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Toropov NA, Houghton MC, Yu D, Vollmer F. Thermo-Optoplasmonic Single-Molecule Sensing on Optical Microcavities. ACS NANO 2024; 18:17534-17546. [PMID: 38924515 PMCID: PMC11238588 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c00877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Whispering-gallery-mode (WGM) resonators are powerful instruments for single-molecule sensing in biological and biochemical investigations. WGM sensors leveraged by plasmonic nanostructures, known as optoplasmonic sensors, provide sensitivity down to single atomic ions. In this article, we describe that the response of optoplasmonic sensors upon the attachment of single protein molecules strongly depends on the intensity of WGM. At low intensity, protein binding causes red shifts of WGM resonance wavelengths, known as the reactive sensing mechanism. By contrast, blue shifts are obtained at high intensities, which we explain as thermo-optoplasmonic (TOP) sensing, where molecules transform absorbed WGM radiation into heat. To support our conclusions, we experimentally investigated seven molecules and complexes; we observed blue shifts for dye molecules, amino acids, and anomalous absorption of enzymes in the near-infrared spectral region. As an example of an application, we propose a physical model of TOP sensing that can be used for the development of single-molecule absorption spectrometers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita A Toropov
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, U.K
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K
- Qingdao Innovation and Development Center, Harbin Engineering University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, China
| | - Matthew C Houghton
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, U.K
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AX, U.K
| | - Deshui Yu
- National Time Service Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710600, China
| | - Frank Vollmer
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, U.K
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2
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Cao X, Yang H, Wu ZL, Li BB. Ultrasound sensing with optical microcavities. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2024; 13:159. [PMID: 38982066 PMCID: PMC11233744 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-024-01480-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Ultrasound sensors play an important role in biomedical imaging, industrial nondestructive inspection, etc. Traditional ultrasound sensors that use piezoelectric transducers face limitations in sensitivity and spatial resolution when miniaturized, with typical sizes at the millimeter to centimeter scale. To overcome these challenges, optical ultrasound sensors have emerged as a promising alternative, offering both high sensitivity and spatial resolution. In particular, ultrasound sensors utilizing high-quality factor (Q) optical microcavities have achieved unprecedented performance in terms of sensitivity and bandwidth, while also enabling mass production on silicon chips. In this review, we focus on recent advances in ultrasound sensing applications using three types of optical microcavities: Fabry-Perot cavities, π-phase-shifted Bragg gratings, and whispering gallery mode microcavities. We provide an overview of the ultrasound sensing mechanisms employed by these microcavities and discuss the key parameters for optimizing ultrasound sensors. Furthermore, we survey recent advances in ultrasound sensing using these microcavity-based approaches, highlighting their applications in diverse detection scenarios, such as photoacoustic imaging, ranging, and particle detection. The goal of this review is to provide a comprehensive understanding of the latest advances in ultrasound sensing with optical microcavities and their potential for future development in high-performance ultrasound imaging and sensing technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuening Cao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hao Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zu-Lei Wu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Bei-Bei Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, 523808, Guangdong, China.
