1
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Tang XX, Shimada H, Ikegaki N. A Perspective on the CD47-SIRPA Axis in High-Risk Neuroblastoma. Curr Oncol 2024; 31:3212-3226. [PMID: 38920727 PMCID: PMC11202629 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol31060243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma is a pediatric cancer with significant clinical heterogeneity. Despite extensive efforts, it is still difficult to cure children with high-risk neuroblastoma. Immunotherapy is a promising approach to treat children with this devastating disease. We have previously reported that macrophages are important effector cells in high-risk neuroblastoma. In this perspective article, we discuss the potential function of the macrophage inhibitory receptor SIRPA in the homeostasis of tumor-associated macrophages in high-risk neuroblastoma. The ligand of SIRPA is CD47, known as a "don't eat me" signal, which is highly expressed on cancer cells compared to normal cells. CD47 is expressed on both tumor and stroma cells, whereas SIRPA expression is restricted to macrophages in high-risk neuroblastoma tissues. Notably, high SIRPA expression is associated with better disease outcome. According to the current paradigm, the interaction between CD47 on tumor cells and SIRPA on macrophages leads to the inhibition of tumor phagocytosis. However, data from recent clinical trials have called into question the use of anti-CD47 antibodies for the treatment of adult and pediatric cancers. The restricted expression of SIRPA on macrophages in many tissues argues for targeting SIRPA on macrophages rather than CD47 in CD47/SIRPA blockade therapy. Based on the data available to date, we propose that disruption of the CD47-SIRPA interaction by anti-CD47 antibody would shift the macrophage polarization status from M1 to M2, which is inferred from the 1998 study by Timms et al. In contrast, the anti-SIRPA F(ab')2 lacking Fc binds to SIRPA on the macrophage, mimics the CD47-SIRPA interaction, and thus maintains M1 polarization. Anti-SIRPA F(ab')2 also prevents the binding of CD47 to SIRPA, thereby blocking the "don't eat me" signal. The addition of tumor-opsonizing and macrophage-activating antibodies is expected to enhance active tumor phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xao X. Tang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA;
| | - Hiroyuki Shimada
- Departments of Pathology and Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA;
| | - Naohiko Ikegaki
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA;
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2
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Malih S, Lin W, Tang Z, DeLuca MC, Engle JW, Alirezapour B, Cai W, Rasaee MJ. Noninvasive PET imaging of tumor PD-L1 expression with 64Cu-labeled Durvalumab. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR MEDICINE AND MOLECULAR IMAGING 2024; 14:31-40. [PMID: 38500749 PMCID: PMC10944374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Breast cancer (BrCa) ranks as the most prevalent malignant neoplasm affecting women worldwide. The expression of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) in BrCa has recently emerged as a biomarker for immunotherapy response, but traditional immunohistochemistry (IHC)-based methods are hindered by spatial and temporal heterogeneity. Noninvasive and quantitative PD-L1 imaging using appropriate radiotracers can serve to determine PD-L1 expression in tumors. This study aims to demonstrate the viability of PET imaging with 64Cu-labeled Durvalumab (abbreviated as Durva) to assess PD-L1 expression using a murine xenograft model of breast cancer. Durvalumab, a human IgG1 monoclonal antibody against PD-L1, was assessed for specificity in vitro in two cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-231 triple-negative breast cancer cell line and AsPC-1 pancreatic cancer cell line) with positive and negative PD-L1 expression by flow cytometry. Next, we performed the in vivo evaluation of 64Cu-NOTA-Durva in murine models of human breast cancer by PET imaging and ex vivo biodistribution. Additionally, mice bearing AsPC-1 tumors were employed as a negative control. Tumor uptake was quantified based on a 3D region-of-interest (ROI) analysis of the PET images and ex vivo biodistribution measurements, and the results were compared against conventional IHC testing. The radiotracer uptake was evident in MDA-MB-231 tumors and showed minimal nonspecific binding, corroborating IHC-derived results. The results of the biodistribution showed that the MDA-MB-231 tumor uptake of 64Cu-NOTA-Durva was much higher than 64Cu-NOTA-IgG (a nonspecific radiolabeled IgG). In Conclusion, 64Cu-labeled Durvalumab PET/CT imaging offers a promising, noninvasive approach to evaluate tumor PD-L1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Malih
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares UniversityTehran, Iran
| | - Wilson Lin
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadison, WI, USA
| | - Zhongmin Tang
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadison, WI, USA
| | - Molly C DeLuca
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadison, WI, USA
| | - Jonathan W Engle
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadison, WI, USA
| | - Behrouz Alirezapour
- Radiation Application Research School, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute (NSTRI)Tehran, Iran
| | - Weibo Cai
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadison, WI, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadison, WI, USA
| | - Mohammad J Rasaee
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares UniversityTehran, Iran
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3
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Kong S, Liu Q, Chen Y, Liang B, Zhou Y, Lin J, Xie M, Qiu L. Multifunctional Probe Based on "Chemical Antibody-Aptamer" for Noninvasive Detection of PD-L1 Expression in Cancer. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:255-266. [PMID: 38093483 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2024]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) therapy based on programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) has shown significant development in treating several carcinomas, but not all patients respond to this therapy due to the heterogeneity of PD-L1 expression. The sensitive and accurate quantitative analysis of in vivo PD-L1 expression is critical for treatment decisions and monitoring therapy. In the present study, an aptamer-based dual-modality positron emission tomography/near-infrared fluorescence (PET/NIRF) imaging probe was developed, and its specificity and sensitivity to PD-L1 were assessed in vitro and in vivo. The probe precursor NOTA-Cy5-R1 was prepared by using automated solid-phase oligonucleotide synthesis. PET/NIRF dual-modality probe [68Ga]Ga-NOTA-Cy5-R1 was successfully synthesized and radiolabeled. The binding specificity of [68Ga]Ga-NOTA-Cy5-R1 to PD-L1 was evaluated by flow cytometry, fluorescence imaging, and cellular uptake in A375-hPD-L1 and A375 cells, and it showed good fluorescence properties and stability in vitro. In vivo PET/NIRF imaging studies illustrated that [68Ga]Ga-NOTA-Cy5-R1 can sensitively and specifically bind to PD-L1 positive tumors. Meanwhile, the rapid clearance of probes from nontarget tissues achieved a high signal-to-noise ratio. In addition, changes of PD-L1 expression in NCI-H1299 xenografts treated with cisplatin (CDDP) were sensitivity monitored by [68Ga]Ga-NOTA-Cy5-R1 PET imaging, and ex vivo autoradiography and western blot analyses correlated well with the change of PD-L1 expression in vivo. Overall, [68Ga]Ga-NOTA-Cy5-R1 showed notable potency as a dual-modality PET/NIRF imaging probe for visualizing tumors and monitoring the dynamic changes of PD-L1 expression, which can help to direct and promote the clinical practice of ICIs therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudong Kong
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi 214063, PR China
| | - Qingzhu Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi 214063, PR China
| | - Yinfei Chen
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi 214063, PR China
| | - Beibei Liang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi 214063, PR China
| | - Yuxuan Zhou
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi 214063, PR China
| | - Jianguo Lin
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi 214063, PR China
| | - Minhao Xie
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi 214063, PR China
| | - Ling Qiu
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi 214063, PR China
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4
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Lan L, Feng K, Wu Y, Zhang W, Wei L, Che H, Xue L, Gao Y, Tao J, Qian S, Cao W, Zhang J, Wang C, Tian M. Phenomic Imaging. PHENOMICS (CHAM, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 3:597-612. [PMID: 38223684 PMCID: PMC10781914 DOI: 10.1007/s43657-023-00128-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Human phenomics is defined as the comprehensive collection of observable phenotypes and characteristics influenced by a complex interplay among factors at multiple scales. These factors include genes, epigenetics at the microscopic level, organs, microbiome at the mesoscopic level, and diet and environmental exposures at the macroscopic level. "Phenomic imaging" utilizes various imaging techniques to visualize and measure anatomical structures, biological functions, metabolic processes, and biochemical activities across different scales, both in vivo and ex vivo. Unlike conventional medical imaging focused on disease diagnosis, phenomic imaging captures both normal and abnormal traits, facilitating detailed correlations between macro- and micro-phenotypes. This approach plays a crucial role in deciphering phenomes. This review provides an overview of different phenomic imaging modalities and their applications in human phenomics. Additionally, it explores the associations between phenomic imaging and other omics disciplines, including genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, immunomics, and metabolomics. By integrating phenomic imaging with other omics data, such as genomics and metabolomics, a comprehensive understanding of biological systems can be achieved. This integration paves the way for the development of new therapeutic approaches and diagnostic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizhen Lan
- Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, 825 Zhangheng Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 201203 China
| | - Kai Feng
- Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, 825 Zhangheng Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 201203 China
| | - Yudan Wu
- Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, 825 Zhangheng Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 201203 China
| | - Wenbo Zhang
- Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, 825 Zhangheng Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 201203 China
| | - Ling Wei
- Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, 825 Zhangheng Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 201203 China
| | - Huiting Che
- Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, 825 Zhangheng Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 201203 China
| | - Le Xue
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009 Zhejiang China
| | - Yidan Gao
- Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, 825 Zhangheng Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 201203 China
| | - Ji Tao
- Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, 825 Zhangheng Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 201203 China
| | - Shufang Qian
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009 Zhejiang China
| | - Wenzhao Cao
- Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, 825 Zhangheng Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 201203 China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, National Center for Neurological Disorders, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040 China
| | - Chengyan Wang
- Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, 825 Zhangheng Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 201203 China
| | - Mei Tian
- Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, 825 Zhangheng Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 201203 China
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5
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Bauer D, Cornejo MA, Hoang TT, Lewis JS, Zeglis BM. Click Chemistry and Radiochemistry: An Update. Bioconjug Chem 2023; 34:1925-1950. [PMID: 37737084 PMCID: PMC10655046 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.3c00286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
The term "click chemistry" describes a class of organic transformations that were developed to make chemical synthesis simpler and easier, in essence allowing chemists to combine molecular subunits as if they were puzzle pieces. Over the last 25 years, the click chemistry toolbox has swelled from the canonical copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition to encompass an array of ligations, including bioorthogonal variants, such as the strain-promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition and the inverse electron-demand Diels-Alder reaction. Without question, the rise of click chemistry has impacted all areas of chemical and biological science. Yet the unique traits of radiopharmaceutical chemistry have made it particularly fertile ground for this technology. In this update, we seek to provide a comprehensive guide to recent developments at the intersection of click chemistry and radiopharmaceutical chemistry and to illuminate several exciting trends in the field, including the use of emergent click transformations in radiosynthesis, the clinical translation of novel probes synthesized using click chemistry, and the advent of click-based in vivo pretargeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bauer
- Department
of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer
Center, New York, New York 10021, United States
| | - Mike A. Cornejo
- Department
of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer
Center, New York, New York 10021, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Hunter College, City University
of New York, New York, New York 10065, United States
- Ph.D.
