1
|
Leyden MC, Oviedo F, Saxena S, Kumar R, Le N, Reineke TM. Synergistic Polymer Blending Informs Efficient Terpolymer Design and Machine Learning Discerns Performance Trends for pDNA Delivery. Bioconjug Chem 2024; 35:897-911. [PMID: 38924453 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.4c00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Cationic polymers offer an alternative to viral vectors in nucleic acid delivery. However, the development of polymer vehicles capable of high transfection efficiency and minimal toxicity has remained elusive, and continued exploration of the vast design space is required. Traditional single polymer syntheses with large monomer bases are very time-intensive, limiting the speed at which new formulations are identified. In this work, we present an experimental method for the quick probing of the design space, utilizing a combinatorial set of 90 polymer blends, derived from 6 statistical copolymers, to deliver pDNA. This workflow facilitated rapid screening of polyplex compositions, successfully tailoring polyplex hydrophobicity, particle size, and payload binding affinity. This workflow identified blended polyplexes with high levels of transfection efficiency and cell viability relative to single copolymer controls and commercial JetPEI, indicating synergistic benefits from copolymer blending. Polyplex composition was coupled with biological outputs to guide the synthesis of single terpolymer vehicles, with high-performing polymers P10 and M20, providing superior transfection of HEK293T cells in serum-free and serum-containing media, respectively. Machine learning coupled with SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) was used to identify polymer/polyplex attributes that most impact transfection efficiency, viability, and overall effective efficiency. Subsequent transfections on ARPE-19 and HDFn cells found that P10 and M20 were surpassed in performance by M10, contrasting with results in HEK293T cells. This cell type dependency reinforced the need to evaluate transfection conditions with multiple cell models to potentially identify moieties more beneficial to delivery in certain tissues. Overall, the workflow employed can be used to expedite the exploration of the polymer design space, bypassing extensive synthesis, and to develop improved polymer delivery vehicles more readily for nucleic acid therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Leyden
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Felipe Oviedo
- Nanite Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02109, United States
| | - Sonashree Saxena
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Ramya Kumar
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Ngoc Le
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Theresa M Reineke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ramsay E, Montaser AB, Niitsu K, Urtti A, Auriola S, Huttunen KM, Uchida Y, Kidron H, Terasaki T. Transporter Protein Expression of Corneal Epithelium in Rabbit and Porcine: Evaluation of Models for Ocular Drug Transport Study. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:3204-3217. [PMID: 38809137 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c01210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
The transcorneal route is the main entry route for drugs to the intraocular parts, after topical administration. The outer surface, the corneal epithelium (CE), forms the rate-limiting barrier for drug permeability. Information about the role and protein expression of drug and amino acid transporter proteins in the CE is sparse and lacking. The aim of our study was to characterize transporter protein expression in rabbit and porcine CE to better understand potential drug and nutrient absorption after topical administration. Proteins, mainly Abc and Slc transporters, were characterized with quantitative targeted absolute proteomics and global untargeted proteomics methods. In the rabbit CE, 24 of 48 proteins were detected in the targeted approach, and 21 of these were quantified. In the porcine CE, 26 of 58 proteins were detected in the targeted approach, and 20 of these were quantified. Among these, 15 proteins were quantified in both animals: 4f2hc (Slc3a2), Aqp0, Asct1 (Slc1a4), Asct2 (Slc1a5), Glut1 (Slc2a1), Hmit (Slc2a13), Insr, Lat1 (Slc7a5), Mct1 (Slc16a1), Mct2 (Slc16a7), Mct4 (Slc16a3), Mrp 4 (Abcc4), Na+/K+-ATPase, Oatp3a1 (Slco3a1), and Snat2 (Slc38a2). Overall, the global proteomics results supported the targeted proteomics results. Organic anion transporting polypeptide Oatp3a1 was detected and quantified for the first time in both rabbit (1.4 ± 0.4 fmol/cm2) and porcine (11.1 ± 5.3 fmol/cm2) CE. High expression levels were observed for L-type amino acid transporter, Lat1, which was quantified with newly selected extracellular domain peptides in rabbit (48.9 ± 11.8 fmol/cm2) and porcine (37.6 ± 11.5 fmol/cm2) CE. The knowledge of transporter protein expression in ocular barriers is a key factor in the successful design of new ocular drugs, pharmacokinetic modeling, understanding ocular diseases, and the translation to human.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Ramsay
- Drug Research Programme, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ahmed B Montaser
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1 C, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kanako Niitsu
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1 C, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Arto Urtti
- Drug Research Programme, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1 C, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Seppo Auriola
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1 C, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kristiina M Huttunen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1 C, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Yasuo Uchida
- Department of Molecular Systems Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-0037, Japan
| | - Heidi Kidron
- Drug Research Programme, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tetsuya Terasaki
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1 C, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Misawa N, Honda S. Increased sodium fluorescein transport by corticosteroids is inhibited by a LAT-1 specific inhibitor in retinal pigment epithelial cells in vitro. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22981. [PMID: 38151501 PMCID: PMC10752866 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50196-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate whether aldosterone (ALD) and hydrocortisone (HC) change the gene expression of SLC7A5, which encodes the large neutral amino acid transporter small subunit 1 (LAT1), and the transport activity of LAT1 in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) in vitro. ARPE-19 cells were grown to confluence. After withdrawing the serum, ALD or HC was added with several doses and incubated, and SLC7A5 gene expression was measured. The influx and efflux transport of sodium fluorescein (Na-F) were evaluated using the Transwell culture system. SLC7A5 gene expression was upregulated by ALD and downregulated by HC in a dose-dependent manner. Both ALD and HC significantly increased the influx and efflux Na-F transport of RPE cells at a dose that did not change the expression of SLC7A5. JPH203, a specific inhibitor of LAT1, significantly reduced accelerated Na-F transport. Both ALD and HC increased the gene expression of zonula occludin-1 (ZO-1) although they did not change the immunoreactivity of ZO-1 in RPE cells. LAT1 may play an important role in increasing Na-F transport associated with ALD and HC administration. A specific LAT1 inhibitor may effectively regulate the increased material transport of RPE induced by ALD and HC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Norihiko Misawa
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Shigeru Honda
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Biali M, Auvity S, Cisternino S, Smirnova M, Hacker M, Zeitlinger M, Mairinger S, Tournier N, Bauer M, Langer O. Dissimilar Effect of P-Glycoprotein and Breast Cancer Resistance Protein Inhibition on the Distribution of Erlotinib to the Retina and Brain in Humans and Mice. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:5877-5887. [PMID: 37883694 PMCID: PMC10630959 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) are two ATP-binding cassette efflux transporters that are coexpressed at the human blood-brain barrier (BBB) and blood-retina barrier (BRB). While pharmacological inhibition of P-gp and/or BCRP results in increased brain distribution of dual P-gp/BCRP substrate drugs, such as the tyrosine kinase inhibitor erlotinib, the effect of P-gp and/or BCRP inhibition on the retinal distribution of such drugs has hardly been investigated. In this study, we used positron emission tomography (PET) imaging to assess the effect of transporter inhibition on the distribution of [11C]erlotinib to the human retina and brain. Twenty two healthy volunteers underwent two PET scans after intravenous (i.v.) injection of a microdose (<5 μg) of [11C]erlotinib, a baseline scan, and a second scan either with concurrent i.v. infusion of tariquidar to inhibit P-gp (n = 5) or after oral intake of single ascending doses of erlotinib (300 mg, 650 mg, or 1000 mg, n = 17) to saturate erlotinib transport. In addition, transport of [3H]erlotinib to the retina and brain was assessed in mice by in situ carotid perfusion under various drug transporter inhibition settings. In comparison to the baseline PET scan, coadministration of tariquidar or erlotinib led to a significant decrease of [11C]erlotinib total volume of distribution (VT) in the human retina by -25 ± 8% (p ≤ 0.05) and -41 ± 16% (p ≤ 0.001), respectively. In contrast, erlotinib intake led to a significant increase in [11C]erlotinib VT in the human brain (+20 ± 16%, p ≤ 0.001), while administration of tariquidar did not result in any significant changes. In situ carotid perfusion experiments showed that both P-gp and BCRP significantly limit the distribution of erlotinib to the mouse retina and brain but revealed a similar discordant effect at the mouse BRB and BBB following co-perfusion with tariquidar and erlotinib as in humans. Co-perfusion with prototypical inhibitors of solute carrier transporters did not reveal a significant contribution of organic cation transporters (e.g., OCTs and OCTNs) and organic anion-transporting polypeptides (e.g., OATP2B1) to the retinal and cerebral distribution of erlotinib. In conclusion, we observed a dissimilar effect after P-gp and/or BCRP inhibition on the retinal and cerebral distribution of [11C]erlotinib. The exact mechanism for this discrepancy remains unclear but may be related to the function of an unidentified erlotinib uptake carrier sensitive to tariquidar inhibition at the BRB. Our study highlights the great potential of PET to study drug distribution to the human retina and to assess the functional impact of membrane transporters on ocular drug distribution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Myriam
El Biali
- Department
of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University
of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sylvain Auvity
- Inserm
UMRS1144, Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, Université Paris Cité, F-75006 Paris, France
- Service
Pharmacie, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Universitaire-Necker-Enfants Malades, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Salvatore Cisternino
- Inserm
UMRS1144, Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, Université Paris Cité, F-75006 Paris, France
- Service
Pharmacie, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Universitaire-Necker-Enfants Malades, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Maria Smirnova
- Inserm
UMRS1144, Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, Université Paris Cité, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Marcus Hacker
- Division
of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided
Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Zeitlinger
- Department
of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University
of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Severin Mairinger
- Department
of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University
