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Sóskuti E, Szilvásy N, Temesszentandrási-Ambrus C, Urbán Z, Csíkvári O, Szabó Z, Kecskeméti G, Pusztai É, Gáborik Z. Applicability of MDR1 Overexpressing Abcb1KO-MDCKII Cell Lines for Investigating In Vitro Species Differences and Brain Penetration Prediction. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:736. [PMID: 38931858 PMCID: PMC11207571 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16060736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Implementing the 3R initiative to reduce animal experiments in brain penetration prediction for CNS-targeting drugs requires more predictive in vitro and in silico models. However, animal studies are still indispensable to obtaining brain concentration and determining the prediction performance of in vitro models. To reveal species differences and provide reliable data for IVIVE, in vitro models are required. Systems overexpressing MDR1 and BCRP are widely used to predict BBB penetration, highlighting the impact of the in vitro system on predictive performance. In this study, endogenous Abcb1 knock-out MDCKII cells overexpressing MDR1 of human, mouse, rat or cynomolgus monkey origin were used. Good correlations between ERs of 83 drugs determined in each cell line suggest limited species specificities. All cell lines differentiated CNS-penetrating compounds based on ERs with high efficiency and sensitivity. The correlation between in vivo and predicted Kp,uu,brain was the highest using total ER of human MDR1 and BCRP and optimized scaling factors. MDR1 interactors were tested on all MDR1 orthologs using digoxin and quinidine as substrates. We found several examples of inhibition dependent on either substrate or transporter abundance. In summary, this assay system has the potential for early-stage brain penetration screening. IC50 comparison between orthologs is complex; correlation with transporter abundance data is not necessarily proportional and requires the understanding of modes of transporter inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emőke Sóskuti
- Charles River Laboratories Hungary, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (E.S.); (N.S.); (C.T.-A.); (Z.U.); (O.C.)
- Doctoral School of Semmelweis University, Molecular Medicine Division, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Nóra Szilvásy
- Charles River Laboratories Hungary, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (E.S.); (N.S.); (C.T.-A.); (Z.U.); (O.C.)
| | | | - Zoltán Urbán
- Charles River Laboratories Hungary, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (E.S.); (N.S.); (C.T.-A.); (Z.U.); (O.C.)
| | - Olivér Csíkvári
- Charles River Laboratories Hungary, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (E.S.); (N.S.); (C.T.-A.); (Z.U.); (O.C.)
| | - Zoltán Szabó
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (Z.S.); (G.K.)
| | - Gábor Kecskeméti
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (Z.S.); (G.K.)
| | - Éva Pusztai
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Process Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Zsuzsanna Gáborik
- Charles River Laboratories Hungary, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (E.S.); (N.S.); (C.T.-A.); (Z.U.); (O.C.)
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2
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Lee EJ, Oh SY, Lee YW, Kim JY, Kim MJ, Kim TH, Lee JB, Hong MH, Lim SM, Baum A, Woelflingseder L, Engelhardt H, Petronczki M, Solca F, Yun MR, Cho BC. Discovery of a Novel Potent EGFR Inhibitor Against EGFR Activating Mutations and On-Target Resistance in NSCLC. Clin Cancer Res 2024; 30:1582-1594. [PMID: 38330145 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-23-2951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) serve as the standard first-line therapy for EGFR-mutated non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Despite the sustained clinical benefits achieved through optimal EGFR-TKI treatments, including the third-generation EGFR-TKI osimertinib, resistance inevitably develops. Currently, there are no targeted therapeutic options available postprogression on osimertinib. Here, we assessed the preclinical efficacy of BI-4732, a novel fourth-generation EGFR-TKI, using patient-derived preclinical models reflecting various clinical scenarios. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The antitumor activity of BI-4732 was evaluated using Ba/F3 cells and patient-derived cell/organoid/xenograft models with diverse EGFR mutations. Intracranial antitumor activity of BI-4732 was evaluated in a brain-metastasis mouse model. RESULTS We demonstrated the remarkable antitumor efficacy of BI-4732 as a single agent in various patient-derived models with EGFR_C797S-mediated osimertinib resistance. Moreover, BI-4732 exhibited activity comparable to osimertinib in inhibiting EGFR-activating (E19del and L858R) and T790M mutations. In a combination treatment strategy with osimertinib, BI-4732 exhibited a synergistic effect at significantly lower concentrations than those used in monotherapy. Importantly, BI-4732 displayed potent antitumor activity in an intracranial model, with low efflux at the blood-brain barrier. CONCLUSIONS Our findings highlight the potential of BI-4732, a selective EGFR-TKI with high blood-brain barrier penetration, targeting a broad range of EGFR mutations, including C797S, warranting clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Ji Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science institute, Graduated School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 FOUR Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Yeon Oh
- Department of Biomedical Science institute, Graduated School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 FOUR Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - You Won Lee
- Department of Research Support, Yonsei Biomedical Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Young Kim
- Department of Research Support, Yonsei Biomedical Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Je Kim
- Department of Research Support, Yonsei Biomedical Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Ho Kim
- Department of Research Support, Yonsei Biomedical Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jii Bum Lee
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Hee Hong
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Min Lim
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Anke Baum
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | - Flavio Solca
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mi Ran Yun
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Yonsei New Il Han Institute for Integrative Lung Cancer Research, Yonsei University of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung Chul Cho
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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3
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Sun A, Hagenbuch B, Kelly EJ, Wang J. Molecular Mechanisms of Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptide-Mediated Organic Anion Clearance at the Blood-Cerebrospinal Fluid Barrier. Mol Pharmacol 2023; 104:255-265. [PMID: 37652713 PMCID: PMC10658916 DOI: 10.1124/molpharm.123.000703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB), formed by the choroid plexus epithelial (CPE) cells, plays an active role in removing drugs and metabolic wastes from the brain. Recent functional studies in isolated mouse choroid plexus (CP) tissues suggested the presence of organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs, encoded by SLCOs) at the apical membrane of BCSFB, which may clear large organic anions from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). However, the specific OATP isoform involved is unclear. Using quantitative fluorescence imaging, we showed that the fluorescent anions sulforhodamine 101 (SR101), fluorescein methotrexate (FL-MTX), and 8-fluorescein-cAMP (fluo-cAMP) are actively transported from the CSF to the subepithelial space in CP tissues isolated from wild-type mice. In contrast, transepithelial transport of these compounds across the CPE cells was abolished in Oatp1a/1b-/- mice due to impaired apical uptake. Using transporter-expressing cell lines, SR101, FL-MTX, and fluo-cAMP were additionally shown to be transported by mouse OATP1A5 and its human counterpart OATP1A2. Kinetic analysis showed that estrone-3-sulfate and SR101 are transported by OATP1A2 and OATP1A5 with similar Michaelis-Menten constants (Km). Immunofluorescence staining further revealed the presence of OATP1A2 protein in human CP tissues. Together, our results suggest that large organic anions in the CSF are actively transported into CPE cells by apical OATP1A2 (OATP1A5 in mice), then subsequently effluxed into the blood by basolateral multidrug resistance-associated proteins (MRPs). As OATP1A2 transports a wide array of endogenous compounds and xenobiotics, the presence of this transporter at the BCSFB may imply a novel clearance route for drugs and neurohormones from the CSF. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Drug transporters at the blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier play an important but understudied role in brain drug disposition. This study revealed a functional contribution of rodent organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP) 1A5 towards the CSF clearance of organic anions and suggested a similar role for OATP1A2 in humans. Delineating the molecular mechanisms governing CSF organic anion clearance may help to improve the prediction of central nervous system (CNS) pharmacokinetics and identify drug candidates with favorable CNS pharmacokinetic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutics (A.S., E.J.K., J.W.) and Kidney Research Institute (E.J.K.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; and Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas (B.H.)
| | - Bruno Hagenbuch
- Department of Pharmaceutics (A.S., E.J.K., J.W.) and Kidney Research Institute (E.J.K.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; and Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas (B.H.)
| | - Edward J Kelly
- Department of Pharmaceutics (A.S., E.J.K., J.W.) and Kidney Research Institute (E.J.K.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; and Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas (B.H.)
| | - Joanne Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics (A.S., E.J.K., J.W.) and Kidney Research Institute (E.J.K.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; and Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas (B.H.)
