1
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Shu Z, Zhang S, Kong T. Spin stiffness and spin excitation gap of van der Waals ferromagneticFe3+δGeTe2. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2024; 36:385801. [PMID: 38870997 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ad581f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Fe3+δGeTe2(FGT) has proved to be an interesting van der Waals (vdW) ferromagnetic compound with a tunable Curie temperature (TC). However, the underlying mechanism for varyingTCremains elusive. Here, we systematically investigate and compare low-temperature magnetic properties of single crystalline FGT samples that exhibitTCs ranging from 160 K to 205 K. Spin stiffness (D) and spin excitation gap (Δ) are extracted using Bloch's theory for crystals with varying Fe content. Compared to Cr-based vdW ferromagnets, FGT compounds have higher spin stiffness values but lower spin wave excitation gaps. We discuss the implication of these relationships in Fe-Fe ion magnetic interactions in FGT unit cells. The itinerancy of magnetic electrons is measured and discussed under the Rhodes-Wohlfarth ratio (RWR) and the Takahashi theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixue Shu
- Department of Physics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States of America
| | - Shufeng Zhang
- Department of Physics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States of America
| | - Tai Kong
- Department of Physics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States of America
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2
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Xu H, Liu Y, Finocchio G, Wang KL, Yu G. Progress and perspective on the topological spin textures in two-dimensional van der Waals magnets. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2024; 69:1612-1616. [PMID: 38653683 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2024.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongjun Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yizhou Liu
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), Wako 351-0198, Japan
| | - Giovanni Finocchio
- Department of Mathematical and Computer Sciences, Physical Sciences and Earth Sciences, University of Messina, Messina 98166, Italy
| | - Kang L Wang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles CA 90095, USA
| | - Guoqiang Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
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3
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Zhang W, Ma T, Hazra BK, Meyerheim H, Rigvedi P, Yin Z, Srivastava AK, Wang Z, Gu K, Zhou S, Wang S, Yang SH, Guan Y, Parkin SSP. Current-induced domain wall motion in a van der Waals ferromagnet Fe 3GeTe 2. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4851. [PMID: 38844818 PMCID: PMC11156869 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48893-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The manipulation of spin textures by spin currents is of fundamental and technological interest. A particularly interesting system is the 2D van der Waals ferromagnet Fe3GeTe2, in which Néel-type skyrmions have recently been observed. The origin of these chiral spin textures is of considerable interest. Recently, it was proposed that these derive from defects in the structure that lower the symmetry and allow for a bulk vector Dzyaloshinsky-Moriya interaction. Here, we demonstrate current-induced domain wall motion in Fe3GeTe2 flakes, in which the maximum domain wall velocity is an order of magnitude higher than those reported in previous studies. In heterostructures with Pt or W layers on top of the Fe3GeTe2 flakes, domain walls can be moved via a combination of spin transfer and spin-orbit torques. The competition between these torques leads to a change in the direction of domain wall motion with increasing magnitude of the injected current.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Zhang
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Halle (Saale), D-06120, Germany
| | - Tianping Ma
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Halle (Saale), D-06120, Germany.
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Magnetic Functional Materials and Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China.
| | - Binoy Krishna Hazra
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Halle (Saale), D-06120, Germany
| | - Holger Meyerheim
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Halle (Saale), D-06120, Germany
| | - Prajwal Rigvedi
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Halle (Saale), D-06120, Germany
| | - Zihan Yin
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Halle (Saale), D-06120, Germany
- Institute of Physics, Martin Luther University, Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), D-06120, Germany
| | | | - Zhong Wang
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Halle (Saale), D-06120, Germany
- Institute of Physics, Martin Luther University, Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), D-06120, Germany
| | - Ke Gu
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Halle (Saale), D-06120, Germany
- Institute of Physics, Martin Luther University, Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), D-06120, Germany
| | - Shiming Zhou
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Magnetic Functional Materials and Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Shouguo Wang
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Magnetic Functional Materials and Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - See-Hun Yang
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Halle (Saale), D-06120, Germany
| | - Yicheng Guan
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Halle (Saale), D-06120, Germany
| | - Stuart S P Parkin
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Halle (Saale), D-06120, Germany.
- Institute of Physics, Martin Luther University, Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), D-06120, Germany.