of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Division
of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided
Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Nicolas Tournier
- Laboratoire
d’Imagerie Biomédicale Multimodale (BioMaps), CEA, CNRS,
Inserm, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Université Paris-Saclay, 91401 Orsay, France
| | - Martin Bauer
- Department
of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University
of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Oliver Langer
- Department
of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University
of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Division
of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided
Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ramsay E, Lajunen T, Bhattacharya M, Reinisalo M, Rilla K, Kidron H, Terasaki T, Urtti A. Selective drug delivery to the retinal cells: Biological barriers and avenues. J Control Release 2023; 361:1-19. [PMID: 37481214 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
Retinal drug delivery is a challenging, but important task, because most retinal diseases are still without any proper therapy. Drug delivery to the retina is hampered by the anatomical and physiological barriers resulting in minimal bioavailability after topical ocular and systemic administrations. Intravitreal injections are current method-of-choice in retinal delivery, but these injections show short duration of action for small molecules and low target bioavailability for many protein, gene based drugs and nanomedicines. State-of-art delivery systems are based on prolonged retention, controlled drug release and physical features (e.g. size and charge). However, drug delivery to the retina is not cell-specific and these approaches do not facilitate intracellular delivery of modern biological drugs (e.g. intracellular proteins, RNA based medicines, gene editing). In this focused review we highlight biological factors and mechanisms that form the basis for the selective retinal drug delivery systems in the future. Therefore, we are presenting current knowledge related to retinal membrane transporters, receptors and targeting ligands in relation to nanomedicines, conjugates, extracellular vesicles, and melanin binding. These issues are discussed in the light of retinal structure and cell types as well as future prospects in the field. Unlike in some other fields of targeted drug delivery (e.g. cancer research), selective delivery technologies have been rarely studied, even though cell targeted delivery may be even more feasible after local administration into the eye.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Ramsay
- Drug Research Programme, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tatu Lajunen
- Drug Research Programme, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland; School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1 C, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Madhushree Bhattacharya
- Drug Research Programme, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mika Reinisalo
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1 C, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kirsi Rilla
- School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1 C, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Heidi Kidron
- Drug Research Programme, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tetsuya Terasaki
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1 C, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Arto Urtti
- Drug Research Programme, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland; School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1 C, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Häkkinen K, Kiander W, Kidron H, Lähteenvuo M, Urpa L, Lintunen J, Vellonen KS, Auriola S, Holm M, Lahdensuo K, Kampman O, Isometsä E, Kieseppä T, Lönnqvist J, Suvisaari J, Hietala J, Tiihonen J, Palotie A, Ahola-Olli AV, Niemi M. Functional Characterization of Six SLCO1B1 (OATP1B1) Variants Observed in Finnish Individuals with a Psychotic Disorder. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:1500-1508. [PMID: 36779498 PMCID: PMC9996821 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
Variants in the SLCO1B1 (solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B1) gene encoding the OATP1B1 (organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B1) protein are associated with altered transporter function that can predispose patients to adverse drug effects with statin treatment. We explored the effect of six rare SLCO1B1 single nucleotide variants (SNVs) occurring in Finnish individuals with a psychotic disorder on expression and functionality of the OATP1B1 protein. The SUPER-Finland study has performed exome sequencing on 9381 individuals with at least one psychotic episode during their lifetime. SLCO1B1 SNVs were annotated with PHRED-scaled combined annotation-dependent (CADD) scores and the Ensembl variant effect predictor. In vitro functionality studies were conducted for the SNVs with a PHRED-scaled CADD score of >10 and predicted to be missense. To estimate possible changes in transport activity caused by the variants, transport of 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein (DCF) in OATP1B1-expressing HEK293 cells was measured. According to the findings, additional tests with rosuvastatin and estrone sulfate were conducted. The amount of OATP1B1 in crude membrane fractions was quantified using a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry-based quantitative targeted absolute proteomics analysis. Six rare missense variants of SLCO1B1 were identified in the study population, located in transmembrane helix 3: c.317T>C (p.106I>T), intracellular loop 2: c.629G>T (p.210G>V), c.633A>G (p.211I>M), c.639T>A (p.213N>L), transmembrane helix 6: 820A>G (p.274I>V), and the C-terminal end: 2005A>C (p.669N>H). Of these variants, SLCO1B1 c.629G>T (p.210G>V) resulted in the loss of in vitro function, abolishing the uptake of DCF, estrone sulfate, and rosuvastatin and reducing the membrane protein expression to 31% of reference OATP1B1. Of the six rare missense variants, SLCO1B1 c.629G>T (p.210G>V) causes a loss of function of OATP1B1 transport in vitro and severely decreases membrane protein abundance. Carriers of SLCO1B1 c.629G>T might be susceptible to altered pharmacokinetics of OATP1B1 substrate drugs and might have increased likelihood of adverse drug effects such as statin-associated musculoskeletal symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katja Häkkinen
- Department of Forensic Psychiatry, Niuvanniemi Hospital, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio FI-70240, Finland.,Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
| | - Wilma Kiander
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
| | - Heidi Kidron
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
| | - Markku Lähteenvuo
- Department of Forensic Psychiatry, Niuvanniemi Hospital, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio FI-70240, Finland
| | - Lea Urpa
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
| | - Jonne Lintunen
- Department of Forensic Psychiatry, Niuvanniemi Hospital, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio FI-70240, Finland
| | | | - Seppo Auriola
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland
| | - Minna Holm
- Mental Health Team, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki FI-00271, Finland
| | | | - Olli Kampman
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere FI-33100, Finland.,Department of Psychiatry, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere FI-33521, Finland.,Department of Clinical Sciences (Psychiatry), Faculty of Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå SE-90187, Sweden.,Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Umeå, Umeå SE-90187, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Medicine (Psychiatry), Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku FI-20014, Finland.,Department of Psychiatry, The Wellbeing Services County of Ostrobothnia, Vaasa FI-65101, Finland
| | - Erkki Isometsä
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
| | - Tuula Kieseppä
- Mental Health Team, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki FI-00271, Finland.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
| | - Jouko Lönnqvist
- Mental Health Team, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki FI-00271, Finland.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
| | - Jaana Suvisaari
- Mental Health Team, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki FI-00271, Finland
| | - Jarmo Hietala
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku FI-20700, Finland
| | - Jari Tiihonen
- Department of Forensic Psychiatry, Niuvanniemi Hospital, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio FI-70240, Finland.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm SE-17177, Sweden.,Center for Psychiatry Research, Stockholm City Council, Stockholm SE-11364, Sweden.,Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
| | - Aarno Palotie
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland.,The Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research and Program in Medical and Population Genetics, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States.,Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Department of Neurology and Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston MA-02114, United States
| | - Ari V Ahola-Olli
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland.,The Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research and Program in Medical and Population Genetics, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States.,Department of Internal Medicine, Satasairaala Hospital, Pori FI-28500, Finland
| | - Mikko Niemi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland.,Individualized Drug Therapy Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, HUS Diagnostic Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki FI-00029, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hellinen L, Hongisto H, Ramsay E, Kaarniranta K, Vellonen KS, Skottman H, Ruponen M. Comparison of barrier properties of outer blood-retinal barrier models - Human stem cell-based models as a novel tool for ocular drug discovery. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2023; 184:181-188. [PMID: 36740104 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2023.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cell monolayer forms the outer blood-retinal barrier and has a crucial role in ocular pharmacokinetics. Although several RPE cell models are available, there have been no systematic comparisons of their barrier properties with respect to drug permeability. We compared the barrier properties of RPE secondary cell lines (ARPE19, and ARPE19mel) and both primary (hfRPE) and stem-cell derived RPE (hESC-RPE) cells by investigating the permeability of nine drugs (aztreonam, ciprofloxacin, dexamethasone, fluconazole, ganciclovir, ketorolac, methotrexate, voriconazole, and quinidine) across cell monolayers. ARPE19, ARPE19mel, and hfRPE cells displayed a narrow Papp value range, with relatively high permeation rates (5.2-26 × 10-6 cm/s). In contrast, hESC-RPE cells efficiently restricted the drug flux, and displayed even lower Papp values than those reported for bovine RPE-choroid, with the range of 0.4-32 cm-6/s. Therefore, ARPE19, ARPE19mel, and hfRPE cells failed to form a tight barrier, whereas hESC-RPE cells restricted the drug flux to a similar extent as bovine RPE-choroid. Therefore, hESC-RPE cells are valuable tools in ocular drug discovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Hellinen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Heidi Hongisto
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Eva Ramsay
- Drug Research Programme, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Kai Kaarniranta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland; Department of Ophthalmology, Kuopio University Hospital, P.O. Box 100, FI-70029 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Kati-Sisko Vellonen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Heli Skottman
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, BioMediTech, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.
