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Deac A, Luebbert C, Qi Q, Courtney RM, Indulkar AS, Gao Y, Zhang GGZ, Sadowski G, Taylor LS. Dissolution Mechanisms of Amorphous Solid Dispersions: Application of Ternary Phase Diagrams To Explain Release Behavior. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:1900-1918. [PMID: 38469754 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c01179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
The use of amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) in commercial drug products has increased in recent years due to the large number of poorly soluble drugs in the pharmaceutical pipeline. However, the release behavior of ASDs is complex and remains not well understood. Often, the drug release from ASDs is rapid and complete at lower drug loadings (DLs) but becomes slow and incomplete at higher DLs. The DL where release becomes hindered is termed the limit of congruency (LoC). Currently, there are no approaches to predict the LoC. However, recent findings show that one potential cause leading to the LoC is a change in phase morphology after water-induced phase separation at the ASD/solution interface. In this study, the phase behavior of ASDs in contact with aqueous solutions was described thermodynamically by constructing experimental and computational ternary phase diagrams, and these were used to predict morphology changes and ultimately the LoC. Experimental ternary phase diagrams were obtained by equilibrating ASD/water mixtures over time. Computational ternary phase diagrams were obtained by Perturbed Chain Statistical Associating Fluid Theory (PC-SAFT). The morphology of the hydrophobic phase was studied with fluorescence confocal microscopy. It was demonstrated that critical point (plait point) composition approximately corresponded to the ASD DL, where the hydrophobic phase, formed during phase separation, became interconnected and hindered ASD release. This work provides mechanistic insights into the ASD release behavior and highlights the potential of in silico ASD design using phase diagrams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandru Deac
- Department of Industrial and Molecular Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | | | - Qingqing Qi
- Department of Industrial and Molecular Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Reagan M Courtney
- Department of Industrial and Molecular Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Anura S Indulkar
- Development Sciences, Research and Development, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Yi Gao
- Development Sciences, Research and Development, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Geoff G Z Zhang
- Development Sciences, Research and Development, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | | | - Lynne S Taylor
- Department of Industrial and Molecular Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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Tripathi D, B H MP, Sahoo J, Kumari J. Navigating the Solution to Drug Formulation Problems at Research and Development Stages by Amorphous Solid Dispersion Technology. RECENT ADVANCES IN DRUG DELIVERY AND FORMULATION 2024; 18:79-99. [PMID: 38062659 DOI: 10.2174/0126673878271641231201065151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/30/2024]
Abstract
Amorphous Solid Dispersions (ASDs) have indeed revolutionized the pharmaceutical industry, particularly in drug solubility enhancement. The amorphous state of a drug, which is a highenergy metastable state, can lead to an increase in the apparent solubility of the drug. This is due to the absence of a long-range molecular order, which results in higher molecular mobility and free volume, and consequently, higher solubility. The success of ASD preparation depends on the selection of appropriate excipients, particularly polymers that play a crucial role in drug solubility and physical stability. However, ASDs face challenges due to their thermodynamic instability or tendency to recrystallize. Measuring the crystallinity of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) and drug solubility is a complex process that requires a thorough understanding of drug-polymer miscibility and molecular interactions. Therefore, it is important to monitor drug solids closely during preparation, storage, and application. Techniques such as solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (ssNMR), attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, and dielectric spectroscopy have been successful in understanding the mechanism of drug crystallization. In addition, the continuous downstream processing of drug-loaded ASDs has introduced new automated methods for consistent ASD production. Advanced techniques such as hot melt extrusion, KinetiSol, electro spraying, and electrospinning have gained popularity. This review provides a comprehensive overview of Amorphous Solid Dispersions (ASDs) for oral drug delivery. It highlights the critical challenges faced during formulation, the impact of manufacturing variables, theoretical aspects of drug-polymer interaction, and factors related to drug-polymer miscibility. ASDs have been recognized as a promising strategy to improve the oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. However, the successful development of an ASD-based drug product is not straightforward due to the complexity of the ASD systems. The formulation and process parameters can significantly influence the performance of the final product. Understanding the interactions between the drug and polymer in ASDs is crucial for predicting their stability and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devika Tripathi
- Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology (Pharmacy), Uttar Pradesh, Kanpur, India
| | - Manjunatha Prabhu B H
- Department of Food Protection and Infestation Control, CSIR-CFTRI, Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, India
| | - Jagannath Sahoo
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, NIMMS, Mumbai, India
| | - Jyoti Kumari
- Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology (Pharmacy), Uttar Pradesh, Kanpur, India
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Wolbert F, Luebbert C, Sadowski G. The shelf life of ASDs: 2. Predicting the shelf life at storage conditions. Int J Pharm X 2023; 6:100207. [PMID: 37680879 PMCID: PMC10480311 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpx.2023.100207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) are a widely used formulation technology for poorly water-soluble active pharmaceutical ingredients (API). Depending on the API-polymer combination and API load in the ASD, the amorphous API might be thermodynamically metastable and crystallize over time. The crystallization onset is one critical factor that can define the shelf life of the ASD. Thus, for ASD formulations, long-term stability against crystallization of the API is of particular interest. This work presents a method for predicting the long-term physical stability of ASDs (crystallization onset time). The new approach combines the Johnson-Mehl-Avrami-Kolmogorov (JMAK) equation with classical nucleation theory. The shelf life predicted using the new approach depends on supersaturation (determined with PC-SAFT), viscosity (determined with WLF equation or Arrhenius equation) and two specific model parameters k' and B. The latter were fitted to a few fast crystallization-kinetics measurements above the glass transition of the ASD. An additional crystallization-kinetics measurement below the glass-transition temperature of the ASD was used to determine the Arrhenius parameters. Once all parameters are determined for a given API/polymer combination and manufacturing method, they are valid for any API load, temperature, and RH. The proposed approach allows predicting the shelf life (crystallization onset) of a potential ASD in early stage of development within a few days. It was successfully verified for ASDs stored at 25 °C and 10% RH or 60% RH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Wolbert
- INVITE GmbH, Drug Delivery innovation Center (DDiC), 51368 Leverkusen, Germany
- TU Dortmund University, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Thermodynamics, Emil-Figge-Str. 70, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | | | - Gabriele Sadowski
- TU Dortmund University, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Thermodynamics, Emil-Figge-Str. 70, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
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Yang R, Zhang GGZ, Zemlyanov DY, Purohit HS, Taylor LS. Drug Release from Surfactant-Containing Amorphous Solid Dispersions: Mechanism and Role of Surfactant in Release Enhancement. Pharm Res 2023; 40:2817-2845. [PMID: 37052841 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-023-03502-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To understand how surfactants affect drug release from ternary amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs), and to investigate different mechanisms of release enhancement. METHODS Ternary ASDs containing ritonavir (RTV), polyvinylpyrrolidone/vinyl acetate (PVPVA) and a surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), Tween 80, Span 20 or Span 85) were prepared with rotary evaporation. Release profiles of ternary ASDs were measured with surface normalized dissolution. Phase separation morphologies of ASD compacts during hydration/dissolution were examined in real-time with a newly developed confocal fluorescence microscopy method. The water ingress rate of different formulations was measured with dynamic vapor sorption. Microscopy was employed to check for matrix crystallization during release studies. RESULTS All surfactants improved drug release at 30% DL, while only SDS and Tween 80 improved drug release at higher DLs, although SDS promoted matrix crystallization. The dissolution rate of neat polymer increased when SDS and Tween 80 were present. The water ingress rate also increased in the presence of all surfactants. Surfactant-incorporation affected both the kinetic and thermodynamics factors governing phase separation of RTV-PVPVA-water system, modifying the phase morphology during ASD dissolution. Importantly, SDS increased the miscibility of RTV-PVPVA-water system, whereas other surfactants mainly affected the phase separation kinetics/drug-rich barrier persistence. CONCLUSION Incorporation of surfactants enhanced drug release from RTV-PVPVA ASDs compared to the binary system. Increased drug-polymer-water miscibility and disruption of the drug-rich barrier at the gel-solvent interface via plasticization are highlighted as two key mechanisms underlying surfactant impacts based on direct visualization of the phase separation process upon hydration and release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruochen Yang
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Geoff G Z Zhang
- Development Sciences, Research and Development, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
| | - Dmitry Y Zemlyanov
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Hitesh S Purohit
- Development Sciences, Research and Development, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA.
