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Li S, Liu Y. Intestinal absorption mechanism and nutritional synergy promotion strategy of dietary flavonoids: transintestinal epithelial pathway mediated by intestinal transport proteins. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2024:1-14. [PMID: 39086266 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2024.2387320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Dietary flavonoids exhibit a variety of physiological functions in regulating glucose and lipid metabolism, improving cardiovascular function, and enhancing stress resistance. However, poor intestinal absorption limits their health benefits. Previous studies on improving the absorption efficiency of flavonoids have focused on targeted release, enhanced gastrointestinal stability and prolonged retention time in digestive tract. But less attention has been paid to promoting the uptake and transport of flavonoids by intestinal epithelial cells through modulation of transporter protein-mediated pathways. Interestingly, some dietary nutrients have been found to modulate the expression or function of transporter proteins, thereby synergistically or antagonistically affecting flavonoid absorption. Therefore, this paper proposed an innovative regulatory strategy known as the "intestinal transport protein-mediated pathway" to promote intestinal absorption of dietary flavonoids. The flavonoid absorption mechanism in the intestinal epithelium, mediated by intestinal transport proteins, was summarized. The functional differences between the uptake transporter and efflux transporters during flavonoid trans-intestinal cellular transport were discussed. Finally, from the perspective of nutritional synergy promotion of absorption, the feasibility of promoting flavonoid intestinal absorption by regulating the expression/function of transport proteins through dietary nutrients was emphasized. This review provides a new perspective and developing precise dietary nutrient combinations for efficient dietary flavonoid absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuqiong Li
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Deep Processing Technology for Aquatic Products, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Yixiang Liu
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Deep Processing Technology for Aquatic Products, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian, People's Republic of China
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2
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Rasmussen AJ, Pedersen M, Griffin BT, Holm R, Nielsen CU. Digestion of surfactants does not affect their ability to inhibit P-gp-mediated transport in vitro. Int J Pharm 2024; 656:124120. [PMID: 38621613 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
While various non-ionic surfactants at low concentrations have been shown to increase the transport of P-gp substrates in vitro, in vivo studies in rats have shown that a higher surfactant concentration is needed to increase the oral absorption of e.g. the P-gp substrates digoxin and etoposide. The aim of the present study was to investigate if intestinal digestion of surfactants could be the reason for this deviation between in vitro and in vivo data. Therefore, Kolliphor EL, Brij-L23, Labrasol and polysorbate 20 were investigated for their ability to inhibit P-gp and increase digoxin absorption in vitro. Transport studies were performed in Caco-2 cells, while P-gp inhibition and cell viability assays were performed in MDCKII-MDR1 cells. Polysorbate 20, Kolliphor EL and Brij-L23 increased absorptive transport and decreased secretory digoxin transport in Caco-2 cells, whereas only polysorbate 20 and Brij-L23 showed P-gp inhibiting properties in the MDCKII-MDR1 cells. Polysorbate 20 and Brij-L23 were chosen for in vitro digestion prior to transport- or P-gp inhibiting assays. Brij-L23 was not digestible, whereas polysorbate 20 reached a degree of digestion around 40%. Neither of the two surfactants showed any significant difference in their ability to affect absorptive or secretory transport of digoxin after pre-digestion. Furthermore, the P-gp inhibiting effects of polysorbate 20 were not decreased significantly. In conclusion, the mechanism behind the non-ionic surfactant mediated in vitro P-gp inhibition seemed independent of the intestinal digestion and the results presented here did not suggest it to be the cause of the observed discrepancy between in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asbjørn Jaensch Rasmussen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55 DK-5230, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Maria Pedersen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55 DK-5230, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Brendan T Griffin
- School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, College Road, Cork T12 YN60, Ireland
| | - René Holm
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55 DK-5230, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Carsten Uhd Nielsen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55 DK-5230, Odense M, Denmark.
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3
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Elhoseny SM, Saleh NM, Meshali MM. Self-Nanoemulsion Intrigues the Gold Phytopharmaceutical Chrysin: In Vitro Assessment and Intrinsic Analgesic Effect. AAPS PharmSciTech 2024; 25:54. [PMID: 38443653 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-024-02767-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Chrysin is a natural flavonoid with a wide range of bioactivities. Only a few investigations have assessed the analgesic activity of chrysin. The lipophilicity of chrysin reduces its aqueous solubility and bioavailability. Hence, self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDS) were designed to overcome this problem. Kollisolv GTA, Tween 80, and Transcutol HP were selected as oil, surfactant, and cosurfactant, respectively. SNEDDS A, B, and C were prepared, loaded with chrysin (0.1%w/w), and extensively evaluated. The optimized formula (B) encompasses 25% Kollisolv GTA, 18.75% Tween 80, and 56.25% Transcutol HP was further assessed. TEM, in vitro release, and biocompatibility towards the normal oral epithelial cell line (OEC) were estimated. Brain targeting and acetic acid-induced writhing in a mouse model were studied. After testing several adsorbents, powdered SNEDDS B was formulated and evaluated. The surfactant/cosurfactant (S/CoS) ratio of 1:3 w/w was appropriate for the preparation of SNEDDS. Formula B exhibited instant self-emulsification, spherical nanoscaled droplets of 155.4 ± 32.02 nm, and a zeta potential of - 12.5 ± 3.40 mV. The in vitro release proved the superiority of formula B over chrysin suspension (56.16 ± 10.23 and 9.26 ± 1.67%, respectively). The biocompatibility of formula B towards OEC was duplicated (5.69 ± 0.03 µg/mL). The nociceptive pain was mitigated by formula B more efficiently than chrysin suspension as the writhing numbers reduced from 8.33 ± 0.96 to 0 after 60 min of oral administration. Aerosil R972 was selected as an adsorbent, and its chemical compatibility was confirmed. In conclusion, our findings prove the therapeutic efficacy of chrysin self-nanoemulsion as a potential targeting platform to combat pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar Mohamed Elhoseny
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Noha Mohamed Saleh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt.