| | - Marika Ruponen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Retinal Pigment Epithelium Cell Development: Extrapolating Basic Biology to Stem Cell Research. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11020310. [PMID: 36830851 PMCID: PMC9952929 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) forms an important cellular monolayer, which contributes to the normal physiology of the eye. Damage to the RPE leads to the development of degenerative diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Apart from acting as a physical barrier between the retina and choroidal blood vessels, the RPE is crucial in maintaining photoreceptor (PR) and visual functions. Current clinical intervention to treat early stages of AMD includes stem cell-derived RPE transplantation, which is still in its early stages of evolution. Therefore, it becomes essential to derive RPEs which are functional and exhibit features as observed in native human RPE cells. The conventional strategy is to use the knowledge obtained from developmental studies using various animal models and stem cell-based exploratory studies to understand RPE biogenies and developmental trajectory. This article emphasises such studies and aims to present a comprehensive understanding of the basic biology, including the genetics and molecular pathways of RPE development. It encompasses basic developmental biology and stem cell-based developmental studies to uncover RPE differentiation. Knowledge of the in utero developmental cues provides an inclusive methodology required for deriving RPEs using stem cells.
Collapse
|
9
|
Jin X, Liu J, Wang W, Li J, Liu G, Qiu R, Yang M, Liu M, Yang L, Du X, Lei B. Identification of Age-associated Proteins and Functional Alterations in Human Retinal Pigment Epithelium. GENOMICS, PROTEOMICS & BIOINFORMATICS 2022; 20:633-647. [PMID: 35752290 PMCID: PMC9880895 DOI: 10.1016/j.gpb.2022.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) has essential functions, such as nourishing and supporting the neural retina, and is of vital importance in the pathogenesis of age-related retinal degeneration. However, the exact molecular changes of RPE during aging remain poorly understood. Here, we isolated human primary RPE (hRPE) cells from 18 eye donors distributed over a wide age range (10-67 years old). A quantitative proteomic analysis was performed to analyze changes in their intracellular and secreted proteins. Age-group related subtypes and age-associated proteins were revealed and potential age-associated mechanisms were validated in ARPE-19 and hRPE cells. The results of proteomic data analysis and verifications suggest that RNF123- and RNF149-related protein ubiquitination plays an important role in protecting hRPE cells from oxidative damage during aging. In older hRPE cells, apoptotic signaling-related pathways were up-regulated, and endoplasmic reticulum organization was down-regulated both in the intracellular and secreted proteomes. Our work paints a detailed molecular picture of hRPE cells during the aging process and provides new insights into the molecular characteristics of RPE during aging and under other related clinical retinal conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiuxiu Jin
- Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, China,Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, China,School of Medicine, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Henan University, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Jingyang Liu
- Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, China,Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Weiping Wang
- Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, China,Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Jiangfeng Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Guangming Liu
- Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, China,Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Ruiqi Qiu
- Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, China,Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Mingzhu Yang
- Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, China,Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Meng Liu
- Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, China,Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Lin Yang
- Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, China,Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xiaofeng Du
- Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, China,Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Bo Lei
- Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, China,Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, China,Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China,Corresponding author.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bile Duct Ligation Impairs Function and Expression of Mrp1 at Rat Blood–Retinal Barrier via Bilirubin-Induced P38 MAPK Pathway Activations. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147666. [PMID: 35887010 PMCID: PMC9318728 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver injury is often associated with hepatic retinopathy, resulting from accumulation of retinal toxins due to blood–retinal barrier (BRB) dysfunction. Retinal pigment epithelium highly expresses MRP1/Mrp1. We aimed to investigate whether liver injury affects the function and expression of retinal Mrp1 using bile duct ligation (BDL) rats. Retinal distributions of fluorescein and 2,4-dinitrophenyl-S-glutathione were used for assessing Mrp1 function. BDL significantly increased distributions of the two substrates and bilirubin, downregulated Mrp1 protein, and upregulated phosphorylation of p38 and MK2 in the retina. BDL neither affected the retinal distribution of FITC-dextran nor expressions of ZO-1 and claudin-5, demonstrating intact BRB integrity. In ARPE-19 cells, BDL rat serum or bilirubin decreased MRP1 expression and enhanced p38 and MK2 phosphorylation. Both inhibiting and silencing p38 significantly reversed the bilirubin- and anisomycin-induced decreases in MRP1 protein. Apparent permeability coefficients of fluorescein in the A-to-B direction (Papp, A-to-B) across the ARPE-19 monolayer were greater than Papp, B-to-A. MK571 or bilirubin significantly decreased Papp, A-to-B of fluorescein. Bilirubin treatment significantly downregulated Mrp1 function and expression without affecting integrity of BRB and increased bilirubin levels and phosphorylation of p38 and MK2 in rat retina. In conclusion, BDL downregulates the expression and function of retina Mrp1 by activating the p38 MAPK pathway due to increased bilirubin levels.
Collapse
|
11
|
Ahire D, Kruger L, Sharma S, Mettu VS, Basit A, Prasad B. Quantitative Proteomics in Translational Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion and Precision Medicine. Pharmacol Rev 2022; 74:769-796. [PMID: 35738681 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.121.000449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A reliable translation of in vitro and preclinical data on drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) to humans is important for safe and effective drug development. Precision medicine that is expected to provide the right clinical dose for the right patient at the right time requires a comprehensive understanding of population factors affecting drug disposition and response. Characterization of drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters for the protein abundance and their interindividual as well as differential tissue and cross-species variabilities is important for translational ADME and precision medicine. This review first provides a brief overview of quantitative proteomics principles including liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry tools, data acquisition approaches, proteomics sample preparation techniques, and quality controls for ensuring rigor and reproducibility in protein quantification data. Then, potential applications of quantitative proteomics in the translation of in vitro and preclinical data as well as prediction of interindividual variability are discussed in detail with tabulated examples. The applications of quantitative proteomics data in physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling for ADME prediction are discussed with representative case examples. Finally, various considerations for reliable quantitative proteomics analysis for translational ADME and precision medicine and the future directions are discussed. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Quantitative proteomics analysis of drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters in humans and preclinical species provides key physiological information that assists in the translation of in vitro and preclinical data to humans. This review provides the principles and applications of quantitative proteomics in characterizing in vitro, ex vivo, and preclinical models for translational research and interindividual variability prediction. Integration of these data into physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling is proving to be critical for safe, effective, timely, and cost-effective drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Ahire
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington
| | - Laken Kruger
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington
| | - Sheena Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington
| | - Vijaya Saradhi Mettu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington
| | - Abdul Basit
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington
| | - Bhagwat Prasad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Bahrpeyma S, Reinisalo M, Hellinen L, Auriola S, Del Amo EM, Urtti A. Mechanisms of cellular retention of melanin bound drugs: Experiments and computational modeling. J Control Release 2022; 348:760-770. [PMID: 35738465 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.05.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Melanin binding of drugs is known to increase drug concentrations and retention in pigmented eye tissues. Even though the correlation between melanin binding in vitro and exposure to pigmented eye in vivo has been shown, there is a discrepancy between rapid drug release from melanin particles in vitro and the long in vivo retention in the pigmented tissues. We investigated mechanisms and kinetics of pigment-related drug retention experimentally using isolated melanin particles from porcine retinal pigment epithelium and choroid, isolated porcine eye melanosomes, and re-pigmented ARPE-19 cells in a dynamic flow system. The experimental studies were supplemented with kinetic simulations. Affinity and capacity of levofloxacin, terazosin, papaverine, and timolol binding to melanin revealed Kd values of ≈ 50-150 μM and Bmax ≈ 40-112 nmol.mg-1. The drugs were released from melanin in <1 h (timolol) or in 6-12 h (other drugs). The drugs were released slower from the melanosomes than from melanin; the experimental differences ranged from 1.2-fold (papaverine) to 7.4-fold (timolol). Kinetic simulations supported the role of the melanosomal membrane in slowing down the release of melanin binders. In release studies from the pigmented ARPE-19 cells, drugs were released from the cellular melanin to the extracellular space in ≈ 1 day (timolol) and ≈ 11 days (levofloxacin), i.e., much slower than the release from melanin or melanosomes. Simulations of drug release from pigmented cells in the flow system matched the experimental data and enabled further sensitivity analyses. The simulations demonstrated a significant prolongation of drug retention in the cells as a function of decreasing drug permeability in the melanosomal membranes and increasing melanin content in the cells. Overall, we report the impact of cellular factors in prolonging drug retention and release from melanin-containing cells. These data and simulations will facilitate the design of melanin binding drugs with prolonged ocular actions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sina Bahrpeyma
