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Omar AM, Abdulmalik O, El-Say KM, Ghatge MS, Cyril-Olutayo M, Paredes S, Al-Awadh M, El-Araby ME, Safo MK. Targeted modification of furan-2-carboxaldehydes into Michael acceptor analogs yielded long-acting hemoglobin modulators with dual antisickling activities. Chem Biol Drug Des 2024; 103:e14371. [PMID: 37798397 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.14371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Sickle cell disease (SCD) is the most common genetic disorder, affecting millions of people worldwide. Aromatic aldehydes, which increase the oxygen affinity of human hemoglobin to prevent polymerization of sickle hemoglobin and inhibit red blood cell (RBC) sickling, have been the subject of keen interest for the development of effective treatment against SCD. However, the aldehyde functional group metabolic instability has severly hampered their development, except for voxelotor, which was approved in 2019 for SCD treatment. To improve the metabolic stability of aromatic aldehydes, we designed and synthesized novel molecules by incorporating Michael acceptor reactive centers into the previously clinically studied aromatic aldehyde, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF). Eight such derivatives, referred to as MMA compounds were synthesized and studied for their functional and biological activities. Unlike 5-HMF, which forms Schiff-base interaction with αVal1 nitrogen of hemoglobin, the MMA compounds covalently interacted with βCys93, as evidenced by reverse-phase HPLC and disulfide exchange reaction, explaining their RBC sickling inhibitory activities, which at 2 mM and 5 mM, range from 0% to 21% and 9% to 64%, respectively. Additionally, the MMA compounds showed a second mechanism of sickling inhibition (12%-41% and 13%-62% at 2 mM and 5 mM, respectively) by directly destabilizing the sickle hemoglobin polymer. In vitro studies demonstrated sustained pharmacologic activities of the compounds compared to 5-HMF. These findings hold promise for advancing SCD therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelsattar M Omar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Center for Artificial Intelligence in Precision Medicines, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Osheiza Abdulmalik
- Division of Hematology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Khalid M El-Say
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohini S Ghatge
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Mojisola Cyril-Olutayo
- Division of Hematology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Steven Paredes
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Mohammed Al-Awadh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Moustafa E El-Araby
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Center for Artificial Intelligence in Precision Medicines, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Martin K Safo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
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2
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Ghahramani F, Meyer M, Unone S, Janssen-Müller D. Pd-Catalyzed Activation of Carbon-Carbon Bonds in Hydroxymethylfurfural Derivatives. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302038. [PMID: 37449730 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Palladium-catalyzed activation of C-C bonds in organic molecules is a powerful tool for the synthesis of value-added compounds. 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) derivatives are a promising class of biomass-derived chemicals that have received considerable attention due to their potential applications in the synthesis of biologically active molecules and materials. However, the selective activation of unstrained C-C bonds is a challenging task, mainly due to their relatively high bond dissociation energies. Herein, we report a palladium-catalyzed method for the efficient C-C bond activation of HMF derivatives, enabling their arylation with iodobenzenes. Mechanistic studies, including reaction-profile analysis, competition experiments and head-space IR spectroscopy suggest a decarboxylative mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Ghahramani
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstr. 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Malte Meyer
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstr. 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Shreya Unone
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstr. 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Daniel Janssen-Müller
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstr. 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
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3
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Donkor AK, Pagare PP, Mughram MHAL, Safo MK. X-ray crystallography and sickle cell disease drug discovery-a tribute to Donald Abraham. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1136970. [PMID: 37293554 PMCID: PMC10244664 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1136970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
X-ray crystallography and structure-based drug discovery have played a major role in the discovery of antisickling agents that target hemoglobin (Hb) for the treatment of sickle cell disease (SCD). Sickle cell disease, the most common inherited hematologic disorder, occurs as a result of a single point mutation of βGlu6 in normal human adult hemoglobin (HbA) to βVal6 in sickle hemoglobin (HbS). The disease is characterized by polymerization of HbS and sickling of red blood cells (RBCs), leading to several secondary pathophysiologies, including but not limited to vaso-occlusion, hemolytic anemia, oxidative stress, inflammation, stroke, pain crisis, and organ damage. Despite the fact that SCD was the first disease to have its molecular basis established, the development of therapies was for a very long time a challenge and took several decades to find therapeutic agents. The determination of the crystal structure of Hb by Max Perutz in the early 60s, and the pioneering X-ray crystallography research by Donald J. Abraham in the early 80s, which resulted in the first structures of Hb in complex with small molecule allosteric effectors of Hb, gave much hope that structure-based drug discovery (SBDD) could be used to accelerate development of antisickling drugs that target the primary pathophysiology of hypoxia-induced HbS polymerization to treat SCD. This article, which is dedicated to Donald J. Abraham, briefly reviews structural biology, X-ray crystallography and structure-based drug discovery from the perspective of Hb. The review also presents the impact of X-ray crystallography in SCD drug development using Hb as a target, emphasizing the major and important contributions by Don Abraham in this field.