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4
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Bällgren F, Hammarlund-Udenaes M, Loryan I. Active Uptake of Oxycodone at Both the Blood-Cerebrospinal Fluid Barrier and The Blood-Brain Barrier without Sex Differences: A Rat Microdialysis Study. Pharm Res 2023; 40:2715-2730. [PMID: 37610619 PMCID: PMC10733202 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-023-03583-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxycodone active uptake across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is associated with the putative proton-coupled organic cation (H+/OC) antiporter system. Yet, the activity of this system at the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB) is not fully understood. Additionally, sex differences in systemic pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of oxycodone has been reported, but whether the previous observations involve sex differences in the function of the H+/OC antiporter system remain unknown. The objective of this study was, therefore, to investigate the extent of oxycodone transport across the BBB and the BCSFB in female and male Sprague-Dawley rats using microdialysis. METHODS Microdialysis probes were implanted in the blood and two of the following brain locations: striatum and lateral ventricle or cisterna magna. Oxycodone was administered as an intravenous infusion, and dialysate, blood and brain were collected. Unbound partition coefficients (Kp,uu) were calculated to understand the extent of oxycodone transport across the blood-brain barriers. Non-compartmental analysis was conducted using Phoenix 64 WinNonlin. GraphPad Prism version 9.0.0 was used to perform t-tests, one-way and two-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey's or Šídák's multiple comparison tests. Differences were considered significant at p < 0.05. RESULTS The extent of transport at the BBB measured in striatum was 4.44 ± 1.02 (Kp,uu,STR), in the lateral ventricle 3.41 ± 0.74 (Kp,uu,LV) and in cisterna magna 2.68 ± 1.01 (Kp,uu,CM). These Kp,uu values indicate that the extent of oxycodone transport is significantly lower at the BCSFB compared with that at the BBB, but still confirm the presence of active uptake at both blood-brain interfaces. No significant sex differences were observed in neither the extent of oxycodone delivery to the brain, nor in the systemic pharmacokinetics of oxycodone. CONCLUSIONS The findings clearly show that active uptake is present at both the BCSFB and the BBB. Despite some underestimation of the extent of oxycodone delivery to the brain, CSF may be an acceptable surrogate of brain ISF for oxycodone, and potentially also other drugs actively transported into the brain via the H+/OC antiporter system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frida Bällgren
- Translational Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics group (tPKPD), Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Box 580, 75123, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Margareta Hammarlund-Udenaes
- Translational Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics group (tPKPD), Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Box 580, 75123, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Irena Loryan
- Translational Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics group (tPKPD), Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Box 580, 75123, Uppsala, Sweden.
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5
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Langthaler K, Jones CR, Brodin B, Bundgaard C. Assessing extent of brain penetration in vivo (K p,uu,brain) in Göttingen minipig using a diverse set of reference drugs. Eur J Pharm Sci 2023; 190:106554. [PMID: 37543065 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2023.106554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
The application of Göttingen minipigs for non-rodent pharmacokinetics (PK) and drug safety testing has seen a dramatic increase in recent years. The aim of this study was to determine the total and unbound brain-to-plasma ratios (Kp,brain and Kp,uu,brain) for a diverse set of reference compounds in female Göttingen minipigs and compare these with Kp,uu,brain values from other species to assess the suitability of Göttingen minipigs as a model for CNS drug safety testing and brain PK in clinical translation. The reference set consisted of 17 compounds with varying physico-chemical properties and included known human P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrates. The results of the study showed, that minipig Kp,brain and Kp,uu,brain values for the tested compounds were in the range 0.03-86 and 0.02-2.4 (n = 3-4) respectively. The Kp,uu,brain values were comparable between minipig and rat for a large proportion of the compounds (71% within 2-fold, n = 17). Comparisons of brain penetration across several species for a subset of reference compounds revealed that minipig values were quite similar to those of rat, dog, monkey and human. The study highlighted that the largest Kp,uu,brain species differences were observed for compounds classified as transporter substrates (e.g. cimetidine, risperidone, Way-100635 and altanserin). In conclusion these brain penetration data add substantially to the available literature on PK and drug disposition for minipigs and support use of Göttingen minipig as a non-rodent drug safety model for CNS drug candidates and as a brain PK model for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Langthaler
- Translational DMPK, H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, 2500 Valby, Denmark; CNS Drug Delivery and Barrier Modelling, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 København Ø, Denmark
| | - Christopher R Jones
- Translational DMPK, H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, 2500 Valby, Denmark; PKPD Modelling & Simulation, H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, 2500 Valby, Denmark.
| | - Birger Brodin
- CNS Drug Delivery and Barrier Modelling, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 København Ø, Denmark
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Parvez MM, Sadighi A, Ahn Y, Keller SF, Enoru JO. Uptake Transporters at the Blood-Brain Barrier and Their Role in Brain Drug Disposition. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2473. [PMID: 37896233 PMCID: PMC10610385 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15102473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Uptake drug transporters play a significant role in the pharmacokinetic of drugs within the brain, facilitating their entry into the central nervous system (CNS). Understanding brain drug disposition is always challenging, especially with respect to preclinical to clinical translation. These transporters are members of the solute carrier (SLC) superfamily, which includes organic anion transporter polypeptides (OATPs), organic anion transporters (OATs), organic cation transporters (OCTs), and amino acid transporters. In this systematic review, we provide an overview of the current knowledge of uptake drug transporters in the brain and their contribution to drug disposition. Here, we also assemble currently available proteomics-based expression levels of uptake transporters in the human brain and their application in translational drug development. Proteomics data suggest that in association with efflux transporters, uptake drug transporters present at the BBB play a significant role in brain drug disposition. It is noteworthy that a significant level of species differences in uptake drug transporters activity exists, and this may contribute toward a disconnect in inter-species scaling. Taken together, uptake drug transporters at the BBB could play a significant role in pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD). Continuous research is crucial for advancing our understanding of active uptake across the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Masud Parvez
- Department of Quantitative, Translational & ADME Sciences (QTAS), AbbVie Biotherapeutics, San Francisco, CA 94080, USA; (M.M.P.)
| | - Armin Sadighi
- Department of Quantitative, Translational & ADME Sciences (QTAS), AbbVie Biotherapeutics, San Francisco, CA 94080, USA; (M.M.P.)
| | - Yeseul Ahn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 1300 S Coulter St., Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
- Center for Blood-Brain Barrier Research, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - Steve F. Keller
- Department of Quantitative, Translational & ADME Sciences (QTAS), AbbVie Biotherapeutics, San Francisco, CA 94080, USA; (M.M.P.)
| | - Julius O. Enoru
- Department of Quantitative, Translational & ADME Sciences (QTAS), AbbVie Biotherapeutics, San Francisco, CA 94080, USA; (M.M.P.)