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, 00014, University of Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Mika Reinisalo
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Laura Hellinen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Seppo Auriola
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Eva M Del Amo
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Arto Urtti
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, 00014, University of Helsinki, Finland; Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, Petergoff, Russian Federation.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kumar R, Le N, Oviedo F, Brown ME, Reineke TM. Combinatorial Polycation Synthesis and Causal Machine Learning Reveal Divergent Polymer Design Rules for Effective pDNA and Ribonucleoprotein Delivery. JACS AU 2022; 2:428-442. [PMID: 35252992 PMCID: PMC8889556 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.1c00467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The development of polymers that can replace engineered viral vectors in clinical gene therapy has proven elusive despite the vast portfolios of multifunctional polymers generated by advances in polymer synthesis. Functional delivery of payloads such as plasmids (pDNA) and ribonucleoproteins (RNP) to various cellular populations and tissue types requires design precision. Herein, we systematically screen a combinatorially designed library of 43 well-defined polymers, ultimately identifying a lead polycationic vehicle (P38) for efficient pDNA delivery. Further, we demonstrate the versatility of P38 in codelivering spCas9 RNP and pDNA payloads to mediate homology-directed repair as well as in facilitating efficient pDNA delivery in ARPE-19 cells. P38 achieves nuclear import of pDNA and eludes lysosomal processing far more effectively than a structural analogue that does not deliver pDNA as efficiently. To reveal the physicochemical drivers of P38's gene delivery performance, SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) are computed for nine polyplex features, and a causal model is applied to evaluate the average treatment effect of the most important features selected by SHAP. Our machine learning interpretability and causal inference approach derives structure-function relationships underlying delivery efficiency, polyplex uptake, and cellular viability and probes the overlap in polymer design criteria between RNP and pDNA payloads. Together, combinatorial polymer synthesis, parallelized biological screening, and machine learning establish that pDNA delivery demands careful tuning of polycation protonation equilibria while RNP payloads are delivered most efficaciously by polymers that deprotonate cooperatively via hydrophobic interactions. These payload-specific design guidelines will inform further design of bespoke polymers for specific therapeutic contexts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramya Kumar
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414, United States
| | - Ngoc Le
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414, United States
| | - Felipe Oviedo
- Nanite
Inc., 6 Liberty Square
#6128, Boston, Massachusetts 02109, United States
| | - Mary E. Brown
- University
Imaging Centers, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414, United States
| | - Theresa M. Reineke
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414, United States
- Nanite
Inc., 6 Liberty Square
#6128, Boston, Massachusetts 02109, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Discovering the Potential of Natural Antioxidants in Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Review. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15010101. [PMID: 35056157 PMCID: PMC8777838 DOI: 10.3390/ph15010101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a multifactorial disease associated with anatomical changes in the inner retina. Despite tremendous advances in clinical care, there is currently no cure for AMD. This review aims to evaluate the published literature on the therapeutic roles of natural antioxidants in AMD. A literature search of PubMed, Web of Science and Google Scholar for peer-reviewed articles published between 1 January 2011 and 31 October 2021 was undertaken. A total of 82 preclinical and 18 clinical studies were eligible for inclusion in this review. We identified active compounds, carotenoids, extracts and polysaccharides, flavonoids, formulations, vitamins and whole foods with potential therapeutic roles in AMD. We evaluated the integral cellular signaling pathways including the activation of antioxidant pathways and angiogenesis pathways orchestrating their mode of action. In conclusion, we examined the therapeutic roles of natural antioxidants in AMD which warrant further study for application in clinical practice. Our current understanding is that natural antioxidants have the potential to improve or halt the progression of AMD, and tailoring therapeutics to the specific disease stages may be the key to preventing irreversible vision loss.
Collapse
|
15
|
King J, Giselbrecht S, Truckenmüller R, Carlier A. Mechanistic Computational Models of Epithelial Cell Transporters-the Adorned Heroes of Pharmacokinetics. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:780620. [PMID: 34803720 PMCID: PMC8599978 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.780620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial membrane transporter kinetics portray an irrefutable role in solute transport in and out of cells. Mechanistic models are used to investigate the transport of solutes at the organ, tissue, cell or membrane scale. Here, we review the recent advancements in using computational models to investigate epithelial transport kinetics on the cell membrane. Various methods have been employed to develop transport phenomena models of solute flux across the epithelial cell membrane. Interestingly, we noted that many models used lumped parameters, such as the Michaelis-Menten kinetics, to simplify the transporter-mediated reaction term. Unfortunately, this assumption neglects transporter numbers or the fact that transport across the membrane may be affected by external cues. In contrast, more recent mechanistic transporter kinetics models account for the transporter number. By creating models closer to reality researchers can investigate the downstream effects of physical or chemical disturbances on the system. Evidently, there is a need to increase the complexity of mechanistic models investigating the solute flux across a membrane to gain more knowledge of transporter-solute interactions by assigning individual parameter values to the transporter kinetics and capturing their dependence on each other. This change results in better pharmacokinetic predictions in larger scale platforms. More reliable and efficient model predictions can be made by creating mechanistic computational models coupled with dedicated in vitro experiments. It is also vital to foster collaborative efforts among transporter kinetics researchers in the modeling, material science and biological fields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jasia King
- Department of Cell Biology-Inspired Tissue Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands.,Department of Instructive Biomaterials Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Stefan Giselbrecht
- Department of Instructive Biomaterials Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Roman Truckenmüller
- Department of Instructive Biomaterials Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Aurélie Carlier
- Department of Cell Biology-Inspired Tissue Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wu T, Xi X, Chen Y, Jiang C, Zhang Q, Dai G, Bai Y, Zhang W, Ni T, Zou J, Ju W, Xu M. Absolute protein assay for the simultaneous quantification of two epoxide hydrolases in rats by mass spectrometry-based targeted proteomics. J Sep Sci 2021; 44:2754-2763. [PMID: 34008891 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Epoxide hydrolases catalyze the hydrolysis of both exogenous and endogenous epoxides to the corresponding vicinal diols by adding water. Microsomal and soluble epoxide hydrolase are two main mammalian enzymes that have been intensely characterized. The purpose of this investigation was to develop and validate a proteomics assay allowing the simultaneous quantification of microsomal and soluble epoxide hydrolase in rats. Protein quantification was realized through targeted proteomics using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of trypsin-specific surrogate peptides after digestion. Stable isotope-labeled peptides were used as the internal standards. The chromatography of the surrogate peptides was performed on an Agilent SB C18 column (100 mm × 4.6 mm, 1.8 µm) with gradient elution. Acetonitrile containing 0.1% formic acid and 0.1% formic acid aqueous solution were used as mobile phases. A multiple reaction monitoring method in a positive ionization mode was used for the simultaneous detection of the peptides. The method was validated concerning the specificity, linearity, within-day and between-day accuracy and precision, matrix effect, stability, and digestion efficiency. The developed assay was successfully used to quantify the protein levels of microsomal and soluble epoxide hydrolase in rat liver, kidney, and heart S9 samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyun Xi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Chao Jiang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Guoliang Dai
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Yongtao Bai
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - Weidong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changzhou, P. R. China
| | - Ting Ni
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Jiandong Zou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Wenzheng Ju
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Meijuan Xu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Hammid A, Fallon JK, Lassila T, Salluce G, Smith PC, Tolonen A, Sauer A, Urtti A, Honkakoski P. Carboxylesterase Activities and Protein Expression in Rabbit and Pig Ocular Tissues. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:1305-1316. [PMID: 33595329 PMCID: PMC8023712 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c01154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hydrolytic reactions constitute an important pathway of drug metabolism and a significant route of prodrug activation. Many ophthalmic drugs and prodrugs contain ester groups that greatly enhance their permeation across several hydrophobic barriers in the eye before the drugs are either metabolized or released, respectively, via hydrolysis. Thus, the development of ophthalmic drug therapy requires the thorough profiling of substrate specificities, activities, and expression levels of ocular esterases. However, such information is scant in the literature, especially for preclinical species often used in ophthalmology such as rabbits and pigs. Therefore, our aim was to generate systematic information on the activity and expression of carboxylesterases (CESs) and arylacetamide deacetylase (AADAC) in seven ocular tissue homogenates from these two species. The hydrolytic activities were measured using a generic esterase substrate (4-nitrophenyl acetate) and, in the absence of validated substrates for rabbit and pig enzymes, with selective substrates established for human CES1, CES2, and AADAC (d-luciferin methyl ester, fluorescein diacetate, procaine, and phenacetin). Kinetics and inhibition studies were conducted using these substrates and, again due to a lack of validated rabbit and pig CES inhibitors, with known inhibitors for the human enzymes. Protein expression levels were measured using quantitative targeted proteomics. Rabbit ocular tissues showed significant variability in the expression of CES1 (higher in cornea, lower in conjunctiva) and CES2 (higher in conjunctiva, lower in cornea) and a poor correlation of CES expression with hydrolytic activities. In contrast, pig tissues appear to express only CES1, and CES3 and AADAC seem to be either low or absent, respectively, in both species. The current study revealed remarkable species and tissue differences in ocular hydrolytic enzymes that can be taken into account in the design of esterase-dependent prodrugs and drug conjugates, the evaluation of ocular effects of systemic drugs, and in translational and toxicity studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anam Hammid