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4
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Enakaya NA, Jefferson A, Chew-Martinez D, Matthews JS. Design, Synthesis, and Evaluation of Allosteric Effectors for Hemoglobin. Acc Chem Res 2023. [PMID: 36946781 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.2c00590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusSickle cell disease (SCD) is an inherited blood disorder caused by a point mutation in hemoglobin (Hb), the protein in the red blood cell (RBC) responsible for the transport of oxygen (O2) throughout the body. The mutation leads to the expression of sickle cell hemoglobin (HbS). Both Hb and HbS exist in equilibrium between oxygenated and deoxygenated forms; however, deoxygenated HbS can polymerize to form long fibers which distort the shape of RBCs into the characteristic sickled shape. The misshapen RBCs can obstruct blood vessels and capillaries, resulting in a vaso-occlusive crisis. Vaso-occulsion deprives tissues and organs of O2 and can cause intense pain which often results in hospitalization. Chronic organ damage is a major cause of reduced life expectancy for SCD patients.Allosteric effectors are molecules which regulate protein function. HbS allosteric effectors can be used to decrease polymerization by stabilizing the oxygenated form of HbS, which leads to an increase in O2 uptake and a decrease in the sickling of RBCs. Allosteric effectors that have been evaluated for the treatment of SCD include vanillin, 5-hydroxymethyl furfural (5-HMF), and voxelotor, which was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of SCD in 2019. 5-HMF did not progress to phase III clinical trials since it suffered from rapid metabolic degradation. However, several derivatives of 5-HMF and vanillin have been synthesized and evaluated as potential candidates for SCD treatment. Derivatives of these compounds have shown promise, but their shortcomings, such as high levels of oxidative metabolism, have prevented them from progressing into marketable drugs. Our efforts have produced multiple 5-HMF derivatives which have been evaluated for their potential to treat SCD. Each derivative was evaluated for its ability to increase O2 affinity (i.e., P50, the partial pressure at which hemoglobin is 50% saturated with O2). The synthesized aryl ether derivatives were evaluated, and results suggest that compounds with multiple aromatic aldehydes may have enhanced biological properties. One such derivative, compound 5, which features two furan aldehyde rings, exhibited increased O2 affinity (P50 = 8.82 ± 1.87 mmHg) over that of unmodified Hb (P50 = 13.67 ± 0.22 mmHg). Future studies include obtaining crystal structures of the 5-HMF derivatives complexed with HbS to confirm the protein-allosteric effector interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nyesa A Enakaya
- Department of Chemistry, Howard University, 525 College Street, NW, Washington, D.C. 20059, United States
| | - Aniah Jefferson
- Department of Chemistry, Howard University, 525 College Street, NW, Washington, D.C. 20059, United States
| | - Danielle Chew-Martinez
- Department of Chemistry, Howard University, 525 College Street, NW, Washington, D.C. 20059, United States
| | - Jason S Matthews
- Department of Chemistry, Howard University, 525 College Street, NW, Washington, D.C. 20059, United States
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5
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Bhat N, Yadav AK, Karmakar M, Thakur A, Mal SS, Dutta S. Preparation of 5-(Acyloxymethyl)furfurals from Carbohydrates Using Zinc Chloride/Acetic Acid Catalyst System and Their Synthetic Value Addition. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:8119-8124. [PMID: 36873025 PMCID: PMC9979359 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c00143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
5-(Acyloxymethyl)furfurals (AMFs) have received considerable attention as hydrophobic, stable, and halogen-free congeners of 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural (HMF) for synthesizing biofuels and biochemicals. In this work, AMFs have been prepared directly from carbohydrates in satisfactory yields using the combination of ZnCl2 as the Lewis acid catalyst and carboxylic acid as the Brønsted acid catalyst. The process was initially optimized for 5-(acetoxymethyl)furfural (AcMF) and then extended to producing other AMFs. The effects of reaction temperature, duration, loading of the substrate, and dosage of ZnCl2 on AcMF yield were explored. Fructose and glucose provided AcMF in 80% and 60% isolated yield, respectively, under optimized parameters (5 wt % substrate, AcOH, 4 equiv ZnCl2, 100 °C, 6 h). Finally, AcMF was converted into high-value chemicals, such as 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural, 2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)furan, 2,5-diformylfuran, levulinic acid, and 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid in satisfactory yields to demonstrate the synthetic versatility of AMFs as carbohydrate-derived renewable chemical platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navya
Subray Bhat
- Department
of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology
Karnataka (NITK), Surathkal, Mangalore 575025, Karnataka, India
| | - Abhishek Kumar Yadav
- Department
of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology
Karnataka (NITK), Surathkal, Mangalore 575025, Karnataka, India
| | - Manisha Karmakar
- Department
of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Arunabha Thakur
- Department
of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Sib Sankar Mal
- Department
of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology
Karnataka (NITK), Surathkal, Mangalore 575025, Karnataka, India
| | - Saikat Dutta
- Department
of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology
Karnataka (NITK), Surathkal, Mangalore 575025, Karnataka, India
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6
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Ali K, Panda G. Transition-Metal-Free Multicomponent Approach to the Regioselective Synthesis of Highly Substituted N-Alkylpyrazoles. Chem Asian J 2023; 18:e202201129. [PMID: 36585904 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202201129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
An efficient transition-metal-free multicomponent approach to the regioselective synthesis of highly substituted N-alkylpyrazoles through 1,6-addition of pyrazole (in situ generated from α,β-unsaturated aldehyde and hydrazide) to para-Quinone Methides has been developed. The N-alkylpyrazole containing triarylmethanes having several heteroaryl rings (quinoline, pyridine, thiophene) at the central methine carbon atom was developed. This chemical process may be used for large-scale synthesis and provides a novel way to produce triarylmethanes with diverse functional groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasim Ali
- Medicinal & Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Lucknow, 226031, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
| | - Gautam Panda
- Medicinal & Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Lucknow, 226031, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
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7
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Obtaining (5-formylfuran-2-yl)methyl 4-chlorobenzoate through an esterification of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural: Interesting achiral molecule crystallizing in a Sohncke P212121 space group. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.133713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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8