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7
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Blood brain barrier-on-a-chip to model neurological diseases. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2023.104174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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8
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Loryan I, Reichel A, Feng B, Bundgaard C, Shaffer C, Kalvass C, Bednarczyk D, Morrison D, Lesuisse D, Hoppe E, Terstappen GC, Fischer H, Di L, Colclough N, Summerfield S, Buckley ST, Maurer TS, Fridén M. Unbound Brain-to-Plasma Partition Coefficient, K p,uu,brain-a Game Changing Parameter for CNS Drug Discovery and Development. Pharm Res 2022; 39:1321-1341. [PMID: 35411506 PMCID: PMC9246790 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03246-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE More than 15 years have passed since the first description of the unbound brain-to-plasma partition coefficient (Kp,uu,brain) by Prof. Margareta Hammarlund-Udenaes, which was enabled by advancements in experimental methodologies including cerebral microdialysis. Since then, growing knowledge and data continue to support the notion that the unbound (free) concentration of a drug at the site of action, such as the brain, is the driving force for pharmacological responses. Towards this end, Kp,uu,brain is the key parameter to obtain unbound brain concentrations from unbound plasma concentrations. METHODS To understand the importance and impact of the Kp,uu,brain concept in contemporary drug discovery and development, a survey has been conducted amongst major pharmaceutical companies based in Europe and the USA. Here, we present the results from this survey which consisted of 47 questions addressing: 1) Background information of the companies, 2) Implementation, 3) Application areas, 4) Methodology, 5) Impact and 6) Future perspectives. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS From the responses, it is clear that the majority of the companies (93%) has established a common understanding across disciplines of the concept and utility of Kp,uu,brain as compared to other parameters related to brain exposure. Adoption of the Kp,uu,brain concept has been mainly driven by individual scientists advocating its application in the various companies rather than by a top-down approach. Remarkably, 79% of all responders describe the portfolio impact of Kp,uu,brain implementation in their companies as 'game-changing'. Although most companies (74%) consider the current toolbox for Kp,uu,brain assessment and its validation satisfactory for drug discovery and early development, areas of improvement and future research to better understand human brain pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics translation have been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Loryan
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Box 580, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | | | - Bo Feng
- DMPK, Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, Massachusetts, 02210, USA
| | | | - Christopher Shaffer
- External Innovation, Research & Development, Biogen Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Cory Kalvass
- DMPK-BA, AbbVie, Inc., North Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Dallas Bednarczyk
- Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | - Edmund Hoppe
- DMPK, Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
| | | | - Holger Fischer
- Translational PK/PD and Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Li Di
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Scott Summerfield
- Bioanalysis Immunogenicity and Biomarkers, GSK, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, Hertfordshire, UK
| | | | - Tristan S Maurer
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Markus Fridén
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Box 580, Uppsala, Sweden
- Inhalation Product Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
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9
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A Historical Review of Brain Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14061283. [PMID: 35745855 PMCID: PMC9229021 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14061283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The history of brain drug delivery is reviewed beginning with the first demonstration, in 1914, that a drug for syphilis, salvarsan, did not enter the brain, due to the presence of a blood-brain barrier (BBB). Owing to restricted transport across the BBB, FDA-approved drugs for the CNS have been generally limited to lipid-soluble small molecules. Drugs that do not cross the BBB can be re-engineered for transport on endogenous BBB carrier-mediated transport and receptor-mediated transport systems, which were identified during the 1970s-1980s. By the 1990s, a multitude of brain drug delivery technologies emerged, including trans-cranial delivery, CSF delivery, BBB disruption, lipid carriers, prodrugs, stem cells, exosomes, nanoparticles, gene therapy, and biologics. The advantages and limitations of each of these brain drug delivery technologies are critically reviewed.
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10
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Regional Differences in the Absolute Abundance of Transporters, Receptors and Tight Junction Molecules at the Blood-Arachnoid Barrier and Blood-Spinal Cord Barrier among Cervical, Thoracic and Lumbar Spines in Dogs. Pharm Res 2022; 39:1393-1413. [PMID: 35488144 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03275-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of the present study was to quantitatively determine the expression of transporters, receptors and tight junction molecules at the blood-arachnoid barrier (BAB) and blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) in cervical, thoracic and lumbar spines from dogs. METHODS The expression levels of 31 transporters, 3 receptors, 1 tight junction protein, and 3 marker proteins in leptomeninges and capillaries isolated from spines (3 male and 2 female dogs) were determined by quantitative Targeted Absolute Proteomics (qTAP). The units were converted from fmol/μg protein to pmol/cm (absolute abundance at the BAB and the BSCB in a 1 cm section of spine). RESULTS The expression of MDR1 and BCRP were greater at the BSCB compared to the BAB (especially in the cervical cord), and the expressions at the lumbar BSCB were lower than that for the cervical BSCB. Among the organic anionic and cationic drug transporters, OAT1, OAT3, MRP1, OCT2 and MATE1/2 were detected only in the BAB, and not at the BSCB). The expression of these transporters was higher in the order: lumbar > thoracic > cervical BAB. The expressions of GLUT1, 4F2hc, EAAT1, 2, PEPT2, CTL1, and MCT1 at the BSCB of the cervical cord were higher than the corresponding values for the cervical BAB, and these values decreased in going down the spinal cord. CONCLUSION These results provide a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the concentration gradients of drugs and endogenous substances in the cerebrospinal fluid and parenchyma of the spinal cord.
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11
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Huttunen KM, Terasaki T, Urtti A, Montaser AB, Uchida Y. Pharmacoproteomics of Brain Barrier Transporters and Substrate Design for the Brain Targeted Drug Delivery. Pharm Res 2022; 39:1363-1392. [PMID: 35257288 PMCID: PMC9246989 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03193-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
One of the major reasons why central nervous system (CNS)-drug development has been challenging in the past, is the barriers that prevent substances entering from the blood circulation into the brain. These barriers include the blood-brain barrier (BBB), blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB), blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB), and blood-arachnoid barrier (BAB), and they differ from each other in their transporter protein expression and function as well as among the species. The quantitative expression profiles of the transporters in the CNS-barriers have been recently revealed, and in this review, it is described how they affect the pharmacokinetics of compounds and how these expression differences can be taken into account in the prediction of brain drug disposition in humans, an approach called pharmacoproteomics. In recent years, also structural biology and computational resources have progressed remarkably, enabling a detailed understanding of the dynamic processes of transporters. Molecular dynamics simulations (MDS) are currently used commonly to reveal the conformational changes of the transporters and to find the interactions between the substrates and the protein during the binding, translocation in the transporter cavity, and release of the substrate on the other side of the membrane. The computational advancements have also aided in the rational design of transporter-utilizing compounds, including prodrugs that can be actively transported without losing potency towards the pharmacological target. In this review, the state-of-art of these approaches will be also discussed to give insights into the transporter-mediated drug delivery to the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristiina M Huttunen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Tetsuya Terasaki
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Arto Urtti
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ahmed B Montaser
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Yasuo Uchida
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
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12
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Uchida Y, Takeuchi H, Goto R, Braun C, Fuchs H, Ishiguro N, Takao M, Tano M, Terasaki T. A Human Blood‐Arachnoid Barrier Atlas of Transporters, Receptors, Enzymes, Tight Junction and Marker Proteins: Comparison with Dog and Pig in Absolute Abundance. J Neurochem 2022; 161:187-208. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo Uchida
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Tohoku University Japan
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Tohoku University Japan
| | - Hina Takeuchi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Tohoku University Japan
| | - Ryohei Goto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Tohoku University Japan
| | - Clemens Braun
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Drug Discovery Sciences Germany
| | - Holger Fuchs
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Cardio‐metabolic Diseases Germany
| | | | - Masaki Takao
- Department of Neurology and Brain Bank Mihara Memorial Hospital Japan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, National Center Hospital Japan
| | - Mitsutoshi Tano
- Department of Neurology and Brain Bank Mihara Memorial Hospital Japan
| | - Tetsuya Terasaki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Tohoku University Japan
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Tohoku University Japan
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13
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Hertzsch R, Richter A. Systematic Review of the Pharmacological Evidence for the Selection of Antimicrobials in Bacterial Infections of the Central Nervous System in Dogs and Cats. Front Vet Sci 2022; 8:769588. [PMID: 35118150 PMCID: PMC8803749 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.769588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial meningitis in dogs and cats is a rare disease associated with a high lethality rate. The spectrum of causative bacteria includes a diverse set of gram positive, gram negative and anaerobic species. Currently, no veterinary medicinal product is approved for this indication in these species in Europe. The objective of this review was to collect the available pharmacokinetic data for antibiotics approved in dogs and cats to enable a preliminary analysis of their potential effectiveness for the treatment of bacterial meningitis. This analysis yielded data for 13 different antibiotics in dogs and two in cats. Additionally, data about frequently recommended cephalosporines not approved in dogs and cats were included. The collected data was used to assess the potential of the respective antibiotics to attain certain simple pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) indexes in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). A more sophisticated investigation using modern methods was not possible due to the limited data available. For this purpose, data about the sensitivity of four bacterial species commonly associated with meningitis in dogs and cats to these antibiotics were included. The analysis provided evidence for the potential effectiveness of ampicillin, doxycycline, enrofloxacin, ceftriaxone and cefoxitin against bacteria frequently detected in bacterial meningitis in dogs. Data were not available or insufficient for the assessment of several antibiotics, including frequently recommended substances like metronidazole and trimethoprim-sulphonamide. Little evidence is available for the use of antibiotics in cats afflicted with this disease, highlighting the need for further research to obtain data for evidence based therapeutic recommendations.