- School
of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1 C, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - John K. Fallon
- Division
of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School
of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill, Campus Box 7355, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7355, United States
| | | | - Giulia Salluce
- Centro
Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica
e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS), Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago
de Compostela, Spain
| | - Philip C. Smith
- Division
of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School
of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill, Campus Box 7355, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7355, United States
| | - Ari Tolonen
- Admescope
Ltd, Typpitie 1, 90620 Oulu, Finland
| | - Achim Sauer
- Department
of Drug Discovery Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim
Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, 88397 Biberach, Germany
| | - Arto Urtti
- School
of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1 C, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
- Institute
of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskii pr. 26, 198584 Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5 E, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Paavo Honkakoski
- School
of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1 C, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
- Division
of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School
of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill, Campus Box 7569, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7569, United States
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Mysore Y, Del Amo EM, Loukovaara S, Hagström M, Urtti A, Kauppinen A. Statins for the prevention of proliferative vitreoretinopathy: cellular responses in cultured cells and clinical statin concentrations in the vitreous. Sci Rep 2021; 11:980. [PMID: 33441813 PMCID: PMC7806714 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80127-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) is a complex inflammatory ocular disease. Statins are widely used cholesterol-lowering drugs with putative anti-inflammatory properties. In this study, we have explored their efficacy in controlling post-surgical PVR formation. Simvastatin (SIM), atorvastatin (ATV), or rosuvastatin (RSV) were added to cultures of human retinal pigment epithelial cells (ARPE-19) prior to exposure with the bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1) was examined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In addition, the concentrations of simvastatin, atorvastatin, rosuvastatin, and their metabolites were measured from the vitreal samples of 20 patients undergoing vitrectomy (16 of them receiving oral statin therapy) using an ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometer technique. All statins alleviated LPS-induced inflammation at 5 µM concentration in the ARPE-19 cell cultures. Statin levels in the vitreous samples ranged from 6 to 316 pg/mL (ca. 0.1-7 M-10). Vitreal statin concentrations were similar to the typical steady-state unbound statin concentrations in plasma, indicating that only the unbound drug distributes from the blood circulation into the vitreous. Pharmacokinetic simulations of the intravitreal delivery of statins indicate that the measured clinical statin concentrations could be maintained with existing drug delivery technologies for months. Our results suggest that intravitreal statin therapy may have the potential in alleviating the risk of post-surgical PVR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yashavanthi Mysore
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1C, P.O.B. 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Eva M Del Amo
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1C, P.O.B. 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sirpa Loukovaara
- Department of Ophthalmology, Unit of Vitreoretinal Surgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, and Individualized Drug Therapy Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marja Hagström
- School of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Arto Urtti
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1C, P.O.B. 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland.,School of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, Petergof, Russian Federation
| | - Anu Kauppinen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1C, P.O.B. 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Police A, Shankar VK, Murthy SN. Role of Taurine Transporter in the Retinal Uptake of Vigabatrin. AAPS PharmSciTech 2020; 21:196. [PMID: 32666325 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-020-01736-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vigabatrin (VGB) is a first-line drug used for treatment of infantile spasms. On therapeutic dose, VGB accumulates in the retina causing permanent peripheral visual field constriction. The mechanism involved in retinal accumulation of VGB is ambiguous. In the present study, mechanism of VGB transport into retina was evaluated. VGB uptake into retina was studied in vitro using human adult retinal pigment epithelial (ARPE-19) cells as a model for outer blood retinal barrier. The VGB cell uptake studies demonstrated saturation kinetics with Km value of 13.1 mM and uptake was significantly increased at pH 7.4 and hyperosmolar conditions indicating involvement of carrier-mediated Na+-Cl--dependent transporter. In the presence of taurine transporter (TauT) substrates (taurine and GABA) and inhibitor guanidinoethyl sulfonate (GES), the uptake of VGB decreased significantly demonstrating contribution of TauT. The VGB retinal levels in rats were decreased by 1.5- and 1.3-folds on chronic administration of GES and taurine, respectively. In conclusion, this study demonstrated the TauT involvement in VGB uptake and accumulation in retina.
Collapse
|
20
|
Achour B, Al-Majdoub ZM, Rostami-Hodjegan A, Barber J. Mass Spectrometry of Human Transporters. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2020; 13:223-247. [PMID: 32084322 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-091719-024553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Transporters are key to understanding how an individual will respond to a particular dose of a drug. Two patients with similar systemic concentrations may have quite different local concentrations of a drug at the required site. The transporter profile of any individual depends upon a variety of genetic and environmental factors, including genotype, age, and diet status. Robust models (virtual patients) are therefore required and these models are data hungry. Necessary data include quantitative transporter profiles at the relevant organ. Liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) is currently the most powerful method available for obtaining this information. Challenges include sourcing the tissue, isolating the hydrophobic membrane-embedded transporter proteins, preparing the samples for MS (including proteolytic digestion), choosing appropriate quantification methodology, and optimizing the LC-MS/MS conditions. Great progress has been made with all of these, especially within the last few years, and is discussed here.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brahim Achour
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom;
| | - Zubida M Al-Majdoub
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom;
| | - Amin Rostami-Hodjegan
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom;
- Certara, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA
| | - Jill Barber
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom;
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)-Based Proteomics of Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes and Transporters. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25112718. [PMID: 32545386 PMCID: PMC7321193 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25112718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)-based proteomics is a powerful tool for identifying and quantifying proteins in biological samples, outperforming conventional antibody-based methods in many aspects. LC-MS/MS-based proteomics studies have revealed the protein abundances of many drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters (DMETs) in tissues relevant to drug metabolism and disposition. Previous studies have consistently demonstrated marked interindividual variability in DMET protein expression, suggesting that varied DMET function is an important contributing factor for interindividual variability in pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of medications. Moreover, differential DMET expression profiles were observed across different species and in vitro models. Therefore, caution must be exercised when extrapolating animal and in vitro DMET proteomics findings to humans. In recent years, DMET proteomics has been increasingly utilized for the development of physiologically based pharmacokinetic models, and DMET proteins have also been proposed as biomarkers for prediction of the PK and PD of the corresponding substrate drugs. In sum, despite the existence of many challenges in the analytical technology and data analysis methods of LC-MS/MS-based proteomics, DMET proteomics holds great potential to advance our understanding of PK behavior at the individual level and to optimize treatment regimens via the DMET protein biomarker-guided precision pharmacotherapy.
Collapse
|
22
|
Chaves C, Campanelli F, Chapy H, Gomez-Zepeda D, Glacial F, Smirnova M, Taghi M, Pallud J, Perrière N, Declèves X, Menet MC, Cisternino S. An Interspecies Molecular and Functional Study of Organic Cation Transporters at the Blood-Brain Barrier: From Rodents to Humans. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12040308. [PMID: 32231079 PMCID: PMC7238036 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12040308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Organic cation transporters (OCTs) participate in the handling of compounds in kidneys and at the synaptic cleft. Their role at the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in brain drug delivery is still unclear. The presence of OCT1,2,3 (SLC22A1-3) in mouse, rat and human isolated brain microvessels was investigated by either qRT-PCR, quantitative proteomics and/or functional studies. BBB transport of the prototypical substrate [3H]-1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ([3H]-MPP+) was measured by in situ brain perfusion in six mouse strains and in Sprague Dawley rats, in primary human brain microvascular endothelial cells seeded on inserts, in the presence or absence of OCTs and a MATE1 (SLC49A1) inhibitor. The results show negligible OCT1 (SLC22A1) and OCT2 (SLC22A2) expression in either mice, rat or human brain microvessels, while OCT3 expression was identified in rat microvessels by qRT-PCR. The in vitro human cellular uptake of [3H]-MPP+ was not modified by OCTs/MATE-inhibitor. Brain transport of [3H]-MPP+ remains unchanged between 2- and 6-month old mice, and no alteration was observed in mice and rats with inhibitors. In conclusion, the evidenced lack of expression and/or functional OCTs and MATE at the BBB allows the maintenance of the brain homeostasis and function as it prevents an easy access of their neurotoxicant substrates to the brain parenchyma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Chaves
- Inserm, U1144, Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, 75006 Paris, France; (C.C.); (F.C.); (H.C.); (M.S.); (M.T.); (X.D.); (M.-C.M.)
