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Manzanares-Guzmán A, Lugo-Fabres PH, Camacho-Villegas TA. vNARs as Neutralizing Intracellular Therapeutic Agents: Glioblastoma as a Target. Antibodies (Basel) 2024; 13:25. [PMID: 38534215 DOI: 10.3390/antib13010025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most prevalent and fatal form of primary brain tumors. New targeted therapeutic strategies for this type of tumor are imperative given the dire prognosis for glioblastoma patients and the poor results of current multimodal therapy. Previously reported drawbacks of antibody-based therapeutics include the inability to translocate across the blood-brain barrier and reach intracellular targets due to their molecular weight. These disadvantages translate into poor target neutralization and cancer maintenance. Unlike conventional antibodies, vNARs can permeate tissues and recognize conformational or cryptic epitopes due to their stability, CDR3 amino acid sequence, and smaller molecular weight. Thus, vNARs represent a potential antibody format to use as intrabodies or soluble immunocarriers. This review comprehensively summarizes key intracellular pathways in glioblastoma cells that induce proliferation, progression, and cancer survival to determine a new potential targeted glioblastoma therapy based on previously reported vNARs. The results seek to support the next application of vNARs as single-domain antibody drug-conjugated therapies, which could overcome the disadvantages of conventional monoclonal antibodies and provide an innovative approach for glioblastoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Manzanares-Guzmán
- Unidad de Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco (CIATEJ), Guadalajara 44270, Mexico
| | - Pavel H Lugo-Fabres
- Consejo Nacional de Humanidades, Ciencias y Tecnologías (CONAHCYT)-Unidad de Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco (CIATEJ), Guadalajara 44270, Mexico
| | - Tanya A Camacho-Villegas
- Consejo Nacional de Humanidades, Ciencias y Tecnologías (CONAHCYT)-Unidad de Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco (CIATEJ), Guadalajara 44270, Mexico
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2
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Miller WE, O'Connor CM. CMV-encoded GPCRs in infection, disease, and pathogenesis. Adv Virus Res 2024; 118:1-75. [PMID: 38461029 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2024.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are seven-transmembrane domain proteins that modulate cellular processes in response to external stimuli. These receptors represent the largest family of membrane proteins, and in mammals, their signaling regulates important physiological functions, such as vision, taste, and olfaction. Many organisms, including yeast, slime molds, and viruses encode GPCRs. Cytomegaloviruses (CMVs) are large, betaherpesviruses, that encode viral GPCRs (vGPCRs). Human CMV (HCMV) encodes four vGPCRs, including UL33, UL78, US27, and US28. Each of these vGPCRs, as well as their rodent and primate orthologues, have been investigated for their contributions to viral infection and disease. Herein, we discuss how the CMV vGPCRs function during lytic and latent infection, as well as our understanding of how they impact viral pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- William E Miller
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Bioscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Christine M O'Connor
- Infection Biology, Sheikha Fatima bint Mubarak Global Center for Pathogen and Human Health Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States; Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States; Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH, United States.
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3
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Cong Y, Devoogdt N, Lambin P, Dubois LJ, Yaromina A. Promising Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approaches Based on VHHs for Cancer Management. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:371. [PMID: 38254860 PMCID: PMC10814765 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16020371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The discovery of the distinctive structure of heavy chain-only antibodies in species belonging to the Camelidae family has elicited significant interest in their variable antigen binding domain (VHH) and gained attention for various applications, such as cancer diagnosis and treatment. This article presents an overview of the characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages of VHHs as compared to conventional antibodies, and their usage in diverse applications. The singular properties of VHHs are explained, and several strategies that can augment their utility are outlined. The preclinical studies illustrating the diagnostic and therapeutic efficacy of distinct VHHs in diverse formats against solid cancers are summarized, and an overview of the clinical trials assessing VHH-based agents in oncology is provided. These investigations demonstrate the enormous potential of VHHs for medical research and healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Cong
- The M-Lab, Department of Precision Medicine, GROW—School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University, 6211 LK Maastricht, The Netherlands; (Y.C.); (P.L.)
| | - Nick Devoogdt
- Molecular Imaging and Therapy Research Group (MITH), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Philippe Lambin
- The M-Lab, Department of Precision Medicine, GROW—School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University, 6211 LK Maastricht, The Netherlands; (Y.C.); (P.L.)
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ludwig J. Dubois
- The M-Lab, Department of Precision Medicine, GROW—School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University, 6211 LK Maastricht, The Netherlands; (Y.C.); (P.L.)
| | - Ala Yaromina
- The M-Lab, Department of Precision Medicine, GROW—School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University, 6211 LK Maastricht, The Netherlands; (Y.C.); (P.L.)
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4
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Bartusik-Aebisher D, Woźnicki P, Dynarowicz K, Aebisher D. Photosensitizers for Photodynamic Therapy of Brain Cancers-A Review. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1299. [PMID: 37759900 PMCID: PMC10526171 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13091299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
On average, there are about 300,000 new cases of brain cancer each year. Studies have shown that brain and central nervous system tumors are among the top ten causes of death. Due to the extent of this problem and the percentage of patients suffering from brain tumors, innovative therapeutic treatment methods are constantly being sought. One such innovative therapeutic method is photodynamic therapy (PDT). Photodynamic therapy is an alternative and unique technique widely used in dermatology and other fields of medicine for the treatment of oncological and nononcological lesions. Photodynamic therapy consists of the destruction of cancer cells and inducing inflammatory changes by using laser light of a specific wavelength in combination with the application of a photosensitizer. The most commonly used photosensitizers include 5-aminolevulinic acid for the enzymatic generation of protoporphyrin IX, Temoporfin-THPC, Photofrin, Hypericin and Talaporfin. This paper reviews the photosensitizers commonly used in photodynamic therapy for brain tumors. An overview of all three generations of photosensitizers is presented. Along with an indication of the limitations of the treatment of brain tumors, intraoperative photodynamic therapy and its possibilities are described as an alternative therapeutic method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Bartusik-Aebisher
- Department of Biochemistry and General Chemistry, Medical College of the University of Rzeszów, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland;
| | - Paweł Woźnicki
- Students English Division Science Club, Medical College of the University of Rzeszów, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland;
| | - Klaudia Dynarowicz
- Center for Innovative Research in Medical and Natural Sciences, Medical College of the University of Rzeszów, 35-310 Rzeszów, Poland;
| | - David Aebisher
- Department of Photomedicine and Physical Chemistry, Medical College of the University of Rzeszów, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
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5
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Jumapili NA, Zivalj M, Barthelmess RM, Raes G, De Groof TWM, Devoogdt N, Stijlemans B, Vincke C, Van Ginderachter JA. A few good reasons to use nanobodies for cancer treatment. Eur J Immunol 2023; 53:e2250024. [PMID: 37366246 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202250024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
mAbs have been instrumental for targeted cancer therapies. However, their relatively large size and physicochemical properties result in a heterogenous distribution in the tumor microenvironment, usually restricted to the first cell layers surrounding blood vessels, and a limited ability to penetrate the brain. Nanobodies are tenfold smaller, resulting in a deeper tumor penetration and the ability to reach cells in poorly perfused tumor areas. Nanobodies are rapidly cleared from the circulation, which generates a fast target-to-background contrast that is ideally suited for molecular imaging purposes but may be less optimal for therapy. To circumvent this problem, nanobodies have been formatted to noncovalently bind albumin, increasing their serum half-life without majorly increasing their size. Finally, nanobodies have shown superior qualities to infiltrate brain tumors as compared to mAbs. In this review, we discuss why these features make nanobodies prime candidates for targeted therapy of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neema Ahishakiye Jumapili
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Laboratory, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Maida Zivalj
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Laboratory, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Romina Mora Barthelmess
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Laboratory, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Geert Raes
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Laboratory, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Timo W M De Groof
- In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Medical Imaging, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nick Devoogdt
- In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Medical Imaging, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Benoît Stijlemans
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Laboratory, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Cécile Vincke
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Laboratory, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jo A Van Ginderachter
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Laboratory, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Brussels, Belgium
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6
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Bebelman MP, Setiawan IM, Bergkamp ND, van Senten JR, Crudden C, Bebelman JPM, Verweij FJ, van Niel G, Siderius M, Pegtel DM, Smit MJ. Exosomal release of the virus-encoded chemokine receptor US28 contributes to chemokine scavenging. iScience 2023; 26:107412. [PMID: 37575190 PMCID: PMC10415803 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The human cytomegalovirus (HCMV)-encoded chemokine receptor US28 contributes to various aspects of the viral life cycle and promotes immune evasion by scavenging chemokines from the microenvironment of HCMV-infected cells. In contrast to the plasma membrane localization of most human chemokine receptors, US28 has a predominant intracellular localization. In this study, we used immunofluorescence and electron microscopy to determine the localization of US28 upon exogenous expression, as well as in HCMV-infected cells. We observed that US28 localizes to late endosomal compartments called multivesicular bodies (MVBs), where it is sorted in intraluminal vesicles. Live-cell total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy revealed that US28-containing MVBs can fuse with the plasma membrane, resulting in the secretion of US28 on exosomes. Exosomal US28 binds the chemokines CX3CL1 and CCL5, and US28-containing exosomes inhibited the CX3CL1-CX3CR1 signaling axis. These findings suggest that exosomal release of US28 contributes to chemokine scavenging and immune evasion by HCMV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten P. Bebelman
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecular and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department Pathology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, de Boelelaan 1118, Amsterdam 1081 HZ, the Netherlands
| | - Irfan M. Setiawan
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecular and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nick D. Bergkamp
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecular and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey R. van Senten