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14
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Hashimoto Y, Michiba K, Maeda K, Kusuhara H. Quantitative prediction of pharmacokinetic properties of drugs in humans: Recent advance in in vitro models to predict the impact of efflux transporters in the small intestine and blood-brain barrier. J Pharmacol Sci 2021; 148:142-151. [PMID: 34924119 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2021.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Efflux transport systems are essential to suppress the absorption of xenobiotics from the intestinal lumen and protect the critical tissues at the blood-tissue barriers, such as the blood-brain barrier. The function of drug efflux transport is dominated by various transporters. Accumulated clinical evidences have revealed that genetic variations of the transporters, together with coadministered drugs, affect the expression and/or function of transporters and subsequently the pharmacokinetics of substrate drugs. Thus, in the preclinical stage of drug development, quantitative prediction of the impact of efflux transporters as well as that of uptake transporters and metabolic enzymes on the pharmacokinetics of drugs in humans has been performed using various in vitro experimental tools. Various kinds of human-derived cell systems can be applied to the precise prediction of drug transport in humans. Mathematical modeling consisting of each intrinsic metabolic or transport process enables us to understand the disposition of drugs both at the organ level and at the level of the whole body by integrating a variety of experimental results into model parameters. This review focuses on the role of efflux transporters in the intestinal absorption and brain distribution of drugs, in addition to recent advances in predictive tools and methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Hashimoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Michiba
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kazuya Maeda
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Kitasato University School of Pharmacy, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kusuhara
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
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15
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Proteome of the Luminal Surface of the Blood-Brain Barrier. Proteomes 2021; 9:proteomes9040045. [PMID: 34842825 PMCID: PMC8629012 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes9040045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Interrogation of the molecular makeup of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) using proteomic techniques has contributed to the cataloguing and functional understanding of the proteins uniquely organized at this specialized interface. The majority of proteomic studies have focused on cellular components of the BBB, including cultured brain endothelial cells (BEC). Detailed proteome mapping of polarized BEC membranes and their intracellular endosomal compartments has led to an improved understanding of the processes leading to internalization and transport of various classes of molecules across the BBB. Quantitative proteomic methods have further enabled absolute and comparative quantification of key BBB transporters and receptors in isolated BEC and microvessels from various species. However, translational studies further require in vivo/in situ analyses of the proteins exposed on the luminal surface of BEC in vessels under various disease and treatment conditions. In vivo proteomics approaches, both profiling and quantitative, usually rely on ‘capturing’ luminally-exposed proteins after perfusion with chemical labeling reagents, followed by analysis with various mass spectrometry-based approaches. This manuscript reviews recent advances in proteomic analyses of luminal membranes of BEC in vitro and in vivo and their applications in translational studies focused on developing novel delivery methods across the BBB.
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16
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Investigation of the role and quantitative impact of breast cancer resistance protein on drug distribution into brain and CSF in rats. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2021; 42:100430. [PMID: 34896751 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2021.100430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) expressed in the blood-brain barrier plays a major role in limiting drug distribution into the central nervous system (CNS). However, functional involvement of BCRP in drug distribution into the brain and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) remains unclear. The aim of present study was to reveal the role and quantitative impact of BCRP on CNS distribution. The brain-to-plasma unbound concentration ratio (Kp,uu,brain) and CSF-to-plasma unbound concentration ratio (Kp,uu,CSF) values of BCRP-specific substrates were determined in rats. The Kp,uu,brain values decreased, as the in vitro BCRP corrected flux ratio (CFR) increased. The Kp,uu,CSF values of BCRP-specific substrates were greater than the Kp,uu,brain values. Increase in the Kp,uu,brain values induced by co-administration of BCRP inhibitor correlated with the in vitro BCRP CFR and were greater than the increase in Kp,uu,CSF values induced by BCRP inhibitor except nebicapone. The contribution of BCRP to the brain and CSF distribution of the dual P-glycoprotein/BCRP substrates, imatinib and prazosin, was similar to that of BCRP-specific substrates. Thus, we revealed that the impact of in vivo BCRP on CNS distribution is correlated with in vitro BCRP CFR, and that BCRP limits drug distribution into the brain more strongly than into the CSF.
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17
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Kido Y, Nanchi I, Fusamae Y, Matsuzaki T, Akazawa T, Sawada H, Iwasaki M, Nishida K, Tsuchiya E, Okuda T. Species difference in brain penetration of P-gp and BCRP substrates among monkey, dog and mouse. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2021; 42:100426. [PMID: 34974334 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2021.100426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The brain penetration of 19 drugs, including P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and/or breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) substrates, was compared among mice, cynomolgus monkeys and beagle dogs. The brain-to-plasma concentration ratios (Kp,brain) of the tested compounds in monkey and dog showed good correlation, whereas species differences were observed between non-rodents (monkey/dog) and rodents (mouse). In particular, the Kp,brain values of 7 compounds out of 12 P-gp substrates (Kp,brain ratio in P-gp knockout mice versus wild-type mice ≥3) in monkey and dog were more than three-fold higher than those in mice and a similar trend was observed in the brain-to-plasma unbound concentration ratios (Kp,uu,brain). The cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) drug concentrations (CCSF), a surrogate for unbound brain concentration (Cu,brain), were also compared between dog and monkey, and the CSF-to-plasma unbound concentration ratios (Kp,uu,CSF) of BCRP substrates in dog were notably higher than those in monkey, although non-bcrp substrates showed good correlation. Also, the Kp,uu,CSF values of BCRP substrates in dog were clearly higher than the Kp,uu,brain values, indicating that the dog CCSF of BCRP substrates was not suitable as a surrogate of Cu,brain. These observations should be useful when selecting the appropriate animal models for CNS drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuto Kido
- Laboratory for Drug Discovery and Development, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan.
| | - Isamu Nanchi
- Laboratory for Innovative Therapy Research, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan.
| | - Yasuyuki Fusamae
- Laboratory for Innovative Therapy Research, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan.
| | - Takanobu Matsuzaki
- Laboratory for Drug Discovery and Development, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan.
| | - Takanori Akazawa
- Laboratory for Drug Discovery and Development, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan.
| | - Hiromi Sawada
- Laboratory for Drug Discovery and Development, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan.
| | - Makoto Iwasaki
- Shionogi Techno Advance Research & Co., Ltd, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Kimiko Nishida
- Shionogi Techno Advance Research & Co., Ltd, Osaka, Japan.
| | | | - Tomohiko Okuda
- Laboratory for Innovative Therapy Research, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan.