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Song A, Wen AQ, Wen YE, Dzieciatkowska M, Kellems RE, Juneja HS, D'Alessandro A, Xia Y. p97 dysfunction underlies a loss of quality control of damaged membrane proteins and promotes oxidative stress and sickling in sickle cell disease. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22246. [PMID: 35405035 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101500rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Sickling is the central pathogenic process of sickle cell disease (SCD), one of the most prevalent inherited hemolytic disorders. Having no easy access to antioxidants in the cytosol, elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) residing at the plasma membrane in sickle red blood cells (sRBCs) easily oxidize membrane proteins and thus contribute to sickling. Although the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) is essential to rapidly clear ROS-damaged membrane proteins and maintain cellular homeostasis, the function and regulatory mechanism of the UPS for their clearance in sRBCs remains unidentified. Elevated levels of polyubiquitinated membrane-associated proteins in human sRBCs are reported here. High throughput and untargeted proteomic analyses of membrane proteins immunoprecipitated by ubiquitin antibodies detected elevated levels of ubiquitination of a series of proteins including cytoskeletal proteins, transporters, ROS-related proteins, and UPS machinery components in sRBCs. Polyubiquitination of membrane-associated catalase was increased in sRBCs, associated with decreased catalase activity and elevated ROS. Surprisingly, shuttling of p97 (ATP-dependent valosin-containing chaperone protein), a key component of the UPS to shuttle polyubiquitinated proteins from the membrane to cytosol for proteasomal degradation, was significantly impaired, resulting in significant accumulation of p97 along with polyubiquitinated proteins in the membrane of human sRBCs. Functionally, inhibition of p97 directly promoted accumulation of polyubiquitinated membrane-associated proteins, excessive ROS levels, and sickling in response to hypoxia. Overall, we revealed that p97 dysfunction underlies impaired UPS and contributes to oxidative stress in sRBCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anren Song
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Alexander Q Wen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas, USA.,University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Y Edward Wen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas, USA.,University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Monika Dzieciatkowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Rodney E Kellems
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas, USA.,Graduate Program in Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Harinder S Juneja
- Department of Internal Medicine, Divison of Hematology, the University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Angelo D'Alessandro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Yang Xia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas, USA.,Graduate Program in Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas, USA
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9
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Chow PH, Cox CD, Pei JV, Anabaraonye N, Nourmohammadi S, Henderson SW, Martinac B, Abdulmalik O, Yool AJ. Inhibition of the Aquaporin-1 Cation Conductance by Selected Furan Compounds Reduces Red Blood Cell Sickling. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:794791. [PMID: 35111062 PMCID: PMC8801817 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.794791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In sickle cell disease (SCD), the pathological shift of red blood cells (RBCs) into distorted morphologies under hypoxic conditions follows activation of a cationic leak current (Psickle) and cell dehydration. Prior work showed sickling was reduced by 5-hydroxylmethyl-2-furfural (5-HMF), which stabilized mutant hemoglobin and also blocked the Psickle current in RBCs, though the molecular basis of this 5-HMF-sensitive cation current remained a mystery. Work here is the first to test the hypothesis that Aquaporin-1 (AQP1) cation channels contribute to the monovalent component of Psickle. Human AQP1 channels expressed in Xenopus oocytes were evaluated for sensitivity to 5-HMF and four derivatives known to have differential efficacies in preventing RBC sickling. Ion conductances were measured by two-electrode voltage clamp, and osmotic water permeability by optical swelling assays. Compounds tested were: 5-HMF; 5-PMFC (5-(phenoxymethyl)furan-2-carbaldehyde); 5-CMFC (5-(4-chlorophenoxymethyl)furan-2-carbaldehyde); 5-NMFC (5-(2-nitrophenoxymethyl)-furan-2-carbaldehyde); and VZHE006 (tert-butyl (5-formylfuran-2-yl)methyl carbonate). The most effective anti-sickling agent, 5-PMFC, was the most potent inhibitor of the AQP1 ion conductance (98% block at 100 µM). The order of sensitivity of the AQP1 conductance to inhibition was 5-PMFC > VZHE006 > 5-CMFC ≥ 5-NMFC, which corresponded with effectiveness in protecting RBCs from sickling. None of the compounds altered AQP1 water channel activity. Combined application of a selective AQP1 ion channel blocker AqB011 (80 µM) with a selective hemoglobin modifying agent 5-NMFC (2.5 mM) increased anti-sickling effectiveness in red blood cells from human SCD patients. Another non-selective cation channel known to be expressed in RBCs, Piezo1, was unaffected by 2 mM 5-HMF. Results suggest that inhibition of AQP1 ion channels and capacity to modify hemoglobin are combined features of the most effective anti-sickling agents. Future therapeutics aimed at both targets could hold promise for improved treatments for SCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pak Hin Chow
- Aquaporin Physiology and Drug Discovery Program, School of Biomedicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Charles D Cox
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Jinxin V Pei
- Research School of Biology, College of Science, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Nancy Anabaraonye
- Division of Hematology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Saeed Nourmohammadi
- Aquaporin Physiology and Drug Discovery Program, School of Biomedicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Sam W Henderson
- Aquaporin Physiology and Drug Discovery Program, School of Biomedicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Boris Martinac
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Osheiza Abdulmalik
- Division of Hematology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Andrea J Yool
- Aquaporin Physiology and Drug Discovery Program, School of Biomedicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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10
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Pagare PP, Rastegar A, Abdulmalik O, Omar AM, Zhang Y, Fleischman A, Safo MK. Modulating hemoglobin allostery for treatment of sickle cell disease: current progress and intellectual property. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2022; 32:115-130. [PMID: 34657559 PMCID: PMC8881396 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2022.1994945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a debilitating inherited disorder that affects millions worldwide. Four novel SCD therapeutics have been approved, including the hemoglobin (Hb) modulator Voxelotor. AREAS COVERED This review provides an overview of discovery efforts toward modulating Hb allosteric behavior as a treatment for SCD, with a focus on aromatic aldehydes that increase Hb oxygen affinity to prevent the primary pathophysiology of hypoxia-induce erythrocyte sickling. EXPERT OPINION The quest to develop small molecules, especially aromatic aldehydes, to modulate Hb allosteric properties for SCD began in the 1970s; however, early promise was dogged by concerns that stalled support for research efforts. Persistent efforts eventually culminated in the discovery of the anti-sickling agent 5-HMF in the 2000s, and reinvigorated interest that led to the discovery of vanillin analogs, including Voxelotor, the first FDA approved Hb modulator for the treatment of SCD. With burgeoning interest in the field of Hb modulation, there is a growing landscape of intellectual property, including drug candidates at various stages of preclinical and clinical investigations. Hb modulators could provide not only the best chance for a highly effective oral therapy for SCD, especially in the under-developed world, but also a way to treat a variety of other human conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyusha P. Pagare
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Aref Rastegar