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3
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Ruan J, Li Y, Lin J, Ren Z, Iqbal N, Guo D, Zhai T. Transferable microfiber laser arrays for high-sensitivity thermal sensing. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:16976-16983. [PMID: 37830124 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr03118g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Functional microfibers have attracted extensive attention due to their potential in health monitoring, radiation cooling, power management and luminescence. Among these, polymer fiber-based microlasers have plentiful applications due to their merits of full color, high quality factor and simple fabrication. However, developing a facile approach to fabricate stable microfiber lasing devices for high-sensitivity thermal sensing is still challenging. In this research, we propose a design of a stable and transferable membrane inlaid with whispering-gallery-mode plasmon hybrid microlaser arrays for thermal sensing. By integrating plasmonic gold nanorods with polymer lasing microfiber arrays that are embedded in the polydimethylsiloxane matrix, whispering-gallery-mode lasing arrays with high quality are achieved. Based on the thermo-optical effect of the membrane, a tuning range of 1.462 nm for the lasing peak shift under temperature variation from 30.6 °C to 38.7 °C is obtained. The ultimate thermal sensing sensitivity can reach up to 0.181 nm °C-1 and the limit of detection is 0.131 °C, with a high figure of merit of 2.961 °C-1. Moreover, a stable laser linewidth can be maintained within the tuning range due to plasmon-improved photon confinement and PDMS-reduced scattering loss. This work is expected to provide a facile approach for the fabrication of high-sensitivity on-chip thermometry devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ruan
- College of Physics and Optoelectronics, Faculty of Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
| | - Yixuan Li
- College of Physics and Optoelectronics, Faculty of Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
| | - Junzhe Lin
- College of Physics and Optoelectronics, Faculty of Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
| | - Zihan Ren
- College of Physics and Optoelectronics, Faculty of Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
| | - Naeem Iqbal
- College of Physics and Optoelectronics, Faculty of Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
| | - Dan Guo
- College of Physics and Optoelectronics, Faculty of Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
| | - Tianrui Zhai
- College of Physics and Optoelectronics, Faculty of Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
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4
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Li H, Wang Z, Wang L, Tan Y, Chen F. Optically pumped Milliwatt Whispering-Gallery microcavity laser. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2023; 12:223. [PMID: 37696802 PMCID: PMC10495457 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-023-01264-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Whispering-gallery-mode microcavity lasers possess remarkable characteristics such as high Q factors and compact geometries, making them an essential element in the evolution of microlasers. However, solid-state whispering-gallery-mode lasers have previously suffered from low output power and limited optical conversion efficiency, hindering their applications. Here, we present the achievement of milliwatt laser emissions at a wavelength of 1.06 µm from a solid-state whispering-gallery-mode laser. To accomplish this, we construct a whispering-gallery-mode microcavity (with a diameter of 30 µm) using a crystalline Nd: YAG thin film obtained through carbon-implantation enhanced etching of a Nd: YAG crystal. This microcavity laser demonstrates a maximum output power of 1.12 mW and an optical conversion efficiency of 12.4%. Moreover, our unique eccentric microcavity design enables efficient coupling of free-space pump light, facilitating integration with a waveguide. This integration allowed for single-wavelength laser emission from the waveguide, achieving an output power of 0.5 mW and an optical conversion efficiency of 6.18%. Our work opens up new possibilities for advancing solid-state whispering-gallery-mode lasers, providing a viable option for compact photonic sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiqi Li
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhaocong Wang
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Lei Wang
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yang Tan
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
| | - Feng Chen
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
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Wu Y, Duan B, Song J, Tian H, Chen JH, Yang D, Huang S. Simultaneous temperature and pressure sensing based on a single optical resonator. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:18851-18861. [PMID: 37381315 DOI: 10.1364/oe.489625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
We propose a dual-parameter sensor for the simultaneous detection of temperature and pressure based on a single packaged microbubble resonator (PMBR). The ultrahigh-quality (∼107) PMBR sensor exhibits long-term stability with the maximum wavelength shift about 0.2056 pm. Here, two resonant modes with different sensing performance are selected to implement the parallel detection of temperature and pressure. The temperature and pressure sensitivities of resonant Mode-1 are -10.59 pm/°C and 0.1059 pm/kPa, while the sensitivities of Mode-2 are -7.69 pm/°C and 0.1250 pm/kPa, respectively. By adopting a sensing matrix, the two parameters are precisely decoupled and the root mean square error of measurement are ∼ 0.12 °C and ∼ 6.48 kPa, respectively. This work promises the potential for the multi-parameters sensing in a single optical device.