Program in Chemistry, Graduate Center of
the City University of New York, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Tran T. Hoang
- Department
of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer
Center, New York, New York 10021, United States
- Department
of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Jason S. Lewis
- Department
of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer
Center, New York, New York 10021, United States
- Department
of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York 10021, New York United States
| | - Brian M. Zeglis
- Department
of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer
Center, New York, New York 10021, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Hunter College, City University
of New York, New York, New York 10065, United States
- Ph.D.
Program in Chemistry, Graduate Center of
the City University of New York, New York, New York 10016, United States
- Department
of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065, United States
- Department
of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York 10021, New York United States
- Ph.D.
Program
in Biochemistry, Graduate Center of the
City University of New York, New
York, New York 10016, United States
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6
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Lightle HE, Kafley P, Lewis TR, Wang RE. Site-specific protein conjugates incorporating Para-Azido-L-Phenylalanine for cellular and in vivo imaging. Methods 2023; 219:95-101. [PMID: 37804961 PMCID: PMC10841489 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2023.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023] Open
Abstract
This work features the use of amber suppression-mediated unnatural amino acid (UAA) incorporation into proteins for various imaging purposes. The site-specific incorporation of the UAA, p-azido-L-phenylalanine (pAzF), provides an azide handle that can be used to complete the strain promoted azide-alkyne click cycloaddition (SPAAC) reaction to introduce an imaging modality such as a fluorophore or a positron emission tomography (PET) tracer on the protein of interest (POI). Such methodology can be pursued directly in mammalian cell lines or on proteins expressed in vitro, thereby conferring a homogeneous pool of protein conjugates. A general procedure for UAA incorporation to use with a site-specific protein labeling method is provided allowing for in vitro and in vivo imaging applications based on the representative proteins PTEN and PD-L1. This approach would help elucidate the cellular or in vivo biological activities of the POI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailey E Lightle
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 N. 13(th) Street, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Parmila Kafley
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 N. 13(th) Street, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Todd R Lewis
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 N. 13(th) Street, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Rongsheng E Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 N. 13(th) Street, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA.
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7
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Chen Y, Guo Y, Liu Z, Hu X, Hu M. An overview of current advances of PD-L1 targeting immuno-imaging in cancers. J Cancer Res Ther 2023; 19:866-875. [PMID: 37675710 DOI: 10.4103/jcrt.jcrt_88_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
The programmed death protein 1/programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) pathway plays a significant role in immune evasion. PD-1 or PD-L1 immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have become a standard treatment for multiple types of cancer. To date, PD-L1 has served as a biomarker for predicting the efficacy of ICIs in several cancers. The need to establish an effective detection method that could visualize PD-L1 expression and predict the efficacy of PD-1/PD-L1 ICIs has promoted a search for new imaging strategies. PD-L1-targeting immuno-imaging could provide a noninvasive, real-time, repeatable, dynamic, and quantitative assessment of the characteristics of all tumor lesions in individual patients. This study analyzed the existing evidence in the literature on PD-L1-based immuno-imaging (2015-2022). Original English-language articles were searched using PubMed and Google Scholar. Keywords, such as "PD-L1," "PET," "SPECT," "PET/CT," and "SPECT/CT," were used in various combinations. A total of nearly 50 preclinical and clinical studies of PD-L1-targeting immuno-imaging were selected, reviewed, and included in this study. Therefore, in this review, we conducted a study of the advances in PD-L1-targeting immuno-imaging for detecting the expression of PD-L1 and the efficacy of ICIs. We focused on the different types of PD-L1-targeting agents, including antibodies and small PD-L1-binding agents, and illustrated the strength and weakness of these probes. Furthermore, we summarized the trends in the development of PD-L1-targeting immuno-imaging, as well as the current challenges and future directions for clinical workflow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhao Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong University Cancer Center; Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Yujiao Guo
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Zhiguo Liu
- Department of PET/CT Center, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaokun Hu
- Department of the Interventional Medical Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Man Hu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong University Cancer Center; Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
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8
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Vaz SC, Graff SL, Ferreira AR, Debiasi M, de Geus-Oei LF. PET/CT in Patients with Breast Cancer Treated with Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15092620. [PMID: 37174086 PMCID: PMC10177398 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15092620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Significant advances in breast cancer (BC) treatment have been made in the last decade, including the use of immunotherapy and, in particular, immune checkpoint inhibitors that have been shown to improve the survival of patients with triple negative BC. This narrative review summarizes the studies supporting the use of immunotherapy in BC. Furthermore, the usefulness of 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose (2-[18F]FDG) positron emission/computerized tomography (PET/CT) to image the tumor heterogeneity and to assess treatment response is explored, including the different criteria to interpret 2-[18F]FDG PET/CT imaging. The concept of immuno-PET is also described, by explaining the advantages of mapping treatment targets with a non-invasive and whole-body tool. Several radiopharmaceuticals in the preclinical phase are referred too, and, considering their promising results, translation to human studies is needed to support their use in clinical practice. Overall, this is an evolving field in BC treatment, despite PET imaging developments, the future trends also include expanding immunotherapy to early-stage BC and using other biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia C Vaz
- Nuclear Medicine-Radiopharmacology, Champalimaud Center for the Unkown, Champalimaud Foundation, 1400-038 Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600-2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Stephanie L Graff
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Lifespan Cancer Institute, Providence, RI 02903, USA
- Legorreta Cancer Center, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Arlindo R Ferreira
- Católica Medical School, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, 2635-631 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Márcio Debiasi
- Breast Cancer Unit, Champalimaud Center for the Unkown, Champalimaud Foundation, 1400-038 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Lioe-Fee de Geus-Oei
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600-2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
- Biomedical Photonic Imaging Group, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217-7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
- Department of radiation Science & Technology, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Postbus 5 2600 AA Delft, The Netherlands
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9
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García Melián MF, Moreno M, Cerecetto H, Calzada V. Aptamer-Based Immunotheranostic Strategies. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2023; 38:246-255. [PMID: 36603108 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2022.0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The escape from immune surveillance is a hallmark of cancer progression. The classic immune checkpoint molecules PD-1, PD-L1, CTLA-4, LAG-3, TIM-3 novel ones are part of a sophisticated system of up- and downmodulation of the immune system, which is unregulated in cancer. In recent years, there have been remarkable advances in the development of targeting strategies, focused principally on immunotherapies aiming at blocking those molecules involved in the evasion of the immune system. However, there are still challenges to predicting their efficacy due to the wide heterogeneity of clinical responses. Thus, there is a need to develop new strategies, and theranostics has much to contribute in this field. Besides that, aptamers have emerged as promising molecules with the potential to generate a huge impact in the immunotheranostic field. They are single-stranded oligonucleotides with a unique self-folding tridimensional structure, with high affinity and specificity for the target. In particular, their small size and physicochemical characteristics make them a versatile tool for designing theranostic strategies. Here, we review the progress in theranostic strategies based on aptamers against immune checkpoints, and highlight the potential of those approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Fernanda García Melián
- Área de Radiofarmacia, Centro de Investigaciones Nucleares, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - María Moreno
- Departamento de Desarrollo Biotecnológico, Instituto de Higiene, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Hugo Cerecetto
- Área de Radiofarmacia, Centro de Investigaciones Nucleares, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Victoria Calzada
- Área de Radiofarmacia, Centro de Investigaciones Nucleares, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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10
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Zhang Y, Ding Y, Li N, Wang S, Zhou S, Li R, Yang H, Li W, Qu J. Noninvasive Imaging of Tumor PD-L1 Expression Using [ 99mTc]Tc-Labeled KN035 with SPECT/CT. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:690-700. [PMID: 36541699 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Programmed cell death protein-1/ligand-1 (PD-1/PD-L1) checkpoint blockade is a major breakthrough in cancer therapy, but identifying patients likely to benefit from this therapy remains challenging. Immunohistochemistry is not informative about PD-L1 expression heterogeneity because of the limitations of invasive tissue collection. Noninvasive SPECT imaging is an approach to patient selection and therapeutic monitoring by assessing the PD-L1 status throughout the whole body. Here, we radiolabeled a single-domain PD-L1 antibody with technetium-99m (99mTc) for immune-SPECT imaging to evaluate its feasibility of detecting PD-L1 expression. The radiochemical purity of [99mTc]Tc-HYNIC-KN035 was 99.40 ± 0.11% with a specific activity of 2.68 MBq/μg. [99mTc]Tc-HYNIC-KN035 displayed a high PD-L1 specificity both in vitro and in vivo and showed a high specific affinity for PD-L1 with an equilibrium dissociation constant (KD) of 31.04 nM. The binding of [99mTc]Tc-HYNIC-KN035 to H1975 cells (high expression of PD-L1) was much higher than to A549 cells (low expression of PD-L1). SPECT/CT imaging showed that H1975 tumors were visualized at 4 h post-injection and became clearer with time. However, mild tumor uptake was observed in A549 tumors and H1975 tumors of the blocking group at all time points. The uptake value of [99mTc]Tc-HYNIC-KN035 in H1975 tumors was increased continuously from 9.68 ± 0.91% ID/g at 4 h to 13.31 ± 2.23% ID/g at 24 h post-injection, which was higher than in A549 tumors with %ID/g of 4.59 ± 0.76 and 5.54 ± 0.28 at 4 and 24 h post-injection, respectively. These specific bindings were confirmed by blocking studies. [99mTc]Tc-HYNIC-KN035 can be synthesized easily and specifically targeted to PD-L1 in the tumor environment, allowing PD-L1 expression assessment noninvasively and dynamically with SPECT/CT imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou 450008, China
