized in terms of density, specific heat capacity, melt rheology, API solubility in the polymeric matrix, and deviation from the Couchman⁻Karasz fit to, identify the influencing factors of the accuracy of the simulation using model-based melt viscosity. Furthermore, the energy consumption of the hot-melt extrusion (HME) experiments, conventional simulation, and simulation using model-based melt viscosity were compared. It was shown, with few exceptions, that the use of model-based melt viscosity in terms of the HME simulation did not reduce the accuracy of the computation outcome. The commercial one-dimensional (1D) simulation software Ludovic® was used to conduct all of the numerical computation. As model excipients, vinylpyrrolidone-vinyl acetate copolymer (COP) in combination with four APIs (celecoxib, loratadine, naproxen, and praziquantel) were investigated to form the ASDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther S Bochmann
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bonn, 53121 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Andreas Gryczke
- AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, 67061 Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany.
| | - Karl G Wagner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bonn, 53121 Bonn, Germany.
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40
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Rheological analysis of itraconazole-polymer mixtures to determine optimal melt extrusion temperature for development of amorphous solid dispersion. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 111:482-491. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2017.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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41
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Bochmann ES, Steffens KE, Gryczke A, Wagner KG. Numerical simulation of hot-melt extrusion processes for amorphous solid dispersions using model-based melt viscosity. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2017; 124:34-42. [PMID: 29221654 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Simulation of HME processes is a valuable tool for increased process understanding and ease of scale-up. However, the experimental determination of all required input parameters is tedious, namely the melt rheology of the amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) in question. Hence, a procedure to simplify the application of hot-melt extrusion (HME) simulation for forming amorphous solid dispersions (ASD) is presented. The commercial 1D simulation software Ludovic® was used to conduct (i) simulations using a full experimental data set of all input variables including melt rheology and (ii) simulations using model-based melt viscosity data based on the ASDs glass transition and the physical properties of polymeric matrix only. Both types of HME computation were further compared to experimental HME results. Variation in physical properties (e.g. heat capacity, density) and several process characteristics of HME (residence time distribution, energy consumption) among the simulations and experiments were evaluated. The model-based melt viscosity was calculated by using the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the investigated blend and the melt viscosity of the polymeric matrix by means of a Tg-viscosity correlation. The results of measured melt viscosity and model-based melt viscosity were similar with only few exceptions, leading to similar HME simulation outcomes. At the end, the experimental effort prior to HME simulation could be minimized and the procedure enables a good starting point for rational development of ASDs by means of HME. As model excipients, Vinylpyrrolidone-vinyl acetate copolymer (COP) in combination with various APIs (carbamazepine, dipyridamole, indomethacin, and ibuprofen) or polyethylene glycol (PEG 1500) as plasticizer were used to form the ASDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther S Bochmann
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Kristina E Steffens
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Andreas Gryczke
- Global Technical Marketing Solubilization, BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Karl G Wagner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
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42
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Ni QZ, Yang F, Can TV, Sergeyev IV, D’Addio SM, Jawla SK, Li Y, Lipert MP, Xu W, Williamson RT, Leone A, Griffin RG, Su Y. In Situ Characterization of Pharmaceutical Formulations by Dynamic Nuclear Polarization Enhanced MAS NMR. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:8132-8141. [PMID: 28762740 PMCID: PMC5592962 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b07213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A principal advantage of magic angle spinning (MAS) NMR spectroscopy lies in its ability to determine molecular structure in a noninvasive and quantitative manner. Accordingly, MAS should be widely applicable to studies of the structure of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) and formulations. However, the low sensitivity encountered in spectroscopy of natural abundance APIs present at low concentration has limited the success of MAS experiments. Dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) enhances NMR sensitivity and can be used to circumvent this problem provided that suitable paramagnetic polarizing agent can be incorporated into the system without altering the integrity of solid dosages. Here, we demonstrate that DNP polarizing agents can be added in situ during the preparation of amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) via spray drying and hot-melt extrusion so that ASDs can be examined during drug development. Specifically, the dependence of DNP enhancement on sample composition, radical concentration, relaxation properties of the API and excipients, types of polarizing agents and proton density, has been thoroughly investigated. Optimal enhancement values are obtained from ASDs containing 1% w/w radical concentration. Both polarizing agents TOTAPOL and AMUPol provided reasonable enhancements. Partial deuteration of the excipient produced 3× higher enhancement values. With these parameters, an ASD containing posaconazole and vinyl acetate yields a 32-fold enhancement which presumably results in a reduction of NMR measurement time by ∼1000. This boost in signal intensity enables the full assignment of the natural abundance pharmaceutical formulation through multidimensional correlation experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhe Ni