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecular and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Caitrin Crudden
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecular and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department Pathology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, de Boelelaan 1118, Amsterdam 1081 HZ, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Paul M. Bebelman
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecular and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Frederik J. Verweij
- Division of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht 3584 CH, the Netherlands
| | - Guillaume van Niel
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266 Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Marco Siderius
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecular and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - D. Michiel Pegtel
- Department Pathology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, de Boelelaan 1118, Amsterdam 1081 HZ, the Netherlands
| | - Martine J. Smit
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecular and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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7
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De Pauw T, De Mey L, Debacker JM, Raes G, Van Ginderachter JA, De Groof TWM, Devoogdt N. Current status and future expectations of nanobodies in oncology trials. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2023; 32:705-721. [PMID: 37638538 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2023.2249814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Monoclonal antibodies have revolutionized personalized medicine for cancer in recent decades. Despite their broad application in oncology, their large size and complexity may interfere with successful tumor targeting for certain applications of cancer diagnosis and therapy. Nanobodies have unique structural and pharmacological features compared to monoclonal antibodies and have successfully been used as complementary anti-cancer diagnostic and/or therapeutic tools. AREAS COVERED Here, an overview is given of the nanobody-based diagnostics and therapeutics that have been or are currently being tested in oncological clinical trials. Furthermore, preclinical developments, which are likely to be translated into the clinic in the near future, are highlighted. EXPERT OPINION Overall, the presented studies show the application potential of nanobodies in the field of oncology, making it likely that more nanobodies will be clinically approved in the upcoming future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa De Pauw
- In vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Medical Imaging, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lynn De Mey
- In vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Medical Imaging, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Nuclear Medicine Department, UZ Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jens M Debacker
- In vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Medical Imaging, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Nuclear Medicine Department, UZ Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Geert Raes
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology Lab, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jo A Van Ginderachter
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology Lab, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Timo W M De Groof
- In vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Medical Imaging, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nick Devoogdt
- In vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Medical Imaging, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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8
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van den Bor J, Bergkamp ND, Anbuhl SM, Dekker F, Comez D, Perez Almeria CV, Bosma R, White CW, Kilpatrick LE, Hill SJ, Siderius M, Smit MJ, Heukers R. NanoB 2 to monitor interactions of ligands with membrane proteins by combining nanobodies and NanoBRET. CELL REPORTS METHODS 2023; 3:100422. [PMID: 37056381 PMCID: PMC10088090 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2023.100422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
The therapeutic potential of ligands targeting disease-associated membrane proteins is predicted by ligand-receptor binding constants, which can be determined using NanoLuciferase (NanoLuc)-based bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (NanoBRET) methods. However, the broad applicability of these methods is hampered by the restricted availability of fluorescent probes. We describe the use of antibody fragments, like nanobodies, as universal building blocks for fluorescent probes for use in NanoBRET. Our nanobody-NanoBRET (NanoB2) workflow starts with the generation of NanoLuc-tagged receptors and fluorescent nanobodies, enabling homogeneous, real-time monitoring of nanobody-receptor binding. Moreover, NanoB2 facilitates the assessment of receptor binding of unlabeled ligands in competition binding experiments. The broad significance is illustrated by the successful application of NanoB2 to different drug targets (e.g., multiple G protein-coupled receptors [GPCRs] and a receptor tyrosine kinase [RTK]) at distinct therapeutically relevant binding sites (i.e., extracellular and intracellular).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelle van den Bor
- Receptor Biochemistry and Signaling group, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecular and Life Science (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nick D. Bergkamp
- Receptor Biochemistry and Signaling group, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecular and Life Science (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Stephanie M. Anbuhl
- Receptor Biochemistry and Signaling group, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecular and Life Science (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- QVQ Holding B.V., Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Françoise Dekker
- Receptor Biochemistry and Signaling group, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecular and Life Science (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Dehan Comez
- Cell Signalling Research Group, Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, the Midlands, UK
| | - Claudia V. Perez Almeria
- Receptor Biochemistry and Signaling group, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecular and Life Science (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Reggie Bosma
- Receptor Biochemistry and Signaling group, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecular and Life Science (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Carl W. White
- Cell Signalling Research Group, Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, the Midlands, UK
| | - Laura E. Kilpatrick
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, the Midlands, UK
- Division of Bimolecular Science and Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Stephen J. Hill
- Cell Signalling Research Group, Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, the Midlands, UK
| | - Marco Siderius
- Receptor Biochemistry and Signaling group, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecular and Life Science (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Martine J. Smit
- Receptor Biochemistry and Signaling group, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecular and Life Science (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Raimond Heukers
- Receptor Biochemistry and Signaling group, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecular and Life Science (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- QVQ Holding B.V., Utrecht, the Netherlands
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9
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Berg C, Rosenkilde MM. Therapeutic targeting of HCMV-encoded chemokine receptor US28: Progress and challenges. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1135280. [PMID: 36860859 PMCID: PMC9968965 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1135280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The pervasive human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) causes significant morbidity in immunocompromised individuals. Treatment using the current standard-of-care (SOC) is limited by severe toxic adverse effects and anti-viral resistance development. Furthermore, they only affect HCMV in its lytic phase, meaning viral disease is not preventable as latent infection cannot be treated and the viral reservoirs persist. The viral chemokine receptor (vCKR) US28 encoded by HCMV has received much attention in recent years. This broad-spectrum receptor has proven to be a desirable target for development of novel therapeutics through exploitation of its ability to internalize and its role in maintaining latency. Importantly, it is expressed on the surface of infected cells during both lytic and latent infection. US28-targeting small molecules, single-domain antibodies, and fusion toxin proteins have been developed for different treatment strategies, e.g. forcing reactivation of latent virus or using internalization of US28 as a toxin shuttle to kill infected cells. These strategies show promise for providing ways to eliminate latent viral reservoirs and prevent HCMV disease in vulnerable patients. Here, we discuss the progress and challenges of targeting US28 to treat HCMV infection and its associated diseases.
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Near Infrared Photoimmunotherapy: A Review of Recent Progress and Their Target Molecules for Cancer Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032655. [PMID: 36768976 PMCID: PMC9916513 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Near infrared photoimmunotherapy (NIR-PIT) is a newly developed molecular targeted cancer treatment, which selectively kills cancer cells or immune-regulatory cells and induces therapeutic host immune responses by administrating a cancer targeting moiety conjugated with IRdye700. The local exposure to near-infrared (NIR) light causes a photo-induced ligand release reaction, which causes damage to the target cell, resulting in immunogenic cell death (ICD) with little or no side effect to the surrounding normal cells. Moreover, NIR-PIT can generate an immune response in distant metastases and inhibit further cancer attack by combing cancer cells targeting NIR-PIT and immune regulatory cells targeting NIR-PIT or other cancer treatment modalities. Several recent improvements in NIR-PIT have been explored such as catheter-driven NIR light delivery, real-time monitoring of cancer, and the development of new target molecule, leading to NIR-PIT being considered as a promising cancer therapy. In this review, we discuss the progress of NIR-PIT, their mechanism and design strategies for cancer treatment. Furthermore, the overall possible targeting molecules for NIR-PIT with their application for cancer treatment are briefly summarised.
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11
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Miretti M, Graglia MAG, Suárez AI, Prucca CG. Photodynamic Therapy for glioblastoma: a light at the end of the tunnel. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpap.2023.100161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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12
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Nanobodies targeting ABCC3 for immunotargeted applications in glioblastoma. Sci Rep 2022; 12:22581. [PMID: 36585418 PMCID: PMC9803684 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-27161-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The cancer "omics" reveal many clinically relevant alterations that are transforming the molecular characterization of glioblastomas. However, many of these findings are not yet translated into clinical practice due, in part, to the lack of non-invasive biomarkers and the limitations imposed by the blood-brain barrier. Nanobodies, camelid single-domain antibody fragments, emerge as a promising tool for immunotargeted applications for diagnosing and treating glioblastomas. Performing agnostic bioinformatic analysis from glioblastoma patient datasets, we identified ATP Binding Cassette subfamily C member 3 (ABCC3) as a suitable target for immunotargeted applications. The expression of ABCC3 is associated with poor survival and impaired response to temozolomide. Importantly, high expression of ABCC3 is restricted to glioblastoma, with negligible levels in healthy brain tissue, and further correlates with tumor grade and stemness markers. We identified three immunogenic epitopes of ABCC3 which were used to isolate nanobodies from a glioblastoma-specific phage-display nanobody library. Two nanobodies targeting ABCC3 (NbA42 and NbA213) were further characterized and demonstrated in vivo selective recognition of ABCC3 in glioblastoma xenograft mouse models upon systemic administration. We designate NbA42 and NbA213 as new candidates to implement immunotargeted applications guiding a more personalized and precise diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment of glioblastoma patients.