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4
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Yang C, Huang Y, Pei K, Long X, Yang L, Luo Y, Lai Y, Zhang J, Cao G, Che R. Current-Controllable and Reversible Multi-Resistance-State Based on Domain Wall Number Transition in 2D Ferromagnet Fe 3GeTe 2. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2311831. [PMID: 38253422 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202311831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Controlling the multi-state switching is significantly essential for the extensive utilization of 2D ferromagnet in magnetic racetrack memories, topological devices, and neuromorphic computing devices. The development of all-electric functional nanodevices with multi-state switching and a rapid reset remains challenging. Herein, to imitate the potentiation and depression process of biological synapses, a full-current strategy is unprecedently established by the controllable resistance-state switching originating from the spin configuration rearrangement by domain wall number modulation in Fe3GeTe2. In particular, a strong correlation is uncovered in the reduction of domain wall number with the corresponding resistance decreasing by in-situ Lorentz transmission electron microscopy. Interestingly, the magnetic state is reversed instantly to the multi-domain wall state under a single pulse current with a higher amplitude, attributed to the rapid thermal demagnetization by simulation. Based on the neuromorphic computing system with full-current-driven artificial Fe3GeTe2 synapses with multi-state switching, a high accuracy of ≈91% is achieved in the handwriting image recognition pattern. The results identify 2D ferromagnet as an intriguing candidate for future advanced neuromorphic spintronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chendi Yang
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Shanghai Key Lab of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Academy for Engineering & Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Yalei Huang
- Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Ke Pei
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Shanghai Key Lab of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Academy for Engineering & Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Xiumin Long
- Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Liting Yang
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Shanghai Key Lab of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Academy for Engineering & Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Yongming Luo
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Yuxiang Lai
- Pico Electron Microscopy Center, Innovation Institute for Ocean Materials Characterization, Center for Advanced Studies in Precision Instruments, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | | | - Guixin Cao
- Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
- Zhejiang Laboratory, Hangzhou, 311100, China
| | - Renchao Che
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Shanghai Key Lab of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Academy for Engineering & Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
- Zhejiang Laboratory, Hangzhou, 311100, China
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5
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Chyczewski ST, Shi J, Lee H, Furlanetto PF, Xu K, van der Zande AM, Zhu W. Probing antiferromagnetism in exfoliated Fe 3GeTe 2 using magneto-transport measurements. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:14061-14067. [PMID: 37581284 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr01022h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Among the material class of van der Waals magnets, Fe3GeTe2 (FGT) has emerged as one of the most studied owing to features such as its relatively high Curie temperature, metallic nature, and large spin polarization. Though most studies only investigate its explicitly ferromagnetic properties, FGT is also predicted to have an antiferromagnetic phase in the out-of-plane direction emerging at temperatures below 150 K, leading to a blend of ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic ordering. Here, we explore the emergence of this phase and its effects in FGT/h-BN heterostructures using magneto-transport measurements. The devices' anomalous Hall and magnetoresistance responses exhibit a complex trend with temperature that is consistent with multiple magnetic phases. In addition to the usual out-of-plane sensing, we also rotate the applied field to the in-plane direction and observe behavior resembling the planar topological Hall effect. Intriguingly, this response follows a similar temperature trend to the out-of-plane response. We also use the out-of-plane anomalous Hall response to show that, at sufficiently low temperatures, both positive and negative field-cooling results in an increased saturation Hall resistance. Such a field-cooling divergence is consistent with antiferromagnetic ordering resulting in a spin-glass like state in the sample. In addition to providing insight into one of the most exciting candidate materials for 2D magnetic devices, our work demonstrates the power of magneto-transport measurements to probe complex behavior in vdW magnets where common magnetometry techniques used on bulk samples may not be viable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stasiu T Chyczewski
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.
| | - Ji Shi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.
| | - Hanwool Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.
| | - Paolo F Furlanetto
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Kai Xu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.
| | - Arend M van der Zande
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Wenjuan Zhu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.