| | - Lynne S Taylor
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
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Dohrn S, Kyeremateng SO, Bochmann E, Sobich E, Wahl A, Liepold B, Sadowski G, Degenhardt M. Thermodynamic Modeling of the Amorphous Solid Dispersion-Water Interfacial Layer and Its Impact on the Release Mechanism. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15051539. [PMID: 37242781 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15051539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
During the dissolution of amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) formulations, the gel layer that forms at the ASD/water interface strongly dictates the release of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) and, hence, the dissolution performance. Several studies have demonstrated that the switch of the gel layer from eroding to non-eroding behavior is API-specific and drug-load (DL)-dependent. This study systematically classifies the ASD release mechanisms and relates them to the phenomenon of the loss of release (LoR). The latter is thermodynamically explained and predicted via a modeled ternary phase diagram of API, polymer, and water, and is then used to describe the ASD/water interfacial layers (below and above the glass transition). To this end, the ternary phase behavior of the APIs, naproxen, and venetoclax with the polymer poly(vinylpyrrolidone-co-vinyl acetate) (PVPVA64) and water was modeled using the perturbed-chain statistical associating fluid theory (PC-SAFT). The glass transition was modeled using the Gordon-Taylor equation. The DL-dependent LoR was found to be caused by API crystallization or liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) at the ASD/water interface. If crystallization occurs, it was found that API and polymer release was impeded above a threshold DL at which the APIs crystallized directly at the ASD interface. If LLPS occurs, an API-rich phase and a polymer-rich phase are formed. Above a threshold DL, the less mobile and hydrophobic API-rich phase accumulates at the interface which prevents API release. LLPS is further influenced by the composition and glass transition temperature of the evolving phases and was investigated at 37 °C and 50 °C regarding impact of temperature of. The modeling results and LoR predictions were experimentally validated by means of dissolution experiments, microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and size exclusion chromatography. The experimental results were found to be in very good agreement with the predicted release mechanisms deduced from the phase diagrams. Thus, this thermodynamic modeling approach represents a powerful mechanistic tool that can be applied to classify and quantitatively predict the DL-dependent LoR release mechanism of PVPVA64-based ASDs in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Dohrn
- AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Global Pharmaceutical R&D, Knollstraße, D-67061 Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Samuel O Kyeremateng
- AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Global Pharmaceutical R&D, Knollstraße, D-67061 Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Esther Bochmann
- AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Global Pharmaceutical R&D, Knollstraße, D-67061 Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Ekaterina Sobich
- AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Global Pharmaceutical R&D, Knollstraße, D-67061 Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Andrea Wahl
- AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Global Pharmaceutical R&D, Knollstraße, D-67061 Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Bernd Liepold
- AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Global Pharmaceutical R&D, Knollstraße, D-67061 Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Gabriele Sadowski
- Laboratory of Thermodynamics, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge-Str. 70, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Matthias Degenhardt
- AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Global Pharmaceutical R&D, Knollstraße, D-67061 Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
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Krummnow A, Danzer A, Voges K, Kyeremateng SO, Degenhardt M, Sadowski G. Kinetics of Water-Induced Amorphous Phase Separation in Amorphous Solid Dispersions via Raman Mapping. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15051395. [PMID: 37242637 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15051395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The poor bioavailability of an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) can be enhanced by dissolving it in a polymeric matrix. This formulation strategy is commonly known as amorphous solid dispersion (ASD). API crystallization and/or amorphous phase separation can be detrimental to the bioavailability. Our previous work (Pharmaceutics 2022, 14(9), 1904) provided analysis of the thermodynamics underpinning the collapse of ritonavir (RIT) release from RIT/poly(vinylpyrrolidone-co-vinyl acetate) (PVPVA) ASDs due to water-induced amorphous phase separation. This work aimed for the first time to quantify the kinetics of water-induced amorphous phase separation in ASDs and the compositions of the two evolving amorphous phases. Investigations were performed via confocal Raman spectroscopy, and spectra were evaluated using so-called Indirect Hard Modeling. The kinetics of amorphous phase separation were quantified for 20 wt% and 25 wt% drug load (DL) RIT/PVPVA ASDs at 25 °C and 94% relative humidity (RH). The in situ measured compositions of the evolving phases showed excellent agreement with the ternary phase diagram of the RIT/PVPVA/water system predicted by PC-SAFT in our previous study (Pharmaceutics 2022, 14(9), 1904).