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13
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Zheng F, Pang Y, Li L, Pang Y, Zhang J, Wang X, Raes G. Applications of nanobodies in brain diseases. Front Immunol 2022; 13:978513. [PMID: 36426363 PMCID: PMC9679430 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.978513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 03/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Nanobodies are antibody fragments derived from camelids, naturally endowed with properties like low molecular weight, high affinity and low immunogenicity, which contribute to their effective use as research tools, but also as diagnostic and therapeutic agents in a wide range of diseases, including brain diseases. Also, with the success of Caplacizumab, the first approved nanobody drug which was established as a first-in-class medication to treat acquired thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, nanobody-based therapy has received increasing attention. In the current review, we first briefly introduce the characterization and manufacturing of nanobodies. Then, we discuss the issue of crossing of the brain-blood-barrier (BBB) by nanobodies, making use of natural methods of BBB penetration, including passive diffusion, active efflux carriers (ATP-binding cassette transporters), carrier-mediated influx via solute carriers and transcytosis (including receptor-mediated transport, and adsorptive mediated transport) as well as various physical and chemical methods or even more complicated methods such as genetic methods via viral vectors to deliver nanobodies to the brain. Next, we give an extensive overview of research, diagnostic and therapeutic applications of nanobodies in brain-related diseases, with emphasis on Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and brain tumors. Thanks to the advance of nanobody engineering and modification technologies, nanobodies can be linked to toxins or conjugated with radionuclides, photosensitizers and nanoparticles, according to different requirements. Finally, we provide several perspectives that may facilitate future studies and whereby the versatile nanobodies offer promising perspectives for advancing our knowledge about brain disorders, as well as hopefully yielding diagnostic and therapeutic solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Zheng
- The Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Disease of Ministry of Education, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yucheng Pang
- The Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Disease of Ministry of Education, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Luyao Li
- The Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Disease of Ministry of Education, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yuxing Pang
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiaxin Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Disease of Ministry of Education, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xinyi Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Disease of Ministry of Education, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Geert Raes
- Research Group of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB) Center for Inflammation Research, Brussels, Belgium
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14
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Wei D, Qi J, Hamblin MR, Wen X, Jiang X, Yang H. Near-infrared photoimmunotherapy: design and potential applications for cancer treatment and beyond. Am J Cancer Res 2022; 12:7108-7131. [PMID: 36276636 PMCID: PMC9576624 DOI: 10.7150/thno.74820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Near-infrared photoimmunotherapy (NIR-PIT) is a newly developed cancer treatment modality based on a target-specific photosensitizer conjugate (TSPC) composed of an NIR phthalocyanine photosensitizer and an antigen-specific recognition system. NIR-PIT has predominantly been used for targeted therapy of tumors via local irradiation with NIR light, following binding of TSPC to antigen-expressing cells. Physical stress-induced membrane damage is thought to be a major mechanism underlying NIR-PIT-triggered photokilling. Notably, NIR-PIT can rapidly induce immunogenic cell death and activate the adaptive immune response, thereby enabling its combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Furthermore, NIR-PIT-triggered “super-enhanced permeability and retention” effects can enhance drug delivery into tumors. Supported by its potential efficacy and safety, NIR-PIT is a rapidly developing therapeutic option for various cancers. Hence, this review seeks to provide an update on the (i) broad range of target molecules suitable for NIR-PIT, (ii) various types of receptor-selective ligands for designing the TSPC “magic bullet,” (iii) NIR light parameters, and (iv) strategies for enhancing the efficacy of NIR-PIT. Moreover, we review the potential application of NIR-PIT, including the specific design and efficacy in 19 different cancer types, and its clinical studies. Finally, we summarize possible NIR-PIT applications in noncancerous conditions, including infection, pain, itching, metabolic disease, autoimmune disease, and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danfeng Wei
- Department of Dermatology and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.,Laboratory of Dermatology, Clinical Institute of Inflammation and Immunology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.,NHC Key Lab of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Organ Transplant Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jinxin Qi
- Department of Dermatology and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.,Laboratory of Dermatology, Clinical Institute of Inflammation and Immunology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa
| | - Xiang Wen
- Department of Dermatology and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xian Jiang
- Department of Dermatology and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.,Laboratory of Dermatology, Clinical Institute of Inflammation and Immunology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Hao Yang
- NHC Key Lab of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Organ Transplant Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Chengdu 610041, China.,Sichuan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Pathology in Clinical Application, West China Hospital, Sichuan University
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15
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Mei Y, Chen Y, Sivaccumar JP, An Z, Xia N, Luo W. Research progress and applications of nanobody in human infectious diseases. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:963978. [PMID: 36034845 PMCID: PMC9411660 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.963978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases, caused by pathogenic microorganisms, are capable of affecting crises. In addition to persistent infectious diseases such as malaria and dengue fever, the vicious outbreaks of infectious diseases such as Neocon, Ebola and SARS-CoV-2 in recent years have prompted the search for more efficient and convenient means for better diagnosis and treatment. Antibodies have attracted a lot of attention due to their good structural characteristics and applications. Nanobodies are the smallest functional single-domain antibodies known to be able to bind stably to antigens, with the advantages of high stability, high hydrophilicity, and easy expression and modification. They can directly target antigen epitopes or be constructed as multivalent nanobodies or nanobody fusion proteins to exert therapeutic effects. This paper focuses on the construction methods and potential functions of nanobodies, outlines the progress of their research, and highlights their various applications in human infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxian Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, School of Life Science, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yuanzhi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, School of Life Science, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jwala P. Sivaccumar
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Zhiqiang An
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Ningshao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, School of Life Science, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Wenxin Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, School of Life Science, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- *Correspondence: Wenxin Luo,
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16
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Khan I, Baig MH, Mahfooz S, Imran MA, Khan MI, Dong JJ, Cho JY, Hatiboglu MA. Nanomedicine for Glioblastoma: Progress and Future Prospects. Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 86:172-186. [PMID: 35760272 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2022.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most aggressive form of brain tumor, accounting for the highest mortality and morbidity rates. Current treatment for patients with glioblastoma includes maximal safe tumor resection followed by radiation therapy with concomitant temozolomide (TMZ) chemotherapy. The addition of TMZ to the conformal radiation therapy has improved the median survival time only from 12 months to 16 months in patients with glioblastoma. Despite these aggressive treatment strategies, patients' prognosis remains poor. This therapeutic failure is primarily attributed to the blood-brain barrier (BBB) that restricts the transport of TMZ from reaching the tumor site. In recent years, nanomedicine has gained considerable attention among researchers and shown promising developments in clinical applications, including the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of glioblastoma tumors. This review sheds light on the morphological and physiological complexity of the BBB. It also explains the development of nanomedicine strategies to enhance the permeability of drug molecules across the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Khan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Beykoz Institute of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Bezmialem Vakif University, Yalıköy St., Beykoz, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mohammad Hassan Baig
- Department of Family Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 120-752, Republic of Korea
| | - Sadaf Mahfooz
- Department of Molecular Biology, Beykoz Institute of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Bezmialem Vakif University, Yalıköy St., Beykoz, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mohammad Azhar Imran
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 120-752, Republic of Korea
| | - Mohd Imran Khan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 120-752, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-June Dong
- Department of Family Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 120-752, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Yong Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 120-752, Republic of Korea.
| | - Mustafa Aziz Hatiboglu
- Department of Molecular Biology, Beykoz Institute of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Bezmialem Vakif University, Yalıköy St., Beykoz, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurosurgery, Bezmialem Vakif University Medical School, Vatan Street, Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey.
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17
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Rosenkilde MM, Tsutsumi N, Knerr JM, Kildedal DF, Garcia KC. Viral G Protein-Coupled Receptors Encoded by β- and γ-Herpesviruses. Annu Rev Virol 2022; 9:329-351. [PMID: 35671566 PMCID: PMC9584139 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-100220-113942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Herpesviruses are ancient large DNA viruses that have exploited gene capture as part of their strategy to escape immune surveillance, promote virus spreading, or reprogram host cells to benefit their survival. Most acquired genes are transmembrane proteins and cytokines, such as viral G protein-coupled receptors (vGPCRs), chemokines, and chemokine-binding proteins. This review focuses on the vGPCRs encoded by the human β- and γ-herpesviruses. These include receptors from human cytomegalovirus, which encodes four vGPCRs: US27, US28, UL33, and UL78; human herpesvirus 6 and 7 with two receptors: U12 and U51; Epstein-Barr virus with one: BILF1; and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus with one: open reading frame 74. We discuss ligand binding, signaling, and structures of the vGPCRs in light of robust differences from endogenous receptors. Finally, we briefly discuss the therapeutic targeting of vGPCRs as future treatment of acute and chronic herpesvirus infections. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Virology, Volume 9 is September 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette M Rosenkilde
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Naotaka Tsutsumi
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Julius M Knerr
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | | | - K Christopher Garcia
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, and Structural Biology, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA;
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18
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Awad RM, Meeus F, Ceuppens H, Ertveldt T, Hanssens H, Lecocq Q, Mateusiak L, Zeven K, Valenta H, De Groof TWM, De Vlaeminck Y, Krasniqi A, De Veirman K, Goyvaerts C, D'Huyvetter M, Hernot S, Devoogdt N, Breckpot K. Emerging applications of nanobodies in cancer therapy. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 369:143-199. [PMID: 35777863 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2022.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is a heterogeneous disease, requiring treatment tailored to the unique phenotype of the patient's tumor. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and variants thereof have enabled targeted therapies to selectively target cancer cells. Cancer cell-specific mAbs have been used for image-guided surgery and targeted delivery of radionuclides or toxic agents, improving classical treatment strategies. Cancer cell-specific mAbs can further inhibit tumor cell growth or can stimulate immune-mediated destruction of cancer cells, a feature that has also been achieved through mAb-mediated manipulation of immune cells and pathways. Drawbacks of mAbs and their variants, together with the discovery of camelid heavy chain-only antibodies and the many advantageous features of their variable domains, referred to as VHHs, single domain antibodies or nanobodies (Nbs), resulted in the exploration of Nbs as an alternative targeting moiety. We therefore review the state-of-the-art as well as novel exploitation strategies of Nbs for targeted cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Maximilian Awad
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Fien Meeus
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hannelore Ceuppens
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thomas Ertveldt
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Heleen Hanssens
- In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Medical Imaging, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Quentin Lecocq
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lukasz Mateusiak
- In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Medical Imaging, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Katty Zeven
- In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Medical Imaging, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hana Valenta
- Lab for Nanobiology, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Timo W M De Groof
- In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Medical Imaging, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yannick De Vlaeminck
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ahmet Krasniqi
- In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Medical Imaging, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kim De Veirman
- Laboratory for Hematology and Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Cleo Goyvaerts
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Matthias D'Huyvetter
- In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Medical Imaging, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sophie Hernot