| | - Mahasen Mohamed Meshali
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
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Chen JY, Sung CJ, Chen SC, Hsiang YP, Hsu YC, Teng YN. Redefine the role of d-α-Tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate on P-glycoprotein, multidrug resistance protein 1, and breast cancer resistance protein mediated cancer multidrug resistance. Eur J Pharm Sci 2023; 190:106579. [PMID: 37689120 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2023.106579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Cancer drug resistance is an ever-changing problem that most patients need to face in their later stages of treatment, especially the multidrug resistant (MDR) type. The drug efflux transporters, including P-glycoprotein (P-gp), multidrug resistance protein 1 (MRP1), and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), play the crucial roles in this sophisticated battle. In recent decades, researchers try to find potential inhibitors to impede the drug efflux function of above transporters. d-α-Tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (vitamin E TPGS) is a prevalently used excipient in the formulation design. In the present study, the modulatory effects and mechanisms of vitamin E TPGS on the efflux transporters were investigated. And the cancer MDR reversing ability of vitamin E TPGS was evaluated as well. Stable-cloned transporter over-expressed cell lines were used for mechanisms study, while several types of MDR cancer cell lines were adopted as reversing evaluation models. The results exhibited that vitamin E TPGS significantly inhibited the efflux function of P-gp, MRP1, and BCRP under non-cytotoxic concentrations, but not influencing the protein expression levels. Through efflux assay and molecular docking, vitamin E TPGS was found to be an uncompetitive, non-competitive, and competitive inhibitor on chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin efflux in P-gp, MRP1, and BCRP over-expressing cell lines, respectively. Furthermore, the basal ATPase activity of three transporters were significantly inhibited by vitamin E TPGS at 10 μM. And the cell membrane fluidity of P-gp over-expressing cell line was enhanced by 22.58% with 5 μM vitamin E TPGS treatment, compared to the parental Flp-In™-293 cell line (without P-gp). The resistance reversing ability of vitamin E TPGS was prominent in MCF-7/DOX MDR breast cancer cell line, which over-expressed P-gp, MRP1, and BCRP. These significant results suggested that vitamin E TPGS is a promising modulator on transporters mediated cancer MDR. Vitamin E TPGS is not an inert excipient, but possesses MDR-reversing pharmacological effects, and deserves a re-purposing application on the future combinatorial regimen design for MDR cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Yi Chen
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of medical science and technology, I-Shou University, 8 Yida Road, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan, R.O.C; School of Medicine for International Students, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, 8 Yida Road, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chieh-Ju Sung
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No.1 Jen Ai road section 1, Taipei 100233, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ssu-Chi Chen
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, 8 Yida Road, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yi-Ping Hsiang
- Department of Pharmacy, E-Da Hospital, 1 Yida Road, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yung-Chia Hsu
- Department of Pharmacy, E-Da Cancer Hospital, 21 Yida Road, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yu-Ning Teng
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, 8 Yida Road, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan, R.O.C; Department of Pharmacy, E-Da Cancer Hospital, 21 Yida Road, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan, R.O.C.
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Murakami T, Bodor E, Bodor N. Approaching strategy to increase the oral bioavailability of berberine, a quaternary ammonium isoquinoline alkaloid: Part 2. Development of oral dosage formulations. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2023; 19:139-148. [PMID: 37060323 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2023.2203858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Berberine (BBR) possesses a wide variety of pharmacological activities. However, the oral bioavailability of BBR is low due to extensive intestinal first-pass metabolism by cytochrome P450s (CYPs), insufficient absorption due to low solubility and P-glycoprotein (P-gp)-mediated efflux transport, and hepatic first-pass metabolism in rats. AREAS COVERED Various dosage formulations were developed to increase the oral bioavailability of BBR by overcoming the reducing factors. This article provides the developing strategy of oral dosage formulations of BBR based on the physicochemical (low solubility, formation of salts/ion-pair complex) and pharmacokinetic properties (substrate of P-gp/CYPs, extensive intestinal first-pass metabolism). Literature was searched by using PubMed. EXPERT OPINION Here, formulations increasing the dissolution rates/solubility; formulations containing a P-gp inhibitor; formulations containing solubilizer exhibiting P-gp and/or CYPs inhibitors; formulations containing absorption enhancers; gastro/duodenal retentive formulations; lipid-based formulations; formulations targeting lymphatic transport; and physicochemical modifications increasing lipophilicity were reviewed. Among these formulations, formulations that can reduce intestinal first-pass metabolisms such as formulations containing CYPs inhibitor(s) and formulations containing absorption enhancer(s) significantly increased the oral bioavailability of BBR. Further studies on other dosing routes that can avoid first-pass metabolism such as the rectal route would also be important to increase the bioavailability of BBR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erik Bodor
- Bodor Laboratories Inc, Miami, Florida33137, USA
| | - Nicholas Bodor
- Bodor Laboratories Inc, Miami, Florida33137, USA
- College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida32611, USA
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6
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Fatoki TH, Chukwuejim S, Udenigwe CC, Aluko RE. In Silico Exploration of Metabolically Active Peptides as Potential Therapeutic Agents against Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065828. [PMID: 36982902 PMCID: PMC10058213 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is regarded as a fatal neurodegenerative disease that is featured by progressive damage of the upper and lower motor neurons. To date, over 45 genes have been found to be connected with ALS pathology. The aim of this work was to computationally identify unique sets of protein hydrolysate peptides that could serve as therapeutic agents against ALS. Computational methods which include target prediction, protein-protein interaction, and peptide-protein molecular docking were used. The results showed that the network of critical ALS-associated genes consists of ATG16L2, SCFD1, VAC15, VEGFA, KEAP1, KIF5A, FIG4, TUBA4A, SIGMAR1, SETX, ANXA11, HNRNPL, NEK1, C9orf72, VCP, RPSA, ATP5B, and SOD1 together with predicted kinases such as AKT1, CDK4, DNAPK, MAPK14, and ERK2 in addition to transcription factors such as MYC, RELA, ZMIZ1, EGR1, TRIM28, and FOXA2. The identified molecular targets of the peptides that support multi-metabolic components in ALS pathogenesis include cyclooxygenase-2, angiotensin I-converting enzyme, dipeptidyl peptidase IV, X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein 3, and endothelin receptor ET-A. Overall, the results showed that AGL, APL, AVK, IIW, PVI, and VAY peptides are promising candidates for further study. Future work would be needed to validate the therapeutic properties of these hydrolysate peptides by in vitro and in vivo approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stanley Chukwuejim
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University Oye-Ekiti, PMB 373, Oye 371104, Nigeria
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Chibuike C Udenigwe
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Nutrition Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Rotimi E Aluko
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
- Richardson Centre for Food Technology and Research, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
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7
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Ono A, Kurihara R, Terada K, Sugano K. Bioequivalence Dissolution Test Criteria for Formulation Development of High Solubility-Low Permeability Drugs. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2023; 71:213-219. [PMID: 36858526 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c22-00685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to provide the experimental and theoretical basis of bioequivalence (BE) dissolution test criteria for formulation development of high solubility-low permeability drugs. According to the biowaiver scheme based on the biopharmaceutics classification system (BCS), for BCS class III drugs, a test formulation and a reference formulation are predicted to be BE when 85% of the drug dissolves within 15 min (T85% < 15 min) in the compendial dissolution test. However, previous theoretical simulation studies have suggested that this criterion may possibly be relaxed for use in practical formulation development. In the present study, the dissolution profiles of 14 famotidine formulations for which BE has been clinically confirmed were evaluated by the compendial dissolution test at pH 1.2 and 6.8. The plasma concentration-time profiles of famotidine formulations were simulated using the dissolution data. In addition, virtual simulations were performed to estimate the range of dissolution rates to be bioequivalent. The fastest and slowest dissolution rates among the famotidine formulations were T85% = 10 min and T85% = 60 min at pH 6.8, respectively. The virtual simulation BE study suggested that famotidine formulations can be bioequivalent when T85% < 99 min. In the case of BCS III drugs, the rate-limiting step of oral drug absorption is the membrane permeation process rather than the dissolution process. Therefore, a difference in the dissolution process has less effect on BE. These results contribute to a better understanding of the biowaiver approach and would be of great help in the formulation development of BCS class III drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asami Ono
- Laboratory for Chemistry, Manufacturing, and Control, Pharmaceuticals Production & Technology Center, Asahi Kasei Pharma Corporation
| | - Rena Kurihara
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University
| | - Katsuhide Terada
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare
| | - Kiyohiko Sugano
- Molecular Pharmaceutics Laboratory, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University
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8
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Pharmacokinetic modulation of substrate drugs via the inhibition of drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters using pharmaceutical excipients. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40005-022-00606-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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9
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Cytotoxicity and Thermal Characterization Assessment of Excipients for the Development of Innovative Lyophilized Formulations for Oncological Applications. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10122641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Freeze-drying, also known as lyophilization, significantly improves the storage, stability, shelf life, and clinical translation of biopharmaceuticals. On the downside, this process faces complex challenges, i.e., the presence of freezing and drying stresses for the active compounds, the uniformity and consistency of the final products, and the efficiency and safety of the reconstituted lyophilized formulations. All these requirements can be addressed by adding specific excipients that can protect and stabilize the active ingredient during lyophilization, assisting in the formation of solid structures without interfering with the biological and/or pharmaceutical action of the reconstituted products. However, these excipients, generally considered safe and inert, could play an active role in the formulation interacting with the biological cellular machinery and promoting toxicity. Any side effects should be carefully identified and characterized to better tune any treatments in terms of concentrations and administration times. In this work, various concentrations in the range of 1 to 100 mg/mL of cellobiose, lactose, sucrose, trehalose, isoleucine, glycine, methionine, dextran, mannitol, and (2-hydroxypropyl)-β-cyclodextrin were evaluated in terms of their ability to create uniform and solid lyophilized structures. The freeze-dried products were then reconstituted in the appropriate cell culture media to assess their in vitro cytotoxicity on both a healthy cell line (B-lymphocytes) and their tumoral lymphoid counterpart (Daudi). Results showed that at 10 mg/mL, all the excipients demonstrated suitable lyophilized solid structures and high tolerability by both cell lines, while dextran was the only excipient well-tolerated also up to 100 mg/mL. An interesting result was shown for methionine, which even at 10 mg/mL, selectively affected the viability of the cancerous cell line only, opening future perspectives for antitumoral applications.