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Krummnow
- Laboratory of Thermodynamics, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge-Street 70, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
- AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Global Pharmaceutical R&D, Knollstraße, D-67061 Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Andreas Danzer
- Laboratory of Thermodynamics, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge-Street 70, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Kristin Voges
- AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Global Pharmaceutical R&D, Knollstraße, D-67061 Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Samuel O Kyeremateng
- AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Global Pharmaceutical R&D, Knollstraße, D-67061 Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Matthias Degenhardt
- AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Global Pharmaceutical R&D, Knollstraße, D-67061 Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Gabriele Sadowski
- Laboratory of Thermodynamics, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge-Street 70, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
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Grönniger B, Fritschka E, Fahrig I, Danzer A, Sadowski G. Water Sorption in Rubbery and Glassy Polymers, Nifedipine, and Their ASDs. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:2194-2206. [PMID: 36847428 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Polymers like poly(vinylpyrrolidone-co-vinyl acetate) (PVPVA) or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS) are commonly used as a matrix for amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) to enhance the bioavailability of the active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). The stability of ASDs is strongly influenced by the water sorption in the ASD from the surrounding air. In this work, the water sorption in the neat polymers PVPVA and HPMCAS, in the neat API nifedipine (NIF), and in their ASDs of different drug loads was measured above and below the glass-transition temperature. The equilibrium water sorption was predicted using the Perturbed-Chain Statistical Associating Fluid Theory (PC-SAFT) combined with the Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics of Glassy Polymers (NET-GP).The water-sorption kinetics were modeled using the Maxwell-Stefan approach whereas the thermodynamic driving force was calculated using PC-SAFT and NET-GP. The water diffusion coefficients in the polymers, NIF, or ASDs were determined using the Free-Volume Theory. Using the water-sorption kinetics of the pure polymers and of NIF, the water-sorption kinetics of the ASDs were successfully predicted, thus providing the water diffusion coefficients in the ASD as a function of relative humidity and of the water concentration in polymers or ASDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birte Grönniger
- Laboratory of Thermodynamics, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge-Str. 70, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Espen Fritschka
- Laboratory of Thermodynamics, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge-Str. 70, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Ineke Fahrig
- Laboratory of Thermodynamics, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge-Str. 70, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Andreas Danzer
- Laboratory of Thermodynamics, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge-Str. 70, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Gabriele Sadowski
- Laboratory of Thermodynamics, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge-Str. 70, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
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Wolbert F, Nikoleit K, Steinbrink M, Luebbert C, Sadowski G. The Shelf Life of ASDs: 1. Measuring the Crystallization Kinetics at Humid Conditions. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:2483-2494. [PMID: 35729680 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs), where an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) is dissolved in a polymer, are a favored formulation technique to achieve sufficient bioavailability of poorly water-soluble APIs. The shelf life of such ASDs is often limited by API crystallization. Crystallization depends strongly on the storage conditions (relative humidity and temperature) and the polymer selected for generating the ASD. Determining the crystallization kinetics of ASDs under various conditions requires suitable analytical methods. In this work, two different analytical methods were compared and cross-validated: The first builds on water-sorption measurements combined with thermodynamic predictions ( Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 2018, 127, 183-193, DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2018.11.002), whereas the second applies Raman spectroscopy. Using the two independent methods, factors influencing the crystallization kinetics of ASDs containing the API griseofulvin were investigated quantitatively. It was found that crystallization kinetics increases with increasing temperature and relative humidity. Additionally, the influence of different polymers (poly(vinylpyrrolidone-co-vinyl acetate) and Soluplus) on crystallization kinetics were investigated. The experimentally obtained crystallization kinetics were described using the Johnson-Mehl-Avrami-Kolmogorov model and are the basis for future shelf life predictions at desired storage conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Wolbert
- INVITE GmbH, Drug Delivery Innovation Center (DDiC), 51368 Leverkusen, Germany.,TU Dortmund University, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Thermodynamics, Emil-Figge-Strasse 70, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Klaudia Nikoleit
- TU Dortmund University, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Thermodynamics, Emil-Figge-Strasse 70, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Miklas Steinbrink
- TU Dortmund University, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Thermodynamics, Emil-Figge-Strasse 70, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Christian Luebbert
- TU Dortmund University, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Thermodynamics, Emil-Figge-Strasse 70, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Gabriele Sadowski
- TU Dortmund University, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Thermodynamics, Emil-Figge-Strasse 70, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
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Pajzderska A, Mielcarek J, Wąsicki J. The Physical Stability of Felodipine and Its Recrystallization from an Amorphous Solid Dispersion Studied by NMR Relaxometry. AAPS PharmSciTech 2022; 23:93. [PMID: 35314906 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-022-02234-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxometry method was applied to investigate the physical stability of an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) and, for the first time, its recrystallization process in an amorphous solid dispersion system (ASD). The ASD of felodipine and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) was prepared using the solvent evaporation method in a mass ratio of 50:50. In the first stage of the study (250 days), the sample was stored at 0% relative humidity (RH). The recovery of magnetization was described by one-exponential function. In the second stage (300 days in 75% relative humidity), the recrystallization process of felodipine was studied, showing in the sample three components of equilibrium magnetization related to (i) crystalline felodipine, (ii) water, and (iii) felodipine and PVP remaining in the ASD. The study shows that the 1H NMR relaxometry method is a very useful tool for analysing the composition of a three-phase system mixed at the molecular level and for the investigation of recrystallization process of API in amorphous solid dispersion system.
