1
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Hung TC, Godinez-Loyola Y, Steinbrecher M, Kiraly B, Khajetoorians AA, Doltsinis NL, Strassert CA, Wegner D. Activating the Fluorescence of a Ni(II) Complex by Energy Transfer. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:8858-8864. [PMID: 38513215 PMCID: PMC10996004 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c07716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Luminescence of open-shell 3d metal complexes is often quenched due to ultrafast intersystem crossing (ISC) and cooling into a dark metal-centered excited state. We demonstrate successful activation of fluorescence from individual nickel phthalocyanine (NiPc) molecules in the junction of a scanning tunneling microscope (STM) by resonant energy transfer from other metal phthalocyanines at low temperature. By combining STM, scanning tunneling spectroscopy, STM-induced luminescence, and photoluminescence experiments as well as time-dependent density functional theory, we provide evidence that there is an activation barrier for the ISC, which, in most experimental conditions, is overcome. We show that this is also the case in an electroluminescent tunnel junction where individual NiPc molecules adsorbed on an ultrathin NaCl decoupling film on a Ag(111) substrate are probed. However, when an MPc (M = Zn, Pd, Pt) molecule is placed close to NiPc by means of STM atomic manipulation, resonant energy transfer can excite NiPc without overcoming the ISC activation barrier, leading to Q-band fluorescence. This work demonstrates that the thermally activated population of dark metal-centered states can be avoided by a designed local environment at low temperatures paired with directed molecular excitation into vibrationally cold electronic states. Thus, we can envisage the use of luminophores based on more abundant transition metal complexes that do not rely on Pt or Ir by restricting vibration-induced ISC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Chao Hung
- Institute
for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Institute
for Experimental and Applied Physics, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Yokari Godinez-Loyola
- Institut
für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Center
for Nanotechnology (CeNTech), University
of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Manuel Steinbrecher
- Institute
for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Brian Kiraly
- Institute
for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Nikos L. Doltsinis
- Institut
für Festkörpertheorie and Center for Multiscale Theory
and Computation, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Cristian A. Strassert
- Institut
für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Center
for Nanotechnology (CeNTech), University
of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Cells in
Motion Interfaculty Centre (CiMIC) and Center for Soft Nanoscience
(SoN), University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Daniel Wegner
- Institute
for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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2
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Ayala-Orozco C, Li G, Li B, Vardanyan V, Kolomeisky AB, Tour JM. How to Build Plasmon-Driven Molecular Jackhammers that Disassemble Cell Membranes and Cytoskeletons in Cancer. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2309910. [PMID: 38183304 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202309910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
Plasmon-driven molecular machines with ultrafast motion at the femtosecond scale are effective for the treatment of cancer and other diseases. It is recently shown that cyanine dyes act as molecular jackhammers (MJH) through vibronic (vibrational and electronic mode coupling) driven activation that causes the molecule to stretch longitudinally and axially through concerted whole molecule vibrations. However, the theoretical and experimental underpinnings of these plasmon-driven motions in molecules are difficult to assess. Here the use of near-infrared (NIR) light-activated plasmons in a broad array of MJH that mechanically disassemble membranes and cytoskeletons in human melanoma A375 cells is described. The characteristics of plasmon-driven molecular mechanical disassembly of supramolecular biological structures are observed and recorded using real-time fluorescence confocal microscopy. Molecular plasmon resonances in MJH are quantified through a new experimental plasmonicity index method. This is done through the measurement of the UV-vis-NIR spectra in various solvents, and quantification of the optical response as a function of the solvent polarity. Structure-activity relationships are used to optimize the synthesis of plasmon-driven MJH, applying them to eradicate human melanoma A375 cells at low lethal concentrations of 75 nm and 80 mW cm-2 of 730 nm NIR-light for 10 min.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Bowen Li
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Vardan Vardanyan
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | | | - James M Tour
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Nano Engineering, the Smalley-Curl Institute, the Nano Carbon Center, and the Rice Advanced Materials Institute, Rice University, 6100 Main St., Houston, TX, 77005, USA
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3
