1
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Chhaperwal M, Tongale HM, Hays P, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Tongay SA, Majumdar K. Simultaneously Enhancing Brightness and Purity of WSe 2 Single Photon Emitter Using High-Aspect-Ratio Nanopillar Array on Metal. NANO LETTERS 2024. [PMID: 39320150 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c03168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2024]
Abstract
A monolayer semiconductor transferred on nanopillar arrays provides site-controlled, on-chip single photon emission, which is a scalable light source platform for quantum technologies. However, the brightness of these emitters reported to date often falls short of the perceived requirement for such applications. Also, the single photon purity usually degrades as the brightness increases. Hence, there is a need for a design methodology to achieve an enhanced emission rate while maintaining high single photon purity. By using WSe2 on high-aspect-ratio (∼3, at least 2-fold higher than previous reports) nanopillar arrays, here we demonstrate >10 MHz single photon emission rate in the 770-800 nm band that is compatible with quantum memory and repeater networks (Rb-87-D1/D2 lines) and satellite quantum communication. The emitters exhibit excellent purity (even at high emission rates) and improved out-coupling due to the use of a gold back reflector that quenches the emission away from the nanopillar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayank Chhaperwal
- Department of Electrical Communication Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Himanshu Madhukar Tongale
- Department of Electrical Communication Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Patrick Hays
- Materials Science and Engineering, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Research Center for Electronic and Optical Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-044, Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-044, Japan
| | - Seth Ariel Tongay
- Materials Science and Engineering, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Kausik Majumdar
- Department of Electrical Communication Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
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2
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Paralikis A, Piccinini C, Madigawa AA, Metuh P, Vannucci L, Gregersen N, Munkhbat B. Tailoring polarization in WSe 2 quantum emitters through deterministic strain engineering. NPJ 2D MATERIALS AND APPLICATIONS 2024; 8:59. [PMID: 39268029 PMCID: PMC11387192 DOI: 10.1038/s41699-024-00497-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 08/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024]
Abstract
Quantum emitters in transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have recently emerged as a promising platform for generating single photons for optical quantum information processing. In this work, we present an approach for deterministically controlling the polarization of fabricated quantum emitters in a tungsten diselenide (WSe2) monolayer. We employ novel nanopillar geometries with long and sharp tips to induce a controlled directional strain in the monolayer, and we report on fabricated WSe2 emitters producing single photons with a high degree of polarization (99 ± 4%) and high purity (g (2)(0) = 0.030 ± 0.025). Our work paves the way for the deterministic integration of TMD-based quantum emitters for future photonic quantum technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Paralikis
- Department of Electrical and Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Claudia Piccinini
- Department of Electrical and Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Abdulmalik A Madigawa
- Department of Electrical and Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Pietro Metuh
- Department of Electrical and Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Luca Vannucci
- Department of Electrical and Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Niels Gregersen
- Department of Electrical and Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Battulga Munkhbat
- Department of Electrical and Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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3
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Zhang C, Gong Z, He D, Yan Y, Li S, Zhao K, Wang J, Wang Y, Zhang X. Research Progress of Single-Photon Emitters Based on Two-Dimensional Materials. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:918. [PMID: 38869543 PMCID: PMC11173489 DOI: 10.3390/nano14110918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
From quantum communications to quantum computing, single-photon emitters (SPEs) are essential components of numerous quantum technologies. Two-dimensional (2D) materials have especially been found to be highly attractive for the research into nanoscale light-matter interactions. In particular, localized photonic states at their surfaces have attracted great attention due to their enormous potential applications in quantum optics. Recently, SPEs have been achieved in various 2D materials, while the challenges still remain. This paper reviews the recent research progress on these SPEs based on various 2D materials, such as transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), hexagonal boron nitride (hBN), and twisted-angle 2D materials. Additionally, we summarized the strategies to create, position, enhance, and tune the emission wavelength of these emitters by introducing external fields into these 2D system. For example, pronounced enhancement of the SPEs' properties can be achieved by coupling with external fields, such as the plasmonic field, and by locating in optical microcavities. Finally, this paper also discusses current challenges and offers perspectives that could further stimulate scientific research in this field. These emitters, due to their unique physical properties and integration potential, are highly appealing for applications in quantum information and communication, as well as other physical and technological fields.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yongsheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Optical Information, Ministry of Education, Institute of Optoelectronic Technology, School of Physical Science and Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China; (C.Z.); (Z.G.); (D.H.); (Y.Y.); (S.L.); (K.Z.); (J.W.)
| | - Xiaoxian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Optical Information, Ministry of Education, Institute of Optoelectronic Technology, School of Physical Science and Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China; (C.Z.); (Z.G.); (D.H.); (Y.Y.); (S.L.); (K.Z.); (J.W.)