| | - Ying Ding
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou 450008, China.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China.,Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, The Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou 450008, China
| | - Sen Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou 450008, China
| | - Si Zhou
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou 450008, China
| | - Ruping Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou 450008, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou 450008, China
| | - Wenliang Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou 450008, China
| | - Jinrong Qu
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou 450008, China
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11
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Zhou M, Liang S, Liu D, Ma K, Peng Y, Wang Z. Engineered Nanoprobes for Immune Activation Monitoring. ACS NANO 2022; 16:19940-19958. [PMID: 36454191 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c09743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The activation of the immune system is critical for cancer immunotherapy and treatments of inflammatory diseases. Non-invasive visualization of immunoactivation is designed to monitor the dynamic nature of the immune response and facilitate the assessment of therapeutic outcomes, which, however, remains challenging. Conventional imaging modalities, such as positron emission tomography, computed tomography, etc., were utilized for imaging immune-related biomarkers. To explore the dynamic immune monitoring, probes with signals correlated to biomarkers of immune activation or prognosis are urgently needed. These emerging molecular probes, which turn on the signal only in the presence of the intended biomarker, can improve the detection specificity. These probes with "turn on" signals enable non-invasive, dynamic, and real-time imaging with high sensitivity and efficiency, showing significance for multifunctionality/multimodality imaging. As a result, more and more innovative engineered nanoprobes combined with diverse imaging modalities were developed to assess the activation of the immune system. In this work, we comprehensively review the recent and emerging advances in engineered nanoprobes for monitoring immune activation in cancer or other immune-mediated inflammatory diseases and discuss the potential in predicting the efficacy following treatments. Research on real-time in vivo immunoimaging is still under exploration, and this review can provide guidance and facilitate the development and application of next-generation imaging technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengli Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Kongshuo Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxuan Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaohui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
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12
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Development of a radiolabeled site-specific single-domain antibody positron emission tomography probe for monitoring PD-L1 expression in cancer. J Pharm Anal 2022; 12:869-878. [PMID: 36605578 PMCID: PMC9805943 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2022.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in immunotherapy for the treatment of cancers, not all patients can benefit from programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) immune checkpoint blockade therapy. Anti-PD-L1 therapeutic effects reportedly correlate with the PD-L1 expression level; hence, accurate detection of PD-L1 expression can guide immunotherapy to achieve better therapeutic effects. Therefore, based on the high affinity antibody Nb109, a new site-specifically radiolabeled tracer, 68Ga-NODA-cysteine, aspartic acid, and valine (CDV)-Nb109, was designed and synthesized to accurately monitor PD-L1 expression. The tracer 68Ga-NODA-CDV-Nb109 was obtained using a site-specific conjugation strategy with a radiochemical yield of about 95% and radiochemical purity of 97%. It showed high affinity for PD-L1 with a dissociation constant of 12.34 ± 1.65 nM. Both the cell uptake assay and positron emission tomography (PET) imaging revealed higher tracer uptake in PD-L1-positive A375-hPD-L1 and U87 tumor cells than in PD-L1-negative A375 tumor cells. Meanwhile, dynamic PET imaging of a NCI-H1299 xenograft indicated that doxorubicin could upregulate PD-L1 expression, allowing timely interventional immunotherapy. In conclusion, this tracer could sensitively and dynamically monitor changes in PD-L1 expression levels in different cancers and help screen patients who can benefit from anti-PD-L1 immunotherapy.
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13
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Liu X, Pan L, Wang K, Pan W, Li N, Tang B. Imaging strategies for monitoring the immune response. Chem Sci 2022; 13:12957-12970. [PMID: 36425502 PMCID: PMC9667917 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc03446h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Real-time monitoring of the immune response can be used to evaluate the immune status of the body and to distinguish immune responders and non-responders, so as to better guide immunotherapy. Through direct labelling of immune cells and imaging specific biomarkers of different cells, the activation status of immune cells and immunosuppressive status of tumor cells can be visualized. The immunotherapeutic regimen can then be adjusted accordingly in a timely manner to improve the efficacy of immunotherapy. In this review, various imaging methods, immune-related imaging probes, current challenges and opportunities are summarized and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohan Liu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Molecular and Nano Science, Shandong Normal University Jinan 250014 P. R. China
| | - Limeng Pan
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Molecular and Nano Science, Shandong Normal University Jinan 250014 P. R. China
| | - Kaiye Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Molecular and Nano Science, Shandong Normal University Jinan 250014 P. R. China
| | - Wei Pan
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Molecular and Nano Science, Shandong Normal University Jinan 250014 P. R. China
| | - Na Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Molecular and Nano Science, Shandong Normal University Jinan 250014 P. R. China
| | - Bo Tang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Molecular and Nano Science, Shandong Normal University Jinan 250014 P. R. China
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14
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Grindel BJ, Engel BJ, Ong JN, Srinivasamani A, Liang X, Zacharias NM, Bast RC, Curran MA, Takahashi TT, Roberts RW, Millward SW. Directed Evolution of PD-L1-Targeted Affibodies by mRNA Display. ACS Chem Biol 2022; 17:1543-1555. [PMID: 35611948 PMCID: PMC10691555 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.2c00218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies directed against PD-L1 (e.g., atezolizumab) disrupt PD-L1:PD-1 signaling and reactivate exhausted cytotoxic T-cells in the tumor compartment. Although anti-PD-L1 antibodies are successful as immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapeutics, there is still a pressing need to develop high-affinity, low-molecular-weight ligands for molecular imaging and diagnostic applications. Affibodies are small polypeptides (∼60 amino acids) that provide a stable molecular scaffold from which to evolve high-affinity ligands. Despite its proven utility in the development of imaging probes, this scaffold has never been optimized for use in mRNA display, a powerful in vitro selection platform incorporating high library diversity, unnatural amino acids, and chemical modification. In this manuscript, we describe the selection of a PD-L1-binding affibody by mRNA display. Following randomization of the 13 amino acids that define the binding interface of the well-described Her2 affibody, the resulting library was selected against recombinant human PD-L1 (hPD-L1). After four rounds, the enriched library was split and selected against either hPD-L1 or the mouse ortholog (mPD-L1). The dual target selection resulted in the identification of a human/mouse cross-reactive PD-L1 affibody (M1) with low nanomolar affinity for both targets. The M1 affibody bound with similar affinity to mPD-L1 and hPD-L1 expressed on the cell surface and inhibited signaling through the PD-L1:PD-1 axis at low micromolar concentrations in a cell-based functional assay. In vivo optical imaging with M1-Cy5 in an immune-competent mouse model of lymphoma revealed significant tumor uptake relative to a Cy5-conjugated Her2 affibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J. Grindel
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA, 77054
| | - Brian J. Engel
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA, 77054
| | - Justin N. Ong
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA, 90089
| | | | - Xiaowen Liang
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA, 77054
| | - Niki M. Zacharias
- Department of Urology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA, 77054
| | - Robert C. Bast
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA, 77054
| | - Michael A. Curran
- Department of Immunology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA, 77054
| | - Terry T. Takahashi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA, 90089
| | - Richard W. Roberts
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA, 90089
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA, 90089
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, California, USA, 90089
| | - Steven W. Millward
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA, 77054
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15
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Krutzek F, Kopka K, Stadlbauer S. Development of Radiotracers for Imaging of the PD-1/PD-L1 Axis. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15060747. [PMID: 35745666 PMCID: PMC9228425 DOI: 10.3390/ph15060747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy has emerged as a major treatment option for a variety of cancers. Among the immune checkpoints addressed, the programmed death receptor 1 (PD-1) and its ligand PD-L1 are the key targets for an ICI. PD-L1 has especially been proven to be a reproducible biomarker allowing for therapy decisions and monitoring therapy success. However, the expression of PD-L1 is not only heterogeneous among and within tumor lesions, but the expression is very dynamic and changes over time. Immunohistochemistry, which is the standard diagnostic tool, can only inadequately address these challenges. On the other hand, molecular imaging techniques such as positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) provide the advantage of a whole-body scan and therefore fully address the issue of the heterogeneous expression of checkpoints over time. Here, we provide an overview of existing PET, SPECT, and optical imaging (OI) (radio)tracers for the imaging of the upregulation levels of PD-1 and PD-L1. We summarize the preclinical and clinical data of the different molecule classes of radiotracers and discuss their respective advantages and disadvantages. At the end, we show possible future directions for developing new radiotracers for the imaging of PD-1/PD-L1 status in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Krutzek
- Department of Translational TME Ligands, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz Center Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328 Dresden, Germany; (F.K.); (K.K.)