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Yang X, Tang SJ, Meng JW, Zhang PJ, Chen YL, Xiao YF. Phase-Transition Microcavity Laser. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:3048-3053. [PMID: 36946699 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c00510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Liquid-crystal microcavity lasers have attracted considerable attention because of their extraordinary tunability and sensitive response to external stimuli, and because they operate generally within a specific phase. Here, we demonstrate a liquid-crystal microcavity laser operated in the phase transition in which the reorientation of liquid-crystal molecules occurs from aligned to disordered states. A significant wavelength shift of the microlaser is observed, resulting from the dramatic changes in the refractive index of liquid-crystal microdroplets during the phase transition. This phase-transition microcavity laser is then exploited for sensitive thermal sensing, enabling a two-order-of-magnitude enhancement in sensitivity compared with the nematic-phase microlaser operated far from the transition point. Experimentally, we demonstrate an exceptional sensitivity of -40 nm/K and an ultrahigh resolution of 320 μK. The phase-transition microcavity laser features compactness, softness, and tunability, showing great potential for high-performance sensors, optical modulators, and soft matter photonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Yang
- Frontiers Science Center for Nano-Optoelectronics and State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shui-Jing Tang
- Frontiers Science Center for Nano-Optoelectronics and State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jia-Wei Meng
- Frontiers Science Center for Nano-Optoelectronics and State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Pei-Ji Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for Nano-Optoelectronics and State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - You-Ling Chen
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yun-Feng Xiao
- Frontiers Science Center for Nano-Optoelectronics and State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Peking University Yangtze Delta Institute of Optoelectronics, Nantong 226010, China
- National Biomedical Imaging Center, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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7
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Boost the sensitivity of optical sensors with interface modes. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2022; 67:777-778. [PMID: 36546228 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2022.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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8
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Anashkina EA, Marisova MP, Dorofeev VV, Andrianov AV. Cascade Brillouin Lasing in a Tellurite-Glass Microsphere Resonator with Whispering Gallery Modes. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22082866. [PMID: 35458851 PMCID: PMC9028995 DOI: 10.3390/s22082866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Brillouin microlasers based on microresonators with whispering gallery modes (WGMs) are in high demand for different applications including sensing and biosensing. We fabricated a microsphere resonator with WGMs from a synthesized high-quality tellurite glass with record high Q-factors for tellurite microresonators (Q ≥ 2.5 × 107), a high Brillouin gain coefficient (compared to standard materials, e.g., silica glasses), and a Brillouin frequency shift of 9 ± 0.5 GHz. The high density of excited resonance modes and high loaded Q-factors allowed us to achieve experimentally cascade Stokes-Brillouin lasing up to the 4th order inclusive. The experimental results are supported by the results of the theoretical analysis. We also theoretically obtained the dependences of the output Brillouin powers on the pump power and found the pump-power thresholds for the first five Brillouin orders at different values of pump frequency detuning and Q-factors, and showed a significant effect of these parameters on the processes under consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena A. Anashkina
- Institute of Applied Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 46 Ulyanov Street, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (M.P.M.); (V.V.D.); (A.V.A.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Maria P. Marisova
- Institute of Applied Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 46 Ulyanov Street, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (M.P.M.); (V.V.D.); (A.V.A.)
| | - Vitaly V. Dorofeev
- Institute of Applied Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 46 Ulyanov Street, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (M.P.M.); (V.V.D.); (A.V.A.)
- G.G. Devyatykh Institute of Chemistry of High-Purity Substances of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 49 Tropinin Street, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Alexey V. Andrianov
- Institute of Applied Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 46 Ulyanov Street, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (M.P.M.); (V.V.D.); (A.V.A.)