- The Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery, and Development, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Osheiza Abdulmalik
- Division of Hematology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Abdelsattar M. Omar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Alsulaymanyah, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298
| | | | - Martin K. Safo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298
- The Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery, and Development, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298
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11
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Singh Chauhan A, Kumar A, Kumar Sharma A, Das P. Pd-Catalysed Decarbonylation Free Approach to Carbonylative Esterification of 5-HMF to Its Aryl Esters Synthesis Using Aryl Halides and Oxalic Acid as C 1 Source. Chemistry 2021; 27:12971-12975. [PMID: 34235794 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A decarbonylation free, polystyrene-supported, Pd (Pd@PS)-catalysed carbonylative esterification of the hydroxy group of 5-hydroxymethyl furfural (5-HMF) to its corresponding aryl esters has been developed. The use of Pd@PS, oxalic acid as CO source, and aryl halides was first explored for the aryl ester of 5-HMF synthesis. Here, we investigated the vital role of a polystyrene support to avoid the commonly known decarbonylation of 5-HMF. The reaction exhibits vast substrate scope with comparably good yield and catalyst recyclability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvind Singh Chauhan
- Chemical Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, 176061, H.P., India.,Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Chemical Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, 176061, H.P., India.,Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Ajay Kumar Sharma
- Chemical Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, 176061, H.P., India.,Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Pralay Das
- Chemical Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, 176061, H.P., India.,Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
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12
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Pavan AR, Dos Santos JL. Advances in Sickle Cell Disease Treatments. Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:2008-2032. [PMID: 32520675 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327666200610175400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) is an inherited disorder of red blood cells that is caused by a single mutation in the β -globin gene. The disease, which afflicts millions of patients worldwide mainly in low income countries, is characterized by high morbidity, mortality and low life expectancy. The new pharmacological and non-pharmacological strategies for SCD is urgent in order to promote treatments able to reduce patient's suffering and improve their quality of life. Since the FDA approval of HU in 1998, there have been few advances in discovering new drugs; however, in the last three years voxelotor, crizanlizumab, and glutamine have been approved as new therapeutic alternatives. In addition, new promising compounds have been described to treat the main SCD symptoms. Herein, focusing on drug discovery, we discuss new strategies to treat SCD that have been carried out in the last ten years to discover new, safe, and effective treatments. Moreover, non-pharmacological approaches, including red blood cell exchange, gene therapy and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Renata Pavan
- Department of Drugs and Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Jean Leandro Dos Santos
- Department of Drugs and Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
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13
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Pagare PP, Ghatge MS, Chen Q, Musayev FN, Venitz J, Abdulmalik O, Zhang Y, Safo MK. Exploration of Structure-Activity Relationship of Aromatic Aldehydes Bearing Pyridinylmethoxy-Methyl Esters as Novel Antisickling Agents. J Med Chem 2020; 63:14724-14739. [PMID: 33205981 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Aromatic aldehydes elicit their antisickling effects primarily by increasing the affinity of hemoglobin (Hb) for oxygen (O2). However, challenges related to weak potency and poor pharmacokinetic properties have hampered their development to treat sickle cell disease (SCD). Herein, we report our efforts to enhance the pharmacological profile of our previously reported compounds. These compounds showed enhanced effects on Hb modification, Hb-O2 affinity, and sickling inhibition, with sustained pharmacological effects in vitro. Importantly, some compounds exhibited unusually high antisickling activity despite moderate effects on the Hb-O2 affinity, which we attribute to an O2-independent antisickling activity, in addition to the O2-dependent activity. Structural studies are consistent with our hypothesis, which revealed the compounds interacting strongly with the polymer-stabilizing αF-helix could potentially weaken the polymer. In vivo studies with wild-type mice demonstrated significant pharmacologic effects. Our structure-based efforts have identified promising leads to be developed as novel therapeutic agents for SCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyusha P Pagare
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Mohini S Ghatge
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States.,The Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery, and Development, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Qiukan Chen
- Division of Hematology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Faik N Musayev
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States.,The Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery, and Development, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Jurgen Venitz
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Osheiza Abdulmalik
- Division of Hematology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States.,The Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery, and Development, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Martin K Safo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States.,The Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery, and Development, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
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14
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VZHE-039, a novel antisickling agent that prevents erythrocyte sickling under both hypoxic and anoxic conditions. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20277. [PMID: 33219275 PMCID: PMC7679387 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77171-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sickle cell disease (SCD) results from a hemoglobin (Hb) mutation βGlu6 → βVal6 that changes normal Hb (HbA) into sickle Hb (HbS). Under hypoxia, HbS polymerizes into rigid fibers, causing red blood cells (RBCs) to sickle; leading to numerous adverse pathological effects. The RBC sickling is made worse by the low oxygen (O2) affinity of HbS, due to elevated intra-RBC concentrations of the natural Hb effector, 2,3-diphosphoglycerate. This has prompted the development of Hb modifiers, such as aromatic aldehydes, with the intent of increasing Hb affinity for O2 with subsequent prevention of RBC sickling. One such molecule, Voxelotor was recently approved by U.S. FDA to treat SCD. Here we report results of a novel aromatic aldehyde, VZHE-039, that mimics both the O2-dependent and O2-independent antisickling properties of fetal hemoglobin. The latter mechanism of action—as elucidated through crystallographic and biological studies—is likely due to disruption of key intermolecular contacts necessary for stable HbS polymer formation. This dual antisickling mechanism, in addition to VZHE-039 metabolic stability, has translated into significantly enhanced and sustained pharmacologic activities. Finally, VZHE-039 showed no significant inhibition of several CYPs, demonstrated efficient RBC partitioning and high membrane permeability, and is not an efflux transporter (P-gp) substrate.