| | - Klaus Kopka
- Department of Translational TME Ligands, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz Center Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328 Dresden, Germany; (F.K.); (K.K.)
- School of Science, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technical University Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden, University Cancer Cancer (UCC), 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Sven Stadlbauer
- Department of Translational TME Ligands, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz Center Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328 Dresden, Germany; (F.K.); (K.K.)
- Correspondence:
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16
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Ridge NA, Rajkumar-Calkins A, Dudzinski SO, Kirschner AN, Newman NB. Radiopharmaceuticals as Novel Immune System Tracers. Adv Radiat Oncol 2022; 7:100936. [PMID: 36148374 PMCID: PMC9486425 DOI: 10.1016/j.adro.2022.100936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have transformed the treatment paradigms for multiple cancers. However, ICI therapy often fails to generate measurable and sustained antitumor responses, and clinically meaningful benefits remain limited to a small proportion of overall patients. A major obstacle to development and effective application of novel therapeutic regimens is optimized patient selection and response assessment. Noninvasive imaging using novel immunoconjugate radiopharmaceuticals (immuno–positron emission tomography and immuno-single-photon emission computed tomography) can assess for expression of cell surface immune markers, such as programmed cell death protein ligand-1 (PD-L1), akin to a virtual biopsy. This emerging technology has the potential to provide clinicians with a quantitative, specific, real-time evaluation of immunologic responses relative to cancer burden in the body. We discuss the rationale for using noninvasive molecular imaging of the programmed cell death protein-1 and PD-L1 axis as a biomarker for immunotherapy and summarize the current status of preclinical and clinical studies examining PD-L1 immuno–positron emission tomography. The strategies described in this review provide insight for future clinical trials exploring the use of immune checkpoint imaging as a biomarker for both ICI and radiation therapy, and for the rational design of combinatorial therapeutic regimens.
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17
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Hayun H, Arkadash V, Sananes A, Arbely E, Stepensky D, Papo N. Bioorthogonal PEGylation Prolongs the Elimination Half-Life of N-TIMP2 While Retaining MMP Inhibition. Bioconjug Chem 2022; 33:795-806. [PMID: 35446024 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.2c00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) are natural inhibitors of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family of proteins, whose members are key regulators of the proteolysis of extracellular matrix components and hence of multiple biological processes. In particular, imbalanced activity of matrix metalloproteinase-14 (MMP-14) may lead to the development of cancer and cardiovascular and other diseases. This study aimed to engineer TIMP2, one of the four homologous TIMPs, as a potential therapeutic by virtue of its ability to bind to the active-site Zn2+ of MMP-14. However, the susceptibility to degradation of TIMP2 and its small size, which results in a short circulation half-life, limit its use as a therapeutic. PEGylation was thus used to improve the pharmacokinetic profile of TIMP2. PEGylation of the MMP-targeting N-terminal domain of TIMP2 (N-TIMP2), via either cysteine or lysine residues, resulted in a significant decrease in N-TIMP2 affinity toward MMP-14 or multisite conjugation and conjugate heterogeneity, respectively. Our strategy designed to address this problem was based on incorporating a noncanonical amino acid (NCAA) into N-TIMP2 to enable site-specific mono-PEGylation. The first step was to incorporate the NCAA propargyl lysine (PrK) at position S31 in N-TIMP2, which does not interfere with the N-TIMP2-MMP-14 binding interface. Thereafter, site-specific PEGylation was achieved via a click chemistry reaction between N-TIMP2-S31PrK and PEG-azide-20K. Inhibition studies showed that PEGylated N-TIMP2-S31PrK did indeed retain its inhibitory activity toward MMP-14. The modified protein also showed improved serum stability vs non-PEGylated N-TIMP2. In vivo pharmacokinetic studies in mice revealed a significant 8-fold increase in the elimination half-life of PEGylated N-TIMP2 vs the non-PEGylated protein. This study shows that site-specific bioorthogonal mono-PEGylation extends the half-life of N-TIMP2 without impairing its biological activity, thereby highlighting the advantage of this strategy for generating potent PEGylated proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hezi Hayun
- Avram and Stella Goldstein-Goren Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel.,The National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Valeria Arkadash
- Avram and Stella Goldstein-Goren Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel.,The National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Amiram Sananes
- Avram and Stella Goldstein-Goren Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel.,The National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Eyal Arbely
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel.,The National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - David Stepensky
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Niv Papo
- Avram and Stella Goldstein-Goren Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel.,The National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
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18
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Wang P, Tang L, Zhou B, Cheng L, Zhao RC, Zhang J. Analytical methods for the detection of PD-1/PD-L1 and other molecules related to immune checkpoints. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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19
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In Vivo Evaluation of Near-Infrared Fluorescent Probe for TIM3 Targeting in Mouse Glioma. Mol Imaging Biol 2021; 24:280-287. [PMID: 34846678 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-021-01667-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Current checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy strategies in glioblastoma are challenged by mechanisms of resistance including an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. T cell immunoglobulin domain and mucin domain 3 (TIM3) is a late-phase checkpoint receptor traditionally associated with T cell exhaustion. We apply fluorescent imaging techniques to explore feasibility of in vivo visualization of the immune state in a glioblastoma mouse model. PROCEDURES TIM3 monoclonal antibody was conjugated to a near-infrared fluorescent dye, IRDye-800CW (800CW). The TIM3 experimental conjugate and isotype control were assessed for specificity with immunofluorescent staining and flow cytometry in murine cell lines (GL261 glioma and RAW264.7 macrophages). C57BL/6 mice with orthotopically implanted GL261 cells were imaged in vivo over 4 days after intravenous TIM3-800CW injection to assess tumor-specific uptake. Cell-specific uptake was then assessed on histologic sections. RESULTS The experimental TIM3-800CW, but not its isotype control, bound to RAW264.7 macrophages in vitro. Specificity to RAW264.7 macrophages and not GL261 tumor cells was quantitatively confirmed with the corresponding clone of TIM3 on flow cytometry. In vivo fluorescence imaging of the 800CW signal was localized to the intracranial tumor and significantly higher for the TIM3-800CW cohort, relative to non-targeting isotype control, immediately after tail vein injection and for up to 48 h after injection. Resected organs of tumor bearing mice showed significantly higher uptake in the liver and spleen. TIM3-800CW was seen to co-stain with CD3 (13%), CD11b (29%), and CD206 (26%). CONCLUSIONS We propose fluorescent imaging of immune cell imaging as a potential strategy for monitoring and localizing immunologically relevant foci in the setting of brain tumors. Alternative markers and target validation will further clarify the temporal relationship of immunosuppressive effector cells throughout glioma resistance.