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4
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Jo JS, Lee J, Choi C, Jang JW. Tip-based Lithography with a Sacrificial Layer. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2309484. [PMID: 38287738 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202309484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
The fabrication of a highly controlled gold (Au) nanohole (NH) array via tip-based lithography is improved by incorporating a sacrificial layer-a tip-crash buffer layer. This inclusion mitigates scratches during the nano-indentation process by employing a 300 nm thick poly(methyl methacrylate) layer as a sacrificial layer on top of the Au film. Such a precaution ensures minimal scratches on the Au film, facilitating the creation of sub-50 nm Au NHs with a 15 nm gap between the Au NHs. The precision of this method exceeds that of fabricating Au NHs without a sacrificial layer. Demonstrating its versatility, this Au NH array is utilized in two distinct applications: as a dry etching mask to form a molybdenum disulfide hole array and as a catalyst in metal-assisted chemical etching, resulting in conical-shaped silicon nanostructures. Additionally, a significant electric field is generated when Au nanoparticles (NPs) are placed within the Au NHs. This effect arises from coupling electromagnetic waves, concentrated by the Au NHs and amplified by the Au NPs. A notable result of this configuration is the enhancement factor of surface-enhanced Raman scattering, which is an order of magnitude greater than that observed with just Au NHs and Au NPs alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Sik Jo
- Division of Physics and Semiconductor Science, Dongguk University, Seoul, 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinho Lee
- Division of Physics and Semiconductor Science, Dongguk University, Seoul, 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Chiwon Choi
- Division of Physics and Semiconductor Science, Dongguk University, Seoul, 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Won Jang
- Division of Physics and Semiconductor Science, Dongguk University, Seoul, 04620, Republic of Korea
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5
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Hou Y, Zhou J, Xue M, Yu M, Han Y, Zhang Z, Lu Y. Strain Engineering of Twisted Bilayer Graphene: The Rise of Strain-Twistronics. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2311185. [PMID: 38616775 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202311185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
The layer-by-layer stacked van der Waals structures (termed vdW hetero/homostructures) offer a new paradigm for materials design-their physical properties can be tuned by the vertical stacking sequence as well as by adding a mechanical twist, stretch, and hydrostatic pressure to the atomic structure. In particular, simple twisting and stacking of two layers of graphene can form a uniform and ordered Moiré superlattice, which can effectively modulate the electrons of graphene layers and lead to the discovery of unconventional superconductivity and strong correlations. However, the twist angle of twisted bilayer graphene (tBLG) is almost unchangeable once the interlayer stacking is determined, while applying mechanical elastic strain provides an alternative way to deeply regulate the electronic structure by controlling the lattice spacing and symmetry. In this review, diverse experimental advances are introduced in straining tBLG by in-plane and out-of-plane modes, followed by the characterizations and calculations toward quantitatively tuning the strain-engineered electronic structures. It is further discussed that the structural relaxation in strained Moiré superlattice and its influence on electronic structures. Finally, the conclusion entails prospects for opportunities of strained twisted 2D materials, discussions on existing challenges, and an outlook on the intriguing emerging field, namely "strain-twistronics".
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Hou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Jingzhuo Zhou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Minmin Xue
- Key Laboratory for Intelligent Nano Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structures, and Institute for Frontier Science, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 210016, China
| | - Maolin Yu
- Key Laboratory for Intelligent Nano Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structures, and Institute for Frontier Science, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 210016, China
| | - Ying Han
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Zhuhua Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Intelligent Nano Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structures, and Institute for Frontier Science, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 210016, China
| | - Yang Lu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
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6
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Velja S, Krumland J, Cocchi C. Electronic properties of MoSe 2 nanowrinkles. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:7134-7144. [PMID: 38501908 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr06261a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Mechanical deformations, either spontaneously occurring during sample preparation or purposely induced in their nanoscale manipulation, drastically affect the electronic and optical properties of transition metal dichalcogenide monolayers. In this first-principles work based on density-functional theory, we shed light on the interplay among strain, curvature, and electronic structure of MoSe2 nanowrinkles. We analyze their structural properties highlighting the effects of coexisting local domains of tensile and compressive strain in the same system. By contrasting the band structures of the nanowrinkles against counterparts obtained for flat monolayers subject to the same amount of strain, we clarify that the specific features of the former, such as the moderate variation of the band-gap size and its persisting direct nature, are ruled by curvature rather than strain. The analysis of the wave-function distribution indicates strain-dependent localization of the frontier states in the conduction region while in the valence, the sensitivity to strain is much less pronounced. The discussion about transport properties, based on inspection of the effective masses, reveals excellent perspectives for these systems as active components for (opto)electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Velja
- Institute of Physics, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany.
| | - Jannis Krumland
- Institute of Physics, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany.