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An Oral 3D Printed PLGA-Tocopherol PEG Succinate Nanocomposite Hydrogel for High-Dose Methotrexate Delivery in Maintenance Chemotherapy. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10071470. [PMID: 35884775 PMCID: PMC9313284 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10071470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
High-dose methotrexate (HDMTX) is one of the chemotherapeutic agents used to treat a variety of cancers in both adults and children. However, the toxicity associated with HDMTX has resulted in the spread of infections and treatment interruption. Further, poor bioavailability due to efflux pump activities mediated by P-glycoprotein has also been linked to poor therapeutic effects of methotrexate following oral administrations. D-α-Tocopheryl poly-ethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS) is known to improve the bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs by inhibiting P-gp efflux activities, thus enhancing cellular uptake. Therefore, to achieve improved bioavailability for MTX, this study aimed to design and develop a novel drug delivery system employing TPGS and a biodegradable polymer, i.e., PLGA, to construct methotrexate-loaded nanoparticles fixated in alginate-gelatine 3D printable hydrogel ink to form a solid 3D printed tablet for oral delivery. The results indicated that high accuracy (>95%) of the 3D printed tablets was achieved using a 25 G needle. In vitro, drug release profiles were investigated at pH 1.2 and pH 7.4 to simulate the gastrointestinal environment. The in vitro release profile displayed a controlled and prolonged release of methotrexate over 24 h. The in silico modeling study displayed P-gp ATPase inhibition, suggesting enhanced MTX absorption from the gastrointestinal site. The 3D-printed hydrogel-based tablet has the potential to overcome the chemotherapeutic challenges that are experienced with conventional therapies.
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11
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Pinto M, Silva V, Barreiro S, Silva R, Remião F, Borges F, Fernandes C. Brain drug delivery and neurodegenerative diseases: Polymeric PLGA-based nanoparticles as a forefront platform. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 79:101658. [PMID: 35660114 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of effective drugs for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders (NDs) is a deadlock. Due to their complex etiology and high heterogeneity, progresses in the development of novel NDs therapies have been slow, raising social/economic and medical concerns. Nanotechnology and nanomedicine evolved exponentially in recent years and presented a panoply of tools projected to improve diagnosis and treatment. Drug-loaded nanosystems, particularly nanoparticles (NPs), were successfully used to address numerous drug glitches, such as efficacy, bioavailability and safety. Polymeric nanoparticles (PNPs), mainly based on polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA), have been already validated and approved for the treatment of cancer, neurologic dysfunctions and hormonal-related diseases. Despite promising no PNPs-based therapy for neurodegenerative disorders is available up to date. To stimulate the research in the area the studies performed so far with polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles as well as the techniques aimed to improve PNPs BBB permeability and drug targeting were revised. Bearing in mind NDs pharmacological therapy landscape huge efforts must be done in finding new therapeutic solutions along with the translation of the most promising results to the clinic, which hopefully will converge in the development of effective drugs in a foreseeable future.
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12
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Lu R, Zhou Y, Ma J, Wang Y, Miao X. Strategies and Mechanism in Reversing Intestinal Drug Efflux in Oral Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14061131. [PMID: 35745704 PMCID: PMC9228857 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14061131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Efflux transporters distributed at the apical side of human intestinal epithelial cells actively transport drugs from the enterocytes to the intestinal lumen, which could lead to extremely poor absorption of drugs by oral administration. Typical intestinal efflux transporters involved in oral drug absorption process mainly include P-glycoprotein (P-gp), multidrug resistance proteins (MRPs) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP). Drug efflux is one of the most important factors resulting in poor absorption of oral drugs. Caco-2 monolayer and everted gut sac are sued to accurately measure drug efflux in vitro. To reverse intestinal drug efflux and improve absorption of oral drugs, a great deal of functional amphiphilic excipients and inhibitors with the function of suppressing efflux transporters activity are generalized in this review. In addition, different strategies of reducing intestinal drugs efflux such as silencing transporters and the application of excipients and inhibitors are introduced. Ultimately, various nano-formulations of improving oral drug absorption by inhibiting intestinal drug efflux are discussed. In conclusion, this review has significant reference for overcoming intestinal drug efflux and improving oral drug absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Lu
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China; (R.L.); (Y.Z.); (J.M.); (Y.W.)
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Yun Zhou
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China; (R.L.); (Y.Z.); (J.M.); (Y.W.)
| | - Jinqian Ma
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China; (R.L.); (Y.Z.); (J.M.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yuchen Wang
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China; (R.L.); (Y.Z.); (J.M.); (Y.W.)
| | - Xiaoqing Miao
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China; (R.L.); (Y.Z.); (J.M.); (Y.W.)