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20
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Yang Y, Wang C, Wang Y, Sun Y, Huang X, Huang M, Xu H, Fan H, Chen D, Zhao F. Dose escalation biodistribution, positron emission tomography/computed tomography imaging and dosimetry of a highly specific radionuclide-labeled non-blocking nanobody. EJNMMI Res 2021; 11:113. [PMID: 34718889 PMCID: PMC8557220 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-021-00854-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunotherapy is a valuable option for cancer treatment, and the curative effect of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy correlates closely with PD-L1 expression levels. Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of PD-L1 expression is feasible using 68Ga-NOTA-Nb109 nanobody. 68Ga-NOTA-Nb109 was generated by radionuclide (68Ga) labeling of Nb109 using a NOTA chelator. To facilitate clinical trials, we explored the optimal dose range of 68Ga-NOTA-Nb109 in BALB/c A375-hPD-L1 tumor-burdened nude mice and C57-hPD-L1 transgenic MC38-hPD-L1 tumor-burdened mice by administration of a single intravenous dose of 68Ga-NOTA-Nb109 and confirmed the dose in cynomolgus monkeys. The biodistribution data of cynomolgus monkey PET images were extrapolated to estimate the radiation dose for the adult male and female using OLINDA2.1 software. RESULTS 68Ga-NOTA-Nb109 was stable in physiologic media and human serum. Ex vivo biodistribution studies showed rapid and specific uptake in A375-hPD-L1 or MC38-hPD-L1 tumors. The estimated ED50 was approximately 5.4 µg in humanized mice. The injected mass (0.3-100 µg in nude mice and approximately 1-100 µg in humanized mice) greatly influenced the general biodistribution, with a better tumor-to-background ratio acquired at lower doses of Nb109 (0.3-10 µg in nude mice and approximately 1 µg in humanized mice), indicating maximum uptake in tumors at administered mass doses below the estimated ED50. Therefore, a single 15-μg/kg dose was adopted for the PET/CT imaging in the cynomolgus monkey. The highest specific and persistent uptake of the tracer was detected in the spleen, except the levels in the kidney and urine bladder, which was related to metabolism and excretion. The spleen-to-muscle ratio of the tracer exceeded 10 from immediately to 4 h after administration, indicating that the dose was appropriate. The estimated effective dose was calculated to yield a radiation dose of 4.1 mSv to a patient after injecting 185 MBq of 68Ga-NOTA-Nb109. CONCLUSION 68Ga-NOTA-Nb109 showed specific accumulation in hPD-L1 xenografts in ex vivo biodistribution studies and monkey PET/CT imaging. The dose escalation distribution data provided a recommended dose range for further use, and the safety of the tracer was confirmed in dosimetry studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanling Yang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Wang
- SmartNuclide Biopharma Co. Ltd, 218 Xinghu St., BioBAY A4-202, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 899 Pinghai Road, Gusu District, Suzhou, 215006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Sun
- SmartNuclide Biopharma Co. Ltd, 218 Xinghu St., BioBAY A4-202, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing Huang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Minzhou Huang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 899 Pinghai Road, Gusu District, Suzhou, 215006, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Xu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, People's Republic of China
| | - Huaying Fan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, People's Republic of China
| | - Daquan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, People's Republic of China.
| | - Feng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, People's Republic of China.
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21
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Wu AM, Pandit-Taskar N. ImmunoPET: harnessing antibodies for imaging immune cells. Mol Imaging Biol 2021; 24:181-197. [PMID: 34550529 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-021-01652-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Dramatic, but uneven, progress in the development of immunotherapies for cancer has created a need for better diagnostic technologies including innovative non-invasive imaging approaches. This review discusses challenges and opportunities for molecular imaging in immuno-oncology and focuses on the unique role that antibodies can fill. ImmunoPET has been implemented for detection of immune cell subsets, activation and inhibitory biomarkers, tracking adoptively transferred cellular therapeutics, and many additional applications in preclinical models. Parallel progress in radionuclide availability and infrastructure supporting biopharmaceutical manufacturing has accelerated clinical translation. ImmunoPET is poised to provide key information on prognosis, patient selection, and monitoring immune responses to therapy in cancer and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Wu
- Department of Immunology and Theranostics, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Center for Theranostics Studies, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, 1500 E. Duarte Rd., Duarte, CA, 91010, USA. .,Department of Radiation Oncology, City of Hope, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA.
| | - Neeta Pandit-Taskar
- Molecular Imaging &Therapy Svc, Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.,Center for Targeted Radioimmunotherapy and Theranostics, Ludwig Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, MSK, 1275 York Ave, New York, NY, 10065, USA
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22
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Mueller CG, Gaiddon C, Venkatasamy A. Current Clinical and Pre-Clinical Imaging Approaches to Study the Cancer-Associated Immune System. Front Immunol 2021; 12:716860. [PMID: 34539653 PMCID: PMC8446654 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.716860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In the light of the success and the expected growth of its arsenal, immuno-therapy may become the standard neoadjuvant procedure for many cancers in the near future. However, aspects such as the identity, organization and the activation status of the peri- and intra-tumoral immune cells would represent important elements to weigh in the decision for the appropriate treatment. While important progress in non-invasive imaging of immune cells has been made over the last decades, it falls yet short of entering the clinics, let alone becoming a standard procedure. Here, we provide an overview of the different intra-vital imaging approaches in the clinics and in pre-clinical settings and discuss their benefits and drawbacks for assessing the activity of the immune system, globally and on a cellular level. Stimulated by further research, the future is likely to see many technological advances both on signal detection and emission as well as image specificity and resolution to tackle current hurdles. We anticipate that the ability to precisely determine an immune stage of cancer will capture the attention of the oncologist and will create a change in paradigm for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher G Mueller
- CNRS UPR 3572, University of Strasbourg, Immunologie-Immunopathologie-Chimie Thérapeutique, Strasbourg, France
| | - Christian Gaiddon
- Inserm UMR_S 1113, University of Strasbourg, Interface de Recherche Fondamentale et Appliquée en Cancérologie (IRFAC), Strasbourg, France
| | - Aïna Venkatasamy
- Inserm UMR_S 1113, University of Strasbourg, Interface de Recherche Fondamentale et Appliquée en Cancérologie (IRFAC), Strasbourg, France.,IHU-Strasbourg (Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire), Strasbourg, France
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23
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Abstract
Antibodies, particularly of the immunoglobulin G (IgG) isotype, are a group of biomolecules that are extensively used as affinity reagents for many applications in research, disease diagnostics, and therapy. Most of these applications require antibodies to be modified with specific functional moieties, including fluorophores, drugs, and proteins. Thus, a variety of methodologies have been developed for the covalent labeling of antibodies. The most common methods stably attach functional molecules to lysine or cysteine residues, which unavoidably results in heterogeneous products that cannot be further purified. In an effort to prepare homogeneous antibody conjugates, bioorthogonal handles have been site-specifically introduced via enzymatic treatment, genetic code expansion, or genetically encoded tagging, followed by functionalization using bioorthogonal conjugation reactions. The resulting homogeneous products have proven superior to their heterogeneous counterparts for both in vitro and in vivo usage. Nevertheless, additional chemical treatment or protein engineering of antibodies is required for incorporation of the bioorthogonal handles, processes that often affect antibody folding, stability, and/or production yield and cost. Accordingly, concurrent with advances in the fields of bioorthogonal chemistry and protein engineering, there is growing interest in site-specifically labeling native (nonengineered) antibodies without chemical or enzymatic treatments. In this review, we highlight recent strategies for producing site-specific native antibody conjugates and provide a comprehensive summary of the merits and disadvantages of these strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Lin Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Chenfei Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Catherine Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Chao Zuo
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Zachary T Ball
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Han Xiao
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States.,Department of Biosciences, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States.,Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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24