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15
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Omar AM, Abdulmalik O, Ghatge MS, Muhammad YA, Paredes SD, El-Araby ME, Safo MK. An Investigation of Structure-Activity Relationships of Azolylacryloyl Derivatives Yielded Potent and Long-Acting Hemoglobin Modulators for Reversing Erythrocyte Sickling. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E1508. [PMID: 33147875 PMCID: PMC7693414 DOI: 10.3390/biom10111508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Aromatic aldehydes that bind to sickle hemoglobin (HbS) to increase the protein oxygen affinity and/or directly inhibit HbS polymer formation to prevent the pathological hypoxia-induced HbS polymerization and the subsequent erythrocyte sickling have for several years been studied for the treatment of sickle cell disease (SCD). With the exception of Voxelotor, which was recently approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat the disease, several other promising antisickling aromatic aldehydes have not fared well in the clinic because of metabolic instability of the aldehyde moiety, which is critical for the pharmacologic activity of these compounds. Over the years, our group has rationally developed analogs of aromatic aldehydes that incorporate a stable Michael addition reactive center that we hypothesized would form covalent interactions with Hb to increase the protein affinity for oxygen and prevent erythrocyte sickling. Although, these compounds have proven to be metabolically stable, unfortunately they showed weak to no antisickling activity. In this study, through additional targeted modifications of our lead Michael addition compounds, we have discovered other novel antisickling agents. These compounds, designated MMA, bind to the α-globin and/or β-globin to increase Hb affinity for oxygen and concomitantly inhibit erythrocyte sickling with significantly enhanced and sustained pharmacologic activities in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelsattar M. Omar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Alsulaymanyah, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (Y.A.M.); (M.E.E.-A.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt
| | - Osheiza Abdulmalik
- Division of Hematology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
| | - Mohini S. Ghatge
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219, USA; (M.S.G.); (S.D.P.)
| | - Yosra A. Muhammad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Alsulaymanyah, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (Y.A.M.); (M.E.E.-A.)
| | - Steven D. Paredes
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219, USA; (M.S.G.); (S.D.P.)
| | - Moustafa E. El-Araby
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Alsulaymanyah, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (Y.A.M.); (M.E.E.-A.)
| | - Martin K. Safo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219, USA; (M.S.G.); (S.D.P.)
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16
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Portilla-Zuñiga OM, Martínez JJ, Casella M, Lick DI, Sathicq ÁG, Luque R, Romanelli GP. Etherification of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural using a heteropolyacid supported on a silica matrix. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2020.111125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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17
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Ding Z, Li F, Zhong C, Li F, Liu Y, Wang S, Zhao J, Li W. Structure-based design and synthesis of novel furan-diketopiperazine-type derivatives as potent microtubule inhibitors for treating cancer. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 28:115435. [PMID: 32278711 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Plinabulin, a synthetic analog of the marine natural product "diketopiperazine phenylahistin," displayed depolymerization effects on microtubules and targeted the colchicine site, which has been moved into phase III clinical trials for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and the prevention of chemotherapy-induced neutropenia (CIN). To develop more potent anti-microtubule and cytotoxic derivatives, the co-crystal complexes of plinabulin derivatives were summarized and analyzed. We performed further modifications of the tert-butyl moiety or C-ring of imidazole-type derivatives to build a library of molecules through the introduction of different groups for novel skeletons. Our structure-activity relationship study indicated that compounds 17o (IC50 = 14.0 nM, NCI-H460) and 17p (IC50 = 2.9 nM, NCI-H460) with furan groups exhibited potent cytotoxic activities at the nanomolar level against various human cancer cell lines. In particular, the 5-methyl or methoxymethyl substituent of furan group could replace the alkyl group of imidazole at the 5-position to maintain cytotoxic activity, contradicting previous reports that the tert-butyl moiety at the 5-position of imidazole was essential for the activity of such compounds. Immunofluorescence assay indicated that compounds 17o and 17p could efficiently inhibit microtubule polymerization. Overall, the novel furan-diketopiperazine-type derivatives could be considered as a potential scaffold for the development of anti-cancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongpeng Ding
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Feifei Li
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Changjiang Zhong
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Feng Li
- Shandong Peninsula Engineering Research Center of Comprehensive Brine Utilization, Weifang University of Science and Technology, Weifang 262700, Shandong, China
| | - Yuqian Liu
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Shixiao Wang
- Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Qingdao, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Jianchun Zhao
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Qingdao, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Wenbao Li
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Innovation Center for Marine Drug Screening and Evaluation, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China; Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Qingdao, Qingdao 266071, China.