- Correspondence:
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13
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Cai Y, Liu L, Xia M, Tian C, Wu W, Dong B, Chu X. SEDDS facilitate cinnamaldehyde crossing the mucus barrier: The perspective of mucus and Caco-2/HT29 co-culture models. Int J Pharm 2022; 614:121461. [PMID: 35026310 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS) have potential applications in the delivery of hydrophobic components. Oral drugs are readily captured and cleared by intestinal mucus, a natural barrier that covers the mucosal epithelium and prevents the entry of foreign substances. In this study, we investigated for the first time the ability of SEDDS to deliver the lipophilic aldehyde cinnamaldehyde (CA-SEDDS) in rat mucus, mucin solution, Caco-2 and Caco-2/HT29 co-culture monolayer systems. CA-SEDDS was characterized by particle size, Zeta potential and the logDSEDDS/release medium. The capacity of CA-SEDDS to enhance mucus permeability was investigated in rat intestinal mucus gel and mucin solution with the period of in 12 h by Transwell® diffusion. We evaluated the potential of CA-SEDDS delivery of CA in a co-culture system of absorptive Caco-2 and mucus-secreting HT29 cells. CA-SEDDS exhibited excellent mucus permeability in mucus and mucin solutions, 5.1- and 2.8-fold higher than the free CA group, respectively. CA-SEDDS penetration increased by 2.5-fold compared with free CA when using the mucus-secreting co-culture cell model as a barrier. The relative oral bioavailability of CA-SEDDS was 242% compared to CA without formulation. These findings suggest that SEDDS exhibited good release and superior mucus permeability, displaying great potential for the future of hydrophobic oral applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Cai
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Preparation Technology and Application, China
| | - Liu Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China; College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Preparation Technology and Application, China
| | - Mengqiu Xia
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Preparation Technology and Application, China
| | - Chunling Tian
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Preparation Technology and Application, China
| | - Wenqing Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Preparation Technology and Application, China
| | - Baoqi Dong
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Preparation Technology and Application, China
| | - Xiaoqin Chu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China; Institute of Pharmaceutics, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Preparation Technology and Application, China; Engineering Technology Research Center of Modern Pharmaceutical Preparation, Anhui Province, China.
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14
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Rathod S, Desai H, Patil R, Sarolia J. Non-ionic Surfactants as a P-Glycoprotein(P-gp) Efflux Inhibitor for Optimal Drug Delivery-A Concise Outlook. AAPS PharmSciTech 2022; 23:55. [PMID: 35043278 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-022-02211-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Significant research efforts have been devoted to unraveling the mystery of P-glycoprotein(P-gp) in drug delivery applications. The efflux membrane transporter P-gp is widely distributed in the body and accountable for restricting drug absorption and bioavailability. For these reasons, it is the primary cause of developing multidrug resistance (MDR) in most drug delivery applications. Therefore, P-gp inhibitors must be explored to address MDR and the low bioavailability of therapeutic substrates. Several experimental models in kinetics and dynamic studies identified the sensitivity of drug molecules and excipients as a P-gp inhibitor. In this review, we aimed to emphasize nonionic surface-active agents for effective reversal of P-gp inhibition. As it is inert, non-toxic, noncharged, and quickly reaching the cytosolic lipid membrane (the point of contact with P-gp efflux protein) enables it to be more efficient as P-gp inhibitors. Moreover, nonionic surfactant improves drug absorption and bioavailability through the various mechanism, involving (i) association of drug with surfactant improves solubilization, facilitating its cell penetration and absorption; (ii) weakening the lateral membrane packing density, facilitating the passive drug influx; and (iii) inhibition of the ATP binding cassette of transporter P-glycoprotein. The application of nonionic surfactant as P-gp inhibitors is well established and supported by various experiments. Altogether, herein, we have primarily focused on various nonionic surfactants and their development strategies to conquer the MDR-causing effects of P-gp efflux protein in drug delivery. Graphical Abstract.
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15
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Metry M, Polli JE. Evaluation of Excipient Risk in BCS Class I and III Biowaivers. AAPS J 2022; 24:20. [PMID: 34988701 PMCID: PMC8817461 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-021-00670-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this review article is to summarize literature data pertinent to potential excipient effects on intestinal drug permeability and transit. Despite the use of excipients in drug products for decades, considerable research efforts have been directed towards evaluating their potential effects on drug bioavailability. Potential excipient concerns stem from drug formulation changes (e.g., scale-up and post-approval changes, development of a new generic product). Regulatory agencies have established in vivo bioequivalence standards and, as a result, may waive the in vivo requirement, known as a biowaiver, for some oral products. Biowaiver acceptance criteria are based on the in vitro characterization of the drug substance and drug product using the Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS). Various regulatory guidance documents have been issued regarding BCS-based biowaivers, such that the current FDA guidance is more restrictive than prior guidance, specifically about excipient risk. In particular, sugar alcohols have been identified as potential absorption-modifying excipients. These biowaivers and excipient risks are discussed here. Graphical Abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Metry
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - James E Polli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
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16
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Optimization of supercritical carbon dioxide fluid extraction of seized cannabis and self-emulsifying drug delivery system for enhancing the dissolution of cannabis extract. J Supercrit Fluids 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2021.105423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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17
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Lalan M, Shah P, Kadam R, Patel H. Amalgam of ternary solid dispersion and P-gp efflux inhibition in development of colon-targeted tablets of rifaximin. JOURNAL OF REPORTS IN PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/jrptps.jrptps_21_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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18
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Active Targeted Nanoemulsions for Repurposing of Tegaserod in Alzheimer's Disease Treatment. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13101626. [PMID: 34683919 PMCID: PMC8540544 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13101626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose: The activation of 5-HT4 receptors with agonists has emerged as a valuable therapeutic strategy to treat Alzheimer’s disease (AD) by enhancing the nonamyloidogenic pathway. Here, the potential therapeutic effects of tegaserod, an effective agent for irritable bowel syndrome, were assessed for AD treatment. To envisage its efficient repurposing, tegaserod-loaded nanoemulsions were developed and functionalized by a blood–brain barrier shuttle peptide. Results: The butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activity of tegaserod and its neuroprotective cellular effects were highlighted, confirming the interest of this pleiotropic drug for AD treatment. In regard to its drugability profile, and in order to limit its peripheral distribution after IV administration, its encapsulation into monodisperse lipid nanoemulsions (Tg-NEs) of about 50 nm, and with neutral zeta potential characteristics, was performed. The stability of the formulation in stock conditions at 4 °C and in blood biomimetic medium was established. The adsorption on Tg-NEs of peptide-22 was realized. The functionalized NEs were characterized by chromatographic methods (SEC and C18/HPLC) and isothermal titration calorimetry, attesting the efficiency of the adsorption. From in vitro assays, these nanocarriers appeared suitable for enabling tegaserod controlled release without hemolytic properties. Conclusion: The developed peptide-22 functionalized Tg-NEs appear as a valuable tool to allow exploration of the repurposed tegaserod in AD treatment in further preclinical studies.