- Department of Chemistry and Francis Bitter Magnet Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Fengyuan Yang
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Thach V. Can
- Department of Chemistry and Francis Bitter Magnet Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Ivan V. Sergeyev
- Bruker BioSpin Corporation, Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, United States
| | - Suzanne M. D’Addio
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Sudheer K. Jawla
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Yongjun Li
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Maya P. Lipert
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Wei Xu
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - R. Thomas Williamson
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Anthony Leone
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Robert G. Griffin
- Department of Chemistry and Francis Bitter Magnet Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Yongchao Su
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
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43
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The flow properties and presence of crystals in drug-polymer mixtures: Rheological investigation combined with light microscopy. Int J Pharm 2017; 528:383-394. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Mann AKP, Schenck L, Koynov A, Rumondor ACF, Jin X, Marota M, Dalton C. Producing Amorphous Solid Dispersions via Co-Precipitation and Spray Drying: Impact to Physicochemical and Biopharmaceutical Properties. J Pharm Sci 2017; 107:183-191. [PMID: 28711592 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Many small-molecule active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) exhibit low aqueous solubility and benefit from generation of amorphous dispersions of the API and polymer to improve their dissolution properties. Spray drying and hot-melt extrusion are 2 common methods to produce these dispersions; however, for some systems, these approaches may not be optimal, and it would be beneficial to have an alternative route. Herein, amorphous solid dispersions of compound A, a low-solubility weak acid, and copovidone were made by conventional spray drying and co-precipitation. The physicochemical properties of the 2 materials were assessed via X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, thermal gravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. The amorphous dispersions were then formulated and tableted, and the performance was assessed in vivo and in vitro. In human dissolution studies, the co-precipitation tablets had slightly slower dissolution than the spray-dried dispersion, but both reached full release of compound A. In canine in vitro dissolution studies, the tablets showed comparable dissolution profiles. Finally, canine pharmacokinetic studies showed that the materials had comparable values for the area under the curve, bioavailability, and Cmax. Based on the summarized data, we conclude that for some APIs, co-precipitation is a viable alternative to spray drying to make solid amorphous dispersions while maintaining desirable physicochemical and biopharmaceutical characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K P Mann
- Department of Analytical Sciences, Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Supplies, MRL, Rahway, New Jersey 07065.
| | - Luke Schenck
- Department of Chemical Engineering Research and Development, Chemistry, MRL, Rahway, New Jersey 07065
| | - Athanas Koynov
- Department of Chemical Engineering Research and Development, Chemistry, MRL, Rahway, New Jersey 07065
| | | | - Xiaoling Jin
- Analytical Sciences, Merck Animal Health, Rahway, New Jersey 07065
| | - Melanie Marota
- Formulation Sciences, Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Supplies, MRL, Rahway, New Jersey 07065
| | - Chad Dalton
- Department of Preformulation Sciences, Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Supplies, MRL, Rahway, New Jersey 07065
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Insights into Nano- and Micron-Scale Phase Separation in Amorphous Solid Dispersions Using Fluorescence-Based Techniques in Combination with Solid State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. Pharm Res 2017; 34:1364-1377. [PMID: 28455777 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-017-2145-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Miscibility between the drug and the polymer in an amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) is considered to be one of the most important factors impacting the solid state stability and dissolution performance of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). The research described herein utilizes emerging fluorescence-based methodologies to probe (im)miscibility of itraconazole (ITZ)-hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) ASDs. METHODS The ASDs were prepared by solvent evaporation with varying evaporation rates and were characterized by steady-state fluorescence spectroscopy, confocal imaging, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and solid state nuclear magnetic resonance (ssNMR) spectroscopy. RESULTS The size of the phase separated domains for the ITZ-HPMC ASDs was affected by the solvent evaporation rate. Smaller domains (<10 nm) were observed in spray-dried ASDs, whereas larger domains (>30 nm) were found in ASDs prepared using slower evaporation rates. Confocal imaging provided visual confirmation of phase separation along with chemical specificity, achieved by selectively staining drug-rich and polymer-rich phases. ssNMR confirmed the results of fluorescence-based techniques and provided information on the size of phase separated domains. CONCLUSIONS The fluorescence-based methodologies proved to be sensitive and rapid in detecting phase separation, even at the nanoscale, in the ITZ-HPMC ASDs. Fluorescence-based methods thus show promise for miscibility evaluation of spray-dried ASDs.
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