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6
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Comstock AH, Chou CT, Wang Z, Wang T, Song R, Sklenar J, Amassian A, Zhang W, Lu H, Liu L, Beard MC, Sun D. Hybrid magnonics in hybrid perovskite antiferromagnets. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1834. [PMID: 37005408 PMCID: PMC10067936 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37505-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Hybrid magnonic systems are a newcomer for pursuing coherent information processing owing to their rich quantum engineering functionalities. One prototypical example is hybrid magnonics in antiferromagnets with an easy-plane anisotropy that resembles a quantum-mechanically mixed two-level spin system through the coupling of acoustic and optical magnons. Generally, the coupling between these orthogonal modes is forbidden due to their opposite parity. Here we show that the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya-Interaction (DMI), a chiral antisymmetric interaction that occurs in magnetic systems with low symmetry, can lift this restriction. We report that layered hybrid perovskite antiferromagnets with an interlayer DMI can lead to a strong intrinsic magnon-magnon coupling strength up to 0.24 GHz, which is four times greater than the dissipation rates of the acoustic/optical modes. Our work shows that the DMI in these hybrid antiferromagnets holds promise for leveraging magnon-magnon coupling by harnessing symmetry breaking in a highly tunable, solution-processable layered magnetic platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew H Comstock
- Department of Physics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
- Organic and Carbon Electronics Laboratory (ORACEL), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Chung-Tao Chou
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Zhiyu Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Energy Institute, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, 999077, Hong Kong (SAR), China
| | - Tonghui Wang
- Organic and Carbon Electronics Laboratory (ORACEL), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Ruyi Song
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Material Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Joseph Sklenar
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Aram Amassian
- Organic and Carbon Electronics Laboratory (ORACEL), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Haipeng Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Energy Institute, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, 999077, Hong Kong (SAR), China.
- Chemistry and Nanoscience Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 80401, USA.
| | - Luqiao Liu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
| | - Matthew C Beard
- Chemistry and Nanoscience Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 80401, USA.
| | - Dali Sun
- Department of Physics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
- Organic and Carbon Electronics Laboratory (ORACEL), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
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7
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Casas BW, Li Y, Moon A, Xin Y, McKeever C, Macy J, Petford-Long AK, Phatak CM, Santos EJG, Choi ES, Balicas L. Coexistence of Merons with Skyrmions in the Centrosymmetric Van Der Waals Ferromagnet Fe 5- x GeTe 2. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2212087. [PMID: 36780298 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202212087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Fe5- x GeTe2 is a centrosymmetric, layered van der Waals (vdW) ferromagnet that displays Curie temperatures Tc (270-330 K) that are within the useful range for spintronic applications. However, little is known about the interplay between its topological spin textures (e.g., merons, skyrmions) with technologically relevant transport properties such as the topological Hall effect (THE) or topological thermal transport. Here, via high-resolution Lorentz transmission electron microscopy, it is shown that merons and anti-meron pairs coexist with Néel skyrmions in Fe5- x GeTe2 over a wide range of temperatures and probe their effects on thermal and electrical transport. A THE is detected, even at room T, that senses merons at higher T's, as well as their coexistence with skyrmions as T is lowered, indicating an on-demand thermally driven formation of either type of spin texture. Remarkably, an unconventional THE is also observed in absence of Lorentz force, and it is attributed to the interaction between charge carriers and magnetic field-induced chiral spin textures. These results expose Fe5-x GeTe2 as a promising candidate for the development of applications in skyrmionics/meronics due to the interplay between distinct but coexisting topological magnetic textures and unconventional transport of charge/heat carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian W Casas
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Tallahassee, FL, 32310, USA
| | - Yue Li
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Alex Moon
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Tallahassee, FL, 32310, USA
- Department of Physics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA
| | - Yan Xin
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Tallahassee, FL, 32310, USA
| | - Conor McKeever
- Institute for Condensed Matter and Complex Systems, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FD, UK
| | - Juan Macy
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Tallahassee, FL, 32310, USA
- Department of Physics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA
| | - Amanda K Petford-Long
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Charudatta M Phatak
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Elton J G Santos
- Institute for Condensed Matter and Complex Systems, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FD, UK
- Higgs Centre for Theoretical Physics, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FD, UK
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), 20018, Donostia-San Sebastián, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Eun Sang Choi
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Tallahassee, FL, 32310, USA
- Department of Physics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA
| | - Luis Balicas
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Tallahassee, FL, 32310, USA
- Department of Physics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA
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8
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Hu G, Wang C, Wang S, Zhang Y, Feng Y, Wang Z, Niu Q, Zhang Z, Xiang B. Long-range skin Josephson supercurrent across a van der Waals ferromagnet. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1779. [PMID: 36997575 PMCID: PMC10063542 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37603-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe emerging field of superconducting spintronics promises new quantum device architectures without energy dissipation. When entering a ferromagnet, a supercurrent commonly behaves as a spin singlet that decays rapidly; in contrast, a spin-triplet supercurrent can transport over much longer distances, and is therefore more desirable, but so far has been observed much less frequently. Here, by using the van der Waals ferromagnet Fe3GeTe2 (F) and spin-singlet superconductor NbSe2 (S), we construct lateral Josephson junctions of S/F/S with accurate interface control to realize long-range skin supercurrent. The observed supercurrent across the ferromagnet can extend over 300 nm, and exhibits distinct quantum interference patterns in an external magnetic field. Strikingly, the supercurrent displays pronounced skin characteristics, with its density peaked at the surfaces or edges of the ferromagnet. Our central findings shed new light on the convergence of superconductivity and spintronics based on two-dimensional materials.