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Dohrn S, Rawal P, Luebbert C, Lehmkemper K, Kyeremateng SO, Degenhardt M, Sadowski G. Predicting process design spaces for spray drying amorphous solid dispersions. Int J Pharm X 2021; 3:100072. [PMID: 33855291 PMCID: PMC8027772 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpx.2021.100072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) are commonly manufactured using spray-drying processes. The product quality can be decisively influenced by the choice of process parameters. Following the quality-by-design approach, the identification of the spray-drying process design space is thus an integral task in drug product development. Aiming a solvent-free and homogeneous ASD, API crystallization and amorphous phase separation needs to be avoided during drying. This publication provides a predictive approach for determining spray-drying process conditions via considering thermodynamic driving forces for solvent drying as well as ASD-specific API/polymer/solvent interactions and glass transitions. The ternary API/polymer/solvent phase behavior was calculated using the Perturbed-Chain Statistical Associating Theory (PC-SAFT) and combined with mass and energy balances to find appropriate spray-drying conditions. A process design space was identified for the ASDs of ritonavir and naproxen with either poly(vinylpyrrolidone) or poly(vinylpyrrolidone-co-vinylacetate) spray dried from the solvents acetone, dichloromethane, or ethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Dohrn
- TU Dortmund University, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Thermodynamics, Emil-Figge-Str. 70, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Pranay Rawal
- TU Dortmund University, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Thermodynamics, Emil-Figge-Str. 70, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Christian Luebbert
- TU Dortmund University, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Thermodynamics, Emil-Figge-Str. 70, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Kristin Lehmkemper
- AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Global Pharmaceutical R&D, Knollstraße, D-67061 Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Samuel O Kyeremateng
- AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Global Pharmaceutical R&D, Knollstraße, D-67061 Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Matthias Degenhardt
- AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Global Pharmaceutical R&D, Knollstraße, D-67061 Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Gabriele Sadowski
- TU Dortmund University, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Thermodynamics, Emil-Figge-Str. 70, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
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11
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Luebbert C, Stoyanov E, Sadowski G. Phase behavior of ASDs based on hydroxypropyl cellulose. Int J Pharm X 2021; 3:100070. [PMID: 33409486 PMCID: PMC7773875 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpx.2020.100070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel polymeric carriers for amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) are highly demanded in pharmaceutical industry to improve the bioavailability of poorly-soluble drug candidates. Besides established polymer candidates, hydroxypropyl celluloses (HPC) comes more and more into the focus of ASD production since they have the availability to stabilize drug molecules in aqueous media against crystallization. The thermodynamic long-term stability of HPC ASDs with itraconazole and fenofibrate was predicted in this work with PC-SAFT and compared to three-months enduring long-term stability studies. The glass-transition temperature is a crucial attribute of a polymer, but in case of HPC hardly detectable by differential scanning calorimetry. By investigating the glass transition of HPC blends with a miscible polymer, we were for the first time able to estimate the HPC glass transition. Although both, fenofibrate and itraconazole reveal a very low crystalline solubility in HPC regardless of the HPC molecular weight, we observed that low-molecular weight HPC grades such as HPC-UL prevent fenofibrate crystallization for a longer period than the higher molecular weight HPC grades. As predicted, the ASDs with higher drug load underwent amorphous phase separation according to the differential scanning calorimetry thermograms. This work thus showed that it is possible to predict critical drug loads above which amorphous phase separation and/or crystallization occurs in HPC ASDs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Edmont Stoyanov
- Nisso Chemical Europe GmbH, Berliner Allee 42, D-40212 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Gabriele Sadowski
- amofor GmbH, Otto-Hahn-Str. 15, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany.,TU Dortmund University, Laboratory of Thermodynamics, Emil-Figge-Str. 70, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
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12
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Veith H, Wiechert F, Luebbert C, Sadowski G. Combining crystalline and polymeric excipients in API solid dispersions - Opportunity or risk? Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 158:323-335. [PMID: 33296719 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) are often metastable against crystallization of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) and thus might undergo unwanted changes during storage. The crystallization tendency of ASDs is influenced by the API crystallization driving force (CDF) and the mobility of the molecules in the ASD. Low molecular weight-excipients are known to stabilize amorphous APIs in so-called co-amorphous formulations. Due to their success in stabilizing co-amorphous APIs, low-molecular weight excipients might also enhance the stability of polymeric ASDs. In this work, we investigated the potential of combined low-molecular weight excipient/polymer formulations with in-silico tools and validated the predictions with long-term stability tests of the most promising excipient/polymer combinations. The considered critical quality attributes for the ASDs were the occurrence of amorphous phase separation, API CDF, and molecular mobility in the ASD. As an example, carbamazepine/polyvinylpyrrolidone ASDs were investigated combined with the excipients fructose, lactose, sucrose, trehalose, saccharin, tryptophan, and urea. Although all excipients had a negative impact on the ASD stability, saccharin still turned out to be the most promising one. Long-term stability studies with ASDs containing either saccharin or tryptophan verified -in agreement to the predictions- that API crystallization occurred faster than in the reference ASDs without additional excipient. This work showed that the addition of crystalline excipients to polymeric ASDs might not only offer opportunities but might also bear risks for the long-term stability of the ASD, even though the crystalline excipient stabilizes the polymer-free API. Consequently, excipients should be evaluated based on the thermodynamic phase behavior of the individual mixture of API/polymer/excipient, rather than based on pure-component properties of the excipient only. In-silico predictions proposed in this work remarkably decrease the number of screening tests for identifying suitable formulation excipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiner Veith
- TU Dortmund University, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Laboratory of Thermodynamics, Emil-Figge-Str. 70, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Felix Wiechert
- TU Dortmund University, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Laboratory of Thermodynamics, Emil-Figge-Str. 70, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Christian Luebbert
- TU Dortmund University, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Laboratory of Thermodynamics, Emil-Figge-Str. 70, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Gabriele Sadowski
- TU Dortmund University, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Laboratory of Thermodynamics, Emil-Figge-Str. 70, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany.