- Faculté de pharmacie, Université de Paris, UMR-S 1144, 4, Avenue de l’Observatoire, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Federica Campanelli
- Inserm, U1144, Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, 75006 Paris, France; (C.C.); (F.C.); (H.C.); (M.S.); (M.T.); (X.D.); (M.-C.M.)
- Faculté de pharmacie, Université de Paris, UMR-S 1144, 4, Avenue de l’Observatoire, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Hélène Chapy
- Inserm, U1144, Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, 75006 Paris, France; (C.C.); (F.C.); (H.C.); (M.S.); (M.T.); (X.D.); (M.-C.M.)
- Faculté de pharmacie, Université de Paris, UMR-S 1144, 4, Avenue de l’Observatoire, 75006 Paris, France
| | - David Gomez-Zepeda
- Inserm, U1144, Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, 75006 Paris, France; (C.C.); (F.C.); (H.C.); (M.S.); (M.T.); (X.D.); (M.-C.M.)
- Faculté de pharmacie, Université de Paris, UMR-S 1144, 4, Avenue de l’Observatoire, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Fabienne Glacial
- BrainPlotting SAS, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, 75013 Paris, France; (F.G.); (N.P.)
| | - Maria Smirnova
- Inserm, U1144, Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, 75006 Paris, France; (C.C.); (F.C.); (H.C.); (M.S.); (M.T.); (X.D.); (M.-C.M.)
- Faculté de pharmacie, Université de Paris, UMR-S 1144, 4, Avenue de l’Observatoire, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Meryam Taghi
- Inserm, U1144, Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, 75006 Paris, France; (C.C.); (F.C.); (H.C.); (M.S.); (M.T.); (X.D.); (M.-C.M.)
- Faculté de pharmacie, Université de Paris, UMR-S 1144, 4, Avenue de l’Observatoire, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Johan Pallud
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sainte Anne Hospital, 75014 Paris, France;
- Inserm, U894, IMA-Brain, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Perrière
- BrainPlotting SAS, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, 75013 Paris, France; (F.G.); (N.P.)
| | - Xavier Declèves
- Inserm, U1144, Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, 75006 Paris, France; (C.C.); (F.C.); (H.C.); (M.S.); (M.T.); (X.D.); (M.-C.M.)
- Faculté de pharmacie, Université de Paris, UMR-S 1144, 4, Avenue de l’Observatoire, 75006 Paris, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, AP-HP, Hôpital Universitaire Cochin, Biologie du médicament et toxicologie, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Marie-Claude Menet
- Inserm, U1144, Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, 75006 Paris, France; (C.C.); (F.C.); (H.C.); (M.S.); (M.T.); (X.D.); (M.-C.M.)
- Faculté de pharmacie, Université de Paris, UMR-S 1144, 4, Avenue de l’Observatoire, 75006 Paris, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, AP-HP, Hôpital Universitaire Cochin, Hormonologie adulte, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Salvatore Cisternino
- Inserm, U1144, Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, 75006 Paris, France; (C.C.); (F.C.); (H.C.); (M.S.); (M.T.); (X.D.); (M.-C.M.)
- Faculté de pharmacie, Université de Paris, UMR-S 1144, 4, Avenue de l’Observatoire, 75006 Paris, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, AP-HP, Hôpital Universitaire Necker-Enfants Malades, Service de pharmacie, 75015 Paris, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-1-444-951-91
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Hellinen L, Sato K, Reinisalo M, Kidron H, Rilla K, Tachikawa M, Uchida Y, Terasaki T, Urtti A. Quantitative Protein Expression in the Human Retinal Pigment Epithelium: Comparison Between Apical and Basolateral Plasma Membranes With Emphasis on Transporters. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2020; 60:5022-5034. [PMID: 31791063 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.19-27328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) limits the xenobiotic entry from the systemic blood stream to the eye. RPE surface transporters can be important in ocular drug distribution, but it has been unclear whether they are expressed on the apical, basal, or both cellular surfaces. In this paper, we provide quantitative comparison of apical and basolateral RPE surface proteomes. Methods We separated the apical and basolateral membranes of differentiated human fetal RPE (hfRPE) cells by combining apical membrane peeling and sucrose density gradient centrifugation. The membrane fractions were analyzed with quantitative targeted absolute proteomics (QTAP) and sequential window acquisition of all theoretical fragment ion spectra mass spectrometry (SWATH-MS) to reveal the membrane protein localization on the RPE cell surfaces. We quantitated 15 transporters in unfractionated RPE cells and scaled their expression to tissue level. Results Several proteins involved in visual cycle, cell adhesion, and ion and nutrient transport were expressed on the hfRPE plasma membranes. Most drug transporters showed similar abundance on both RPE surfaces, whereas large neutral amino acids transporter 1 (LAT1), p-glycoprotein (P-gp), and monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1) showed modest apical enrichment. Many solute carriers (SLC) that are potential prodrug targets were present on both cellular surfaces, whereas putative sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter 7 (SNAT7) and riboflavin transporter (RFT3) were enriched on the basolateral and sodium- and chloride-dependent neutral and basic amino acid transporter (ATB0+) on the apical membrane. Conclusions Comprehensive quantitative information of the RPE surface proteomes was reported for the first time. The scientific community can use the data to further increase understanding of the RPE functions. In addition, we provide insights for transporter protein localization in the human RPE and the significance for ocular pharmacokinetics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Hellinen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kazuki Sato
- Division of Membrane Transport and Drug Targeting, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Mika Reinisalo
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Heidi Kidron
- Drug Research Programme, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kirsi Rilla
- School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Masanori Tachikawa
- Division of Membrane Transport and Drug Targeting, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yasuo Uchida
- Division of Membrane Transport and Drug Targeting, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Terasaki
- Division of Membrane Transport and Drug Targeting, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Arto Urtti
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Drug Research Programme, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Laboratory of Biohybrid Technologies, Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Drug Flux Across RPE Cell Models: The Hunt for An Appropriate Outer Blood-Retinal Barrier Model for Use in Early Drug Discovery. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12020176. [PMID: 32093035 PMCID: PMC7076505 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12020176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cell monolayer forms the outer blood–retinal barrier and has a crucial role in ocular pharmacokinetics. Although several RPE cell models are available, there have been no systematic comparisons of their barrier properties with respect to drug permeability. We compared the barrier properties of several RPE secondary cell lines (ARPE19, ARPE19mel, and LEPI) and both primary (hfRPE) and stem-cell derived RPE (hESC-RPE) cells by investigating the permeability of nine drugs (aztreonam, ciprofloxacin, dexamethasone, fluconazole, ganciclovir, ketorolac, methotrexate, voriconazole, and quinidine) across cell monolayers. ARPE19, ARPE19mel, and hfRPE cells displayed a narrow Papp value range, with relatively high permeation rates (5.2–26 × 10−6 cm/s. In contrast, hESC-RPE and LEPI cells efficiently restricted the drug flux, and displayed even lower Papp values than those reported for bovine RPE-choroid, with the range of 0.4–32 cm−6/s (hESC-RPE cells) and 0.4–29 × 10−6 cm/s, (LEPI cells). Therefore, ARPE19, ARPE19mel, and hfRPE cells failed to form a tight barrier, whereas hESC-RPE and LEPI cells restricted the drug flux to a similar extent as bovine RPE-choroid. Therefore, LEPI and hESC-RPE cells are valuable tools in ocular drug discovery.