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18
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Study on the potential chemical markers for the discrimination between raw and processed Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus using UPLC-Q-TOF/MS coupled with multivariate statistical analyses. J Herb Med 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hermed.2019.100311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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19
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Abstract
This chapter reviews how allosteric (heterotrophic) effectors and natural mutations impact hemoglobin (Hb) primary physiological function of oxygen binding and transport. First, an introduction about the structure of Hb is provided, including the ensemble of tense and relaxed Hb states and the dynamic equilibrium of Hb multistate. This is followed by a brief review of Hb variants with altered Hb structure and oxygen binding properties. Finally, a review of different endogenous and exogenous allosteric effectors of Hb is presented with particular emphasis on the atomic interactions of synthetic ligands with altered allosteric function of Hb that could potentially be harnessed for the treatment of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa H Ahmed
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23219, USA
| | - Mohini S Ghatge
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23219, USA.,Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23219, USA
| | - Martin K Safo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23219, USA. .,Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23219, USA.
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20
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Ballas SK. The Evolving Pharmacotherapeutic Landscape for the Treatment of Sickle Cell Disease. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis 2020; 12:e2020010. [PMID: 31934320 PMCID: PMC6951351 DOI: 10.4084/mjhid.2020.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Sickle cell disease (SCD) is an extremely heterogeneous disease that has been associated with global morbidity and early mortality. More effective and inexpensive therapies are needed. During the last five years, the landscape of the pharmacotherapy of SCD has changed dramatically. Currently, 54 drugs have been used or under consideration to use for the treatment of SCD. These fall into 3 categories: the first category includes the four drugs (Hydroxyurea, L-Glutamine, Crizanlizumab tmca and Voxelotor) that have been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) based on successful clinical trials. The second category includes 22 drugs that failed, discontinued or terminated for now and the third category includes 28 drugs that are actively being considered for the treatment of SCD. Crizanlizumab and Voxelotor are included in the first and third categories because they have been used in more than one trial. New therapies targeting multiple pathways in the complex pathophysiology of SCD have been achieved or are under continued investigation. The emerging trend seems to be the use of multimodal drugs (i.e. drugs that have different mechanisms of action) to treat SCD similar to the use of multiple chemotherapeutic agents to treat cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir K Ballas
- Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research, Department of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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21
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Olubiyi OO, Olagunju MO, Strodel B. Rational Drug Design of Peptide-Based Therapies for Sickle Cell Disease. Molecules 2019; 24:E4551. [PMID: 31842406 PMCID: PMC6943517 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24244551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a group of inherited disorders affecting red blood cells, which is caused by a single mutation that results in substitution of the amino acid valine for glutamic acid in the sixth position of the β-globin chain of hemoglobin. These mutant hemoglobin molecules, called hemoglobin S, can polymerize upon deoxygenation, causing erythrocytes to adopt a sickled form and to suffer hemolysis and vaso-occlusion. Until recently, only two drug therapies for SCD, which do not even fully address the manifestations of SCD, were approved by the United States (US) Food and Drug Administration. A third treatment was newly approved, while a monoclonal antibody preventing vaso-occlusive crises is also now available. The complex nature of SCD manifestations provides multiple critical points where drug discovery efforts can be and have been directed. These notwithstanding, the need for new therapeutic approaches remains high and one of the recent efforts includes developments aimed at inhibiting the polymerization of hemoglobin S. This review focuses on anti-sickling approaches using peptide-based inhibitors, ranging from individual amino acid dipeptides investigated 30-40 years ago up to more promising 12- and 15-mers under consideration in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olujide O. Olubiyi
- Institute of Complex Systems: Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany; (M.O.O.); (B.S.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife 220282, Nigeria
| | - Maryam O. Olagunju
- Institute of Complex Systems: Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany; (M.O.O.); (B.S.)
| | - Birgit Strodel
- Institute of Complex Systems: Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany; (M.O.O.); (B.S.)