- In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Medical Imaging, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nick Devoogdt
- In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Medical Imaging, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Karine Breckpot
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
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19
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Wei H, Wang Y, Li W, Qiu Y, Hua C, Zhang Y, Guo Z, Xie Z. Immunomodulatory activity and active mechanisms of a low molecular polysaccharide isolated from Lanzhou lily bulbs in RAW264.7 macrophages. J Funct Foods 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2022.105071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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20
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Mashayekhi V, Oliveira S. Conjugation of IRDye Photosensitizers or Fluorophores to Nanobodies. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2451:495-503. [PMID: 35505027 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2099-1_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Fluorophores have been conjugated to nanobodies for approximately a decade, for several applications in molecular biology. More recently, photosensitizers have been conjugated to nanobodies for targeted photodynamic therapy (PDT). The most common chemistry is the random conjugation in which commercial fluorophores or photosensitizers contain a N-hydroxysuccinimide ester (NHS ester) group that reacts specifically and efficiently with lysines in the amino acid sequence of the nanobody and with the N-terminal amino groups to form a stable amide bond. Alternatively, maleimide-containing fluorophores or photosensitizers can be used for conjugation to thiols, in a site-directed manner through a cysteine incorporated at the C-terminal of the nanobody. This chapter addresses both conjugation strategies, providing details on the reaction conditions, purification, and characterization of the conjugates obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vida Mashayekhi
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sabrina Oliveira
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- Pharmaceutics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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21
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Beltrán Hernández I, De Groof TWM, Heukers R, Oliveira S. In Vitro Assessment of Binding Affinity, Selectivity, Uptake, Intracellular Degradation, and Toxicity of Nanobody-Photosensitizer Conjugates. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2451:505-520. [PMID: 35505028 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2099-1_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Photosensitizers have recently been conjugated to nanobodies for targeted photodynamic therapy (PDT) to selectively kill cancer cells. The success of this approach relies on nanobody-photosensitizer conjugates that bind specifically to their targets with very high affinities (kD in low nM range). Subsequently, upon illumination, these conjugates are very toxic and selective to cells overexpressing the target of interest (EC50 in low nM range). In this chapter, protocols are described to determine the binding affinity of the nanobody-photosensitizer conjugates and assess the toxicity and selectivity of the conjugates when performing in vitro PDT studies. In addition, and because the efficacy of PDT also depends on the (subcellular) localization of the conjugates at the time of illumination, assays are described to investigate the uptake and the intracellular degradation of the nanobody-photosensitizer conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irati Beltrán Hernández
- Pharmaceutics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Timo W M De Groof
- Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, VU University , Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Lab, Department of Medical Imaging, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Raimond Heukers
- Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, VU University , Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sabrina Oliveira
- Pharmaceutics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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22
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van Driel PBAA, Keereweer S, Lowik CWGM, Oliveira S. Investigation of the Therapeutic Potential of Nanobody-Targeted Photodynamic Therapy in an Orthotopic Head and Neck Cancer Model. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2451:521-531. [PMID: 35505029 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2099-1_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has a great therapeutic potential because it induces local cellular cytotoxicity upon application of a laser light that excites a photosensitizer, leading to toxic reactive oxygen species. Nevertheless, PDT still is underutilized in the clinic, mostly because of damage induced to normal surrounding tissues. Efforts have been made to improve the specificity. Nanobody-targeted PDT is one of such approaches, in which the variable domain of heavy-chain antibodies, i.e., nanobodies, are used to target photosensitizers selectively to cancer cells. In vitro studies are certainly very valuable to evaluate the therapeutic potential of PDT approaches, but many aspects such as bio-distribution of the photosensitizers, penetration through tissues, and clearance are not taken into account. In vivo studies are therefore essential to assess the influence of such factors, in order to gain more insights into the therapeutic potential of a treatment under development. This chapter describes the development of an orthotopic model of head and neck cancer, to which nanobody-targeted PDT is applied, and the therapeutic potential is assessed by immunohistochemistry one day after PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter B A A van Driel
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Stijn Keereweer
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Clemens W G M Lowik
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Optical Molecular Imaging, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sabrina Oliveira
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- Pharmaceutics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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23
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Deken MM, Bhairosingh SS, Vahrmeijer AL, Oliveira S. Orthotopic Breast Cancer Model to Investigate the Therapeutic Efficacy of Nanobody-Targeted Photodynamic Therapy. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2451:547-556. [PMID: 35505031 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2099-1_26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is characterized by the local application of laser light, which activates a photosensitizer to lead to the formation of singlet oxygen and other toxic reactive oxygen species, to finally kill cells. Recently, photosensitizers have been conjugated to nanobodies to render PDT more selective to cancer cells. Nanobodies are the smallest naturally derived antibody fragments from heavy-chain antibodies that exist in animals of the Camelidae family. Indeed, we have shown that nanobody-targeted PDT can lead to extensive and selective tumor damage, and thus the subsequent step is to assess whether this damage can delay or even inhibit tumor growth in vivo. To evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of PDT, mouse models are mostly employed in which human tumors are grown subcutaneously in the flank of the animals. Although very useful, it has been suggested that these tumors are further away from their natural environment and that tumors developed in the organ or tissue of origin would be closer to the natural situation. Thus, this chapter describes the development of an orthotopic model of breast cancer and the application of nanobody-targeted PDT, for the assessment of the therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion M Deken
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Sabrina Oliveira
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- Pharmaceutics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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24
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Mashayekhi V, Schooten E, van Bergen En Henegouwen PMP, Kijanka MM, Oliveira S. Nanobody-Targeted Photodynamic Therapy: Nanobody Production and Purification. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2451:481-493. [PMID: 35505026 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2099-1_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nanobodies have recently been introduced to the field of photodynamic therapy (PDT) as a very promising strategy to target photosensitizers selectively to cancer cells. Nanobodies are known for their characteristic small size (15 kDa), high specificity, and high binding affinities. These features allow rapid accumulation of nanobody-photosensitizer conjugates at the tumor site and rapid clearance of unbound fractions, and thus illumination for activation is possible 1 or 2 h postinjection. Preclinical studies have shown extensive tumor damage after nanobody-targeted PDT . This chapter addresses the first steps toward preparing nanobody-photosensitizer conjugates, which are the nanobody production and purification. The protocol for nanobody production addresses either medium- or large-scale bacterial expression, while the nanobody purification is described for two main strategies: affinity chromatography and ion-exchange chromatography. For the first strategy, protocols are described for different affinity tags and purification from either medium-scale or large-scale productions. For the second strategy, the protocol given is for purification from a large-scale production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vida Mashayekhi
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Sabrina Oliveira
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- Pharmaceutics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Beltrán Hernández I, Grinwis GC, Di Maggio A, van Bergen en Henegouwen PM, Hennink WE, Teske E, Hesselink JW, van Nimwegen SA, Mol JA, Oliveira S. Nanobody-targeted photodynamic therapy for the treatment of feline oral carcinoma: a step towards translation to the veterinary clinic. NANOPHOTONICS 2021; 10:3075-3087. [PMID: 36405501 PMCID: PMC9646246 DOI: 10.1515/nanoph-2021-0195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Nanobody-targeted photodynamic therapy (NB-PDT) has been developed as a potent and tumor-selective treatment, using nanobodies (NBs) to deliver a photosensitizer (PS) specifically to cancer cells. Upon local light application, reactive oxygen species are formed and consequent cell death occurs. NB-PDT has preclinically shown evident success and we next aim to treat cats with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), which has very limited therapeutic options and is regarded as a natural model of human head and neck SCC. Immunohistochemistry of feline OSCC tissue confirmed that the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a relevant target with expression in cancer cells and not in the surrounding stroma. Three feline OSCC cell lines were employed together with a well-characterized human cancer cell line (HeLa), all with similar EGFR expression, and a low EGFR-expressing human cell line (MCF7), mirroring the EGFR expression level in the surrounding mucosal stroma. NBA was identified as a NB binding human and feline EGFR with comparable high affinity. This NB was developed into NiBh, a NB-PS conjugate with high PS payload able to effectively kill feline OSCC and HeLa cell lines, after illumination. Importantly, the specificity of NB-PDT was confirmed in co-cultures where only the feline OSCC cells were killed while surrounding MCF7 cells were unaffected. Altogether, NiBh can be used for NB-PDT to treat feline OSCC and further advance NB-PDT towards the human clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irati Beltrán Hernández
- Pharmaceutics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CGUtrecht, the Netherlands
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CHUtrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Guillaume C.M. Grinwis
- Department of Biomedical Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CLUtrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Alessia Di Maggio
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CHUtrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Paul M.P. van Bergen en Henegouwen
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CHUtrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Wim E. Hennink
- Pharmaceutics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CGUtrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Erik Teske
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CMUtrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jan W. Hesselink
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CMUtrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Sebastiaan A. van Nimwegen
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CMUtrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jan A. Mol
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CMUtrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Sabrina Oliveira
- Pharmaceutics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CGUtrecht, the Netherlands
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CHUtrecht, the Netherlands
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26
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Knerr JM, Kledal TN, Rosenkilde MM. Molecular Properties and Therapeutic Targeting of the EBV-Encoded Receptor BILF1. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4079. [PMID: 34439235 PMCID: PMC8392491 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13164079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The γ-herpesvirus Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) establishes lifelong infections in approximately 90% of adults worldwide. Up to 1,000,000 people yearly are estimated to suffer from health conditions attributed to the infection with this virus, such as nasopharyngeal and gastric carcinomas as well as several forms of B, T and NK cell lymphoma. To date, no EBV-specific therapeutic option has reached the market, greatly reducing the survival prognoses of affected patients. Similar to other herpesviruses, EBV encodes for a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), BILF1, affecting a multitude of cellular signaling pathways. BILF1 has been identified to promote immune evasion and tumorigenesis, effectively ensuring a life-long persistence of EBV in, and driving detrimental health conditions to its host. This review summarizes the epidemiology of EBV-associated malignancies, their current standard-of-care, EBV-specific therapeutics in development, GPCRs and their druggability, and most importantly consolidates the findings of over 15 years of research on BILF1 in the context of EBV-specific drug development. Taken together, BILF1 constitutes a promising target for the development of novel EBV-specific therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius Maximilian Knerr
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 København, Denmark;
| | | | - Mette Marie Rosenkilde
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 København, Denmark;
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Targeting the latent human cytomegalovirus reservoir for T-cell-mediated killing with virus-specific nanobodies. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4436. [PMID: 34290252 PMCID: PMC8295288 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24608-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Latent human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection is characterized by limited gene expression, making latent HCMV infections refractory to current treatments targeting viral replication. However, reactivation of latent HCMV in immunosuppressed solid organ and stem cell transplant patients often results in morbidity. Here, we report the killing of latently infected cells via a virus-specific nanobody (VUN100bv) that partially inhibits signaling of the viral receptor US28. VUN100bv reactivates immediate early gene expression in latently infected cells without inducing virus production. This allows recognition and killing of latently infected monocytes by autologous cytotoxic T lymphocytes from HCMV-seropositive individuals, which could serve as a therapy to reduce the HCMV latent reservoir of transplant patients.