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9
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Dang N, Kozlenko DP, Lis ON, Kichanov SE, Lukin YV, Golosova NO, Savenko BN, Duong D, Phan T, Tran T, Phan M. High Pressure-Driven Magnetic Disorder and Structural Transformation in Fe 3 GeTe 2 : Emergence of a Magnetic Quantum Critical Point. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2206842. [PMID: 36698300 PMCID: PMC10037988 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202206842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Among the recently discovered 2D intrinsic van der Waals (vdW) magnets, Fe3 GeTe2 (FGT) has emerged as a strong candidate for spintronics applications, due to its high Curie temperature (130 - 220 K) and magnetic tunability in response to external stimuli (electrical field, light, strain). Theory predicts that the magnetism of FGT can be significantly modulated by an external strain. However, experimental evidence is needed to validate this prediction and understand the underlying mechanism of strain-mediated vdW magnetism in this system. Here, the effects of pressure (0 - 20 GPa) are elucidated on the magnetic and structural properties of Fe3 GeTe2 by means of synchrotron Mössbauer source spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction and Raman spectroscopy over a wide temperature range of 10 - 290 K. A strong suppression of ferromagnetic ordering is observed with increasing pressure, and a paramagnetic ground state emerges when pressure exceeds a critical value, PPM ≈ 15 GPa. The anomalous pressure dependence of structural parameters and vibrational modes is observed at PC ≈ 7 GPa and attributed to an isostructural phase transformation. Density functional theory calculations complement these experimental findings. This study highlights pressure as a driving force for magnetic quantum criticality in layered vdW magnetic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc‐Toan Dang
- Institute of Research and DevelopmentDuy Tan UniversityDa Nang550000Vietnam
- Faculty of Environmental and Natural SciencesDuy Tan UniversityDa Nang550000Vietnam
| | | | - Olga N. Lis
- Frank Laboratory of Neutron PhysicsJINRMoscow Reg.Dubna141980Russia
- Kazan Federal UniversityKazan420008Russia
| | | | | | | | - Boris N. Savenko
- Frank Laboratory of Neutron PhysicsJINRMoscow Reg.Dubna141980Russia
| | - Dinh‐Loc Duong
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure PhysicsInstitute for Basic ScienceSuwon16419Republic of Korea
| | - The‐Long Phan
- Faculty of Engineering Physics and NanotechnologyVNU‐University of Engineering and Technology144 Xuan Thuy, Cau GiayHa Noi100000Vietnam
| | - Tuan‐Anh Tran
- Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology and EducationHo Chi Minh700000Vietnam
| | - Manh‐Huong Phan
- Department of PhysicsUniversity of South FloridaTampaFL33620USA
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10
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Ma S, Li G, Li Z, Zhang Y, Lu H, Gao Z, Wu J, Long G, Huang Y. 2D Magnetic Semiconductor Fe 3GeTe 2 with Few and Single Layers with a Greatly Enhanced Intrinsic Exchange Bias by Liquid-Phase Exfoliation. ACS NANO 2022; 16:19439-19450. [PMID: 36288432 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c09143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A 2D van der Waals (vdW) magnet can get rid of the constraints of lattice matching and compatibility and then create a variety of vdW heterostructures, which provides a opportunity for spintronic devices. However, the ability to reliably exfoliate large, high-quality vdW ferromagnetic Fe3GeTe2 (FGT) nanoflakes in scaled-up production is severely limited. Herein, an efficient and stable three-stage sonication-assisted liquid-phase exfoliation was developed for mass preparation of high-structural-integrity few- and single-layer FGT nanoflakes with a greatly enhanced intrinsic exchange bias. The three stages include slicing crystals, weakening interlayer vdW forces, and using ultrasonic cavitation. The highest yield of FGT nanoflakes is 22.3 wt % with single layers accounting for 6%. The size is controllable, and several micrometers, tens of micrometers, and a maximum of 103 μm are available. The 200 mg level output has overcome the limitations of mechanical exfoliation and molecular beam epitaxy in economically amplificated production. An intrinsic exchange bias is observed in the restacked nanoflakes due to the magnetic proximity on the interface of the FGT/natural surface oxide layer. The material reaches 578 Oe (2 K) and 2300 Oe after further oxidation, at least 250% higher than other precisely tailored vdW magnetic heterostructures. In addition, the unusual semiconductivity of the liquid-phase exfoliated FGT nanoflakes is reported. This work skillfully utilizes oxidation to enhance the potential of FGT for large-scale spintronics, optoelectronics, efficient data storage, and various extended applications, and it is beneficial for exfoliating other promising magnetic vdW materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suping Ma
- National Institute for Advanced Materials, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metal and Molecule Based Material Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Guanghao Li
- National Institute for Advanced Materials, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metal and Molecule Based Material Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuo Li
- National Institute for Advanced Materials, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metal and Molecule Based Material Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Yawen Zhang