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Doležal J, Sagwal A, de Campos Ferreira RC, Švec M. Single-Molecule Time-Resolved Spectroscopy in a Tunable STM Nanocavity. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:1629-1634. [PMID: 38286028 PMCID: PMC10853955 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c04314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Spontaneous fluorescence rates of single-molecule emitters are typically on the order of nanoseconds. However, coupling them with plasmonic nanostructures can substantially increase their fluorescence yields. The confinement between a tip and sample in a scanning tunneling microscope creates a tunable nanocavity, an ideal platform for exploring the yields and excitation decay rates of single-molecule emitters, depending on their coupling strength to the nanocavity. With such a setup, we determine the excitation lifetimes from the direct time-resolved measurements of phthalocyanine fluorescence decays, decoupled from the metal substrates by ultrathin NaCl layers. We find that when the tip is approached to single molecules, their lifetimes are reduced to the picosecond range due to the effect of coupling with the tip-sample nanocavity. On the other hand, ensembles of the adsorbed molecules measured without the nanocavity manifest nanosecond-range lifetimes. This approach overcomes the drawbacks associated with the estimation of lifetimes for single molecules from their respective emission line widths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Doležal
- Institute
of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences; Cukrovarnická 10/112, CZ16200 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Amandeep Sagwal
- Institute
of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences; Cukrovarnická 10/112, CZ16200 Praha 6, Czech Republic
- Faculty
of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University; Ke Karlovu 3, CZ12116 Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | | | - Martin Švec
- Institute
of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences; Cukrovarnická 10/112, CZ16200 Praha 6, Czech Republic
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech
Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo náměstí 542/2, CZ16000 Praha 6, Czech Republic
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4
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Jiang S, Neuman T, Bretel R, Boeglin A, Scheurer F, Le Moal E, Schull G. Many-Body Description of STM-Induced Fluorescence of Charged Molecules. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:126202. [PMID: 37027885 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.126202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
A scanning tunneling microscope is used to study the fluorescence of a model charged molecule (quinacridone) adsorbed on a sodium chloride (NaCl)-covered metallic sample. Fluorescence from the neutral and positively charged species is reported and imaged using hyperresolved fluorescence microscopy. A many-body model is established based on a detailed analysis of voltage, current, and spatial dependences of the fluorescence and electron transport features. This model reveals that quinacridone adopts a palette of charge states, transient or not, depending on the voltage used and the nature of the underlying substrate. This model has a universal character and clarifies the transport and fluorescence mechanisms of molecules adsorbed on thin insulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Jiang
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPCMS, UMR 7504, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Tomáš Neuman
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay (ISMO), UMR 8214, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Rémi Bretel
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay (ISMO), UMR 8214, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Alex Boeglin
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPCMS, UMR 7504, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Fabrice Scheurer
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPCMS, UMR 7504, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Eric Le Moal
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay (ISMO), UMR 8214, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Guillaume Schull
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPCMS, UMR 7504, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
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5
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Rai V, Gerhard L, Balzer N, Valášek M, Holzer C, Yang L, Wegener M, Rockstuhl C, Mayor M, Wulfhekel W. Activating Electroluminescence of Charged Naphthalene Diimide Complexes Directly Adsorbed on a Metal Substrate. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:036201. [PMID: 36763403 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.036201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Electroluminescence from single molecules adsorbed on a conducting surface imposes conflicting demands for the molecule-electrode coupling. To conduct electrons, the molecular orbitals need to be hybridized with the electrodes. To emit light, they need to be decoupled from the electrodes to prevent fluorescence quenching. Here, we show that fully quenched 2,6-core-substituted naphthalene diimide derivative in a self-assembled monolayer directly deposited on a Au(111) surface can be activated with the tip of a scanning tunneling microscope to decouple the relevant frontier orbitals from the metallic substrate. In this way, individual molecules can be driven from a strongly hybridized state with quenched luminescence to a light-emitting state. The emission performance compares in terms of quantum efficiency, stability, and reproducibility to that of single molecules deposited on thin insulating layers. Quantum chemical calculations suggest that the emitted light originates from the singly charged cationic pair of the molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibhuti Rai