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28
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De Groof TWM, Bergkamp ND, Heukers R, Giap T, Bebelman MP, Goeij-de Haas R, Piersma SR, Jimenez CR, Garcia KC, Ploegh HL, Siderius M, Smit MJ. Selective targeting of ligand-dependent and -independent signaling by GPCR conformation-specific anti-US28 intrabodies. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4357. [PMID: 34272386 PMCID: PMC8285524 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24574-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
While various GPCRs, including US28, display constitutive, ligand-independent activity, it remains to be established whether ligand-dependent and -independent active conformations differ and can be selectively modulated. Previously, the agonist-bound conformation of US28 was stabilized and its structure was solved using the anti-US28 nanobody Nb7. Here we report the recognition of the constitutively active, apo-conformation of US28 by another nanobody VUN103. While the Nb7 intrabody selectively inhibits ligand-induced signaling, the VUN103 intrabody blocks constitutive signaling, indicating the existence of distinct US28 conformational states. By displacing Gαq protein, VUN103 prevents US28 signaling and reduces tumor spheroids growth. Overall, nanobodies specific for distinct GPCR conformational states, i.e. apo- and agonist-bound, can selectively target and discern functional consequences of ligand-dependent versus independent signaling. Various GPCRs display constitutive ligand-independent activity, but it remains unclear whether ligand-dependent and -independent conformations differ. Here the authors demonstrate the recognition and blocking of G protein recruitment of either the ligand-bound active, or the constitutively active apo-conformation of the viral GPCR US28 by different nanobodies that target similar intracellular loops of the receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo W M De Groof
- Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Medical Imaging, In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory (ICMI), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nick D Bergkamp
- Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Raimond Heukers
- Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,QVQ B.V., Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Truc Giap
- Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten P Bebelman
- Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Richard Goeij-de Haas
- Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, VU University, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sander R Piersma
- Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, VU University, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Connie R Jimenez
- Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, VU University, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - K Christopher Garcia
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, USA.,Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, USA
| | - Hidde L Ploegh
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, USA
| | - Marco Siderius
- Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martine J Smit
- Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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29
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Wanner N, Eden T, Liaukouskaya N, Koch-Nolte F. Nanobodies: new avenue to treat kidney disease. Cell Tissue Res 2021; 385:445-456. [PMID: 34131806 PMCID: PMC8205650 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-021-03479-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Current therapeutic options for renal diseases are limited, and the search for disease-specific treatments is ongoing. Nanobodies, single-domain antibodies with many advantages over conventional antibodies, provide flexible, easy-to-format biologicals with many possible applications. Here, we discuss the potential use of nanobodies for renal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Wanner
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Thomas Eden
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nastassia Liaukouskaya
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Friedrich Koch-Nolte
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
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30
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Kang W, Ding C, Zheng D, Ma X, Yi L, Tong X, Wu C, Xue C, Yu Y, Zhou Q. Nanobody Conjugates for Targeted Cancer Therapy and Imaging. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2021; 20:15330338211010117. [PMID: 33929911 PMCID: PMC8111546 DOI: 10.1177/15330338211010117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional antibody-based targeted cancer therapy is one of the most promising avenues of successful cancer treatment, with the potential to reduce toxic side effects to healthy cells surrounding tumor cells. However, the full potential of antibodies is severely limited due to their large size, low stability, slow clearance, and high immunogenicity. Alternatively, recently discovered nanobodies, which are the smallest naturally occurring antigen-binding format, have shown great potential for addressing these limitations. Bioconjugation of nanobodies to functional groups such as toxins, enzymes, radionucleotides, and fluorophores can improve the efficacy and potency of nanobodies, enhance their in vivo pharmacokinetics, and expand the range of potential applications. Herein, we review the superior characteristics of nanobodies in comparison to conventional antibodies and provide insight into recent developments in nanobody conjugates for targeted cancer therapy and imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Kang
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China.,Ningbo Institute of Dalian University of Technology, Ningbo, China
| | - Chuanfeng Ding
- Clinical and Translational Research Center, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Danni Zheng
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Xiao Ma
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Lun Yi
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Xinyi Tong
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Chuang Wu
- Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, China
| | - Chuang Xue
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China.,Ningbo Institute of Dalian University of Technology, Ningbo, China
| | - Yongsheng Yu
- Clinical and Translational Research Center, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Zhou
- Clinical and Translational Research Center, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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31
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Soave M, Stoddart LA, White CW, Kilpatrick LE, Goulding J, Briddon SJ, Hill SJ. Detection of genome-edited and endogenously expressed G protein-coupled receptors. FEBS J 2021; 288:2585-2601. [PMID: 33506623 PMCID: PMC8647918 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest family of membrane receptors and major targets for FDA-approved drugs. The ability to quantify GPCR expression and ligand binding characteristics in different cell types and tissues is therefore important for drug discovery. The advent of genome editing along with developments in fluorescent ligand design offers exciting new possibilities to probe GPCRs in their native environment. This review provides an overview of the recent technical advances employed to study the localisation and ligand binding characteristics of genome-edited and endogenously expressed GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Soave
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and NeuroscienceSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of NottinghamUK
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE)University of Birmingham and University of NottinghamThe MidlandsUK
| | - Leigh A. Stoddart
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and NeuroscienceSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of NottinghamUK
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE)University of Birmingham and University of NottinghamThe MidlandsUK
| | - Carl W. White
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE)University of Birmingham and University of NottinghamThe MidlandsUK
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and Centre for Medical ResearchQEII Medical CentreThe University of Western AustraliaNedlandsAustralia
- Australian Research Council Centre for Personalised Therapeutics TechnologiesAustralia
| | - Laura E. Kilpatrick
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE)University of Birmingham and University of NottinghamThe MidlandsUK
- Division of Biomolecular Science and Medicinal ChemistrySchool of Pharmacy, Biodiscovery InstituteUniversity of NottinghamUK
| | - Joëlle Goulding
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and NeuroscienceSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of NottinghamUK
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE)University of Birmingham and University of NottinghamThe MidlandsUK
| | - Stephen J. Briddon
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and NeuroscienceSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of NottinghamUK
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE)University of Birmingham and University of NottinghamThe MidlandsUK
| | - Stephen J. Hill
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and NeuroscienceSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of NottinghamUK
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE)University of Birmingham and University of NottinghamThe MidlandsUK
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32
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De Groof TWM, Elder EG, Siderius M, Heukers R, Sinclair JH, Smit MJ. Viral G Protein-Coupled Receptors: Attractive Targets for Herpesvirus-Associated Diseases. Pharmacol Rev 2021; 73:828-846. [PMID: 33692148 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.120.000186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpesviruses are ubiquitous pathogens that establish lifelong, latent infections in their host. Spontaneous reactivation of herpesviruses is often asymptomatic or clinically manageable in healthy individuals, but reactivation events in immunocompromised or immunosuppressed individuals can lead to severe morbidity and mortality. Moreover, herpesvirus infections have been associated with multiple proliferative cardiovascular and post-transplant diseases. Herpesviruses encode viral G protein-coupled receptors (vGPCRs) that alter the host cell by hijacking cellular pathways and play important roles in the viral life cycle and these different disease settings. In this review, we discuss the pharmacological and signaling properties of these vGPCRs, their role in the viral life cycle, and their contribution in different diseases. Because of their prominent role, vGPCRs have emerged as promising drug targets, and the potential of vGPCR-targeting therapeutics is being explored. Overall, these vGPCRs can be considered as attractive targets moving forward in the development of antiviral, cancer, and/or cardiovascular disease treatments. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: In the last decade, herpesvirus-encoded G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have emerged as interesting drug targets with the growing understanding of their critical role in the viral life cycle and in different disease settings. This review presents the pharmacological properties of these viral receptors, their role in the viral life cycle and different diseases, and the emergence of therapeutics targeting viral GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo W M De Groof
- In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory (ICMI), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium (T.W.M.D.G.); Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (E.G.E., J.H.S.); Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Amsterdam Institute for Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (M.S., R.H., M.J.S.); and QVQ Holding B.V., Utrecht, The Netherlands (R.H.)
| | - Elizabeth G Elder
- In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory (ICMI), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium (T.W.M.D.G.); Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (E.G.E., J.H.S.); Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Amsterdam Institute for Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (M.S., R.H., M.J.S.); and QVQ Holding B.V., Utrecht, The Netherlands (R.H.)
| | - Marco Siderius
- In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory (ICMI), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium (T.W.M.D.G.); Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (E.G.E., J.H.S.); Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Amsterdam Institute for Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (M.S., R.H., M.J.S.); and QVQ Holding B.V., Utrecht, The Netherlands (R.H.)
| | - Raimond Heukers
- In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory (ICMI), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium (T.W.M.D.G.); Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (E.G.E., J.H.S.); Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Amsterdam Institute for Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (M.S., R.H., M.J.S.); and QVQ Holding B.V., Utrecht, The Netherlands (R.H.)
| | - John H Sinclair
- In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory (ICMI), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium (T.W.M.D.G.); Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (E.G.E., J.H.S.); Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Amsterdam Institute for Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (M.S., R.H., M.J.S.); and QVQ Holding B.V., Utrecht, The Netherlands (R.H.)
| | - Martine J Smit
- In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory (ICMI), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium (T.W.M.D.G.); Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (E.G.E., J.H.S.); Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Amsterdam Institute for Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (M.S., R.H., M.J.S.); and QVQ Holding B.V., Utrecht, The Netherlands (R.H.)
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Nguyen HM, Guz-Montgomery K, Lowe DB, Saha D. Pathogenetic Features and Current Management of Glioblastoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13040856. [PMID: 33670551 PMCID: PMC7922739 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common form of primary malignant brain tumor with a devastatingly poor prognosis. The disease does not discriminate, affecting adults and children of both sexes, and has an average overall survival of 12-15 months, despite advances in diagnosis and rigorous treatment with chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and surgical resection. In addition, most survivors will eventually experience tumor recurrence that only imparts survival of a few months. GBM is highly heterogenous, invasive, vascularized, and almost always inaccessible for treatment. Based on all these outstanding obstacles, there have been tremendous efforts to develop alternative treatment options that allow for more efficient targeting of the tumor including small molecule drugs and immunotherapies. A number of other strategies in development include therapies based on nanoparticles, light, extracellular vesicles, and micro-RNA, and vessel co-option. Advances in these potential approaches shed a promising outlook on the future of GBM treatment. In this review, we briefly discuss the current understanding of adult GBM's pathogenetic features that promote treatment resistance. We also outline novel and promising targeted agents currently under development for GBM patients during the last few years with their current clinical status.