- National Institute for Advanced Materials, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metal and Molecule Based Material Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Haolin Lu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials, Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (RECAST), Nankai University, Tianjin300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhansheng Gao
- Tianjin Key Lab for Rare Earth Materials and Applications, Center for Rare Earth and Inorganic Functional Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinxiong Wu
- Tianjin Key Lab for Rare Earth Materials and Applications, Center for Rare Earth and Inorganic Functional Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin300350, People's Republic of China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Guankui Long
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials, Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (RECAST), Nankai University, Tianjin300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Huang
- National Institute for Advanced Materials, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metal and Molecule Based Material Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin300350, People's Republic of China
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11
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Wang QH, Bedoya-Pinto A, Blei M, Dismukes AH, Hamo A, Jenkins S, Koperski M, Liu Y, Sun QC, Telford EJ, Kim HH, Augustin M, Vool U, Yin JX, Li LH, Falin A, Dean CR, Casanova F, Evans RFL, Chshiev M, Mishchenko A, Petrovic C, He R, Zhao L, Tsen AW, Gerardot BD, Brotons-Gisbert M, Guguchia Z, Roy X, Tongay S, Wang Z, Hasan MZ, Wrachtrup J, Yacoby A, Fert A, Parkin S, Novoselov KS, Dai P, Balicas L, Santos EJG. The Magnetic Genome of Two-Dimensional van der Waals Materials. ACS NANO 2022; 16:6960-7079. [PMID: 35442017 PMCID: PMC9134533 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c09150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Magnetism in two-dimensional (2D) van der Waals (vdW) materials has recently emerged as one of the most promising areas in condensed matter research, with many exciting emerging properties and significant potential for applications ranging from topological magnonics to low-power spintronics, quantum computing, and optical communications. In the brief time after their discovery, 2D magnets have blossomed into a rich area for investigation, where fundamental concepts in magnetism are challenged by the behavior of spins that can develop at the single layer limit. However, much effort is still needed in multiple fronts before 2D magnets can be routinely used for practical implementations. In this comprehensive review, prominent authors with expertise in complementary fields of 2D magnetism (i.e., synthesis, device engineering, magneto-optics, imaging, transport, mechanics, spin excitations, and theory and simulations) have joined together to provide a genome of current knowledge and a guideline for future developments in 2D magnetic materials research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Hua Wang
- Materials
Science and Engineering, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport
and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Amilcar Bedoya-Pinto
- NISE
Department, Max Planck Institute of Microstructure
Physics, 06120 Halle, Germany
- Instituto
de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universitat
de València, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Mark Blei
- Materials
Science and Engineering, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport
and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Avalon H. Dismukes
- Department
of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Assaf Hamo
- Department
of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Sarah Jenkins
- Twist
Group,
Faculty of Physics, University of Duisburg-Essen, Campus Duisburg, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Maciej Koperski
- Institute
for Functional Intelligent Materials, National
University of Singapore, 117544 Singapore
| | - Yu Liu
- Condensed
Matter Physics and Materials Science Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Qi-Chao Sun
- Physikalisches
Institut, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Evan J. Telford
- Department
of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
- Department
of Physics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Hyun Ho Kim
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Energy Engineering
Convergence, Kumoh National Institute of
Technology, Gumi 39177, Korea
| | - Mathias Augustin
- Institute
for Condensed Matter Physics and Complex Systems, School of Physics
and Astronomy, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FD, United Kingdom
- Donostia
International Physics Center (DIPC), 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Uri Vool
- Department
of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- John Harvard
Distinguished Science Fellows Program, Harvard
University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Jia-Xin Yin
- Laboratory
for Topological Quantum Matter and Spectroscopy, Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Lu Hua Li
- Institute
for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong Waurn Ponds Campus, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Alexey Falin
- Institute
for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong Waurn Ponds Campus, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Cory R. Dean
- Department
of Physics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Fèlix Casanova
- CIC nanoGUNE
BRTA, 20018 Donostia - San Sebastián, Basque
Country, Spain
- IKERBASQUE,
Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Richard F. L. Evans
- Department
of Physics, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Mairbek Chshiev
- Université
Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Spintec, 38000 Grenoble, France