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19
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Bajaj R, Chong LB, Zou L, Tsakalozou E, Ni Z, Giacomini KM, Kroetz DL. Interaction of Commonly Used Oral Molecular Excipients with P-glycoprotein. AAPS JOURNAL 2021; 23:106. [PMID: 34528148 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-021-00631-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
P-glycoprotein (P-gp) plays a critical role in drug oral bioavailability, and modulation of this transporter can alter the safety and/or efficacy profile of substrate drugs. Individual oral molecular excipients that inhibit P-gp function have been considered a mechanism for improving drug absorption, but a systematic evaluation of the interaction of excipients with P-gp is critical for informed selection of optimal formulations of proprietary and generic drug products. A library of 123 oral molecular excipients was screened for their ability to inhibit P-gp in two orthogonal cell-based assays. β-Cyclodextrin and light green SF yellowish were identified as modest inhibitors of P-gp with IC50 values of 168 μM (95% CI, 118-251 μM) and 204 μM (95% CI, 5.9-1745 μM), respectively. The lack of effect of most of the tested excipients on P-gp transport provides a wide selection of excipients for inclusion in oral formulations with minimal risk of influencing the oral bioavailability of P-gp substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchika Bajaj
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, 1550 4th Street RH584E, San Francisco, California, 94143-2911, USA
| | - Lisa B Chong
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, 1550 4th Street RH584E, San Francisco, California, 94143-2911, USA
| | - Ling Zou
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, 1550 4th Street RH584E, San Francisco, California, 94143-2911, USA
| | - Eleftheria Tsakalozou
- Division of Quantitative Methods and Modeling, Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Zhanglin Ni
- Division of Quantitative Methods and Modeling, Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Kathleen M Giacomini
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, 1550 4th Street RH584E, San Francisco, California, 94143-2911, USA
| | - Deanna L Kroetz
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, 1550 4th Street RH584E, San Francisco, California, 94143-2911, USA.
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20
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Dhritlahre RK, Ruchika, Padwad Y, Saneja A. Self-emulsifying formulations to augment therapeutic efficacy of nutraceuticals: From concepts to clinic. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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21
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An Assessment of Occasional Bio-Inequivalence for BCS1 and BCS3 Drugs: What are the Underlying Reasons? J Pharm Sci 2021; 111:124-134. [PMID: 34363838 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Despite having adequate solubility properties, bioequivalence (BE) studies performed on immediate release formulations containing BCS1/3 drugs occasionally fail. By systematically evaluating a set of 17 soluble drugs where unexpected BE failures have been reported and comparing to a set of 29 drugs where no such reports have been documented, a broad assessment of the risk factors leading to BE failure was performed. BE failures for BCS1/3 drugs were predominantly related to changes in Cmax rather than AUC. Cmax changes were typically modest, with minimal clinical significance for most drugs. Overall, drugs with a sharp plasma peak were identified as a key factor in BE failure risk. A new pharmacokinetic term (t½Cmax) is proposed to identify drugs at higher risk due to their peak plasma profile shape. In addition, the analysis revealed that weak acids, and drugs with particularly high gastric solubility are potentially more vulnerable to BE failure, particularly when these features are combined with a sharp Cmax peak. BCS3 drugs, which are often characterised as being more vulnerable to BE failure due to their potential for permeation and transit to be altered, particularly by excipient change, were not in general at greater risk of BE failures. These findings will help to inform how biowaivers may be optimally applied in the future.
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22
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McFeely SJ, Yu J, Wang Y, Wu C, Ragueneau-Majlessi I. Excipient knowledgebase: Development of a comprehensive tool for understanding the disposition and interaction potential of common excipients. CPT-PHARMACOMETRICS & SYSTEMS PHARMACOLOGY 2021; 10:953-961. [PMID: 34102029 PMCID: PMC8376134 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.12668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Although the use of excipients is widespread, a thorough understanding of the drug interaction potential of these compounds remains a frequent topic of current research. Not only can excipients alter the disposition of coformulated drugs, but it is likely that these effects on co‐administered drugs can reach to clinical significance leading to potential adverse effects or loss of efficacy. These risks can be evaluated through use of in silico methods of mechanistic modeling, including approaches, such as population pharmacokinetic (PK) and physiologically‐based PK modeling, which require a comprehensive understanding of the compounds to ensure accurate predictions. We established a knowledgebase of the available compound (or substance) and interaction‐specific parameters with the goal of providing a single source of physiochemical, in vitro, and clinical PK and interaction data of commonly used excipients. To illustrate the utility of this knowledgebase, a model for cremophor EL was developed and used to hypothesize the potential for CYP3A‐ and P‐gp‐based interactions as a proof of concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savannah J McFeely
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, UW Drug Interaction Solutions, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jingjing Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, UW Drug Interaction Solutions, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, UW Drug Interaction Solutions, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Cheryl Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, UW Drug Interaction Solutions, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Isabelle Ragueneau-Majlessi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, UW Drug Interaction Solutions, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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23
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Pharmaceutical Formulations with P-Glycoprotein Inhibitory Effect as Promising Approaches for Enhancing Oral Drug Absorption and Bioavailability. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13071103. [PMID: 34371794 PMCID: PMC8309061 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13071103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is crucial in the active transport of various substrates with diverse structures out of cells, resulting in poor intestinal permeation and limited bioavailability following oral administration. P-gp inhibitors, including small molecule drugs, natural constituents, and pharmaceutically inert excipients, have been exploited to overcome P-gp efflux and enhance the oral absorption and bioavailability of many P-gp substrates. The co-administration of small molecule P-gp inhibitors with P-gp substrates can result in drug–drug interactions and increased side effects due to the pharmacological activity of these molecules. On the other hand, pharmaceutically inert excipients, including polymers, surfactants, and lipid-based excipients, are safe, pharmaceutically acceptable, and are not absorbed from the gut. Notably, they can be incorporated in pharmaceutical formulations to enhance drug solubility, absorption, and bioavailability due to the formulation itself and the P-gp inhibitory effects of the excipients. Different formulations with inherent P-gp inhibitory activity have been developed. These include micelles, emulsions, liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles, microspheres, dendrimers, and solid dispersions. They can bypass P-gp by different mechanisms related to their properties. In this review, we briefly introduce P-gp and P-gp inhibitors, and we extensively summarize the current development of oral drug delivery systems that can bypass and inhibit P-gp to improve the oral absorption and bioavailability of P-gp substrates. Since many drugs are limited by P-gp-mediated efflux, this review is helpful for designing suitable formulations of P-gp substrates to enhance their oral absorption and bioavailability.