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34
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Liu M, Li L, Jin D, Liu Y. Nanobody-A versatile tool for cancer diagnosis and therapeutics. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 13:e1697. [PMID: 33470555 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In spite of the successful use of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in clinic for tumor treatment, their applications are still hampered in therapeutic development due to limitations, such as tumor penetration and high cost of manufacture. Nanobody, a single domain antibody that holds the strong antigen targeting and binding capacity, has demonstrated various advantages relative to antibody. Nanobody is considered as a next-generation of antibody-derived tool in the antigen related recognition and modulation. A number of nanobodies have been developed and evaluated in different stages of clinical trials for cancer treatment. Here we summarized the current progress of nanobody in tumor diagnosis and therapeutics, particularly on the conjugation of nanobody with functional moieties. The nanobody conjugation of diagnostic agents, such as radionuclide and optical tracers, can achieve specific tumor imaging. The nanobody-drug conjugates can enhance the therapeutic efficacy of anti-tumor drugs and reduce the adverse effects. The decoration of nanobody on nanodrug delivery systems can further improve the drug targeting to specific tumors. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manman Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Li Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Duo Jin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yangzhong Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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35
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Van Campenhout R, Muyldermans S, Vinken M, Devoogdt N, De Groof TW. Therapeutic Nanobodies Targeting Cell Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins: A High-Risk/High-Gain Endeavor. Biomolecules 2021; 11:63. [PMID: 33418902 PMCID: PMC7825061 DOI: 10.3390/biom11010063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell plasma membrane proteins are considered as gatekeepers of the cell and play a major role in regulating various processes. Transport proteins constitute a subclass of cell plasma membrane proteins enabling the exchange of molecules and ions between the extracellular environment and the cytosol. A plethora of human pathologies are associated with the altered expression or dysfunction of cell plasma membrane transport proteins, making them interesting therapeutic drug targets. However, the search for therapeutics is challenging, since many drug candidates targeting cell plasma membrane proteins fail in (pre)clinical testing due to inadequate selectivity, specificity, potency or stability. These latter characteristics are met by nanobodies, which potentially renders them eligible therapeutics targeting cell plasma membrane proteins. Therefore, a therapeutic nanobody-based strategy seems a valid approach to target and modulate the activity of cell plasma membrane transport proteins. This review paper focuses on methodologies to generate cell plasma membrane transport protein-targeting nanobodies, and the advantages and pitfalls while generating these small antibody-derivatives, and discusses several therapeutic nanobodies directed towards transmembrane proteins, including channels and pores, adenosine triphosphate-powered pumps and porters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raf Van Campenhout
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium; (R.V.C.); (M.V.)
| | - Serge Muyldermans
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Mathieu Vinken
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium; (R.V.C.); (M.V.)
| | - Nick Devoogdt
- In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Timo W.M. De Groof
- In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium;
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36
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Ibarra LE, Vilchez ML, Caverzán MD, Milla Sanabria LN. Understanding the glioblastoma tumor biology to optimize photodynamic therapy: From molecular to cellular events. J Neurosci Res 2020; 99:1024-1047. [PMID: 33370846 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has recently gained attention as an alternative treatment of malignant gliomas. Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most prevalent within tumors of the central nervous system (CNS). Conventional treatments for this CNS tumor include surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. Surgery is still being considered as the treatment of choice. Even so, the poor prognosis and/or recurrence of the disease after applying any of these treatments highlight the urgency of exploring new therapies and/or improving existing ones to achieve the definitive eradication of tumor masses and remaining cells. PDT is a therapeutic modality that involves the destruction of tumor cells by reactive oxygen species induced by light, which were previously treated with a photosensitizing agent. However, in recent years, its experimental application has expanded to other effects that could improve overall performance against GBM. In the current review, we revisit the main advances of PDT for GBM management and also, the recent mechanistic insights about cellular and molecular aspects related to tumoral resistance to PDT of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Exequiel Ibarra
- Instituto de Biotecnología Ambiental y Salud (INBIAS), Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto (UNRC) y Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Río Cuarto, Argentina.,Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físico-Químicas y Naturales, UNRC, Río Cuarto, Argentina
| | - María Laura Vilchez
- Instituto de Biotecnología Ambiental y Salud (INBIAS), Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto (UNRC) y Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Río Cuarto, Argentina.,Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físico-Químicas y Naturales, UNRC, Río Cuarto, Argentina
| | - Matías Daniel Caverzán
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físico-Químicas y Naturales, UNRC, Río Cuarto, Argentina
| | - Laura Natalia Milla Sanabria
- Instituto de Biotecnología Ambiental y Salud (INBIAS), Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto (UNRC) y Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Río Cuarto, Argentina.,Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físico-Químicas y Naturales, UNRC, Río Cuarto, Argentina
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Hashem M. Antimicrobial capacity and physico-chemical characteristics of adhesive resin containing riboflavin after photodynamic therapy. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2020; 33:102145. [PMID: 33359161 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.102145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the micro-tensile bond strength (μ-TBS), degree of conversion, and antimicrobial capacity of modified dentin adhesive using riboflavin photoinitiators. MATERIALS AND METHODS Three groups of adhesives (control; 0.1 % riboflavin-PDT and 0.5 % riboflavin PDT) were prepared and tested on 70 sound molar teeth. Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was performed for riboflavin and riboflavin-modified adhesives to calculate the degree of conversion. Contact angle measurement was performed by dropping a 5 μL droplet of the adhesives onto polished dentin disk. For μ-TBS testing, the dentin beams were fixed on a micro-tensile tester and were loaded in tension at a cross-head speed of 1 mm per min until fracture. The viability of Streptococcus mutans biofilm was tested using MTT assay. RESULTS The spectrum at 1728 cm-1 indicates CO stretching frequency of riboflavin. The groups control and 0.1 % riboflavin PDT showed the highest degree of conversion followed by lowest degree of conversion of 0.5 % riboflavin adhesive after PDT. The control adhesive exhibited the highest contact angle over the dentin surface compared to the riboflavin-modified adhesive groups (p < 0.05). The lowest contact angle was observed for 0.1 % riboflavin that showed increased permeability of the adhesive onto the dentin surface (p < 0.05). The variables of immediate bonding (F = 12.328, p = 0.000) and ageing in artificial saliva (F = 41.559, p = 0.000) significantly affected the bond strength. For aged μ-TBS testing, the scores for 0.1 % riboflavin PDT was significantly higher as compared to the 0.5 % riboflavin PDT samples. The MTT resulted in a lower S. mutans viability for 0.5 % riboflavin PDT compared to 0.1 % riboflavin PDT and control adhesive (p < 0.05), irrespective of any time point, that is, after 24 h and 30 days ageing. CONCLUSIONS The addition of riboflavin as photosensitizer in dentin adhesive demonstrated higher bond strength, excellent antimicrobial capability, and degree of conversion following PDT. The addition of riboflavin in dentin adhesive for PDT could be used as a potential restorative material in adhesive dentistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Hashem
- Dental Health Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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Verhaar ER, Woodham AW, Ploegh HL. Nanobodies in cancer. Semin Immunol 2020; 52:101425. [PMID: 33272897 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2020.101425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
For treatment and diagnosis of cancer, antibodies have proven their value and now serve as a first line of therapy for certain cancers. A unique class of antibody fragments called nanobodies, derived from camelid heavy chain-only antibodies, are gaining increasing acceptance as diagnostic tools and are considered also as building blocks for chimeric antigen receptors as well as for targeted drug delivery. The small size of nanobodies (∼15 kDa), their stability, ease of manufacture and modification for diverse formats, short circulatory half-life, and high tissue penetration, coupled with excellent specificity and affinity, account for their attractiveness. Here we review applications of nanobodies in the sphere of tumor biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisha R Verhaar
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Andrew W Woodham
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Hidde L Ploegh
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
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Gierlich P, Mata AI, Donohoe C, Brito RMM, Senge MO, Gomes-da-Silva LC. Ligand-Targeted Delivery of Photosensitizers for Cancer Treatment. Molecules 2020; 25:E5317. [PMID: 33202648 PMCID: PMC7698280 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25225317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising cancer treatment which involves a photosensitizer (PS), light at a specific wavelength for PS activation and oxygen, which combine to elicit cell death. While the illumination required to activate a PS imparts a certain amount of selectivity to PDT treatments, poor tumor accumulation and cell internalization are still inherent properties of most intravenously administered PSs. As a result, common consequences of PDT include skin photosensitivity. To overcome the mentioned issues, PSs may be tailored to specifically target overexpressed biomarkers of tumors. This active targeting can be achieved by direct conjugation of the PS to a ligand with enhanced affinity for a target overexpressed on cancer cells and/or other cells of the tumor microenvironment. Alternatively, PSs may be incorporated into ligand-targeted nanocarriers, which may also encompass multi-functionalities, including diagnosis and therapy. In this review, we highlight the major advances in active targeting of PSs, either by means of ligand-derived bioconjugates or by exploiting ligand-targeting nanocarriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Gierlich
- CQC, Coimbra Chemistry Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3000-435 Coimbra, Portugal; (P.G.); (A.I.M.); (C.D.); (R.M.M.B.)
- Medicinal Chemistry, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, St. James’s Hospital, D08W9RT Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Ana I. Mata
- CQC, Coimbra Chemistry Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3000-435 Coimbra, Portugal; (P.G.); (A.I.M.); (C.D.); (R.M.M.B.)
| | - Claire Donohoe
- CQC, Coimbra Chemistry Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3000-435 Coimbra, Portugal; (P.G.); (A.I.M.); (C.D.); (R.M.M.B.)
- Medicinal Chemistry, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, St. James’s Hospital, D08W9RT Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Rui M. M. Brito
- CQC, Coimbra Chemistry Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3000-435 Coimbra, Portugal; (P.G.); (A.I.M.); (C.D.); (R.M.M.B.)
- BSIM Therapeutics, Instituto Pedro Nunes, 3030-199 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Mathias O. Senge
- Medicinal Chemistry, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, St. James’s Hospital, D08W9RT Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Lígia C. Gomes-da-Silva
- CQC, Coimbra Chemistry Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3000-435 Coimbra, Portugal; (P.G.); (A.I.M.); (C.D.); (R.M.M.B.)
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Soave M, Heukers R, Kellam B, Woolard J, Smit MJ, Briddon SJ, Hill SJ. Monitoring Allosteric Interactions with CXCR4 Using NanoBiT Conjugated Nanobodies. Cell Chem Biol 2020; 27:1250-1261.e5. [PMID: 32610042 PMCID: PMC7573392 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2020.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Camelid single-domain antibody fragments (nanobodies) offer the specificity of an antibody in a single 15-kDa immunoglobulin domain. Their small size allows for easy genetic manipulation of the nanobody sequence to incorporate protein tags, facilitating their use as biochemical probes. The nanobody VUN400, which recognizes the second extracellular loop of the human CXCR4 chemokine receptor, was used as a probe to monitor specific CXCR4 conformations. VUN400 was fused via its C terminus to the 11-amino-acid HiBiT tag (VUN400-HiBiT) which complements LgBiT protein, forming a full-length functional NanoLuc luciferase. Here, complemented luminescence was used to detect VUN400-HiBiT binding to CXCR4 receptors expressed in living HEK293 cells. VUN400-HiBiT binding to CXCR4 could be prevented by orthosteric and allosteric ligands, allowing VUN400-HiBiT to be used as a probe to detect allosteric interactions with CXCR4. These data demonstrate that the high specificity offered by extracellular targeted nanobodies can be utilized to probe receptor pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Soave
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK; Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, The Midlands, UK
| | - Raimond Heukers
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), VU University of Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands; QVQ Holding B.V., Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Barrie Kellam
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, The Midlands, UK; School of Pharmacy, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Jeanette Woolard
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK; Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, The Midlands, UK
| | - Martine J Smit
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), VU University of Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Stephen J Briddon
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK; Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, The Midlands, UK
| | - Stephen J Hill
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK; Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, The Midlands, UK.