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13
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Dohrn S, Luebbert C, Lehmkemper K, Kyeremateng SO, Degenhardt M, Sadowski G. Solvent influence on the phase behavior and glass transition of Amorphous Solid Dispersions. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 158:132-142. [PMID: 33212185 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the long-term stability of amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) is important for their successful approval for market. ASD stability does not only depend on the interplay between the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) and the polymer in the final formulation but may already be disadvantageously influenced by process steps during the production (e.g. selection of inappropriate solvent for spray drying). Residual solvent can affect the API solubility in the polymer, molecular mobility (by influencing the glass-transition temperature) and induce liquid-liquid phase separation. Enhanced mobility in the ASD due to residual solvent can promote recrystallization in ASDs. The removal of residual solvent can be expensive, time-consuming, and usually requires secondary drying procedures to fulfil the regulatory requirements. The aim of this work is to predict the API solubility in polymer-solvent mixtures, solvent influence on the glass transition, and the occurrence of liquid-liquid phase separation of solvent-loaded ASDs using the thermodynamic model PC-SAFT and to experimentally validate these predictions. ASDs containing the APIs ritonavir or naproxen and the polymers poly(vinylpyrrolidone), poly (vinylpyrrolidone-co-vinyl acetate), or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate were spray-dried using the solvents acetone, ethanol, and dichloromethane. API solubility, sorption behavior, liquid-liquid phase separation and glass transition in the ternary API/polymer/solvent mixtures were predicted based on the binary phase behavior between API/solvent, API/polymer, and polymer/solvent and successfully validated experimentally using dynamic vapor sorption (DVS), and Raman spectroscopy. Thus, the presented methodology allows for an in-silico selection of appropriate solvent systems for solvent-based ASD preparation based on a limited amount of experimental data for binary systems only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Dohrn
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Thermodynamics, TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge-Str. 70, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Christian Luebbert
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Thermodynamics, TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge-Str. 70, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Kristin Lehmkemper
- AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Global Pharmaceutical R&D, Knollstraße, D-67061 Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Samuel O Kyeremateng
- AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Global Pharmaceutical R&D, Knollstraße, D-67061 Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany.
| | - Matthias Degenhardt
- AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Global Pharmaceutical R&D, Knollstraße, D-67061 Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Gabriele Sadowski
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Thermodynamics, TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge-Str. 70, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany.
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14
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Wolbert F, Stecker J, Luebbert C, Sadowski G. Viscosity of ASDs at humid conditions. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 154:387-396. [PMID: 32717391 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Many amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) are thermodynamically unstable. Thus, the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) might crystallize over time. The crystallization kinetics and therewith the long-term stability of ASDs depends on the storage conditions temperature and relative humidity (RH) as they determine the molecular mobility of the API in the polymer. To quantify the molecular mobility, the rheological behavior of two different ASDs with ibuprofen and either poly(vinyl acetate) or poly(vinylpyrrolidone-co-vinyl acetate) was analyzed as function of temperature and relative humidity by means of an oscillatory rheometer. The plasticizing effect of ibuprofen and absorbed water on the zero-shear viscosity of the polymer could be fully explained by the reduction of the glass-transition temperature of the mixture compared to the one of the pure polymer. Moreover, this work proposes an approach to predict the zero-shear viscosity of an ASD based on only the temperature dependence of the zero-shear viscosity of the pure polymer as well as the predicted water content in the ASD at certain RH using the Perturbed-Chain Statistical Associating Fluid Theory (PC-SAFT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Wolbert
- INVITE GmbH, Drug Delivery Innovation Center (DDiC), 51368 Leverkusen, Germany; TU Dortmund University, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Thermodynamics, Emil-Figge-Str. 70, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Joel Stecker
- TU Dortmund University, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Thermodynamics, Emil-Figge-Str. 70, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Christian Luebbert
- TU Dortmund University, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Thermodynamics, Emil-Figge-Str. 70, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Gabriele Sadowski
- TU Dortmund University, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Thermodynamics, Emil-Figge-Str. 70, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany.