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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22
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Omar AM, David T, Pagare PP, Ghatge MS, Chen Q, Mehta A, Zhang Y, Abdulmalik O, Naghi AH, El-Araby ME, Safo MK. Structural modification of azolylacryloyl derivatives yields a novel class of covalent modifiers of hemoglobin as potential antisickling agents. MEDCHEMCOMM 2019; 10:1900-1906. [PMID: 32206236 PMCID: PMC7069400 DOI: 10.1039/c9md00291j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The intracellular polymerization and the concomitant sickling processes, central to the pathology of sickle cell disease, can be mitigated by increasing the oxygen affinity of sickle hemoglobin (HbS). Attempts to develop azolylacryloyl derivatives to covalently interact with βCys93 and destabilize the low-O2-affinity T-state (deoxygenated) HbS to the polymer resistant high-O2-affinity R-state (liganded) HbS were only partially successful. This was likely due to the azolylacryloyls carboxylate moiety directing the compounds to also bind in the central water cavity of deoxygenated Hb and stabilizing the T-state. We now report a second generation of KAUS compounds (KAUS-28, KAUS-33, KAUS-38, and KAUS-39) without the carboxylate moiety designed to bind exclusively to βCys93. As expected, the compounds showed reactivity with both free amino acid l-Cys and the Hb βCys93. At 2 mM concentrations, the compounds demonstrated increased Hb affinity for oxygen (6% to 15%) in vitro, while the previously reported imidazolylacryloyl carboxylate derivative, KAUS-15 only showed 4.5% increase. The increased O2 affinity effects were sustained through the experimental period of 12 h for KAUS-28, KAUS-33, and KAUS-38, suggesting conserved pharmacokinetic profiles. When incubated at 2 mM with red blood cells from patients with homozygous SS, the compounds inhibited erythrocyte sickling by 5% to 9%, respectively in correlation with the increase Hb-O2 affinity. These values compare to 2% for KAUS-15. When tested with healthy mice, KAUS-38 showed very low toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Omar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Faculty of Pharmacy , King Abdulaziz University , Alsulaymanyah , Jeddah 21589 , Saudi Arabia .
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Faculty of Pharmacy , Al-Azhar University , Cairo 11884 , Egypt
| | - T David
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , School of Pharmacy and Institute for Structural Biology , Drug Discovery and Development , Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , VA 23219 , USA .
| | - P P Pagare
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , School of Pharmacy and Institute for Structural Biology , Drug Discovery and Development , Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , VA 23219 , USA .
| | - M S Ghatge
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , School of Pharmacy and Institute for Structural Biology , Drug Discovery and Development , Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , VA 23219 , USA .
| | - Q Chen
- Division of Hematology , The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia , PA 19104 , USA
| | - A Mehta
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , School of Pharmacy and Institute for Structural Biology , Drug Discovery and Development , Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , VA 23219 , USA .
| | - Y Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , School of Pharmacy and Institute for Structural Biology , Drug Discovery and Development , Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , VA 23219 , USA .
| | - O Abdulmalik
- Division of Hematology , The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia , PA 19104 , USA
| | - A H Naghi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Faculty of Pharmacy , King Abdulaziz University , Alsulaymanyah , Jeddah 21589 , Saudi Arabia .
| | - M E El-Araby
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Faculty of Pharmacy , King Abdulaziz University , Alsulaymanyah , Jeddah 21589 , Saudi Arabia .
| | - M K Safo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , School of Pharmacy and Institute for Structural Biology , Drug Discovery and Development , Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , VA 23219 , USA .
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23
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Rab MA, Oirschot BA, Bos J, Merkx TH, Wesel AC, Abdulmalik O, Safo MK, Versluijs BA, Houwing ME, Cnossen MH, Riedl J, Schutgens RE, Pasterkamp G, Bartels M, Beers EJ, Wijk R. Rapid and reproducible characterization of sickling during automated deoxygenation in sickle cell disease patients. Am J Hematol 2019; 94:575-584. [PMID: 30784099 PMCID: PMC6518936 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.25443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In sickle cell disease (SCD), sickle hemoglobin (HbS) polymerizes upon deoxygenation, resulting in sickling of red blood cells (RBCs). These sickled RBCs have strongly reduced deformability, leading to vaso‐occlusive crises and chronic hemolytic anemia. To date, there are no reliable laboratory parameters or assays capable of predicting disease severity or monitoring treatment effects. We here report on the oxygenscan, a newly developed method to measure RBC deformability (expressed as Elongation Index ‐ EI) as a function of pO2. Upon a standardized, 22 minute, automated cycle of deoxygenation (pO2 median 16 mmHg ± 0.17) and reoxygenation, a number of clinically relevant parameters are produced in a highly reproducible manner (coefficients of variation <5%). In particular, physiological modulators of oxygen affinity, such as, pH and 2,3‐diphosphoglycerate showed a significant correlation (respectively R = ‑0.993 and R = 0.980) with Point of Sickling (PoS5%), which is defined as the pO2 where a 5% decrease in EI is observed during deoxygenation. Furthermore, in vitro treatment with antisickling agents, including GBT440, which alter the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin, caused a reproducible left‐shift of the PoS, indicating improved deformability at lower oxygen tensions. When RBCs from 21 SCD patients were analyzed, we observed a significantly higher PoS in untreated homozygous SCD patients compared to treated patients and other genotypes. We conclude that the oxygenscan is a state‐of‐the‐art technique that allows for rapid analysis of sickling behavior in SCD patients. The method is promising for personalized treatment, development of new treatment strategies and could have potential in prediction of complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minke A.E. Rab
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry & HematologyUniversity Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands
- Van CreveldkliniekUniversity Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Brigitte A. Oirschot
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry & HematologyUniversity Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Jennifer Bos
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry & HematologyUniversity Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Tesy H. Merkx
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry & HematologyUniversity Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Annet C.W. Wesel
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry & HematologyUniversity Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Osheiza Abdulmalik
- Division of HematologyThe Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Martin K. Safo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, School of PharmacyVirginia Commonwealth University Virginia
| | - Birgitta A. Versluijs
- Department of Pediatric HematologyUniversity Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Maite E. Houwing
- Department of Pediatric HematologyErasmus University Medical Center– Sophia Children's Hospital Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Marjon H. Cnossen
- Department of Pediatric HematologyErasmus University Medical Center– Sophia Children's Hospital Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Jurgen Riedl
- Result LaboratoryAlbert Schweitzer Hospital Dordrecht The Netherlands
| | - Roger E.G. Schutgens
- Van CreveldkliniekUniversity Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Gerard Pasterkamp
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry & HematologyUniversity Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Marije Bartels