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18
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A Bidirectional Permeability Assay for beyond Rule of 5 Compounds. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13081146. [PMID: 34452112 PMCID: PMC8400635 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13081146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Bidirectional permeability measurement with cellular models grown on Transwell inserts is widely used in pharmaceutical research since it not only provides information about the passive permeability of a drug, but also about transport proteins involved in the active transport of drug substances across physiological barriers. With the increasing number of investigative drugs coming from chemical space beyond Lipinski’s Rule of 5, it becomes more and more challenging to provide meaningful data with the standard permeability assay. This is exemplified here by the difficulties we encountered with the cyclic depsipeptides emodepside and its close analogs with molecular weight beyond 1000 daltons and cLogP beyond 5. The aim of this study is to identify potential reasons for these challenges and modify the permeability assays accordingly. With the modified assay, intrinsic permeability and in vitro efflux of depsipeptides could be measured reliably. The improved correlation to in vivo bioavailability and tissue distribution data indicated the usefulness of the modified permeability assay for the in vitro screening of compounds beyond the Rule of 5.
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Ganguly S, Finkelstein D, Shaw TI, Michalek RD, Zorn KM, Ekins S, Yasuda K, Fukuda Y, Schuetz JD, Mukherjee K, Schuetz EG. Metabolomic and transcriptomic analysis reveals endogenous substrates and metabolic adaptation in rats lacking Abcg2 and Abcb1a transporters. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0253852. [PMID: 34255797 PMCID: PMC8277073 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0253852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abcg2/Bcrp and Abcb1a/Pgp are xenobiotic efflux transporters limiting substrate permeability in the gastrointestinal system and brain, and increasing renal and hepatic drug clearance. The systemic impact of Bcrp and Pgp ablation on metabolic homeostasis of endogenous substrates is incompletely understood. We performed untargeted metabolomics of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma, transcriptomics of brain, liver and kidney from male Sprague Dawley rats (WT) and Bcrp/Pgp double knock-out (dKO) rats, and integrated metabolomic/transcriptomic analysis to identify putative substrates and perturbations in canonical metabolic pathways. A predictive Bayesian machine learning model was used to predict in silico those metabolites with greater substrate-like features for either transporters. The CSF and plasma levels of 169 metabolites, nutrients, signaling molecules, antioxidants and lipids were significantly altered in dKO rats, compared to WT rats. These metabolite changes suggested alterations in histidine, branched chain amino acid, purine and pyrimidine metabolism in the dKO rats. Levels of methylated and sulfated metabolites and some primary bile acids were increased in dKO CSF or plasma. Elevated uric acid levels appeared to be a primary driver of changes in purine and pyrimidine biosynthesis. Alterations in Bcrp/Pgp dKO CSF levels of antioxidants, precursors of neurotransmitters, and uric acid suggests the transporters may contribute to the regulation of a healthy central nervous system in rats. Microbiome-generated metabolites were found to be elevated in dKO rat plasma and CSF. The altered dKO metabolome appeared to cause compensatory transcriptional change in urate biosynthesis and response to lipopolysaccharide in brain, oxidation-reduction processes and response to oxidative stress and porphyrin biosynthesis in kidney, and circadian rhythm genes in liver. These findings present insight into endogenous functions of Bcrp and Pgp, the impact that transporter substrates, inhibitors or polymorphisms may have on metabolism, how transporter inhibition could rewire drug sensitivity indirectly through metabolic changes, and identify functional Bcrp biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samit Ganguly
- Cancer & Developmental Biology Track, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - David Finkelstein
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Timothy I. Shaw
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | | | - Kimberly M. Zorn
- Collaborations Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Sean Ekins
- Collaborations Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kazuto Yasuda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Yu Fukuda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - John D. Schuetz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Kamalika Mukherjee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Erin G. Schuetz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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20
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Terasaki T. [Development of Novel Methodology and Its Application for Clarifying the Transport Function of the Blood-brain Barrier]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2021; 141:447-462. [PMID: 33790111 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.20-00232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) consists of brain capillary endothelial cells linked by tight junctions and serves to regulate the transfer of endogenous compounds and xenobiotics between the circulating blood and brain interstitial fluid. We have developed a methodology to characterize brain-to-blood efflux transport in vivo, using the Brain Efflux Index and an in vitro culture model of the BBB, i.e., a conditionally immortalized cell line of the neurovascular unit. Employing these methods, we showed that the BBB plays an important role in protecting the brain by transporting neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, metabolites, uremic toxins, and xenobiotics together with atrial natriuretic peptide from the brain interstitial fluid to the circulating blood. We also developed a highly selective, sensitive LC-MS/MS method for simultaneous protein quantification. We found significant species differences in the expression amounts of various BBB transporter proteins among mice, rats, marmosets, cynomolgus monkeys, and humans. Among transporter proteins at the BBB, multidrug resistance protein 1 (Mdr1/Abcb1) is known to generate a concentration gradient of unbound substrate drugs between the blood and brain. Based on measurements of the intrinsic efflux transport rate of Mdr1 and the protein expression amounts of Mdr1 in mouse brain capillaries and Mdr1-expressing cell lines, we predicted the unbound drug concentration gradients of 7 drugs in the mouse brain in vivo. This was the first successful prediction of in vivo drug transport activity from in vitro experimental data and transporter protein concentration in tissues. This methodology and findings should greatly advance central nervous system barrier research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Terasaki
- Membrane Transport and Drug Targeing Laboratory, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University
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21
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Wu T, Xi X, Chen Y, Jiang C, Zhang Q, Dai G, Bai Y, Zhang W, Ni T, Zou J, Ju W, Xu M. Absolute protein assay for the simultaneous quantification of two epoxide hydrolases in rats by mass spectrometry-based targeted proteomics. J Sep Sci 2021; 44:2754-2763. [PMID: 34008891 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Epoxide hydrolases catalyze the hydrolysis of both exogenous and endogenous epoxides to the corresponding vicinal diols by adding water. Microsomal and soluble epoxide hydrolase are two main mammalian enzymes that have been intensely characterized. The purpose of this investigation was to develop and validate a proteomics assay allowing the simultaneous quantification of microsomal and soluble epoxide hydrolase in rats. Protein quantification was realized through targeted proteomics using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of trypsin-specific surrogate peptides after digestion. Stable isotope-labeled peptides were used as the internal standards. The chromatography of the surrogate peptides was performed on an Agilent SB C18 column (100 mm × 4.6 mm, 1.8 µm) with gradient elution. Acetonitrile containing 0.1% formic acid and 0.1% formic acid aqueous solution were used as mobile phases. A multiple reaction monitoring method in a positive ionization mode was used for the simultaneous detection of the peptides. The method was validated concerning the specificity, linearity, within-day and between-day accuracy and precision, matrix effect, stability, and digestion efficiency. The developed assay was successfully used to quantify the protein levels of microsomal and soluble epoxide hydrolase in rat liver, kidney, and heart S9 samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyun Xi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Chao Jiang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Guoliang Dai
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Yongtao Bai
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - Weidong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changzhou, P. R. China
| | - Ting Ni
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Jiandong Zou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Wenzheng Ju
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Meijuan Xu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, P. R. China
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22
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Schäfer AM, Meyer zu Schwabedissen HE, Grube M. Expression and Function of Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptides in the Human Brain: Physiological and Pharmacological Implications. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13060834. [PMID: 34199715 PMCID: PMC8226904 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13060834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) is an important pharmacological target, but it is very effectively protected by the blood–brain barrier (BBB), thereby impairing the efficacy of many potential active compounds as they are unable to cross this barrier. Among others, membranous efflux transporters like P-Glycoprotein are involved in the integrity of this barrier. In addition to these, however, uptake transporters have also been found to selectively uptake certain compounds into the CNS. These transporters are localized in the BBB as well as in neurons or in the choroid plexus. Among them, from a pharmacological point of view, representatives of the organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs) are of particular interest, as they mediate the cellular entry of a variety of different pharmaceutical compounds. Thus, OATPs in the BBB potentially offer the possibility of CNS targeting approaches. For these purposes, a profound understanding of the expression and localization of these transporters is crucial. This review therefore summarizes the current state of knowledge of the expression and localization of OATPs in the CNS, gives an overview of their possible physiological role, and outlines their possible pharmacological relevance using selected examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anima M. Schäfer
- Biopharmacy, Department Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland; (A.M.S.); (H.E.M.z.S.)