- Institut
Universitaire de France, 75231 Paris, France
| | - Artem Mishchenko
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University of
Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom
- National
Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Cedomir Petrovic
- Condensed
Matter Physics and Materials Science Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Rui He
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas Tech University, 910 Boston Avenue, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United
States
| | - Liuyan Zhao
- Department
of Physics, University of Michigan, 450 Church Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Adam W. Tsen
- Institute
for Quantum Computing and Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Brian D. Gerardot
- SUPA, Institute
of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt
University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Mauro Brotons-Gisbert
- SUPA, Institute
of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt
University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Zurab Guguchia
- Laboratory
for Muon Spin Spectroscopy, Paul Scherrer
Institute, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Xavier Roy
- Department
of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Sefaattin Tongay
- Materials
Science and Engineering, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport
and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Ziwei Wang
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University of
Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom
- National
Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - M. Zahid Hasan
- Materials
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Princeton
Institute for Science and Technology of Materials, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
- National
High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida
State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
| | - Joerg Wrachtrup
- Physikalisches
Institut, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Max Planck
Institute for Solid State Research, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Amir Yacoby
- Department
of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- John A.
Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Albert Fert
- Donostia
International Physics Center (DIPC), 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Basque Country, Spain
- Unité
Mixte de Physique, CNRS, Thales, Université Paris-Saclay, 91767 Palaiseau, France
- Department
of Materials Physics UPV/EHU, 20018 Donostia - San Sebastián, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Stuart Parkin
- NISE
Department, Max Planck Institute of Microstructure
Physics, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Kostya S. Novoselov
- Institute
for Functional Intelligent Materials, National
University of Singapore, 117544 Singapore
| | - Pengcheng Dai
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Luis Balicas
- National
High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida
State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
- Department
of Physics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Elton J. G. Santos
- Institute
for Condensed Matter Physics and Complex Systems, School of Physics
and Astronomy, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FD, United Kingdom
- Donostia
International Physics Center (DIPC), 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Basque Country, Spain
- Higgs Centre
for Theoretical Physics, The University
of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, United Kingdom
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Xu C, Li X, Chen P, Zhang Y, Xiang H, Bellaiche L. Assembling Diverse Skyrmionic Phases in Fe 3 GeTe 2 Monolayers. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2107779. [PMID: 35023226 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202107779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Skyrmionic magnetic states are promising in advanced spintronics. This topic is experiencing recent progress in 2D magnets, with, for example, a near 300 K Curie temperature observed in Fe3 GeTe2 . However, despite previous studies reporting skyrmions in Fe3 GeTe2 , such a system remains elusive, since it has been reported to host either Néel-type or Bloch-type textures, while a net Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction (DMI) cannot occur in this compound for symmetry reasons. It is thus desirable to develop an accurate model to deeply understand Fe3 GeTe2 . Here, a newly developed method adopting spin invariants is applied to build a first-principle-based Hamiltonian, which predicts colorful topological defects assembled from the unit of Bloch lines, and reveals the critical role of specific forms of fourth-order interactions in Fe3 GeTe2 . Rather than the DMI, it is the multiple fourth-order interactions, with symmetry and spin-orbit couplings considered, that stabilize both Néel-type and Bloch-type skyrmions, as well as antiskyrmions, without any preference for clockwise versus counterclockwise spin rotation. This study also demonstrates that spin invariants can be used as a general approach to study complex magnetic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changsong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Computational Physical Sciences (Ministry of Education), Institute of Computational Physical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- Shanghai Qi Zhi Institute, Shanghai, 200232, China
- Physics Department and Institute for Nanoscience and Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Xueyang Li
- Key Laboratory of Computational Physical Sciences (Ministry of Education), Institute of Computational Physical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- Shanghai Qi Zhi Institute, Shanghai, 200232, China