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Kossai M, Radosevic-Robin N, Penault-Llorca F. Refining patient selection for breast cancer immunotherapy: beyond PD-L1. ESMO Open 2021; 6:100257. [PMID: 34487970 PMCID: PMC8426207 DOI: 10.1016/j.esmoop.2021.100257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapies that modulate immune response to cancer, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors, began an intense development a few years ago; however, in breast cancer (BC), the results have been relatively disappointing so far. Finding biomarkers for better selection of BC patients for various immunotherapies remains a significant unmet medical need. At present, only tumour tissue programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) and mismatch repair deficiency status are approved as theranostic biomarkers for programmed cell death-1 (PD-1)/PD-L1 inhibitors in BC. However, due to the complexity of tumour microenvironment (TME) and cancer response to immunomodulators, none of them is a perfect selector. Therefore, an intense quest is ongoing for complementary tumour- or host-related predictive biomarkers in breast immuno-oncology. Among the upcoming biomarkers, quantity, immunophenotype and spatial distribution of tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes and other TME cells as well as immune gene signatures emerge as most promising and are being increasingly tested in clinical trials. Biomarkers or strategies allowing dynamic assessment of BC response to immunotherapy, such as circulating/exosomal PD-L1, quantity of white/immune blood cell subpopulations and molecular imaging are particularly suitable for immunotreatment monitoring. Finally, host-related factors, such as microbiome and lifestyle, should also be taken into account when planning integration of immunomodulating therapies into BC management. As none of the biomarkers taken separately is accurate enough, the solution could come from composite biomarkers, which would combine clinical, molecular and immunological features of the disease, possibly powered by artificial intelligence. At present, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are the only approved immunotherapy drugs in BC. Tumour PD-L1 and microsatellite status are current companion biomarkers for ICIs in BC; however, these need improvement. Evaluation of tumour immune contexture and the dynamics of circulating immune cell counts are promising novel approaches. Development of noninvasive monitoring and composite biomarkers will facilitate cancer immunotherapy, including in BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kossai
- Department of Pathology, University Clermont Auvergne, INSERM U1240, Centre Jean Perrin, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - N Radosevic-Robin
- Department of Pathology, University Clermont Auvergne, INSERM U1240, Centre Jean Perrin, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - F Penault-Llorca
- Department of Pathology, University Clermont Auvergne, INSERM U1240, Centre Jean Perrin, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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25
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Chen H, Chen JS, Paerhati P, Jakos T, Bai SY, Zhu JW, Yuan YS. Strategies and Applications of Antigen-Binding Fragment (Fab) Production in Escherichia coli. PHARMACEUTICAL FRONTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1735145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractWith the advancement of genetic engineering, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have made far-reaching progress in the treatment of various human diseases. However, due to the high cost of production, the increasing demands for antibody-based therapies have not been fully met. Currently, mAb-derived alternatives, such as antigen-binding fragments (Fab), single-chain variable fragments, bispecifics, nanobodies, and conjugated mAbs have emerged as promising new therapeutic modalities. They can be readily prepared in bacterial systems with well-established fermentation technology and ease of manipulation, leading to the reduction of overall cost. This review aims to shed light on the strategies to improve the expression, purification, and yield of Fab fragments in Escherichia coli expression systems, as well as current advances in the applications of Fab fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, Shanghai Jiao Tong University College of Pharmacy, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Sheng Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, Shanghai Jiao Tong University College of Pharmacy, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Pameila Paerhati
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, Shanghai Jiao Tong University College of Pharmacy, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Tanja Jakos
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, Shanghai Jiao Tong University College of Pharmacy, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Si-Yi Bai
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, Shanghai Jiao Tong University College of Pharmacy, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Wei Zhu
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, Shanghai Jiao Tong University College of Pharmacy, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun-Sheng Yuan
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, Shanghai Jiao Tong University College of Pharmacy, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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26
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Wang Y, Chen X, Cai W, Tan L, Yu Y, Han B, Li Y, Xie Y, Su Y, Luo X, Liu T. Expanding the Structural Diversity of Protein Building Blocks with Noncanonical Amino Acids Biosynthesized from Aromatic Thiols. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202014540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Sciences Peking University 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District Beijing 100191 China
| | - Xiaoxu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Sciences Peking University 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District Beijing 100191 China
| | - Wenkang Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Sciences Peking University 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District Beijing 100191 China
| | - Linzhi Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Sciences Peking University 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District Beijing 100191 China
| | - Yutong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Sciences Peking University 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District Beijing 100191 China
| | - Boyang Han
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Sciences Peking University 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District Beijing 100191 China
| | - Yuxuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Sciences Peking University 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District Beijing 100191 China
| | - Yuanzhe Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Sciences Peking University 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District Beijing 100191 China
| | - Yeyu Su
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Sciences Peking University 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District Beijing 100191 China
| | - Xiaozhou Luo
- Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Tao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Sciences Peking University 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District Beijing 100191 China
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27
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Liberini V, Laudicella R, Capozza M, Huellner MW, Burger IA, Baldari S, Terreno E, Deandreis D. The Future of Cancer Diagnosis, Treatment and Surveillance: A Systemic Review on Immunotherapy and Immuno-PET Radiotracers. Molecules 2021; 26:2201. [PMID: 33920423 PMCID: PMC8069316 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26082201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy is an effective therapeutic option for several cancers. In the last years, the introduction of checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has shifted the therapeutic landscape in oncology and improved patient prognosis in a variety of neoplastic diseases. However, to date, the selection of the best patients eligible for these therapies, as well as the response assessment is still challenging. Patients are mainly stratified using an immunohistochemical analysis of the expression of antigens on biopsy specimens, such as PD-L1 and PD-1, on tumor cells, on peritumoral immune cells and/or in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Recently, the use and development of imaging biomarkers able to assess in-vivo cancer-related processes are becoming more important. Today, positron emission tomography (PET) with 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose ([18F]FDG) is used routinely to evaluate tumor metabolism, and also to predict and monitor response to immunotherapy. Although highly sensitive, FDG-PET in general is rather unspecific. Novel radiopharmaceuticals (immuno-PET radiotracers), able to identify specific immune system targets, are under investigation in pre-clinical and clinical settings to better highlight all the mechanisms involved in immunotherapy. In this review, we will provide an overview of the main new immuno-PET radiotracers in development. We will also review the main players (immune cells, tumor cells and molecular targets) involved in immunotherapy. Furthermore, we report current applications and the evidence of using [18F]FDG PET in immunotherapy, including the use of artificial intelligence (AI).
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MESH Headings
- Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/therapeutic use
- Artificial Intelligence
- B7-H1 Antigen/genetics
- B7-H1 Antigen/immunology
- Fluorodeoxyglucose F18/administration & dosage
- Fluorodeoxyglucose F18/chemistry
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Humans
- Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors/chemistry
- Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors/metabolism
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive/methods
- Killer Cells, Natural/drug effects
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/pathology
- Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging
- Neoplasms/genetics
- Neoplasms/immunology
- Neoplasms/therapy
- Positron-Emission Tomography/methods
- Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor/genetics
- Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor/immunology
- Radiopharmaceuticals/administration & dosage
- Radiopharmaceuticals/chemical synthesis
- Signal Transduction
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/pathology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/pathology
- Tumor Microenvironment/drug effects
- Tumor Microenvironment/genetics
- Tumor Microenvironment/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Liberini
- Department of Medical Science, Division of Nuclear Medicine, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy;
| | - Riccardo Laudicella
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and of Morpho-Functional Imaging, Nuclear Medicine Unit, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (R.L.); (S.B.)
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland; (M.W.H.); (I.A.B.)
| | - Martina Capozza
- Molecular & Preclinical Imaging Centers, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Torino, Italy; (M.C.); (E.T.)
| | - Martin W. Huellner
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland; (M.W.H.); (I.A.B.)
| | - Irene A. Burger
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland; (M.W.H.); (I.A.B.)
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kantonsspital Baden, 5004 Baden, Switzerland
| | - Sergio Baldari
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and of Morpho-Functional Imaging, Nuclear Medicine Unit, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (R.L.); (S.B.)
| | - Enzo Terreno
- Molecular & Preclinical Imaging Centers, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Torino, Italy; (M.C.); (E.T.)