Collapse
|
25
|
Bao X, Wu J, Xie Y, Kim S, Michelhaugh S, Jiang J, Mittal S, Sanai N, Li J. Protein Expression and Functional Relevance of Efflux and Uptake Drug Transporters at the Blood-Brain Barrier of Human Brain and Glioblastoma. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2019; 107:1116-1127. [PMID: 31664714 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.1710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The knowledge of transporter protein expression and function at the human blood-brain barrier (BBB) is critical to prediction of drug BBB penetration and design of strategies for improving drug delivery to the brain or brain tumor. This study determined absolute transporter protein abundances in isolated microvessels of human normal brain (N = 30), glioblastoma (N = 47), rat (N = 10) and mouse brain (N = 10), and cell membranes of MDCKII cell lines, using targeted proteomics. In glioblastoma microvessels, efflux transporters (ABCB1 and ABCG2), monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1), glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1), sodium-potassium pump (Na/K ATPase), and Claudin-5 protein levels were significantly reduced, while large neutral amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1) was increased and GLU3 remained the same, as compared with human normal brain microvessels. ABCC4, OATP1A2, OATP2B1, and OAT3 were undetectable in microvessels of both human brain and glioblastoma. Species difference in BBB transporter abundances was noted. Cellular permeability experiments and modeling simulations suggested that not a single apical uptake transporter but a vectorial transport system consisting of an apical uptake transporter and basolateral efflux mechanism was required for efficient delivery of poor transmembrane permeability drugs from the blood to brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xun Bao
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Jianmei Wu
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Youming Xie
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Seongho Kim
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Sharon Michelhaugh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Jun Jiang
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Sandeep Mittal
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA.,Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Virginia Tech and Carilion Clinic, Roanoke, Virginia, USA
| | - Nader Sanai
- St. Joseph's Hospital & Medical Center, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Jing Li
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Liu X, Pan G. Roles of Drug Transporters in Blood-Retinal Barrier. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1141:467-504. [PMID: 31571172 PMCID: PMC7120327 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-7647-4_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Blood-retinal barrier (BRB) includes inner BRB (iBRB) and outer BRB (oBRB), which are formed by retinal capillary endothelial (RCEC) cells and by retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells in collaboration with Bruch's membrane and the choriocapillaris, respectively. Functions of the BRB are to regulate fluids and molecular movement between the ocular vascular beds and retinal tissues and to prevent leakage of macromolecules and other potentially harmful agents into the retina, keeping the microenvironment of the retina and retinal neurons. These functions are mainly attributed to absent fenestrations of RCECs, tight junctions, expression of a great diversity of transporters, and coverage of pericytes and glial cells. BRB existence also becomes a reason that systemic administration for some drugs is not suitable for the treatment of retinal diseases. Some diseases (such as diabetes and ischemia-reperfusion) impair BRB function via altering tight junctions, RCEC death, and transporter expression. This chapter will illustrate function of BRB, expressions and functions of these transporters, and their clinical significances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Liu
- grid.254147.10000 0000 9776 7793School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu China
| | - Guoyu Pan
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, Shanghai China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Ramsay E, Hagström M, Vellonen KS, Boman S, Toropainen E, del Amo EM, Kidron H, Urtti A, Ruponen M. Role of retinal pigment epithelium permeability in drug transfer between posterior eye segment and systemic blood circulation. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2019; 143:18-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2019.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
28
|
Hellinen L, Hagström M, Knuutila H, Ruponen M, Urtti A, Reinisalo M. Characterization of artificially re-pigmented ARPE-19 retinal pigment epithelial cell model. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13761. [PMID: 31551473 PMCID: PMC6760193 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50324-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanin pigment has a significant role in ocular pharmacokinetics, because many drugs bind at high extent to melanin in the retinal pigment epithelial cells. Most retinal pigment epithelial cell lines lack pigmentation and, therefore, we re-pigmented human ARPE-19 cells to generate a pigmented cell model. Melanosomes from porcine retinal pigment epithelium were isolated and co-incubated with ARPE-19 cells that spontaneously phagocytosed the melanosomes. Internalized melanosomes were functionally integrated to the cellular system as evidenced by correct translocation of cellular Rab27a protein to the melanosomal membranes. The pigmentation was retained during cell cultivation and the level of pigmentation can be controlled by altering the amount of administered melanosomes. We used these cells to study melanosomal uptake of six drugs. The uptake was negligible with low melanin-binders (methotrexate, diclofenac) whereas most of the high melanin-binders (propranolol, chloroquine) were extensively taken up by the melanosomes. This cell line can be used to model pigmentation of the retinal pigment epithelium, while maintaining the beneficial cell line characteristics, such as fast generation of cultures, low cost, long-term maintenance and good reproducibility. The model enables studies at normal and decreased levels of pigmentation to model different retinal conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Hellinen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Marja Hagström
- Drug Research Programme, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heidi Knuutila
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Marika Ruponen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Arto Urtti
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210, Kuopio, Finland.,Drug Research Programme, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland.,Laboratory of Biohybrid Technologies, Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, Peterhoff, 198504 St, Petersburg, Russian Federation, Russia
| | - Mika Reinisalo
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210, Kuopio, Finland. .,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210, Kuopio, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cell Line with Fast Differentiation and Improved Barrier Properties. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11080412. [PMID: 31412689 PMCID: PMC6722654 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11080412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) acts as an outer blood–retinal barrier that limits the access of circulating xenobiotics to the eye. In addition, the RPE limits posterior elimination of intravitreally injected drugs to circulation. Thus, permeation in the RPE has a significant effect on ocular pharmacokinetics. The RPE is also a potentially important drug target in age-related macular degeneration. Therefore, the cell models of the RPE are important tools in ocular drug development, but poor availability and problems in reproducibility limit the use of primary RPE cell cultures. Furthermore, the best and widely used human cell line ARPE19 requires specialized culture conditions and a long time for cellular differentiation. In this paper, we describe a cell population arisen from the ARPE19 culture, with fast differentiation and improved barrier properties. This cell line, LEPI, forms clear microvilli and rapidly displays RPE-like cobblestone morphology after subculture in simple culture conditions. The LEPI cells show RPE-specific functions and expression of RPE65, ezrin, and BEST1 proteins. On filter, the LEPI cells develop tighter barrier than the ex vivo bovine RPE-choroid: permeability coefficients of beta-blockers (atenolol, nadolol, timolol, pindolol, metoprolol, betaxolol) ranged from 0.4 × 10−6 cm/sec to 2.3 × 10−6 cm/sec depending on the drug lipophilicity. This rapidly differentiating cell line will be an asset in ocular studies since it is easily maintained, it grows and differentiates quickly and does not require specialized culture conditions for differentiation. Thus, this cell line is suitable for both small scale assays and high throughput screening in drug discovery and development.
Collapse
|
30
|
Depot formulations to sustain periocular drug delivery to the posterior eye segment. Drug Discov Today 2019; 24:1458-1469. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2019.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
|
31
|
Ryan DJ, Patterson NH, Putnam NE, Wilde AD, Weiss A, Perry WJ, Cassat JE, Skaar EP, Caprioli RM, Spraggins JM. MicroLESA: Integrating Autofluorescence Microscopy, In Situ Micro-Digestions, and Liquid Extraction Surface Analysis for High Spatial Resolution Targeted Proteomic Studies. Anal Chem 2019; 91:7578-7585. [PMID: 31149808 PMCID: PMC6652190 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b05889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The ability to target discrete features within tissue using liquid surface extractions enables the identification of proteins while maintaining the spatial integrity of the sample. Here, we present a liquid extraction surface analysis (LESA) workflow, termed microLESA, that allows proteomic profiling from discrete tissue features of ∼110 μm in diameter by integrating nondestructive autofluorescence microscopy and spatially targeted liquid droplet micro-digestion. Autofluorescence microscopy provides the visualization of tissue foci without the need for chemical stains or the use of serial tissue sections. Tryptic peptides are generated from tissue foci by applying small volume droplets (∼250 pL) of enzyme onto the surface prior to LESA. The microLESA workflow reduced the diameter of the sampled area almost 5-fold compared to previous LESA approaches. Experimental parameters, such as tissue thickness, trypsin concentration, and enzyme incubation duration, were tested to maximize proteomics analysis. The microLESA workflow was applied to the study of fluorescently labeled Staphylococcus aureus infected murine kidney to identify unique proteins related to host defense and bacterial pathogenesis. Proteins related to nutritional immunity and host immune response were identified by performing microLESA at the infectious foci and surrounding abscess. These identifications were then used to annotate specific proteins observed in infected kidney tissue by MALDI FT-ICR IMS through accurate mass matching.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Ryan
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, 7330 Stevenson Center, Station B 351822, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
- Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University, 465 21st Avenue South #9160, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Nathan Heath Patterson
- Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University, 465 21st Avenue South #9160, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, 607 Light Hall, Nashville, Tennessee 37205, United States
| | - Nicole E. Putnam
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Aimee D. Wilde
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Andy Weiss
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - William J. Perry
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, 7330 Stevenson Center, Station B 351822, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
- Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University, 465 21st Avenue South #9160, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - James E. Cassat
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt Center for Bone Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Eric P. Skaar
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- United States (U.S.) Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee 37212, United States
| | - Richard M. Caprioli
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, 7330 Stevenson Center, Station B 351822, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
- Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University, 465 21st Avenue South #9160, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, 607 Light Hall, Nashville, Tennessee 37205, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, 442 Robinson Research Building, 2220 Pierce Avenue, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, 465 21st Ave South #9160, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Jeffrey M. Spraggins
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, 7330 Stevenson Center, Station B 351822, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
- Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University, 465 21st Avenue South #9160, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, 607 Light Hall, Nashville, Tennessee 37205, United States
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Subia B, Reinisalo M, Dey N, Tavakoli S, Subrizi A, Ganguli M, Ruponen M. Nucleic acid delivery to differentiated retinal pigment epithelial cells using cell-penetrating peptide as a carrier. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2019; 140:91-99. [PMID: 31085311 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Nucleic acid delivery to the eye is a promising treatment strategy for many retinal disorders. In this manuscript, retinal gene delivery with non-coated and chondroitin sulphate (CS) coated amphipathic and cationic peptides was tested. The transfection and gene knockdown efficiencies were evaluated in different retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cell models including both dividing and differentiated cells. In addition, the mobility of peptide-based gene delivery systems was examined in porcine vitreous by particle tracking analysis. The results indicate that amphipathic and cationic peptides are safe in vitro and are capable of high transgene expression and gene knockdown in dividing cells. We further demonstrate that incorporation of CS improves the efficiency of gene delivery of peptide-based systems. Most importantly, the transgene expression mediated by both non-coated and CS coated peptides was high in differentiated as well as in human primary RPE cells which are typically difficult to transfect. Coating of peptide-based gene delivery systems with CS improved diffusion in the vitreous and enhanced the stability of the polyplexes. The results indicate that a peptide-based system can be fine-tuned as a promising approach for retinal gene delivery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bano Subia
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70211, Finland.