- Department of Pediatric HematologyUniversity Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Eduard J. Beers
- Van CreveldkliniekUniversity Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Richard Wijk
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry & HematologyUniversity Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands
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24
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Hutchaleelaha A, Patel M, Washington C, Siu V, Allen E, Oksenberg D, Gretler DD, Mant T, Lehrer-Graiwer J. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of voxelotor (GBT440) in healthy adults and patients with sickle cell disease. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2019; 85:1290-1302. [PMID: 30743314 PMCID: PMC6533444 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.13896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Voxelotor (previously GBT440) is a haemoglobin (Hb) modulator that increases Hb‐oxygen affinity, thereby reducing Hb polymerization and sickling of red blood cells (RBCs), being developed as a once‐daily oral drug to treat sickle cell disease (SCD). This first‐in‐human study evaluated the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of voxelotor in healthy volunteers and SCD patients. Methods A total of 40 healthy volunteers (100, 400, 1000, 2000 or 2800 mg) and 8 SCD patients (1000 mg) were randomly assigned to a single dose of voxelotor once daily (n = 6 per group) or placebo (n = 2 per group). Twenty‐four healthy volunteers received multiple doses of voxelotor once daily for 15 days (300, 600 or 900 mg, n = 6 per group) or placebo (n = 2 per group). Results Voxelotor was well tolerated and exhibited a linear pharmacokinetic profile and a half‐life ranging from 61 ± 7 h to 85 ± 7 h. High partitioning into the RBC compartment provides evidence of highly specific binding to Hb. Voxelotor exhibited a concentration‐dependent left‐shift of oxygen equilibrium curves. Percent Hb modification following 900 mg voxelotor for 15 days was 38 ± 9%. Terminal half‐life of voxelotor in SCD patients (50 ± 3 h) was shorter than in healthy volunteers. Evaluation of erythropoietin, exercise testing, and haematologic parameters were consistent with normal oxygen delivery during both rest and exercise. Conclusion This first‐in‐human study demonstrates voxelotor was well tolerated in SCD patients and healthy volunteers and established proof of mechanism on increasing Hb‐oxygen affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mira Patel
- Global Blood Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Vincent Siu
- Global Blood Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Allen
- IQVIA, Reading, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College, London, UK
| | | | | | - Timothy Mant
- IQVIA, Reading, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College, London, UK
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25
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Abstract
We have entered an era of exploding interest in therapeutics for sickle cell disease. The expansion in our understanding of sickle cell disease pathophysiology has enhanced the range of potential therapeutic targets. From induction of fetal hemoglobin to antiadhesion molecules, we are potentially on the cusp of making life-altering modifications for individuals with sickle cell disease. This disease population cannot afford to let the current momentum wane. Studies exploring combinations of therapies affecting multiple steps in the pathophysiology and exploring novel and clinically relevant outcomes are incumbent.
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Pagare PP, Ghatge MS, Musayev FN, Deshpande TM, Chen Q, Braxton C, Kim S, Venitz J, Zhang Y, Abdulmalik O, Safo MK. Rational design of pyridyl derivatives of vanillin for the treatment of sickle cell disease. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:2530-2538. [PMID: 29655608 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia-induced polymerization of sickle hemoglobin (Hb S) is the principal phenomenon that underlays the pathophysiology and morbidity associated with sickle cell disease (SCD). Opportunely, as an allosteric protein, hemoglobin (Hb) serves as a convenient and potentially critical druggable target. Consequently, molecules that prevent Hb S polymerization (Hb modifiers), and the associated erythrocyte sickling have been investigated-and retain significant interest-as a viable therapeutic strategy for SCD. This group of molecules, including aromatic aldehydes, form high oxygen affinity Schiff-base adducts with Hb S, which are resistant to polymerization. Here, we report the design and synthesis of novel potent antisickling agents (SAJ-009, SAJ-310 and SAJ-270) based on the pharmacophore of vanillin and INN-312, a previously reported pyridyl derivative of vanillin. These novel derivatives exhibited superior in vitro binding and pharmacokinetic properties compared to vanillin, which translated into significantly enhanced allosteric and antisickling properties. Crystal structure studies of liganded Hb in the R2 quaternary state in complex with SAJ-310 provided important insights into the allosteric and antisickling properties of this group of compounds. While these derivatives generally show similar in vitro biological potency, significant structure-dependent differences in their biochemical profiles would help predict the most promising candidates for successful in vivo pre-clinical translational studies and inform further structural modifications to improve on their pharmacologic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyusha P Pagare
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 East Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Mohini S Ghatge
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 East Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; The Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 East Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Faik N Musayev
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 East Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; The Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 East Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Tanvi M Deshpande
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 East Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; The Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 East Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Qiukan Chen
- Department of Hematology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Courtney Braxton
- The Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 East Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Solyi Kim
- The Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 East Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Jürgen Venitz
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 East Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 East Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Osheiza Abdulmalik
- Department of Hematology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Martin K Safo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 East Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; The Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 East Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
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Ding Z, Luo X, Ma Y, Chen H, Qiu S, Sun G, Zhang W, Yu C, Wu Z, Zhang J. Eco-friendly synthesis of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and its application to the Ferrier-rearrangement reaction. J Carbohydr Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/07328303.2018.1428990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zekun Ding
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaosheng Luo
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yibin Ma
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Heshan Chen
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Saifeng Qiu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guosheng Sun
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wan Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Yu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenliang Wu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianbo Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
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