| | - Désirée Deandreis
- Department of Medical Science, Division of Nuclear Medicine, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy;
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28
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Wang Y, Chen X, Cai W, Tan L, Yu Y, Han B, Li Y, Xie Y, Su Y, Luo X, Liu T. Expanding the Structural Diversity of Protein Building Blocks with Noncanonical Amino Acids Biosynthesized from Aromatic Thiols. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:10040-10048. [PMID: 33570250 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202014540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Incorporation of structurally novel noncanonical amino acids (ncAAs) into proteins is valuable for both scientific and biomedical applications. To expand the structural diversity of available ncAAs and to reduce the burden of chemically synthesizing them, we have developed a general and simple biosynthetic method for genetically encoding novel ncAAs into recombinant proteins by feeding cells with economical commercially available or synthetically accessible aromatic thiols. We demonstrate that nearly 50 ncAAs with a diverse array of structures can be biosynthesized from these simple small-molecule precursors by hijacking the cysteine biosynthetic enzymes, and the resulting ncAAs can subsequently be incorporated into proteins via an expanded genetic code. Moreover, we demonstrate that bioorthogonal reactive groups such as aromatic azides and aromatic ketones can be incorporated into green fluorescent protein or a therapeutic antibody with high yields, allowing for subsequent chemical conjugation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xiaoxu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Wenkang Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Linzhi Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yutong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Boyang Han
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yuxuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yuanzhe Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yeyu Su
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xiaozhou Luo
- Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Tao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China
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29
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Abousaway O, Rakhshandehroo T, Van den Abbeele AD, Kircher MF, Rashidian M. Noninvasive Imaging of Cancer Immunotherapy. Nanotheranostics 2021; 5:90-112. [PMID: 33391977 PMCID: PMC7738948 DOI: 10.7150/ntno.50860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has revolutionized the treatment of several malignancies. Notwithstanding the encouraging results, many patients do not respond to treatments. Evaluation of the efficacy of treatments is challenging and robust methods to predict the response to treatment are not yet available. The outcome of immunotherapy results from changes that treatment evokes in the tumor immune landscape. Therefore, a better understanding of the dynamics of immune cells that infiltrate into the tumor microenvironment may fundamentally help in addressing this challenge and provide tools to assess or even predict the response. Noninvasive imaging approaches, such as PET and SPECT that provide whole-body images are currently seen as the most promising tools that can shed light on the events happening in tumors in response to treatment. Such tools can provide critical information that can be used to make informed clinical decisions. Here, we review recent developments in the field of noninvasive cancer imaging with a focus on immunotherapeutics and nuclear imaging technologies and will discuss how the field can move forward to address the challenges that remain unresolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Abousaway
- Department of Imaging, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Taha Rakhshandehroo
- Department of Imaging, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Annick D Van den Abbeele
- Department of Imaging, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.,Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Moritz F Kircher
- Department of Imaging, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.,Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Mohammad Rashidian
- Department of Imaging, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
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30
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31
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Nimmagadda S. Quantifying PD-L1 Expression to Monitor Immune Checkpoint Therapy: Opportunities and Challenges. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12113173. [PMID: 33137949 PMCID: PMC7692040 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Malignant cells hijack the regulatory roles of immune checkpoint proteins for immune evasion and survival. Therapeutics blocking those proteins can restore the balance of the immune system and lead to durable responses in cancer patients. Although a subset of patients derive benefit, there are few non-invasive technologies to guide and monitor those therapies to improve success rates. This is a review of the advancements in non-invasive methods for quantification of immune checkpoint protein programmed death ligand 1 expression, a biomarker detected by immunohistochemistry and widely used for guiding immune checkpoint therapy. Abstract Therapeutics targeting programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) protein and its receptor PD-1 are now dominant players in restoring anti-tumor immune responses. PD-L1 detection by immunohistochemistry (IHC) is emerging as a reproducible biomarker for guiding patient stratification for those therapies in some cancers. However, PD-L1 expression in the tumor microenvironment is highly complex. It is upregulated by aberrant genetic alterations, and is highly regulated at the transcriptional, posttranscriptional, and protein levels. Thus, PD-L1 IHC is inadequate to fully understand the relevance of PD-L1 levels in the whole body and their dynamics to improve therapeutic outcomes. Imaging technologies could potentially assist in meeting that need. Early clinical investigations show promising results in quantifying PD-L1 expression in the whole body by positron emission tomography (PET). Within this context, this review summarizes advancements in regulation of PD-L1 expression and imaging agents, and in PD-L1 PET for drug development, and discusses opportunities and challenges presented by these innovations for guiding immune checkpoint therapy (ICT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sridhar Nimmagadda
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; ; Tel.: +1-410-502-6244; Fax: +1-410-614-3147
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Bloomberg–Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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32
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In Vivo Evaluation and Dosimetry Estimate for a High Affinity Affibody PET Tracer Targeting PD-L1. Mol Imaging Biol 2020; 23:241-249. [PMID: 33098025 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-020-01544-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In vivo imaging of programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) during immunotherapy could potentially monitor changing PD-L1 expression and PD-L1 expression heterogeneity within and across tumors. Some protein constructs can be used for same-day positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. Previously, we evaluated the PD-L1-targeting Affibody molecule [18F]AlF-NOTA-ZPD-L1_1 as a PET tracer in a mouse tumor model of human PD-L1 expression. In this study, we evaluated the affinity-matured Affibody molecule ZPD-L1_4, to determine if improved affinity for PD-L1 resulted in increased in vivo targeting of PD-L1. PROCEDURES ZPD-L1_4 was conjugated with NOTA and radiolabeled with either [18F]AlF or 68Ga. [18F]AlF-NOTA-ZPD-L1_4 and [68Ga]NOTA-ZPD-L1_4 were evaluated in immunocompromised mice with LOX (PD-L1+) and SUDHL6 (PD-L1-) tumors with PET and ex vivo biodistribution measurements. In addition, whole-body PET studies were performed in rhesus monkeys to predict human biodistribution in a model with tracer binding to endogenous PD-L1, and to calculate absorbed radiation doses. RESULTS Ex vivo biodistribution measurements showed that both tracers had > 25 fold higher accumulation in LOX tumors than SUDHL6 ([18F]AlF-NOTA-ZPD-L1_4: LOX: 8.7 ± 0.7 %ID/g (N = 4) SUDHL6: 0.2 ± 0.01 %ID/g (N = 6), [68Ga]NOTA-ZPD-L1_4: LOX: 15.8 ± 1.0 %ID/g (N = 6) SUDHL6: 0.6 ± 0.1 %ID/g (N = 6)), considerably higher than ZPD-L1_1. In rhesus monkeys, both PET tracers showed fast clearance through kidneys and low background signal in the liver ([18F]AlF-NOTA-ZPD-L1_4: 1.26 ± 0.13 SUV, [68Ga]NOTA-ZPD-L1_4: 1.11 ± 0.06 SUV). PD-L1-expressing lymph nodes were visible in PET images, indicating in vivo PD-L1 targeting. Dosimetry estimates suggest that both PET tracers can be used for repeated clinical studies, although high kidney accumulation may limit allowable radioactive doses. CONCLUSIONS [18F]AlF-NOTA-ZPD-L1_4 and [68Ga]NOTA-ZPD-L1_4 are promising candidates for same-day clinical PD-L1 PET imaging, warranting clinical evaluation. The ability to use either [18F] or [68Ga] may expand access to clinical sites.
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Bendre S, Zhang Z, Kuo HT, Rousseau J, Zhang C, Merkens H, Roxin Á, Bénard F, Lin KS. Evaluation of Met-Val-Lys as a Renal Brush Border Enzyme-Cleavable Linker to Reduce Kidney Uptake of 68Ga-Labeled DOTA-Conjugated Peptides and Peptidomimetics. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25173854. [PMID: 32854201 PMCID: PMC7503470 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25173854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
High kidney uptake is a common feature of peptide-based radiopharmaceuticals, leading to reduced detection sensitivity for lesions adjacent to kidneys and lower maximum tolerated therapeutic dose. In this study, we evaluated if the Met-Val-Lys (MVK) linker could be used to lower kidney uptake of 68Ga-labeled DOTA-conjugated peptides and peptidomimetics. A model compound, [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-AmBz-MVK(Ac)-OH (AmBz: aminomethylbenzoyl), and its derivative, [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-AmBz-MVK(HTK01166)-OH, coupled with the PSMA (prostate-specific membrane antigen)-targeting motif of the previously reported HTK01166 were synthesized and evaluated to determine if they could be recognized and cleaved by the renal brush border enzymes. Additionally, positron emission tomography (PET) imaging, ex vivo biodistribution and in vivo stability studies were conducted in mice to evaluate their pharmacokinetics. [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-AmBz-MVK(Ac)-OH was effectively cleaved specifically by neutral endopeptidase (NEP) of renal brush border enzymes at the Met-Val amide bond, and the radio-metabolite [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-AmBz-Met-OH was rapidly excreted via the renal pathway with minimal kidney retention. [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-AmBz-MVK(HTK01166)-OH retained its PSMA-targeting capability and was also cleaved by NEP, although less effectively when compared to [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-AmBz-MVK(Ac)-OH. The kidney uptake of [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-AmBz-MVK(HTK01166)-OH was 30% less compared to that of [68Ga]Ga-HTK01166. Our data demonstrated that derivatives of [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-AmBz-MVK-OH can be cleaved specifically by NEP, and therefore, MVK can be a promising cleavable linker for use to reduce kidney uptake of radiolabeled DOTA-conjugated peptides and peptidomimetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreya Bendre
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada; (S.B.); (Z.Z.); (H.-T.K.); (J.R.); (C.Z.); (H.M.); (Á.R.); (F.B.)
| | - Zhengxing Zhang
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada; (S.B.); (Z.Z.); (H.-T.K.); (J.R.); (C.Z.); (H.M.); (Á.R.); (F.B.)
| | - Hsiou-Ting Kuo
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada; (S.B.); (Z.Z.); (H.-T.K.); (J.R.); (C.Z.); (H.M.); (Á.R.); (F.B.)
| | - Julie Rousseau
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada; (S.B.); (Z.Z.); (H.-T.K.); (J.R.); (C.Z.); (H.M.); (Á.R.); (F.B.)
| | - Chengcheng Zhang
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada; (S.B.); (Z.Z.); (H.-T.K.); (J.R.); (C.Z.); (H.M.); (Á.R.); (F.B.)
| | - Helen Merkens
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada; (S.B.); (Z.Z.); (H.-T.K.); (J.R.); (C.Z.); (H.M.); (Á.R.); (F.B.)
| | - Áron Roxin
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada; (S.B.); (Z.Z.); (H.-T.K.); (J.R.); (C.Z.); (H.M.); (Á.R.); (F.B.)
| | - François Bénard
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada; (S.B.); (Z.Z.); (H.-T.K.); (J.R.); (C.Z.); (H.M.); (Á.R.); (F.B.)