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Stragliotto G, Pantalone MR, Rahbar A, Söderberg-Nauclér C. Valganciclovir as Add-On to Standard Therapy in Secondary Glioblastoma. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8101471. [PMID: 32987955 PMCID: PMC7599902 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8101471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with glioblastoma have a very poor prognosis despite aggressive therapeutic strategies. Cytomegalovirus has been detected in >90% of glioblastoma tumors. This virus can affect tumor progression and may represent a novel glioblastoma therapy target. We report, here, a retrospective survival analysis of patients with secondary glioblastoma who were treated with the anti-viral drug valganciclovir at Karolinska University Hospital in Stockholm. We performed survival analyses of eight patients with secondary glioblastoma who were treated with a standard dose of valganciclovir as an add-on to second-line therapy after their disease progression to glioblastoma. Thirty-six patients with secondary glioblastoma admitted during the same time period who received similar treatment and care served as contemporary controls. The patients treated with valganciclovir showed an increased median overall survival after progression to glioblastoma compared with controls (19.1 versus 12.7 months, p = 0.0072). This result indicates a potential positive effect of valganciclovir in secondary glioblastoma, which is in agreement with our previous observation that valganciclovir treatment improves the outcomes of patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma. Larger randomized studies are warranted to prove this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Stragliotto
- Department of Medicine, Solna, Microbial Pathogenesis Unit, Karolinska Institutet, 17164 Stockholm, Sweden; (G.S.); (A.R.)
- Division of Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mattia Russel Pantalone
- Department of Medicine, Solna, Microbial Pathogenesis Unit, Karolinska Institutet, 17164 Stockholm, Sweden; (G.S.); (A.R.)
- Division of Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
- Correspondence: (M.R.P.); (C.S.-N.)
| | - Afsar Rahbar
- Department of Medicine, Solna, Microbial Pathogenesis Unit, Karolinska Institutet, 17164 Stockholm, Sweden; (G.S.); (A.R.)
- Division of Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Söderberg-Nauclér
- Department of Medicine, Solna, Microbial Pathogenesis Unit, Karolinska Institutet, 17164 Stockholm, Sweden; (G.S.); (A.R.)
- Division of Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
- Correspondence: (M.R.P.); (C.S.-N.)
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Mashayekhi V, Xenaki KT, van Bergen en Henegouwen PM, Oliveira S. Dual Targeting of Endothelial and Cancer Cells Potentiates In Vitro Nanobody-Targeted Photodynamic Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2732. [PMID: 32977602 PMCID: PMC7650791 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12102732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) induces cell death through local light activation of a photosensitizer, although sub-optimal tumor specificity and side effects have hindered its clinical application. We introduced a new strategy named nanobody-targeted PDT in which photosensitizers are delivered to tumor cells by means of nanobodies. As efficacy of targeted PDT can be hampered by heterogeneity of target expression and/or moderate/low target expression levels, we explored the possibility of combined targeting of endothelial and cancer cells in vitro. We developed nanobodies binding to the mouse VEGFR2, which is overexpressed on tumor vasculature, and combined these with nanobodies specific for the cancer cell target EGFR. The nanobodies were conjugated to the photosensitizer IRDye700DX and specificity of the newly developed nanobodies was verified using several endothelial cell lines. The cytotoxicity of these conjugates was assessed in monocultures and in co-cultures with cancer cells, after illumination with an appropriate laser. The results show that the anti-VEGFR2 conjugates are specific and potent PDT agents. Nanobody-targeted PDT on co-culture of endothelial and cancer cells showed improved efficacy, when VEGFR2 and EGFR targeting nanobodies were applied simultaneously. Altogether, dual targeting of endothelial and cancer cells is a promising novel therapeutic strategy for more effective nanobody-targeted PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vida Mashayekhi
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology & Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands; (V.M.); (K.T.X.); (P.M.P.v.B.e.H.)
| | - Katerina T. Xenaki
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology & Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands; (V.M.); (K.T.X.); (P.M.P.v.B.e.H.)
| | - Paul M.P. van Bergen en Henegouwen
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology & Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands; (V.M.); (K.T.X.); (P.M.P.v.B.e.H.)
| | - Sabrina Oliveira
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology & Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands; (V.M.); (K.T.X.); (P.M.P.v.B.e.H.)
- Pharmaceutics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Yang EY, Shah K. Nanobodies: Next Generation of Cancer Diagnostics and Therapeutics. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1182. [PMID: 32793488 PMCID: PMC7390931 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of targeted medicine has greatly expanded treatment options and spurred new research avenues in cancer therapeutics, with monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) emerging as a prevalent treatment in recent years. With mixed clinical success, mAbs still hold significant shortcomings, as they possess limited tumor penetration, high manufacturing costs, and the potential to develop therapeutic resistance. However, the recent discovery of “nanobodies,” the smallest-known functional antibody fragment, has demonstrated significant translational potential in preclinical and clinical studies. This review highlights their various applications in cancer and analyzes their trajectory toward their translation into the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Y Yang
- Center for Stem Cell Therapeutics and Imaging, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Departments of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Khalid Shah
- Center for Stem Cell Therapeutics and Imaging, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Departments of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
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Liu M, Zhu Y, Wu T, Cheng J, Liu Y. Nanobody-Ferritin Conjugate for Targeted Photodynamic Therapy. Chemistry 2020; 26:7442-7450. [PMID: 32166771 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202000075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Ferritin is an iron-storage protein nanocage that is assembled from 24 subunits. The hollow cavity of ferritin enables its encapsulation of various therapeutic agents; therefore, ferritin has been intensively investigated for drug delivery. The use of antibody-ferritin conjugates provides an effective approach for targeted drug delivery. However, the complicated preparation and limited protein stability hamper wide applications of this system. Herein, we designed a novel nanobody-ferritin platform (Nb-Ftn) for targeted drug delivery. The site-specific conjugation between nanobody and ferritin is achieved by transglutaminase-catalyzed protein ligation. This ligation strategy allows the Nb conjugation after drug loading in ferritin, which avoids deactivation of the nanobody under the harsh pH environment required for drug encapsulation. To verify the tumor targeting of this Nb-Ftn platform, a photodynamic reagent, manganese phthalocyanine (MnPc), was loaded into the ferritin cavity, and an anti-EGFR nanobody was conjugated to the surface of the ferritin. The ferritin nanocage can encapsulate about 82 MnPc molecules. This MnPc@Nb-Ftn conjugate can be efficiently internalized by EGFR positive A431 cancer cells, but not by EGFR negative MCF-7 cells. Upon 730 nm laser irradiation, MnPc@Nb-Ftn selectively killed EGFR positive A431 cells by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS), whereas no obvious damage was observed on MCF-7 cells. Given that ferritin can be used for encapsulation of various therapeutic agents, this work provides a strategy for facile construction of nanobody-ferritin for targeted drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manman Liu
- Department of Chemistry, CAS Key Laboratory of, Soft Mater Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Yang Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, CAS Key Laboratory of, Soft Mater Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Tiantian Wu
- Department of Chemistry, CAS Key Laboratory of, Soft Mater Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Junjie Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, CAS Key Laboratory of, Soft Mater Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Yangzhong Liu
- Department of Chemistry, CAS Key Laboratory of, Soft Mater Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
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Deken MM, Kijanka MM, Beltrán Hernández I, Slooter MD, de Bruijn HS, van Diest PJ, van Bergen En Henegouwen PMP, Lowik CWGM, Robinson DJ, Vahrmeijer AL, Oliveira S. Nanobody-targeted photodynamic therapy induces significant tumor regression of trastuzumab-resistant HER2-positive breast cancer, after a single treatment session. J Control Release 2020; 323:269-281. [PMID: 32330574 PMCID: PMC7116241 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Rationale A substantial number of breast cancer patients with an overexpression of the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) have residual disease after neoadjuvant therapy or become resistant to trastuzumab. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) using nanobodies targeted to HER2 is a promising treatment option for these patients. Here we investigate the in vitro and in vivo antitumor efficacy of HER2-targeted nanobody-photosensitizer (PS) conjugate PDT. Methods Nanobodies targeting HER2 were obtained from phage display selections. Monovalent nanobodies were engineered into a biparatopic construct. The specificity of selected nanobodies was tested in immunofluorescence assays and their affinity was evaluated in binding studies, both performed in a panel of breast cancer cells varying in HER2 expression levels. The selected HER2-targeted nanobodies 1D5 and 1D5-18A12 were conjugated to the photosensitizer IRDye700DX and tested in in vitro PDT assays. Mice bearing orthotopic HCC1954 trastuzumab-resistant tumors with high HER2 expression or MCF-7 tumors with low HER2 expression were intravenously injected with nanobody-PS conjugates. Quantitative fluorescence spectroscopy was performed for the determination of the local pharmacokinetics of the fluorescence conjugates. After nanobody-PS administration, tumors were illuminated to a fluence of 100 J∙cm-2, with a fluence rate of 50 mW∙cm-2, and thereafter tumor growth was measured with a follow-up until 30 days. Results The selected nanobodies remained functional after conjugation to the PS, binding specifically and with high affinity to HER2-positive cells. Both nanobody-PS conjugates potently and selectively induced cell death of HER2 overexpressing cells, either sensitive or resistant to trastuzumab, with low nanomolar LD50 values. In vivo, quantitative fluorescence spectroscopy showed specific accumulation of nanobody-PS conjugates in HCC1954 tumors and indicated 2 h post injection as the most suitable time point to apply light. Nanobody-targeted PDT with 1D5-PS and 1D5-18A12-PS induced significant tumor regression of trastuzumab-resistant high HER2 expressing tumors, whereas in low HER2 expressing tumors only a slight growth delay was observed. Conclusion Nanobody-PS conjugates accumulated selectively in vivo and their fluorescence could be detected through optical imaging. Upon illumination, they selectively induced significant tumor regression of HER2 overexpressing tumors with a single treatment session. Nanobody-targeted PDT is therefore suggested as a new additional treatment for HER2-positive breast cancer, particularly of interest for trastuzumab-resistant HER2-positive breast cancer. Further studies are now needed to assess the value of this approach in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion M Deken
- Dept. of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Marta M Kijanka
- Division of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Dept. of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Irati Beltrán Hernández
- Pharmaceutics, Dept. of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Maxime D Slooter
- Dept. of Radiology, Division of Molecular Imaging, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Henriette S de Bruijn
- Dept. of Otorhinolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery, Center for Optical Diagnostics and Therapy, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Paul J van Diest
- Dept. of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Paul M P van Bergen En Henegouwen
- Division of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Dept. of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Clemens W G M Lowik
- Dept. of Radiology, Optical Molecular Imaging, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Dominic J Robinson
- Dept. of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Dept. of Otorhinolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery, Center for Optical Diagnostics and Therapy, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Sabrina Oliveira
- Division of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Dept. of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Pharmaceutics, Dept. of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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The Potential of Nanobody-Targeted Photodynamic Therapy to Trigger Immune Responses. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12040978. [PMID: 32326519 PMCID: PMC7226123 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12040978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanobody-targeted photodynamic therapy (NB-PDT) has been recently developed as a more tumor-selective approach rather than conventional photodynamic therapy (PDT). NB-PDT uses nanobodies that bind to tumor cells with high affinity, to selectively deliver a photosensitizer, i.e., a chemical which becomes cytotoxic when excited with light of a particular wavelength. Conventional PDT has been reported to be able to induce immunogenic cell death, characterized by the exposure/release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) from dying cells, which can lead to antitumor immunity. We explored this aspect in the context of NB-PDT, targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), using high and moderate EGFR-expressing cells. Here we report that, after NB-PDT, the cytoplasmic DAMP HSP70 was detected on the cell membrane of tumor cells and the nuclear DAMP HMGB1 was found in the cell cytoplasm. Furthermore, it was shown that NB-PDT induced the release of the DAMPs HSP70 and ATP, as well as the pro- inflammatory cytokines IL- 1β and IL-6. Conditioned medium from high EGFR-expressing tumor cells treated with NB-PDT led to the maturation of human dendritic cells, as indicated by the upregulation of CD86 and MHC II on their cell surface, and the increased release of IL-12p40 and IL-1β. Subsequently, these dendritic cells induced CD4+ T cell proliferation, accompanied by IFNγ release. Altogether, the initial steps reported here point towards the potential of NB-PDT to stimulate the immune system, thus giving this selective-local therapy a systemic reach.