| | - Mika Reinisalo
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70211, Finland
| | - Namit Dey
- Delhi Technological University, Delhi 110042, India
| | | | - Astrid Subrizi
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70211, Finland; Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus C 800, Denmark
| | - Munia Ganguli
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi 110021, India
| | - Marika Ruponen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70211, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
L-type amino acid transporter 1 utilizing prodrugs of ferulic acid revealed structural features supporting the design of prodrugs for brain delivery. Eur J Pharm Sci 2019; 129:99-109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
|
34
|
Jiang L, Meng F, Qiu Z, Zhang K, Ding Y, Li H, Ren Y, Yu P, Peng J. Comparison of UPLC-MS/MS-based targeted quantitation and conventional quantitative methods for the analysis of MRP1 expression in tumor cell lines. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1109:10-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
35
|
Ryan DJ, Spraggins JM, Caprioli RM. Protein identification strategies in MALDI imaging mass spectrometry: a brief review. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2019; 48:64-72. [PMID: 30476689 PMCID: PMC6382520 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2018.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) is a powerful technology used to investigate the spatial distributions of thousands of molecules throughout a tissue section from a single experiment. As proteins represent an important group of functional molecules in tissue and cells, the imaging of proteins has been an important point of focus in the development of IMS technologies and methods. Protein identification is crucial for the biological contextualization of molecular imaging data. However, gas-phase fragmentation efficiency of MALDI generated proteins presents significant challenges, making protein identification directly from tissue difficult. This review highlights methods and technologies specifically related to protein identification that have been developed to overcome these challenges in MALDI IMS experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Ryan
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, 7330 Stevenson Center, Station B 351822, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
- Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University, 465 21 Ave S #9160, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Jeffrey M. Spraggins
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, 7330 Stevenson Center, Station B 351822, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
- Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University, 465 21 Ave S #9160, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, 607 Light Hall, Nashville, TN 37205, USA
| | - Richard M. Caprioli
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, 7330 Stevenson Center, Station B 351822, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
- Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University, 465 21 Ave S #9160, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, 607 Light Hall, Nashville, TN 37205, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, 442 Robinson Research Building, 2220 Pierce Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, 465 21 Ave #9160, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Miki A, Sakurada Y, Tanaka K, Semba K, Mitamura Y, Yuzawa M, Tajima A, Nakatochi M, Yamamoto K, Matsuo K, Imoto I, Honda S. Genome-Wide Association Study to Identify a New Susceptibility Locus for Central Serous Chorioretinopathy in the Japanese Population. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 59:5542-5547. [DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-25497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Miki
- Department of Surgery, Division of Ophthalmology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yoichi Sakurada
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Koji Tanaka
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Semba
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Mitamura
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Mitsuko Yuzawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Tajima
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, Graduate School of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nakatochi
- Statistical Analysis Section, Center for Advanced Medicine and Clinical Research, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ken Yamamoto
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Keitaro Matsuo
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Epidemiology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan
- Division of Epidemiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Issei Imoto
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shigeru Honda
- Department of Surgery, Division of Ophthalmology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Melanin targeting for intracellular drug delivery: Quantification of bound and free drug in retinal pigment epithelial cells. J Control Release 2018; 283:261-268. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
38
|
Beranova-Giorgianni S, Giorgianni F. Proteomics of Human Retinal Pigment Epithelium (RPE) Cells. Proteomes 2018; 6:proteomes6020022. [PMID: 29762536 PMCID: PMC6027133 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes6020022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) are specialized, multifunctional cells in the retina that form a monolayer of cuboidal, polarized cells adjoining the photoreceptor cells. The RPE are a critical component of the blood-retinal barrier, and they play essential functional roles for maintenance of retinal homeostasis and for support and health of photoreceptors. Age-dependent, progressive dysfunction and death of RPE cells and the resultant loss of photoreceptors contribute significantly to the development and progression of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and other retinal degenerative diseases. Several different RPE cell culture models have been developed and utilized extensively as surrogates for cellular and molecular examinations of the RPE, and a large body of knowledge on RPE function in normal and pathological scenarios has been amassed in studies with cultured RPE. Proteomics has been an integral part of research efforts aimed to advance our understanding of RPE cell biology in health and disease. This review focuses on applications of proteomics to in vitro qualitative and quantitative investigation of human RPE cell culture models. The disease context discussed focuses on AMD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarka Beranova-Giorgianni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
| | - Francesco Giorgianni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Rimpelä AK, Reinisalo M, Hellinen L, Grazhdankin E, Kidron H, Urtti A, del Amo EM. Implications of melanin binding in ocular drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2018; 126:23-43. [PMID: 29247767 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pigmented ocular tissues contain melanin within the intracellular melanosomes. Drugs bind to melanin at varying extent that ranges from no binding to extensive binding. Binding may lead to drug accumulation to the pigmented tissues and prolonged drug retention in the melanin containing cells. Therefore, melanin binding is an important feature that affects ocular drug delivery and biodistribution, but this topic has not been reviewed since 1998. In this review, we present current knowledge on ocular melanin, melanosomes and binding of drugs to pigmented cells and tissues. In vitro, in vivo and in silico methods in the field were critically evaluated, because the literature in this field can be confusing if the reader does not properly understand the methodological aspects. Literature analysis includes a comprehensive table of literature data on melanin binding of drugs. Furthermore, we aimed to give some insights beyond the current literature by making a chemical structure based classification model for melanin binding of drugs and kinetic simulations that revealed significant interplay between melanin binding and drug permeability across the melanosomal and plasma membranes. Overall, more mechanistic and systematic research is needed before the impact of melanin binding on ocular drug delivery can be properly understood and predicted.
Collapse
|
40
|
Vellonen KS, Hellinen L, Mannermaa E, Ruponen M, Urtti A, Kidron H. Expression, activity and pharmacokinetic impact of ocular transporters. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2018; 126:3-22. [PMID: 29248478 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The eye is protected by several tissues that limit the permeability and entry of potentially harmful substances, but also hamper the delivery of drugs in the treatment of ocular diseases. Active transport across the ocular barriers may affect drug distribution, but the impact of drug transporters on ocular drug delivery is not well known. We have collected and critically reviewed the literature for ocular expression and activity of known drug transporters. The review concentrates on drug transporters that have been functionally characterized in ocular tissues or primary cells and on transporters for which there is available expression data at the protein level. Species differences are highlighted, since these may explain observed inconsistencies in the influence of specific transporters on drug disposition. There is variable evidence about the pharmacokinetic role of transporters in ocular tissues. The strongest evidence for the role of active transport is available for the blood-retinal barrier. We explored the role of active transport in the cornea and blood retinal barrier with pharmacokinetic simulations. The simulations show that the active transport is important only in the case of specific parameter combinations.
Collapse
|
41
|
Melanin binding study of clinical drugs with cassette dosing and rapid equilibrium dialysis inserts. Eur J Pharm Sci 2017; 109:162-168. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2017.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
42
|
Zhang Z, Uchida Y, Hirano S, Ando D, Kubo Y, Auriola S, Akanuma SI, Hosoya KI, Urtti A, Terasaki T, Tachikawa M. Inner Blood–Retinal Barrier Dominantly Expresses Breast Cancer Resistance Protein: Comparative Quantitative Targeted Absolute Proteomics Study of CNS Barriers in Pig. Mol Pharm 2017; 14:3729-3738. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyu Zhang
- Division
of Membrane Transport and Drug Targeting, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Yasuo Uchida
- Division
of Membrane Transport and Drug Targeting, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Satoshi Hirano
- Division
of Membrane Transport and Drug Targeting, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Daisuke Ando
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama,
Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Kubo
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama,
Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Seppo Auriola
- Division
of Membrane Transport and Drug Targeting, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
- School
of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland
| | - Shin-ichi Akanuma
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama,
Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Hosoya
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama,
Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Arto Urtti
- School
of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Tetsuya Terasaki
- Division
of Membrane Transport and Drug Targeting, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Masanori Tachikawa
- Division
of Membrane Transport and Drug Targeting, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| |
Collapse
|