| | - Henriette E. Meyer zu Schwabedissen
- Biopharmacy, Department Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland; (A.M.S.); (H.E.M.z.S.)
| | - Markus Grube
- Center of Drug Absorption and Transport (C_DAT), Department of Pharmacology, University Medicine of Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +49-3834-865636
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23
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Sun A, Wang J. Choroid Plexus and Drug Removal Mechanisms. AAPS JOURNAL 2021; 23:61. [PMID: 33942198 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-021-00587-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Timely and efficient removal of xenobiotics and metabolites from the brain is crucial in maintaining the homeostasis and normal function of the brain. The choroid plexus (CP) forms the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier and vitally removes drugs and wastes from the brain through several co-existing clearance mechanisms. The CP epithelial (CPE) cells synthesize and secrete the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). As the CSF passes through the ventricular and subarachnoid spaces and eventually drains into the general circulation, it collects and removes drugs, toxins, and metabolic wastes from the brain. This bulk flow of the CSF serves as a default and non-selective pathway for the removal of solutes and macromolecules from the brain interstitium. Besides clearance by CSF bulk flow, the CPE cells express several multispecific membrane transporters to actively transport substrates from the CSF side into the blood side. In addition, several phase I and II drug-metabolizing enzymes are expressed in the CPE cells, which enzymatically inactivate a broad spectrum of reactive or toxic substances. This review summarizes our current knowledge of the functional characteristics and key contributors to the various clearance pathways in the CP-CSF system, overviewing recent developments in our understanding of CSF flow dynamics and the functional roles of CP uptake and efflux transporters in influencing CSF drug concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Health Science Building Room H-272J, Box 357610, Seattle, Washington, 98195-7610, USA
| | - Joanne Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Health Science Building Room H-272J, Box 357610, Seattle, Washington, 98195-7610, USA.
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24
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Martinez MN, Mochel JP, Neuhoff S, Pade D. Comparison of Canine and Human Physiological Factors: Understanding Interspecies Differences that Impact Drug Pharmacokinetics. AAPS JOURNAL 2021; 23:59. [PMID: 33907906 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-021-00590-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This review is a summary of factors affecting the drug pharmacokinetics (PK) of dogs versus humans. Identifying these interspecies differences can facilitate canine-human PK extrapolations while providing mechanistic insights into species-specific drug in vivo behavior. Such a cross-cutting perspective can be particularly useful when developing therapeutics targeting diseases shared between the two species such as cancer, diabetes, cognitive dysfunction, and inflammatory bowel disease. Furthermore, recognizing these differences also supports a reverse PK extrapolations from humans to dogs. To appreciate the canine-human differences that can affect drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination, this review provides a comparison of the physiology, drug transporter/enzyme location, abundance, activity, and specificity between dogs and humans. Supplemental material provides an in-depth discussion of certain topics, offering additional critical points to consider. Based upon an assessment of available state-of-the-art information, data gaps were identified. The hope is that this manuscript will encourage the research needed to support an understanding of similarities and differences in human versus canine drug PK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn N Martinez
- Office of New Animal Drug Evaluation, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, Maryland, 20855, USA.
| | - Jonathan P Mochel
- SMART Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011, USA
| | - Sibylle Neuhoff
- Certara UK Limited, Simcyp Division, 1 Concourse Way, Sheffield, S1 2BJ, UK
| | - Devendra Pade
- Certara UK Limited, Simcyp Division, 1 Concourse Way, Sheffield, S1 2BJ, UK
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25
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Neuropharmacokinetic visualization of regional and subregional unbound antipsychotic drug transport across the blood-brain barrier. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:7732-7745. [PMID: 34480089 PMCID: PMC8872980 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01267-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Comprehensive determination of the extent of drug transport across the region-specific blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a major challenge in preclinical studies. Multiple approaches are needed to determine the regional free (unbound) drug concentration at which a drug engages with its therapeutic target. We present an approach that merges in vivo and in vitro neuropharmacokinetic investigations with mass spectrometry imaging to quantify and visualize both the extent of unbound drug BBB transport and the post-BBB cerebral distribution of drugs at regional and subregional levels. Direct imaging of the antipsychotic drugs risperidone, clozapine, and olanzapine using this approach enabled differentiation of regional and subregional BBB transport characteristics at 20-µm resolution in small brain regions, which could not be achieved by other means. Our approach allows investigation of heterogeneity in BBB transport and presents new possibilities for molecular psychiatrists by facilitating interpretation of regional target-site exposure results and decision-making.
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26
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Pardridge WM. Brain Delivery of Nanomedicines: Trojan Horse Liposomes for Plasmid DNA Gene Therapy of the Brain. FRONTIERS IN MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY 2020; 2:602236. [PMID: 35047884 PMCID: PMC8757841 DOI: 10.3389/fmedt.2020.602236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-viral gene therapy of the brain is enabled by the development of plasmid DNA brain delivery technology, which requires the engineering and manufacturing of nanomedicines that cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The development of such nanomedicines is a multi-faceted problem that requires progress at multiple levels. First, the type of nanocontainer, e.g., nanoparticle or liposome, which encapsulates the plasmid DNA, must be developed. Second, the type of molecular Trojan horse, e.g., peptide or receptor-specific monoclonal antibody (MAb), must be selected for incorporation on the surface of the nanomedicine, as this Trojan horse engages specific receptors expressed on the BBB, and the brain cell membrane, to trigger transport of the nanomedicine from blood into brain cells beyond the BBB. Third, the plasmid DNA must be engineered without bacterial elements, such as antibiotic resistance genes, to enable administration to humans; the plasmid DNA must also be engineered with tissue-specific gene promoters upstream of the therapeutic gene, to insure gene expression in the target organ with minimal off-target expression. Fourth, upstream manufacturing of the nanomedicine must be developed and scalable so as to meet market demand for the target disease, e.g., annual long-term treatment of 1,000 patients with an orphan disease, short term treatment of 10,000 patients with malignant glioma, or 100,000 patients with new onset Parkinson's disease. Fifth, downstream manufacturing problems, such as nanomedicine lyophilization, must be solved to ensure the nanomedicine has a commercially viable shelf-life for treatment of CNS disease in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Pardridge
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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27
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Pardridge WM. Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease and Blood-Brain Barrier Drug Delivery. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:E394. [PMID: 33207605 PMCID: PMC7697739 DOI: 10.3390/ph13110394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the enormity of the societal and health burdens caused by Alzheimer's disease (AD), there have been no FDA approvals for new therapeutics for AD since 2003. This profound lack of progress in treatment of AD is due to dual problems, both related to the blood-brain barrier (BBB). First, 98% of small molecule drugs do not cross the BBB, and ~100% of biologic drugs do not cross the BBB, so BBB drug delivery technology is needed in AD drug development. Second, the pharmaceutical industry has not developed BBB drug delivery technology, which would enable industry to invent new therapeutics for AD that actually penetrate into brain parenchyma from blood. In 2020, less than 1% of all AD drug development projects use a BBB drug delivery technology. The pathogenesis of AD involves chronic neuro-inflammation, the progressive deposition of insoluble amyloid-beta or tau aggregates, and neural degeneration. New drugs that both attack these multiple sites in AD, and that have been coupled with BBB drug delivery technology, can lead to new and effective treatments of this serious disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Pardridge
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
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28
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Rosa B. Equine Drug Transporters: A Mini-Review and Veterinary Perspective. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12111064. [PMID: 33171593 PMCID: PMC7695171 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12111064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Xenobiotic transport proteins play an important role in determining drug disposition and pharmacokinetics. Our understanding of the role of these important proteins in humans and pre-clinical animal species has increased substantially over the past few decades, and has had an important impact on human medicine; however, veterinary medicine has not benefitted from the same quantity of research into drug transporters in species of veterinary interest. Differences in transporter expression cause difficulties in extrapolation of drug pharmacokinetic parameters between species, and lack of knowledge of species-specific transporter distribution and function can lead to drug–drug interactions and adverse effects. Horses are one species in which little is known about drug transport and transporter protein expression. The purpose of this mini-review is to stimulate interest in equine drug transport proteins and comparative transporter physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brielle Rosa
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, TRW 2D01, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4Z6, Canada