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van Senten JR, Fan TS, Siderius M, Smit MJ. Viral G protein-coupled receptors as modulators of cancer hallmarks. Pharmacol Res 2020; 156:104804. [PMID: 32278040 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Herpesviruses encode transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), which share structural homology to human chemokine receptors. These viral GPCRs include KSHV-encoded ORF74, EBV-encoded BILF1, and HCMV-encoded US28, UL33, UL78 and US27. Viral GPCRs hijack various signaling pathways and cellular networks, including pathways involved in the so-called cancer hallmarks as defined by Hanahan and Weinberg. These hallmarks describe cellular characteristics crucial for transformation and tumor progression. The cancer hallmarks involve growth factor-independent proliferation, angiogenesis, avoidance of apoptosis, invasion and metastasis, metabolic reprogramming, genetic instability and immune evasion amongst others. The role of beta herpesviruses modulating these cancer hallmarks is clearly highlighted by the proliferative and pro-angiogenic phenotype associated with KSHV infection which is largely ascribed to the ORF74-mediated modulation of signaling networks in host cells. For HCMV and Epstein-Bar encoded GPCRs, oncomodulatory effects have been described which contribute to the cancer hallmarks, thereby enhancing oncogenic development. In this review, we describe the main signaling pathways controlling the hallmarks of cancer which are affected by the betaherpesvirus encoded GPCRs. Most prominent among these involve the JAK-STAT, PI(3)K-AKT, NFkB and MAPK signaling nodes. These insights are important to effectively target these viral GPCRs and their signaling networks in betaherpesvirus-associated malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey R van Senten
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tian Shu Fan
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marco Siderius
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martine J Smit
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Zhao X, Ning Q, Mo Z, Tang S. A promising cancer diagnosis and treatment strategy: targeted cancer therapy and imaging based on antibody fragment. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 47:3621-3630. [PMID: 31468992 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2019.1657875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
With the arrival of the precision medicine and personalized treatment era, targeted therapy that improves efficacy and reduces side effects has become the mainstream approach of cancer treatment. Antibody fragments that further enhance penetration and retain the most critical antigen-specific binding functions are considered the focus of research targeting cancer imaging and therapy. Thanks to the superior penetration and rapid blood clearance of antibody fragments, antibody fragment-based imaging agents enable efficient and sensitive imaging of tumour sites. In tumour-targeted therapy, antibody fragments can directly inhibit tumour proliferation and growth, serve as an ideal carrier for delivery of anti-tumour drugs, or manipulate the immune system to eliminate tumour cells. In this review, the excellent physicochemical properties and the basic structure of antibody fragments are expressly depicted depicted, the progress of antibody fragments in cancer therapy and imaging are thoroughly summarized, and the future development of antibody fragments is predicted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuhong Zhao
- Learning Key Laboratory for Pharmacoproteomics of Hunan Province, Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of South China , Hengyang , China.,Hunan Province Key Laboratory for Antibody-Based Drug and Intelligent Delivery System, Hunan University of Medicine , Huaihua , China
| | - Qian Ning
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory for Antibody-Based Drug and Intelligent Delivery System, Hunan University of Medicine , Huaihua , China
| | - Zhongcheng Mo
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Clinical Anatomy and Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China , Hengyang , China
| | - Shengsong Tang
- Learning Key Laboratory for Pharmacoproteomics of Hunan Province, Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of South China , Hengyang , China.,Hunan Province Key Laboratory for Antibody-Based Drug and Intelligent Delivery System, Hunan University of Medicine , Huaihua , China
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de Bruijn HS, Mashayekhi V, Schreurs TJL, van Driel PBAA, Strijkers GJ, van Diest PJ, Lowik CWGM, Seynhaeve ALB, Hagen TLMT, Prompers JJ, Henegouwen PMPVBE, Robinson DJ, Oliveira S. Acute cellular and vascular responses to photodynamic therapy using EGFR-targeted nanobody-photosensitizer conjugates studied with intravital optical imaging and magnetic resonance imaging. Theranostics 2020; 10:2436-2452. [PMID: 32089747 PMCID: PMC7019176 DOI: 10.7150/thno.37949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeted photodynamic therapy (PDT) has the potential to selectively damage tumor tissue and to increase tumor vessel permeability. Here we characterize the tissue biodistribution of two EGFR-targeted nanobody-photosensitizer conjugates (NB-PS), the monovalent 7D12-PS and the biparatopic 7D12-9G8-PS. In addition, we report on the local and acute phototoxic effects triggered by illumination of these NB-PS which have previously shown to lead to extensive tumor damage. Methods: Intravital microscopy and the skin-fold chamber model, containing OSC-19-luc2-cGFP tumors, were used to investigate: a) the fluorescence kinetics and distribution, b) the vascular response and c) the induction of necrosis after illumination at 1 or 24 h post administration of 7D12-PS and 7D12-9G8-PS. In addition, dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) of a solid tumor model was used to investigate the microvascular status 2 h after 7D12-PS mediated PDT. Results: Image analysis showed significant tumor colocalization for both NB-PS which was higher for 7D12-9G8-PS. Intravital imaging showed clear tumor cell membrane localization 1 and 2 h after administration of 7D12-9G8-PS, and fluorescence in or close to endothelial cells in normal tissue for both NB-PS. PDT lead to vasoconstriction and leakage of tumor and normal tissue vessels in the skin-fold chamber model. DCE-MRI confirmed the reduction of tumor perfusion after 7D12-PS mediated PDT. PDT induced extensive tumor necrosis and moderate normal tissue damage, which was similar for both NB-PS conjugates. This was significantly reduced when illumination was performed at 24 h compared to 1 h after administration. Discussion: Although differences were observed in distribution of the two NB-PS conjugates, both led to similar necrosis. Clearly, the response to PDT using NB-PS conjugates is the result of a complex mixture of tumor cell responses and vascular effects, which is likely to be necessary for a maximally effective treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henriette S de Bruijn
- Center for Optical Diagnostics and Therapy, Dept. of Otolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vida Mashayekhi
- Cell Biology Division, Dept. of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tom J L Schreurs
- Biomedical NMR, Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter B A A van Driel
- Division of Optical Molecular Imaging, Dept. of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gustav J Strijkers
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Dept. of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, The Netherlands
| | - Paul J van Diest
- Dept. of Pathology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Clemens W G M Lowik
- Division of Optical Molecular Imaging, Dept. of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ann L B Seynhaeve
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Dept. of Pathology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Timo L M Ten Hagen
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Dept. of Pathology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeanine J Prompers
- Biomedical NMR, Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | | | - Dominic J Robinson
- Center for Optical Diagnostics and Therapy, Dept. of Otolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sabrina Oliveira
- Cell Biology Division, Dept. of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Pharmaceutics Division, Dept. of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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de Melo MT, Piva HL, Tedesco AC. Design of new protein drug delivery system (PDDS) with photoactive compounds as a potential application in the treatment of glioblastoma brain cancer. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 110:110638. [PMID: 32204072 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.110638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is an extremely aggressive malignant brain tumor. Despite advances in treatment modalities, it remains largely incurable. This unfavorable prognosis for GBM is at least partly due to the lack of a successful drug delivery system across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The delivery of drugs through nanomedicines combined with less invasive alternative therapies represents an important hope for the future of these incurable brain tumors. Whey protein nanocarriers represent promising strategy for targeted drug delivery to tumor cells by enhancing the drug's bioavailability and distribution, and reducing the body's response towards drug resistance. They have been extensively studied to find new alternatives for capacity to encapsulate different drugs and no need for cross-linkers. In this study, we report for the first time the incorporation and administration of Aluminum phthalocyanine chloride (AlClPc)-loaded whey protein drug delivery system (AlClPc-PDDS) for the treatment of glioblastoma brain cancer. This system was designed and optimized (with the use of the spray drying technique) to obtain the required particle size (in the range of 100 to 300 nm), zeta potential and drug loading. Our results suggest that we have developed a drug delivery system from a low-cost raw material and preparation method that is capable of incorporating hydrophobic drugs which, in combination with irradiation, cause photodamage to neoplasic cells, working as an effective adjuvant treatment for malignant glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryanne Trafani de Melo
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering -Photobiology and Photomedicine Research Group, Faculty of Philosophy, Science and Letters of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), 14040-901 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Henrique Luis Piva
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering -Photobiology and Photomedicine Research Group, Faculty of Philosophy, Science and Letters of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), 14040-901 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Antonio Claudio Tedesco
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering -Photobiology and Photomedicine Research Group, Faculty of Philosophy, Science and Letters of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), 14040-901 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
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