- Department of Functional Imaging, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4E6, Canada
- Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Kuo-Shyan Lin
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada; (S.B.); (Z.Z.); (H.-T.K.); (J.R.); (C.Z.); (H.M.); (Á.R.); (F.B.)
- Department of Functional Imaging, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4E6, Canada
- Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada
- Correspondence:
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Wei J, Wang YH, Lee CY, Truillet C, Oh DY, Xu Y, Ruggero D, Flavell RR, VanBrocklin HF, Seo Y, Craik CS, Fong L, Wang CI, Evans MJ. An Analysis of Isoclonal Antibody Formats Suggests a Role for Measuring PD-L1 with Low Molecular Weight PET Radiotracers. Mol Imaging Biol 2020; 22:1553-1561. [PMID: 32813112 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-020-01527-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The swell of new and diverse radiotracers to predict or monitor tumor response to cancer immunotherapies invites the opportunity for comparative studies to identify optimal platforms. To probe the significance of antibody format on image quality for PD-L1 imaging, we developed and studied the biodistribution of a library of antibodies based on the anti-PD-L1 IgG1 clone C4. PROCEDURE A C4 minibody and scFv were cloned, expressed, and characterized. The antibodies were functionalized with desferrioxamine and radiolabeled with Zr-89 to enable a rigorous comparison with prior data collected using 89Zr-labeled C4 IgG1. The biodistribution of the radiotracers was evaluated in C57Bl6/J or nu/nu mice bearing B16F10 or H1975 tumors, respectively, which are models that represent high and low tumor autonomous PD-L1 expression. RESULTS The tumor uptake of the 89Zr-C4 minibody was higher than 89Zr-C4 scFv and equivalent to previous data collected using 89Zr-C4 IgG1. However, the peak tumors to normal tissue ratios were generally higher for 89Zr-C4 scFv compared with 89Zr-C4 minibody and 89Zr-IgG1. Moreover, an exploratory study showed that the rapid clearance of 89Zr-C4 scFv enabled detection of endogenous PD-L1 on a genetically engineered and orthotopic model of hepatocellular carcinoma. CONCLUSION In summary, these data support the use of low molecular weight constructs for PD-L1 imaging, especially for tumor types that manifest in abdominal organs that are obstructed by the clearance of high molecular weight radioligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junnian Wei
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Yung-Hua Wang
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Chia Yin Lee
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove Immunos #03-06, Biopolis, Singapore, 138648, Singapore
| | - Charles Truillet
- Imagerie Moleculaire In Vivo, INSERM, CEA, Univ. Paris Sud, CNRS, Universite Paris Saclay, CEA-Service Hospitalier Frederic Joliot, 94100, Orsay, France
| | - David Y Oh
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.,Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Yichen Xu
- Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Davide Ruggero
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.,Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Robert R Flavell
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.,Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Henry F VanBrocklin
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.,Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Youngho Seo
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.,Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Charles S Craik
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Lawrence Fong
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.,Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Cheng-I Wang
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove Immunos #03-06, Biopolis, Singapore, 138648, Singapore
| | - Michael J Evans
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA. .,Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA. .,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
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TLR3-Dependent Activation of TLR2 Endogenous Ligands via the MyD88 Signaling Pathway Augments the Innate Immune Response. Cells 2020; 9:cells9081910. [PMID: 32824595 PMCID: PMC7464415 DOI: 10.3390/cells9081910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the adaptor molecule MyD88 is thought to be independent of Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) signaling. In this report, we demonstrate a previously unknown role of MyD88 in TLR3 signaling in inducing endogenous ligands of TLR2 to elicit innate immune responses. Of the various TLR ligands examined, the TLR3-specific ligand polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly I:C), significantly induced TNF production and the upregulation of other TLR transcripts, in particular, TLR2. Accordingly, TLR3 stimulation also led to a significant upregulation of endogenous TLR2 ligands mainly, HMGB1 and Hsp60. By contrast, the silencing of TLR3 significantly downregulated MyD88 and TLR2 gene expression and pro-inflammatory IL1β, TNF, and IL8 secretion. The silencing of MyD88 similarly led to the downregulation of TLR2, IL1β, TNF and IL8, thus suggesting MyD88 to somehow act downstream of TLR3. Corroborating in vitro data, Myd88−/− knockout mice downregulated TNF, CXCL1; and phospho-p65 and phospho-IRF3 nuclear localization, upon poly I:C treatment in a mouse model of skin infection. Taken together, we identified a previously unknown role for MyD88 in the TLR3 signaling pathway, underlying the importance of TLRs and adapter protein interplay in modulating endogenous TLR ligands culminating in pro-inflammatory cytokine regulation.
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Terlizzi C, De Rosa V, Iommelli F, Altobelli GG, Fonti R, Del Vecchio S. Preclinical imaging for targeting cancer immune evasion. THE QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR MEDICINE AND MOLECULAR IMAGING : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE ITALIAN ASSOCIATION OF NUCLEAR MEDICINE (AIMN) [AND] THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF RADIOPHARMACOLOGY (IAR), [AND] SECTION OF THE SOCIETY OF RADIOPHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGY 2020; 64:186-193. [DOI: 10.23736/s1824-4785.20.03254-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Abstract
This work details the use of amber suppression-mediated genetic incorporation of unnatural amino acids (UAAs), specifically p-azido-l-phenylalanine (pAzF) and p-acetyl-l-phenylalanine (pAcF), to develop site-specifically labeled antibody Fab fragments. These antibody fragment conjugates represent a novel class of imaging agents with optimal stability, efficacy, and pharmacological properties, which have demonstrated promising potential for probing and understanding the in vivo bio-distributions of protein targets of interest. This chapter provides general guidelines for preparing these Fab conjugates, and details of follow-up bioassays such as single-agent based positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of immune-checkpoint protein PD-L1, and the use of GCN4-mediated switchable antibody conjugates for near-infrared fluorescent imaging of cancer-related biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Maloney
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Zakey Yusuf Buuh
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Yue Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Rongsheng E Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
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Wei W, Rosenkrans ZT, Liu J, Huang G, Luo QY, Cai W. ImmunoPET: Concept, Design, and Applications. Chem Rev 2020; 120:3787-3851. [PMID: 32202104 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Immuno-positron emission tomography (immunoPET) is a paradigm-shifting molecular imaging modality combining the superior targeting specificity of monoclonal antibody (mAb) and the inherent sensitivity of PET technique. A variety of radionuclides and mAbs have been exploited to develop immunoPET probes, which has been driven by the development and optimization of radiochemistry and conjugation strategies. In addition, tumor-targeting vectors with a short circulation time (e.g., Nanobody) or with an enhanced binding affinity (e.g., bispecific antibody) are being used to design novel immunoPET probes. Accordingly, several immunoPET probes, such as 89Zr-Df-pertuzumab and 89Zr-atezolizumab, have been successfully translated for clinical use. By noninvasively and dynamically revealing the expression of heterogeneous tumor antigens, immunoPET imaging is gradually changing the theranostic landscape of several types of malignancies. ImmunoPET is the method of choice for imaging specific tumor markers, immune cells, immune checkpoints, and inflammatory processes. Furthermore, the integration of immunoPET imaging in antibody drug development is of substantial significance because it provides pivotal information regarding antibody targeting abilities and distribution profiles. Herein, we present the latest immunoPET imaging strategies and their preclinical and clinical applications. We also emphasize current conjugation strategies that can be leveraged to develop next-generation immunoPET probes. Lastly, we discuss practical considerations to tune the development and translation of immunoPET imaging strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijun Wei
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China.,Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Room 7137, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Zachary T Rosenkrans
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Gang Huang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai 201318, China
| | - Quan-Yong Luo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Weibo Cai
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Room 7137, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States.,University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
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Lütje S, Feldmann G, Essler M, Brossart P, Bundschuh RA. Immune Checkpoint Imaging in Oncology: A Game Changer Toward Personalized Immunotherapy? J Nucl Med 2020; 61:1137-1144. [PMID: 31924724 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.119.237891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint blockade represents a promising approach in oncology, showing antitumor activities in various cancers. However, although being generally far better tolerated than classic cytotoxic chemotherapy, this treatment, too, may be accompanied by considerable side effects and not all patients benefit equally. Therefore, careful patient selection and monitoring of the treatment response is mandatory. At present, checkpoint-specific molecular imaging is being increasingly investigated as a tool for patient selection and response evaluation. Here, an overview of the current developments in immune checkpoint imaging is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Lütje
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany; and
| | - Georg Feldmann
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Center of Integrated Oncology Cologne-Bonn, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Markus Essler
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany; and
| | - Peter Brossart
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Center of Integrated Oncology Cologne-Bonn, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ralph A Bundschuh
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany; and
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