- Institute for Quantum Materials and Technologies, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Lukas Gerhard
- Institute for Quantum Materials and Technologies, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Nico Balzer
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Michal Valášek
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Christof Holzer
- Institute of Theoretical Solid State Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Liang Yang
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Martin Wegener
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Carsten Rockstuhl
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute of Theoretical Solid State Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Marcel Mayor
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johannsring 19, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
- Lehn Institute of Functional Materials (LIFM), Sun Yat-Sen University (SYSU), Xingang West Road, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wulf Wulfhekel
- Institute for Quantum Materials and Technologies, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Physikalisches Institut, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
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6
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Martín-Jiménez A, Jover Ó, Lauwaet K, Granados D, Miranda R, Otero R. Selectively Addressing Plasmonic Modes and Excitonic States in a Nanocavity Hosting a Quantum Emitter. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:9283-9289. [PMID: 36441511 PMCID: PMC9756330 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c02758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Controlling the interaction between the excitonic states of a quantum emitter and the plasmonic modes of a nanocavity is key for the development of quantum information processing devices. In this Letter we demonstrate that the tunnel electroluminescence of electrically insulated C60 nanocrystals enclosed in the plasmonic nanocavity at the junction of a scanning tunneling microscope can be switched from a broad emission spectrum, revealing the plasmonic modes of the cavity, to a narrow band emission, displaying only the excitonic states of the C60 molecules by changing the bias voltage applied to the junction. Interestingly, excitonic emission dominates the spectra in the high-voltage region in which the simultaneously acquired inelastic rate is low, demonstrating that the excitons cannot be created by an inelastic tunnel process. These results point toward new possible mechanisms for tunnel electroluminescence of quantum emitters and offer new avenues to develop electrically tunable nanoscale light sources.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Óscar Jover
- IMDEA-Nanoscience
Center, 28049Madrid, Spain
- Departamento
de Física de la Materia Condensada & IFIMAC, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Rodolfo Miranda
- IMDEA-Nanoscience
Center, 28049Madrid, Spain
- Departamento
de Física de la Materia Condensada & IFIMAC, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049Madrid, Spain
| | - Roberto Otero
- IMDEA-Nanoscience
Center, 28049Madrid, Spain
- Departamento
de Física de la Materia Condensada & IFIMAC, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049Madrid, Spain
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7
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Krukowski P, Hattori T, Akai-Kasaya M, Saito A, Osuga H, Kuwahara Y. Light Emission from M-Type Enantiomer of 2,13-bis(hydroxymethyl)[7]-thiaheterohelicene Molecules Adsorbed on Au(111) and C 60/Au(111) Surfaces Investigated by STM-LE. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315399. [PMID: 36499724 PMCID: PMC9737099 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Light emission from the M-type enantiomer of a helicene derivative (2,13-bis(hydroxymethyl)[7]-thiaheterohelicene) adsorbed on the clean Au(111) and the C60-covered Au(111) surfaces were investigated by tunneling-current-induced light-emission technique. Plasmon-originated light emission was observed on the helicence/Au(111) surface and it was strongly suppressed on the area where the helicene molecules were adsorbed at the edges of the Au(111) terraces. To avoid luminescence quenching of excited helicene molecules and to suppress strong plasmon light emission from the Au(111) surface, C60 layers were used as decoupling buffer layers between helicene molecules and the Au(111) surface. Helicene molecules were adsorbed preferentially on the Au(111) surface rather than on the C60 buffer layers due to the small interaction of the molecules and C60 islands. This fact motivated us to deposit a multilayer of helicene molecules onto the C60 layers grown on the Au(111) surface, leading to the fact that the helicene/C60 multilayer showed strong luminescence with the molecules character. We consider that such strong light emission from the multilayer of helicene molecules has a plasmon origin strongly modulated by the molecular electronic states of (M)-[7]TH-diol molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Krukowski
- Department of Solid State Physics, Faculty of Physics and Applied Informatics, University of Lodz, 90–236 Łódź, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Takuma Hattori