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24
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Ruan Y, Li X, You L, Chen J, Shen Y, Zhang J, Yuan Y, Kang L, Qin C, Wu C. Effect of Pharmaceutical Excipients on Intestinal Absorption of Metformin via Organic Cation-Selective Transporters. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:2198-2207. [PMID: 33956455 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c01104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence has shown that some pharmaceutical excipients can act on drug transporters. The present study was aimed at investigating the effects of 13 commonly used excipients on the intestinal absorption of metformin (MTF) and the underlying mechanisms using Caco-2 cells and an ex vivo mouse non-everted gut sac model. First, the uptake of MTF in Caco-2 cells was markedly inhibited by nonionic excipients including Solutol HS 15, polysorbate 20, polysorbate 40, polysorbate 60, polysorbate 80, and crospovidone. Second, transport profile studies showed that MTF was taken up via multiple cation-selective transporters, among which a novel pyrilamine-sensitive proton-coupled organic cation (H+/OC+) antiporter played a key role. Third, Solutol HS 15, polysorbate 40, and polysorbate 60 showed cis-inhibitory effects on the uptake of either pyrilamine (prototypical substrate of the pyrilamine-sensitive H+/OC+ antiporter) or 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (substrate of traditional cation-selective transporters including OCTs, MATEs, PMAT, SERT, and THTR-2), indicating that their suppression on MTF uptake is due to the synergistic inhibition toward multiple influx transporters. Finally, the pH-dependent mouse intestinal absorption of MTF was significantly decreased by Solutol HS 15, polysorbate 20, polysorbate 40, polysorbate 60, polysorbate 80, and pyrilamine. In conclusion, this study revealed that a novel transport process mediated by the pyrilamine-sensitive H+/OC+ antiporter contributes to the intestinal absorption of MTF in conjunction with the traditional cation-selective transporters. Mechanistic understanding of the interaction of excipients with cation-selective transporters can improve the formulation design and clinical application of cationic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiling Ruan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Xinran Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Linjun You
- Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Jungen Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Yueyue Shen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Junying Zhang
- Department of TCMs Pharmaceuticals, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Yaozuo Yuan
- Jiangsu Institute for Food and Drug Control, Nanjing 210019, China
| | - Lifeng Kang
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Chao Qin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Chunyong Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
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25
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Microfluidic assembly of pomegranate-like hierarchical microspheres for efflux regulation in oral drug delivery. Acta Biomater 2021; 126:277-290. [PMID: 33774198 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Herein, a multi-functional nano-in-micro hierarchical microsphere system is demonstrated for controlling the intestinal efflux pumps that affect the oral bioavailability of many therapeutic drugs. The hierarchical particles were generated by a co-flow microfluidic device and consisted of porous silica nanoparticles packed in Eudragit® polymeric matrix. Meropenem (MER), a last-resort antibacterial drug, was loaded into porous silica (MCM-48) with a loading capacity of 34.3 wt%. In this unique materials combination, MCM-48 enables ultrahigh loading of a hydrophilic MER, while the Eudragit® polymers not only protect MER from gastric pH but also act as an antagonist for p-glycoprotein protein efflux pumps to reduce the efflux of MER back into the gastrointestinal lumen. We investigated the in-vitro temporal MER release and bidirectional (absorptive and secretory) drug permeation model across the Caco-2 monolayer. The bioavailability of MER was significantly improved by all of the prepared formulations (i.e. increased absorptive transport and reduced secretory transport). The Eudragit® RSPO formulated MER-MCM showed the best performance with an efflux ratio (i.e. secretory transport/absorptive transport) of 0.35, which is 7.4 folds less than pure MER (2.62). Lastly, the prepared formulations were able to retain the antibacterial activity of MER against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Meropenem (MER) is a last resort antibiotic used for the treatment of drug-resistant and acute infections and only available as intravenous injectable dosage due to its poor chemical and thermal stability, and ultra-poor oral bioavailability because of the efflux action of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) pumps. Multifunctional colloidal micro/nanoparticles can help to solve these issues. Herein, we designed pomegranate-like hierarchical microspheres comprised of porous silica nanoparticles and enteric Eudragit® polymers (Eudragit®S100, Eudragit®RSPO, and Eudragit®RS100) using a co-flow microfluidic device. Our formulations allow for ultrahigh loading of hydrophilic MER, protects MER from gastric pH, and also block P-gp efflux pumps for enhanced MER permeation/retention with Eudragit®RSPO - showing 13.9-folds higher permeation and 7.4-folds reduction in efflux ratio in a bi-directional Caco-2 monolayer culture system.
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26
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Murakami T, Bodor E, Bodor N. Factors and dosage formulations affecting the solubility and bioavailability of P-glycoprotein substrate drugs. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2021; 17:555-580. [PMID: 33703995 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2021.1902986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Expression of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) increases toward the distal small intestine, implying that the duodenum is the preferential absorption site for P-gp substrate drugs. Oral bioavailability of poorly soluble P-gp substrate drugs is low and varied but increases with high-fat meals that supply lipoidal components and bile in the duodenum.Areas covered: Absorption properties of P-gp substrate drugs along with factors and oral dosage formulations affecting their solubility and bioavailability were reviewed with PubMed literature searches. An overview is provided from the viewpoint of the 'spring-and-parachute approach' that generates supersaturation of poorly soluble P-gp substrate drugs.Expert opinion: The oral bioavailability of P-gp substrate drugs is difficult to predict because of their low solubility, preferential absorption sites, and overlapping substrate specificities with CYP3A4, along with the scattered intestinal P-gp expression/function. To attain high and steady oral bioavailability of poorly soluble P-gp substrate drugs, physicochemical modification of drugs to improve solubility, or oral dosage formulations that generate long-lasting supersaturation in the duodenum, is preferred. In particular, supersaturable lipid-based drug delivery systems that can increase passive diffusion and/or lymphatic absorption are effective and applicable to many poorly soluble P-gp substrate drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nicholas Bodor
- Bodor Laboratories, Miami, Florida, USA.,College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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27
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Raza A, Sime FB, Cabot PJ, Roberts JA, Falconer JR, Kumeria T, Popat A. Liquid CO2 Formulated Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles for pH-Responsive Oral Delivery of Meropenem. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 7:1836-1853. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c01284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aun Raza
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
- Centre for Translational Anti-infective Pharmacodynamics, School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Fekade Bruck Sime
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
- Centre for Translational Anti-infective Pharmacodynamics, School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Peter J. Cabot
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Jason A. Roberts
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
- Centre for Translational Anti-infective Pharmacodynamics, School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia
- Department of Pharmacy, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia
| | - James R. Falconer
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Tushar Kumeria
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Amirali Popat
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
- Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