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Achour B, Al-Majdoub ZM, Rostami-Hodjegan A, Barber J. Mass Spectrometry of Human Transporters. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2020; 13:223-247. [PMID: 32084322 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-091719-024553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Transporters are key to understanding how an individual will respond to a particular dose of a drug. Two patients with similar systemic concentrations may have quite different local concentrations of a drug at the required site. The transporter profile of any individual depends upon a variety of genetic and environmental factors, including genotype, age, and diet status. Robust models (virtual patients) are therefore required and these models are data hungry. Necessary data include quantitative transporter profiles at the relevant organ. Liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) is currently the most powerful method available for obtaining this information. Challenges include sourcing the tissue, isolating the hydrophobic membrane-embedded transporter proteins, preparing the samples for MS (including proteolytic digestion), choosing appropriate quantification methodology, and optimizing the LC-MS/MS conditions. Great progress has been made with all of these, especially within the last few years, and is discussed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brahim Achour
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom;
| | - Zubida M Al-Majdoub
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom;
| | - Amin Rostami-Hodjegan
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom;
- Certara, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA
| | - Jill Barber
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom;
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30
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Copeland C, Stabenfeldt SE. Leveraging the Dynamic Blood-Brain Barrier for Central Nervous System Nanoparticle-based Drug Delivery Applications. CURRENT OPINION IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2020; 14:1-8. [PMID: 32432210 PMCID: PMC7236638 DOI: 10.1016/j.cobme.2020.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Neurological diseases and injuries have profound impact on a patient's lifespan and functional capabilities, but often lack effective intervention strategies to address the underlying neuropathology. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a major hurdle in the effective delivery of therapeutics to the brain. Recent discoveries in BBB maintenance reveal a dynamic system where time of day, disease progression, and even biological variables all strongly influence its permeability and flux of molecules. Nanoparticles can be used to improve the efficacy of therapeutics by increasing circulation time, bioavailability, selectivity, and controlling the rate of payload release. Considering these recent findings, the next generation of pharmacological paradigms are evolving to leverage nanotechnology to turn therapeutic intervention to meet the needs of a specific patient (i.e. personalized medicine).
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor Copeland
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ
| | - Sarah E Stabenfeldt
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ
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31
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Pardridge WM. The Isolated Brain Microvessel: A Versatile Experimental Model of the Blood-Brain Barrier. Front Physiol 2020; 11:398. [PMID: 32457645 PMCID: PMC7221163 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A versatile experimental model for the investigation of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), including the neuro-vascular unit, is the isolated brain microvessel preparation. Brain microvessels are primarily comprised of endothelial cells, but also include pericytes, pre-capillary arteriolar smooth muscle cells, astrocyte foot processes, and occasional nerve endings. These microvessels can be isolated from brain with a 3 h procedure, and the microvessels are free of brain parenchyma. Brain microvessels have been isolated from fresh animal brain, fresh human brain obtained at neurosurgery, as well as fresh or frozen autopsy human brain. Brain microvessels are the starting point for isolation of brain microvessel RNA, which then enables the production of BBB cDNA libraries and a genomics analysis of the brain microvasculature. Brain microvessels, combined with quantitative targeted absolute proteomics, allow for the quantitation of specific transporters or receptors expressed at the brain microvasculature. Brain microvessels, combined with specific antibodies and immune labeling of isolated capillaries, allow for the cellular location of proteins expressed within the neuro-vascular unit. Isolated brain microvessels can be used as an “in vitro” preparation of the BBB for the study of the kinetic parameters of BBB carrier-mediated transport (CMT) systems, or for the determination of dissociation constants of peptide binding to BBB receptor-mediated transport (RMT) systems expressed at either the animal or the human BBB. This review will discuss how the isolated brain microvessel model system has advanced our understanding of the organization and functional properties of the BBB, and highlight recent renewed interest in this 50 year old model of the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Pardridge
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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32
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Pardridge WM. Blood-Brain Barrier and Delivery of Protein and Gene Therapeutics to Brain. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 11:373. [PMID: 31998120 PMCID: PMC6966240 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and treatment of the brain in aging require the development of new biologic drugs, such as recombinant proteins or gene therapies. Biologics are large molecule therapeutics that do not cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). BBB drug delivery is the limiting factor in the future development of new therapeutics for the brain. The delivery of recombinant protein or gene medicines to the brain is a binary process: either the brain drug developer re-engineers the biologic with BBB drug delivery technology, or goes forward with brain drug development in the absence of a BBB delivery platform. The presence of BBB delivery technology allows for engineering the therapeutic to enable entry into the brain across the BBB from blood. Brain drug development may still take place in the absence of BBB delivery technology, but with a reliance on approaches that have rarely led to FDA approval, e.g., CSF injection, stem cells, small molecules, and others. CSF injection of drug is the most widely practiced approach to brain delivery that bypasses the BBB. However, drug injection into the CSF results in limited drug penetration to the brain parenchyma, owing to the rapid export of CSF from the brain to blood. A CSF injection of a drug is equivalent to a slow intravenous (IV) infusion of the pharmaceutical. Given the profound effect the existence of the BBB has on brain drug development, future drug or gene development for the brain will be accelerated by future advances in BBB delivery technology in parallel with new drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Pardridge
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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33
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Loryan I, Hammarlund-Udenaes M, Syvänen S. Brain Distribution of Drugs: Pharmacokinetic Considerations. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2020; 273:121-150. [PMID: 33258066 DOI: 10.1007/164_2020_405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
It is crucial to understand the basic principles of drug transport, from the site of delivery to the site of action within the CNS, in order to evaluate the possible utility of a new drug candidate for CNS action, or possible CNS side effects of non-CNS targeting drugs. This includes pharmacokinetic aspects of drug concentration-time profiles in plasma and brain, blood-brain barrier transport and drug distribution within the brain parenchyma as well as elimination processes from the brain. Knowledge of anatomical and physiological aspects connected with drug delivery is crucial in this context. The chapter is intended for professionals working in the field of CNS drug development and summarizes key pharmacokinetic principles and state-of-the-art experimental methodologies to assess brain drug disposition. Key parameters, describing the extent of unbound (free) drug across brain barriers, in particular blood-brain and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barriers, are presented along with their application in drug development. Special emphasis is given to brain intracellular pharmacokinetics and its role in evaluating target engagement. Fundamental neuropharmacokinetic differences between small molecular drugs and biologicals are discussed and critical knowledge gaps are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Loryan
- Translational PKPD Group, Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | | | - Stina Syvänen
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences/Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala, Sweden
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34
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Muscle to Brain Partitioning as Measure of Transporter-Mediated Efflux at the Rat Blood-Brain Barrier and Its Implementation into Compound Optimization in Drug Discovery. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11110595. [PMID: 31718023 PMCID: PMC6920949 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11110595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Movement of xenobiotic substances across the blood–brain barrier (BBB) is tightly regulated by various transporter proteins, especially the efflux transporters P-glycoprotein (P-gp/MDR1) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP). Avoiding drug efflux at the BBB is a unique challenge for the development of new central nervous system (CNS) drugs. Drug efflux at the BBB is described by the partition coefficient of unbound drug between brain and plasma (Kp,uu,brain) which is typically obtained from in vivo and often additionally in vitro measurements. Here, we describe a new method for the rapid estimation of the in vivo drug efflux at the BBB of rats: the measurement of the partition coefficient of a drug between brain and skeletal muscle (Kp,brain/muscle). Assuming a closely similar distribution of drugs into the brain and muscle and that the efflux transporters are only expressed in the brain, Kp,brain/muscle, similar to Kp,uu,brain, reflects the efflux at the BBB. The new method requires a single in vivo experiment. For 64 compounds from different research programs, we show the comparability to other approaches used to obtain Kp,uu,brain. P-gp- and BCRP-overexpressing cell systems are valuable in vitro tools for prescreening. Drug efflux at the BBB can be most accurately predicted based on a simple algorithm incorporating data from both in vitro assays. In conclusion, the combined use of our new in vivo method and the in vitro tools allows an efficient screening method in drug discovery with respect to efflux at the BBB.