- Department of Precision Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita 565–0871, Japan
| | - Megumi Akai-Kasaya
- Department of Precision Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita 565–0871, Japan
| | - Akira Saito
- Department of Precision Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita 565–0871, Japan
| | - Hideji Osuga
- Department of Materials Science and Chemistry, Faculty of Systems Engineering, Wakayama University, Wakayama 640-8510, Japan
| | - Yuji Kuwahara
- Department of Precision Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita 565–0871, Japan
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8
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Doležal J, Canola S, Hapala P, de Campos Ferreira RC, Merino P, Švec M. Evidence of exciton-libron coupling in chirally adsorbed single molecules. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6008. [PMID: 36224183 PMCID: PMC9556530 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33653-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Interplay between motion of nuclei and excitations has an important role in molecular photophysics of natural and artificial structures. Here we provide a detailed analysis of coupling between quantized librational modes (librons) and charged excited states (trions) on single phthalocyanine dyes adsorbed on a surface. By means of tip-induced electroluminescence performed with a scanning probe microscope, we identify libronic signatures in spectra of chirally adsorbed phthalocyanines and find that these signatures are absent from spectra of symmetrically adsorbed species. We create a model of the libronic coupling based on the Franck-Condon principle to simulate the spectral features. Experimentally measured librational spectra match very well the theoretically calculated librational eigenenergies and peak intensities (Franck-Condon factors). Moreover, the comparison reveals an unexpected depopulation channel for the zero libron of the excited state that can be effectively controlled by tuning the size of the nanocavity. Our results showcase the possibility of characterizing the dynamics of molecules by their low-energy molecular modes using µeV-resolved tip-enhanced spectroscopy. Vibronic coupling in molecules plays an essential role in photophysics. Here, the authors observe optical fingerprints of the coupling between librational states and charged excited states in a single phthalocyanine molecule chirally absorbed on a surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Doležal
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, CZ16200, Praha 6, Czech Republic. .,Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, CZ12116, Praha 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Sofia Canola
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, CZ16200, Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Prokop Hapala
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, CZ16200, Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | | | - Pablo Merino
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, E08193, Barcelona, Spain.,Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid; CSIC, E28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Martin Švec
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, CZ16200, Praha 6, Czech Republic. .,Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, CZ16000, Praha 6, Czech Republic.
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9
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Mahapatra S, Schultz JF, Li L, Zhang X, Jiang N. Controlling Localized Plasmons via an Atomistic Approach: Attainment of Site-Selective Activation inside a Single Molecule. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:2051-2055. [PMID: 34978804 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c11547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Chemical reactions such as bond dissociation and formation assisted by localized surface plasmons (LSPs) of noble metal nanostructures hold promise in solar-to-chemical energy conversion. However, the precise control of localized plasmons to activate a specific moiety of a molecule, in the presence of multiple chemically equivalent parts within a single molecule, is scarce due to the relatively large lateral distribution of the plasmonic field. Herein, we report the plasmon-assisted dissociation of a specific molecular site (C-Si bond) within a polyfunctional molecule adsorbed on a Cu(100) surface in the scanning tunneling microscope (STM) junction. The molecular site to be activated can be selected by carefully positioning the tip and bringing the tip extremely close to the molecule (atomistic approach), thereby achieving plasmonic nanoconfinement at the tip apex. Furthermore, multiple reactive sites are activated in a sequential manner at the sub-molecular scale, and different sets of products are created and visualized by STM topography and density functional theory (DFT) modeling. The illustration of site-selective activation achieved by localized surface plasmons implies the realization of molecular-scale resolution for bond-selected plasmon-induced chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayantan Mahapatra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Jeremy F Schultz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Linfei Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, California State University, Northridge, California 91330, United States
| | - Nan Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
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