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15
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Matić J, Paudel A, Bauer H, Garcia RAL, Biedrzycka K, Khinast JG. Developing HME-Based Drug Products Using Emerging Science: a Fast-Track Roadmap from Concept to Clinical Batch. AAPS PharmSciTech 2020; 21:176. [PMID: 32572701 PMCID: PMC7308264 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-020-01713-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper presents a rational workflow for developing enabling formulations, such as amorphous solid dispersions, via hot-melt extrusion in less than a year. First, our approach to an integrated product and process development framework is described, including state-of-the-art theoretical concepts, modeling, and experimental characterization described in the literature and developed by us. Next, lab-scale extruder setups are designed (processing conditions and screw design) based on a rational, model-based framework that takes into account the thermal load required, the mixing capabilities, and the thermo-mechanical degradation. The predicted optimal process setup can be validated quickly in the pilot plant. Lastly, a transfer of the process to any GMP-certified manufacturing site can be performed in silico for any extruder based on our validated computational framework. In summary, the proposed workflow massively reduces the risk in product and process development and shortens the drug-to-market time for enabling formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josip Matić
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Graz, Austria
| | - Amrit Paudel
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Graz, Austria.
- Institute for Process and Particle Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria.
| | - Hannes Bauer
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Graz, Austria
| | | | | | - Johannes G Khinast
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Graz, Austria.
- Institute for Process and Particle Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria.
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16
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Dohrn S, Reimer P, Luebbert C, Lehmkemper K, Kyeremateng SO, Degenhardt M, Sadowski G. Thermodynamic Modeling of Solvent-Impact on Phase Separation in Amorphous Solid Dispersions during Drying. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:2721-2733. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Dohrn
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Thermodynamics, TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge-Strasse 70, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Philipp Reimer
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Thermodynamics, TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge-Strasse 70, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Christian Luebbert
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Thermodynamics, TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge-Strasse 70, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Kristin Lehmkemper
- AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Global Pharmaceutical R&D, Knollstraße, D-67061 Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Samuel O. Kyeremateng
- AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Global Pharmaceutical R&D, Knollstraße, D-67061 Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Matthias Degenhardt
- AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Global Pharmaceutical R&D, Knollstraße, D-67061 Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Gabriele Sadowski
- AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Global Pharmaceutical R&D, Knollstraße, D-67061 Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
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17
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Tian B, Ju X, Yang D, Kong Y, Tang X. Effect of the third component on the aging and crystallization of cinnarizine-soluplus® binary solid dispersion. Int J Pharm 2020; 580:119240. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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18
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Multi-Step Concanavalin A Phase Separation and Early-Stage Nucleation Monitored Via Dynamic and Depolarized Light Scattering. CRYSTALS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst9120620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Protein phase separation and protein liquid cluster formation have been observed and analysed in protein crystallization experiments and, in recent years, have been reported more frequently, especially in studies related to membraneless organelles and protein cluster formation in cells. A detailed understanding about the phase separation process preceding liquid dense cluster formation will elucidate what has, so far, been poorly understood—despite intracellular crowding and phase separation being very common processes—and will also provide more insights into the early events of in vitro protein crystallization. In this context, the phase separation and crystallization kinetics of concanavalin A were analysed in detail, which applies simultaneous dynamic light scattering and depolarized dynamic light scattering to obtain insights into metastable intermediate states between the soluble phase and the crystalline form. A multi-step mechanism was identified for ConA phase separation, according to the resultant ACF decay, acquired after an increase in the concentration of the crowding agent until a metastable ConA gel intermediate between the soluble and final crystalline phases was observed. The obtained results also revealed that ConA is trapped in a macromolecular network due to short-range intermolecular protein interactions and is unable to transform back into a non-ergodic solution.
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19
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Kapourani A, Vardaka E, Katopodis K, Kachrimanis K, Barmpalexis P. Rivaroxaban polymeric amorphous solid dispersions: Moisture-induced thermodynamic phase behavior and intermolecular interactions. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2019; 145:98-112. [PMID: 31698042 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2019.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The present study evaluates the physical stability and intermolecular interactions of Rivaroxaban (RXB) amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) in polymeric carriers via thermodynamic modelling and molecular simulations. Specifically, the Flory-Huggins (FH) lattice solution theory was used to construct thermodynamic phase diagrams of RXB ASDs in four commonly used polymeric carriers (i.e. copovidone, coPVP, povidone, PVP, Soluplus, SOL and hypromellose acetate succinate, HPMCAS), which were stored under 0%, 60% and 75% relative humidity (RH) conditions. In order to verify the phase boundaries predicted by FH modelling (i.e. truly amorphous zone, amorphous-amorphous demixing zones and amorphous-API recrystallization zones), samples of ASDs were examined via polarized light microscopy after storage for up to six months at various RH conditions. Results showed a good agreement between the theoretical and the experimental approaches (i.e. coPVP and PVP resulted in less physically-stable ASDs compared to SOL and HPMCAS) indicating that the proposed FH-based modelling may be a useful tool in predicting long-term physical stability in high humidity conditions. In addition, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were employed in order to interpret the observed differences in physical stability. Results, which were verified via differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), suggested the formation of similar intermolecular interactions in all cases, indicating that the interaction with moisture water plays a more crucial role in ASD physical stability compared to the formation of intermolecular interactions between ASD components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afroditi Kapourani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | - Elisavet Vardaka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Katopodis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | - Kyriakos Kachrimanis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Barmpalexis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece.