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Loisios-Konstantinidis I, Dressman J. Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Modeling to Support Waivers of In Vivo Clinical Studies: Current Status, Challenges, and Opportunities. Mol Pharm 2020; 18:1-17. [PMID: 33320002 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Physiologically based pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PBPK/PD) modeling has been extensively applied to quantitatively translate in vitro data, predict the in vivo performance, and ultimately support waivers of in vivo clinical studies. In the area of biopharmaceutics and within the context of model-informed drug discovery and development (MID3), there is a rapidly growing interest in applying verified and validated mechanistic PBPK models to waive in vivo clinical studies. However, the regulatory acceptance of PBPK analyses for biopharmaceutics and oral drug absorption applications, which is also referred to variously as "PBPK absorption modeling" [Zhang et al. CPT: Pharmacometrics Syst. Pharmacol. 2017, 6, 492], "physiologically based absorption modeling", or "physiologically based biopharmaceutics modeling" (PBBM), remains rather low [Kesisoglou et al. J. Pharm. Sci. 2016, 105, 2723] [Heimbach et al. AAPS J. 2019, 21, 29]. Despite considerable progress in the understanding of gastrointestinal (GI) physiology, in vitro biopharmaceutic and in silico tools, PBPK models for oral absorption often suffer from an incomplete understanding of the physiology, overparameterization, and insufficient model validation and/or platform verification, all of which can represent limitations to their translatability and predictive performance. The complex interactions of drug substances and (bioenabling) formulations with the highly dynamic and heterogeneous environment of the GI tract in different age, ethnic, and genetic groups as well as disease states have not been yet fully elucidated, and they deserve further research. Along with advancements in the understanding of GI physiology and refinement of current or development of fully mechanistic in silico tools, we strongly believe that harmonization, interdisciplinary interaction, and enhancement of the translational link between in vitro, in silico, and in vivo will determine the future of PBBM. This Perspective provides an overview of the current status of PBBM, reflects on challenges and knowledge gaps, and discusses future opportunities around PBPK/PD models for oral absorption of small and large molecules to waive in vivo clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jennifer Dressman
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany.,Fraunhofer Institute of Translational Pharmacology and Medicine (ITMP), Carl-von-Noorden Platz 9, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany
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29
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Wu ZL, Zhao J, Xu R. Recent Advances in Oral Nano-Antibiotics for Bacterial Infection Therapy. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15:9587-9610. [PMID: 33293809 PMCID: PMC7719120 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s279652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial infections are the main infectious diseases and cause of death worldwide. Antibiotics are used to treat various infections ranging from minor to life-threatening ones. The dominant route to administer antibiotics is through oral delivery and subsequent gastrointestinal tract (GIT) absorption. However, the delivery efficiency is limited by many factors such as low drug solubility and/or permeability, gastrointestinal instability, and low antibacterial activity. Nanotechnology has emerged as a novel and efficient tool for targeting drug delivery, and a number of promising nanotherapeutic strategies have been widely explored to overcome these obstacles. In this review, we explore published studies to provide a comprehensive understanding of the recent progress in the area of orally deliverable nano-antibiotic formulations. The first part of this article discusses the functions and underlying mechanisms by which nanomedicines increase the oral absorption of antibiotics. The second part focuses on the classification of oral nano-antibiotics and summarizes the advantages, disadvantages and applications of nanoformulations including lipid, polymer, nanosuspension, carbon nanotubes and mesoporous silica nanoparticles in oral delivery of antibiotics. Lastly, the challenges and future perspective of oral nano-antibiotics for infection disease therapy are discussed. Overall, nanomedicines designed for oral drug delivery system have demonstrated the potential for the improvement and optimization of currently available antibiotic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Liang Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Zhao
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China.,The Key Laboratory for Drug Target Researches and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
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Abou Assi R, M. Abdulbaqi I, Seok Ming T, Siok Yee C, A. Wahab H, Asif SM, Darwis Y. Liquid and Solid Self-Emulsifying Drug Delivery Systems (SEDDs) as Carriers for the Oral Delivery of Azithromycin: Optimization, In Vitro Characterization and Stability Assessment. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E1052. [PMID: 33158058 PMCID: PMC7693798 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12111052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Azithromycin (AZM) is a macrolide antibiotic used for the treatment of various bacterial infections. The drug is known to have low oral bioavailability (37%) which may be attributed to its relatively high molecular weight, low solubility, dissolution rate, and incomplete intestinal absorption. To overcome these drawbacks, liquid (L) and solid (S) self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDs) of AZM were developed and optimized. Eight different pseudo-ternary diagrams were constructed based on the drug solubility and the emulsification studies in various SEDDs excipients at different surfactant to co-surfactant (Smix) ratios. Droplet size (DS) < 150 nm, dispersity (Đ) ≤ 0.7, and transmittance (T)% > 85 in three diluents of distilled water (DW), 0.1 mM HCl, and simulated intestinal fluids (SIF) were considered as the selection criteria. The final formulations of L-SEDDs (L-F1(H)), and S-SEDDs (S-F1(H)) were able to meet the selection requirements. Both formulations were proven to be cytocompatible and able to open up the cellular epithelial tight junctions (TJ). The drug dissolution studies showed that after 5 min > 90% and 52.22% of the AZM was released from liquid and solid SEDDs formulations in DW, respectively, compared to 11.27% of the pure AZM, suggesting the developed SEDDs may enhance the oral delivery of the drug. The formulations were stable at refrigerator storage conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem Abou Assi
- The Discipline of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia; (R.A.A.); (I.M.A.); (T.S.M.); (S.M.A.)
- The Discipline of Pharmaceutical Technology, College of Pharmacy, Al-Kitab University, Altun kupri, Kirkuk 36001, Iraq
| | - Ibrahim M. Abdulbaqi
- The Discipline of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia; (R.A.A.); (I.M.A.); (T.S.M.); (S.M.A.)
- The Discipline of Pharmaceutical Technology, College of Pharmacy, Al-Kitab University, Altun kupri, Kirkuk 36001, Iraq
| | - Toh Seok Ming
- The Discipline of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia; (R.A.A.); (I.M.A.); (T.S.M.); (S.M.A.)
| | - Chan Siok Yee
- The Discipline of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia; (R.A.A.); (I.M.A.); (T.S.M.); (S.M.A.)
| | - Habibah A. Wahab
- The Discipline of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia; (R.A.A.); (I.M.A.); (T.S.M.); (S.M.A.)
| | - Shaik Mohammed Asif
- The Discipline of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia; (R.A.A.); (I.M.A.); (T.S.M.); (S.M.A.)
- Pharma Research, Wockhardt Research Center, Aurangabad 431002, India
| | - Yusrida Darwis
- The Discipline of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia; (R.A.A.); (I.M.A.); (T.S.M.); (S.M.A.)
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Ma R, Li G, Wang X, Bi Y, Zhang Y. Inhibitory effect of sixteen pharmaceutical excipients on six major organic cation and anion uptake transporters. Xenobiotica 2020; 51:95-104. [PMID: 32544367 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2020.1783720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
To date, relatively little is known about the interactions of pharmaceutical excipients with hepatic and renal drug uptake transporters. The present study was designed to systematically evaluate the effects of 16 commonly consumed excipients on human organic cation transporter 1 and 2 (hOCT1 and hOCT2), human organic anion transporter 1 and 3 (hOAT1 and hOAT3) and human organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B1 and 1B3 (hOATP1B1 and hOATP1B3). The inhibitory effects and mechanisms of excipients on transporters were investigated using in vitro uptake studies, cell viability assays, concentration-dependent studies, and the Lineweaver-Burk plot method. Triton X-100 is a non-competitive inhibitor for all six transporters. Tween 20 inhibits hOCT2, hOAT1, hOAT3, and hOATP1B3 in a mixed way, whereas it competitively inhibits hOATP1B1. The inhibition of Tween 80 is competitive for hOCT2, non-competitive for hOATP1B1 and hOATP1B3, and mixed for hOAT1 and hOAT3. Concentration-dependent studies identify Triton X-100 as a strong inhibitor of hOCT1 and hOCT2 with IC50 values of 20.1 and 4.54 μg/mL, respectively. Additionally, Triton X-100, Tween 20, and Tween 80 strongly inhibit hOAT3 with IC50 values ≤31.0 μg/mL. The present study is significant in understanding the excipient-drug interactions and provides valuable information for excipient selection in drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruicong Ma
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Gentao Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xue Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yajuan Bi
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Youcai Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