| | - Peng Chen
- Physics Department and Institute for Nanoscience and Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Yun Zhang
- Physics Department and Institute for Nanoscience and Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
- Department of Physics and Information Technology, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Baoji, 721016, China
| | - Hongjun Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Computational Physical Sciences (Ministry of Education), Institute of Computational Physical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- Shanghai Qi Zhi Institute, Shanghai, 200232, China
| | - Laurent Bellaiche
- Physics Department and Institute for Nanoscience and Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
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13
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Li D, Li S, Zhong C, He J. Tuning magnetism at the two-dimensional limit: a theoretical perspective. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:19812-19827. [PMID: 34825688 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr06835k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of two-dimensional (2D) magnetic materials provides an ideal testbed for manipulating the magnetic properties at the atomically thin and 2D limit. This review gives recent progress in the emergent 2D magnets and heterostructures, focusing on the theory side. We summarize different theoretical models, ranging from the atomic to micrometer-scale, used to describe magnetic orders. Then, the current strategies for tuning magnetism in 2D materials are further discussed, such as electric field, magnetic field, strain, optics, chemical functionalization, and spin-orbit engineering. Finally, we conclude with the future challenges and opportunities for 2D magnetism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongzhe Li
- Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610100, P. R. China.
| | - Shuo Li
- Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610100, P. R. China.
| | - Chengyong Zhong
- Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610100, P. R. China.
| | - Junjie He
- Bremen Center for Computational Materials Science, University of Bremen, Am Fallturm 1, 2835, Bremen, Germany
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry & Charles University Centre of Advanced Materials, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 8, Prague 2, 128 43, Czech Republic.
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14
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Sierra JF, Fabian J, Kawakami RK, Roche S, Valenzuela SO. Van der Waals heterostructures for spintronics and opto-spintronics. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 16:856-868. [PMID: 34282312 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-021-00936-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The large variety of 2D materials and their co-integration in van der Waals heterostructures enable innovative device engineering. In addition, their atomically thin nature promotes the design of artificial materials by proximity effects that originate from short-range interactions. Such a designer approach is particularly compelling for spintronics, which typically harnesses functionalities from thin layers of magnetic and non-magnetic materials and the interfaces between them. Here we provide an overview of recent progress in 2D spintronics and opto-spintronics using van der Waals heterostructures. After an introduction to the forefront of spin transport research, we highlight the unique spin-related phenomena arising from spin-orbit and magnetic proximity effects. We further describe the ability to create multifunctional hybrid heterostructures based on van der Waals materials, combining spin, valley and excitonic degrees of freedom. We end with an outlook on perspectives and challenges for the design and production of ultracompact all-2D spin devices and their potential applications in conventional and quantum technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan F Sierra
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Jaroslav Fabian
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Stephan Roche
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergio O Valenzuela
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain.
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain.
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15
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Unconventional Hall effect and its variation with Co-doping in van der Waals Fe 3GeTe 2. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14121. [PMID: 34238967 PMCID: PMC8266818 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93402-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) van der Waals (vdW) magnetic materials have attracted a lot of attention owing to the stabilization of long range magnetic order down to atomic dimensions, and the prospect of novel spintronic devices with unique functionalities. The clarification of the magnetoresistive properties and its correlation to the underlying magnetic configurations is essential for 2D vdW-based spintronic devices. Here, the effect of Co-doping on the magnetic and magnetotransport properties of Fe3GeTe2 have been investigated. Magnetotransport measurements reveal an unusual Hall effect behavior whose strength was considerably modified by Co-doping and attributed to arise from the underlying complicated spin textures. The present results provide a clue to tailoring of the underlying interactions necessary for the realization of a variety of unconventional spin textures for 2D vdW FM-based spintronics.
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