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20
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Tian Y, Qian K, Jacobs E, Amstad E, Jones DS, Stella L, Andrews GP. The Investigation of Flory-Huggins Interaction Parameters for Amorphous Solid Dispersion Across the Entire Temperature and Composition Range. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11080420. [PMID: 31430958 PMCID: PMC6722828 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11080420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) is one of the most promising enabling formulations featuring significant water solubility and bioavailability enhancements for biopharmaceutical classification system (BCS) class II and IV drugs. An accurate thermodynamic understanding of the ASD should be established for the ease of development of stable formulation with desired product performances. In this study, we report a first experimental approach combined with classic Flory–Huggins (F–H) modelling to understand the performances of ASD across the entire temperature and drug composition range. At low temperature and drug loading, water (moisture) was induced into the system to increase the mobility and accelerate the amorphous drug-amorphous polymer phase separation (AAPS). The binodal line indicating the boundary between one phase and AAPS of felodipine, PVPK15 and water ternary system was successfully measured, and the corresponding F–H interaction parameters (χ) for FD-PVPK15 binary system were derived. By combining dissolution/melting depression with AAPS approach, the relationship between temperature and drug loading with χ (Φ, T) for FD-PVPK15 system was modelled across the entire range as χ = 1.72 − 852/T + 5.17·Φ − 7.85·Φ2. This empirical equation can provide better understanding and prediction for the miscibility and stability of drug-polymer ASD at all conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwei Tian
- Pharmaceutical Engineering Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK.
| | - Kaijie Qian
- Pharmaceutical Engineering Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Esther Jacobs
- Pharmaceutical Engineering Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Esther Amstad
- Soft Materials Laboratory, Institute of Materials, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - David S Jones
- Pharmaceutical Engineering Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Lorenzo Stella
- Atomistic Simulation Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University Belfast, 7-9 College Park E, Belfast BT7 1PS, UK
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen's University Belfast, David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, UK
| | - Gavin P Andrews
- Pharmaceutical Engineering Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
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21
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Wolbert F, Brandenbusch C, Sadowski G. Selecting Excipients Forming Therapeutic Deep Eutectic Systems-A Mechanistic Approach. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:3091-3099. [PMID: 31095911 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The majority of all newly identified active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) have a low solubility in water (partly smaller than marble). In order to enhance their solubility and bioavailability, the formulation of these APIs, as part of therapeutic deep eutectic systems (THEDES), has been recently shown to be a promising approach. By choosing the right excipient, the melting point of the API/excipient mixture can be lowered below body temperature or even room temperature, resulting in a liquid formulation. To date, because of a lack of mechanistic understanding of how THEDES are formed, the identification of suitable excipients for a given API is almost exclusively based on heuristic decisions and trial-and-error-based approaches. This is both very time-consuming and expensive. The purpose of this work is to reduce the experimental effort to identify suitable excipients for a given API solely based on the melting properties (melting temperature and melting enthalpy) of the API and excipient and accounting for intermolecular interactions via a predictive thermodynamic model [in this case, UNIFAC(Do)]. Lidocaine, ibuprofen, and phenylacetic acid were considered as model APIs, whereas thymol, vanillin, lauric acid, para-toluic acid, benzoic acid, and cinnamic acid were considered as model excipients. The formation of THEDES from these components was predicted and confirmed using differential scanning calorimetry. The results indicate that the experimental effort for the identification of suitable API/excipient combinations can be drastically reduced by thermodynamic modeling, leading to more efficient and tailor-made formulations in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Wolbert
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Thermodynamics , TU Dortmund , Emil-Figge-Str. 70 , D-44227 Dortmund , Germany
| | - Christoph Brandenbusch
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Thermodynamics , TU Dortmund , Emil-Figge-Str. 70 , D-44227 Dortmund , Germany
| | - Gabriele Sadowski
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Thermodynamics , TU Dortmund , Emil-Figge-Str. 70 , D-44227 Dortmund , Germany
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22
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Luebbert C, Sadowski G. In-situ determination of crystallization kinetics in ASDs via water sorption experiments. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2018; 127:183-193. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2018.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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