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9
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Shlesinger I, Cognée KG, Verhagen E, Koenderink AF. Integrated Molecular Optomechanics with Hybrid Dielectric-Metallic Resonators. ACS PHOTONICS 2021; 8:3506-3516. [PMID: 34938824 PMCID: PMC8679090 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.1c00808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Molecular optomechanics describes surface-enhanced Raman scattering using the formalism of cavity optomechanics as a parametric coupling of the molecule's vibrational modes to the plasmonic resonance. Most of the predicted applications require intense electric field hotspots but spectrally narrow resonances, out of reach of standard plasmonic resonances. The Fano lineshapes resulting from the hybridization of dielectric-plasmonic resonators with a broad-band plasmon and narrow-band cavity mode allow reaching strong Raman enhancement with high-Q resonances, paving the way for sideband resolved molecular optomechanics. We extend the molecular optomechanics formalism to describe hybrid dielectric-plasmonic resonators with multiple optical resonances and with both free-space and waveguide addressing. We demonstrate how the Raman enhancement depends on the complex response functions of the hybrid system, and we retrieve the expression of Raman enhancement as a product of pump enhancement and the local density of states. The model allows prediction of the Raman emission ratio into different output ports and enables demonstrating a fully integrated high-Q Raman resonator exploiting multiple cavity modes coupled to the same waveguide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilan Shlesinger
- Center
for Nanophotonics, AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kévin G. Cognée
- Center
for Nanophotonics, AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- LP2N,
Institut d’Optique Graduate School, CNRS, Univ. Bordeaux, 33400 Talence, France
| | - Ewold Verhagen
- Center
for Nanophotonics, AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A. Femius Koenderink
- Center
for Nanophotonics, AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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10
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Surface Plasmonic Sensors: Sensing Mechanism and Recent Applications. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21165262. [PMID: 34450704 PMCID: PMC8401600 DOI: 10.3390/s21165262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Surface plasmonic sensors have been widely used in biology, chemistry, and environment monitoring. These sensors exhibit extraordinary sensitivity based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) or localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) effects, and they have found commercial applications. In this review, we present recent progress in the field of surface plasmonic sensors, mainly in the configurations of planar metastructures and optical-fiber waveguides. In the metastructure platform, the optical sensors based on LSPR, hyperbolic dispersion, Fano resonance, and two-dimensional (2D) materials integration are introduced. The optical-fiber sensors integrated with LSPR/SPR structures and 2D materials are summarized. We also introduce the recent advances in quantum plasmonic sensing beyond the classical shot noise limit. The challenges and opportunities in this field are discussed.
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11
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Yang DQ, Chen JH, Cao QT, Duan B, Chen HJ, Yu XC, Xiao YF. Operando monitoring transition dynamics of responsive polymer using optofluidic microcavities. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2021; 10:128. [PMID: 34135305 PMCID: PMC8209048 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-021-00570-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Optical microcavities have become an attractive platform for precision measurement with merits of ultrahigh sensitivity, miniature footprint and fast response. Despite the achievements of ultrasensitive detection, optical microcavities still face significant challenges in the measurement of biochemical and physical processes with complex dynamics, especially when multiple effects are present. Here we demonstrate operando monitoring of the transition dynamics of a phase-change material via a self-referencing optofluidic microcavity. We use a pair of cavity modes to precisely decouple the refractive index and temperature information of the analyte during the phase-transition process. Through real-time measurements, we reveal the detailed hysteresis behaviors of refractive index during the irreversible phase transitions between hydrophilic and hydrophobic states. We further extract the phase-transition threshold by analyzing the steady-state refractive index change at various power levels. Our technology could be further extended to other materials and provide great opportunities for exploring on-demand dynamic biochemical processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Quan Yang
- School of Information and Communication Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, 100876, China
| | - Jin-Hui Chen
- Institute of Electromagnetics and Acoustics, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Qi-Tao Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Bing Duan
- School of Information and Communication Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, 100876, China
| | - Hao-Jing Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xiao-Chong Yu
- Department of Physics and Applied Optics Beijing Area Major Laboratory, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Yun-Feng Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China.
- Peking University Yangtze Delta Institute of Optoelectronics, Nantong, 226010, China.
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