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35
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Erdő F, Krajcsi P. Age-Related Functional and Expressional Changes in Efflux Pathways at the Blood-Brain Barrier. Front Aging Neurosci 2019; 11:196. [PMID: 31417399 PMCID: PMC6682691 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last decade, several articles have reported a relationship between advanced age and changes in the integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). These changes were manifested not only in the morphology and structure of the cerebral microvessels but also in the expression and function of the transporter proteins in the luminal and basolateral surfaces of the capillary endothelial cells. Age-associated downregulation of the efflux pumps ATP-binding cassette transporters (ABC transporters) resulted in increased permeability and greater brain exposure to different xenobiotics and their possible toxicity. In age-related neurodegenerative pathologies like Alzheimer's disease (AD), the amyloid-β (Aβ) clearance decreased due to P-glycoprotein (P-gp) dysfunction, leading to higher brain exposure. In stroke, however, an enhanced P-gp function was reported in the cerebral capillaries, making it even more difficult to perform effective neuroprotective therapy in the infarcted brain area. This mini-review article focuses on the efflux functions of the transporters and receptors of the BBB in age-related brain pathologies and also in healthy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franciska Erdő
- Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Krajcsi
- Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary.,Solvo Biotechnology, A Charles River Company, Budapest, Hungary.,Faculty of Health Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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36
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Baader-Pagler T, Eckhardt M, Himmelsbach F, Sauer A, Stierstorfer BE, Hamilton BS. SGLT6 - A pharmacological target for the treatment of obesity? Adipocyte 2018; 7:277-284. [PMID: 30161013 DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2018.1516098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite increased knowledge of nutrient intake regulation and energy homeostasis, treatment options for obesity remain limited. Food reward consists of two branches: gustatory and post-ingestive nutritive information. Drosophila lacking dSLC5A11 (sodium/glucose cotransporter 6-SGLT6) prefer L-glucose over D-glucose independently of their state of satiety. Human SGLT6 is an active transporter of myo-inositol and D-glucose. We investigated expression of SGLT6 in human tissue and found a significant expression in the small intestine and brain. The preference between a metabolizable and a non-metabolizable sugar was tested in 3 mouse models with a selective and potent SGLT6 inhibitor. No influence on sugar preference was seen with SGLT6 inhibition. These studies suggest that SGLT6 does not play a significant role in nutrient sensing in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Baader-Pagler
- CardioMetabolic Diseases Research, Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Matthias Eckhardt
- Medicinal Chemistry, Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Frank Himmelsbach
- Medicinal Chemistry, Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Achim Sauer
- Drug Discovery Sciences, Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Birgit E. Stierstorfer
- Drug Discovery Sciences, Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Bradford S. Hamilton
- CardioMetabolic Diseases Research, Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
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37
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Liu H, Dong K, Zhang W, Summerfield SG, Terstappen GC. Prediction of brain:blood unbound concentration ratios in CNS drug discovery employing in silico and in vitro model systems. Drug Discov Today 2018; 23:1357-1372. [PMID: 29548981 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Recent years have seen a paradigm shift away from optimizing the brain:blood concentration ratio toward the more relevant brain:blood unbound concentration ratio (Kp,uu,br) in CNS drug discovery. Here, we review the recent developments in the in silico and in vitro model systems to predict the Kp,uu,br of discovery compounds with special emphasis on the in-vitro-in-vivo correlation. We also discuss clinical 'translation' of rodent Kp,uu,br and highlight the future directions for improvement in brain penetration prediction. Important in this regard are in silico Kp,uu,br models built on larger datasets of high quality, calibration and deeper understanding of experimental in vitro transporter systems, and better understanding of blood-brain barrier transporters and their in vivo relevance aside from P-gp and BCRP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houfu Liu
- Platform Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline R&D Center, Shanghai, China.
| | - Kelly Dong
- Platform Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline R&D Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Wandong Zhang
- Platform Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline R&D Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Scott G Summerfield
- Bioanalysis, Immunogenicity and Biomarker, Platform Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline, Ware, UK
| | - Georg C Terstappen
- Platform Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline R&D Center, Shanghai, China
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38
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Zhang Z, Tachikawa M, Uchida Y, Terasaki T. Drug Clearance from Cerebrospinal Fluid Mediated by Organic Anion Transporters 1 (Slc22a6) and 3 (Slc22a8) at Arachnoid Membrane of Rats. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:911-922. [PMID: 29436232 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Although arachnoid mater epithelial cells form the blood-arachnoid barrier (BAB), acting as a blood-CSF interface, it has been generally considered that the BAB is impermeable to water-soluble substances and plays a largely passive role. Here, we aimed to clarify the function of transporters at the BAB in regulating CSF clearance of water-soluble organic anion drugs based on quantitative targeted absolute proteomics (QTAP) and in vivo analyses. Protein expression levels of 61 molecules, including 19 ATP-binding-cassette (ABC) transporters and 32 solute-carrier (SLC) transporters, were measured in plasma membrane fraction of rat leptomeninges using QTAP. Thirty-three proteins were detected; others were under the quantification limits. Expression levels of multidrug resistance protein 1 (Mdr1a/P-gp/Abcb1a) and breast cancer resistance protein (Bcrp/Abcg2) were 16.6 and 3.27 fmol/μg protein (51.9- and 9.82-fold greater than in choroid plexus, respectively). Among those organic anion transporters detected only at leptomeninges, not choroid plexus, organic anion transporter 1 (oat1/Slc22a6) showed the greatest expression (2.73 fmol/μg protein). On the other hand, the protein expression level of oat3 at leptomeninges was 6.65 fmol/μg protein, and the difference from choroid plexus was within two-fold. To investigate oat1's role, we injected para-aminohippuric acid (PAH) with or without oat1 inhibitors into cisterna magna (to minimize the contribution of choroid plexus function) of rats. A bulk flow marker, FITC-inulin, was not taken up from CSF up to 15 min, whereas uptake clearance of PAH was 26.5 μL/min. PAH uptake was completely blocked by 3 mM cephalothin (inhibits both oat1 and oat3), while 17% of PAH uptake was inhibited by 0.2 mM cephalothin (selectively inhibits oat3). These results indicate that oat1 and oat3 at the BAB provide a distinct clearance pathway of organic anion drugs from CSF independently of choroid plexus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyu Zhang
- Division of Membrane Transport and Drug Targeting, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Tohoku University , Sendai 980-8578 , Japan
| | - Masanori Tachikawa
- Division of Membrane Transport and Drug Targeting, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Tohoku University , Sendai 980-8578 , Japan
| | - Yasuo Uchida
- Division of Membrane Transport and Drug Targeting, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Tohoku University , Sendai 980-8578 , Japan
| | - Tetsuya Terasaki
- Division of Membrane Transport and Drug Targeting, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Tohoku University , Sendai 980-8578 , Japan
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Progress in brain barriers and brain fluid research in 2017. Fluids Barriers CNS 2018; 15:6. [PMID: 29391031 PMCID: PMC5796342 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-018-0091-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The past year, 2017, has seen many important papers published in the fields covered by Fluids and Barriers of the CNS. This article from the Editors highlights some.
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