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Fatoki TH, Ibraheem O, Awofisayo OA, Oyedele AS, Akinlolu OS. In Silico Investigation of First-Pass Effect on Selected Small Molecule Excipients and Structural Dynamics of P-glycoprotein. Bioinform Biol Insights 2020; 14:1177932220943183. [PMID: 32782427 PMCID: PMC7385845 DOI: 10.1177/1177932220943183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the interaction of selected pharmaceutical excipients on the function of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and activity of 6 cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoforms were computationally investigated. At binding free energy cut-off value of −5.0 kcal/mol, the result showed possible modulatory or inhibitory effect by cethyl alcohol on CPY3A4 and P-gp; cetyltrimethyl-ammonium bromide (CTAB) on CYP1A2 and P-gp; dibutyl sebacate on CYP2C9, CYP2E1, and P-gp; sodium caprylate on CYP1A2 and CYP3A4; while most of the tested excipients have good interaction with the cytochromes and P-gp. The predicted pharmacokinetics provided possible inhibitors of the CYPs and P-gp and suggested that aspartame and acetyl tributyl citrate may not permeate blood–brain barrier and not act as P-gp substrates. Target prediction for CTAB showed 100% and 35% probability of target to dynamin-1 (UniProt ID: Q05193) and histamine H3 receptor (UniProt ID: Q9Y5N1), respectively, whereas tricaprylin showed 40% probability of target to 5 Protein kinase C (UniProt IDs: P17252, Q02156, Q04759, P24723, and P05129). This study shows that synergistic effect of some excipients present in a drug formulation and multiple drugs administration is possible through modulation of CYPs activities and P-gp function, and this is crucial for consideration to mitigate toxicity in pediatric and adult populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toluwase Hezekiah Fatoki
- Translational Bioinformatics Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University Oye-Ekiti, Oye-Ekiti, Nigeria
| | - Omodele Ibraheem
- Translational Bioinformatics Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University Oye-Ekiti, Oye-Ekiti, Nigeria
| | - Oladoja A Awofisayo
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria
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Zou L, Spanogiannopoulos P, Pieper LM, Chien HC, Cai W, Khuri N, Pottel J, Vora B, Ni Z, Tsakalozou E, Zhang W, Shoichet BK, Giacomini KM, Turnbaugh PJ. Bacterial metabolism rescues the inhibition of intestinal drug absorption by food and drug additives. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:16009-16018. [PMID: 32571913 PMCID: PMC7355017 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1920483117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Food and drug products contain diverse and abundant small-molecule additives (excipients) with unclear impacts on human physiology, drug safety, and response. Here, we evaluate their potential impact on intestinal drug absorption. By screening 136 unique compounds for inhibition of the key intestinal transporter OATP2B1 we identified and validated 24 potent OATP2B1 inhibitors, characterized by higher molecular weight and hydrophobicity compared to poor or noninhibitors. OATP2B1 inhibitors were also enriched for dyes, including 8 azo (R-N=N-R') dyes. Pharmacokinetic studies in mice confirmed that FD&C Red No. 40, a common azo dye excipient and a potent inhibitor of OATP2B1, decreased the plasma level of the OATP2B1 substrate fexofenadine, suggesting that FD&C Red No. 40 has the potential to block drug absorption through OATP2B1 inhibition in vivo. However, the gut microbiomes of multiple unrelated healthy individuals as well as diverse human gut bacterial isolates were capable of inactivating the identified azo dye excipients, producing metabolites that no longer inhibit OATP2B1 transport. These results support a beneficial role for the microbiome in limiting the unintended effects of food and drug additives in the intestine and provide a framework for the data-driven selection of excipients. Furthermore, the ubiquity and genetic diversity of gut bacterial azoreductases coupled to experiments in conventionally raised and gnotobiotic mice suggest that variations in gut microbial community structure may be less important to consider relative to the high concentrations of azo dyes in food products, which have the potential to saturate gut bacterial enzymatic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zou
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Peter Spanogiannopoulos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, G.W. Hooper Research Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Lindsey M Pieper
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, G.W. Hooper Research Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Huan-Chieh Chien
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Wenlong Cai
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Natalia Khuri
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Joshua Pottel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
- QB3 Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Bianca Vora
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Zhanglin Ni
- Division of Quantitative Methods and Modeling, Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993
| | - Eleftheria Tsakalozou
- Division of Quantitative Methods and Modeling, Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993
| | - Wenjun Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Brian K Shoichet
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
- QB3 Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Kathleen M Giacomini
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158;
| | - Peter J Turnbaugh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, G.W. Hooper Research Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143;
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158
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Al-Ali AAA, Sandra L, Versweyveld D, Pijpers I, Dillen L, Vermeulen A, Snoeys J, Holm R, Nielsen CU. High-dose etoposide formulations do not saturate intestinal P-glycoprotein: Development, stability, and pharmacokinetics in Sprague-Dawley rats. Int J Pharm 2020; 583:119399. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Ruiz-Picazo A, Gonzalez-Alvarez M, Gonzalez-Alvarez I, Bermejo M. Effect of Common Excipients on Intestinal Drug Absorption in Wistar Rats. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:2310-2318. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Ruiz-Picazo
- Engineering: Pharmacokinetics and Pharmaceutical Technology Area, Miguel Hernandez University, Elche, Spain
| | - Marta Gonzalez-Alvarez
- Engineering: Pharmacokinetics and Pharmaceutical Technology Area, Miguel Hernandez University, Elche, Spain
| | - Isabel Gonzalez-Alvarez
- Engineering: Pharmacokinetics and Pharmaceutical Technology Area, Miguel Hernandez University, Elche, Spain
| | - Marival Bermejo
- Engineering: Pharmacokinetics and Pharmaceutical Technology Area, Miguel Hernandez University, Elche, Spain
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Liposomes for Enhanced Bioavailability of Water-Insoluble Drugs: In Vivo Evidence and Recent Approaches. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12030264. [PMID: 32183185 PMCID: PMC7151102 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12030264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been known that a considerable number of drugs in clinical use or under development are water-insoluble drugs with poor bioavailability (BA). The liposomal delivery system has drawn attention as one of the noteworthy approaches to increase dissolution and subsequently absorption in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract because of its biocompatibility and ability to encapsulate hydrophobic molecules in the lipid domain. However, there have been several drawbacks, such as structural instability in the GI tract and poor permeability across intestinal epithelia because of its relatively large size. In addition, there have been no liposomal formulations approved for oral use to date, despite the success of parenteral liposomes. Nevertheless, liposomal oral delivery has resurged with the rapid increase of published studies in the last decade. However, it is discouraging that most of this research has been in vitro studies only and there have not been many water-insoluble drugs with in vivo data. The present review focused on the in vivo evidence for the improved BA of water-insoluble drugs using liposomes to resolve doubts raised concerning liposomal oral delivery and attempted to provide insight by highlighting the approaches used for in vivo achievements.
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Murakami T, Bodor E, Bodor N. Modulation of expression/function of intestinal P-glycoprotein under disease states. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2019; 16:59-78. [DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2020.1701653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nicholas Bodor
- Bodor Laboratories, Miami, FL, USA
- College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Nielsen RB, Kahnt A, Dillen L, Wuyts K, Snoeys J, Nielsen UG, Holm R, Nielsen CU. Montmorillonite-surfactant hybrid particles for modulating intestinal P-glycoprotein-mediated transport. Int J Pharm 2019; 571:118696. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Al-Ali AAA, Nielsen RB, Steffansen B, Holm R, Nielsen CU. Nonionic surfactants modulate the transport activity of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters and solute carriers (SLC): Relevance to oral drug absorption. Int J Pharm 2019; 566:410-433. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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