- Department of Physics and IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Caterina Cocchi
- Institute of Physics, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany.
- Department of Physics and IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Center for Nanoscale Dynamics (CeNaD), Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
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7
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Krumland J, Velja S, Cocchi C. Quantum Dots in Transition Metal Dichalcogenides Induced by Atomic-Scale Deformations. ACS PHOTONICS 2024; 11:586-595. [PMID: 38405397 PMCID: PMC10885200 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.3c01470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Single-photon emission from monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides requires the existence of localized, atom-like states within the extended material. Here, we predict from first-principles the existence of quantum dots around atomic-scale protrusions, which result from substrate roughness or particles trapped between layers. Using density functional theory, we find such deformations to give rise to local membrane stretching and curvature, which lead to the emergence of gap states. Having enhanced outer-surface localization, they are prone to mixing with states pertaining to chalcogen vacancies and adsorbates. If the deformation is sharp, the conduction band minimum furthermore assumes atomic and valley-mixed character, potentially enabling quantum light emission. When such structural defects are arranged in an array, the new states couple to form energetically separated sub-bands, holding promise for intriguing superlattice dynamics. All of the observed features are shown to be closely linked to elastic, deformation-induced intra- and intervalley scattering processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannis Krumland
- Institute
of Physics, Carl von Ossietzky Universität
Oldenburg, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
- Physics
Department and IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität
zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Velja
- Institute
of Physics, Carl von Ossietzky Universität
Oldenburg, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Caterina Cocchi
- Institute
of Physics, Carl von Ossietzky Universität
Oldenburg, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
- Physics
Department and IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität
zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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8
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Yanev ES, Darlington TP, Ladyzhets SA, Strasbourg MC, Trovatello C, Liu S, Rhodes DA, Hall K, Sinha A, Borys NJ, Hone JC, Schuck PJ. Programmable nanowrinkle-induced room-temperature exciton localization in monolayer WSe 2. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1543. [PMID: 38378789 PMCID: PMC10879107 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45936-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Localized states in two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) have been the subject of intense study, driven by potential applications in quantum information science. Despite the rapidly growing knowledge surrounding these emitters, their microscopic nature is still not fully understood, limiting their production and application. Motivated by this challenge, and by recent theoretical and experimental evidence showing that nanowrinkles generate strain-localized room-temperature emitters, we demonstrate a method to intentionally induce wrinkles with collections of stressors, showing that long-range wrinkle direction and position are controllable with patterned array design. Nano-photoluminescence (nano-PL) imaging combined with detailed strain modeling based on measured wrinkle topography establishes a correlation between wrinkle properties, particularly shear strain, and localized exciton emission. Beyond the array-induced wrinkles, nano-PL spatial maps further reveal that the strain environment around individual stressors is heterogeneous due to the presence of fine wrinkles that are less deterministic. At cryogenic temperatures, antibunched emission is observed, confirming that the nanocone-induced strain is sufficiently large for the formation of quantum emitters. At 300 K, detailed nanoscale hyperspectral images uncover a wide range of low-energy emission peaks originating from the fine wrinkles, and show that the states can be tightly confined to regions <10 nm, even in ambient conditions. These results establish a promising potential route towards realizing room temperature quantum emission in 2D TMDC systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuil S Yanev
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Thomas P Darlington
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sophia A Ladyzhets
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Chiara Trovatello
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Song Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daniel A Rhodes
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Kobi Hall
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Aditya Sinha
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nicholas J Borys
- Department of Physics, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA.
| | - James C Hone
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - P James Schuck
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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9
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Wang J, He L, Zhang Y, Nong H, Li S, Wu Q, Tan J, Liu B. Locally Strained 2D Materials: Preparation, Properties, and Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2314145. [PMID: 38339886 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202314145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
2D materials are promising for strain engineering due to their atomic thickness and exceptional mechanical properties. In particular, non-uniform and localized strain can be induced in 2D materials by generating out-of-plane deformations, resulting in novel phenomena and properties, as witnessed in recent years. Therefore, the locally strained 2D materials are of great value for both fundamental studies and practical applications. This review discusses techniques for introducing local strains to 2D materials, and their feasibility, advantages, and challenges. Then, the unique effects and properties that arise from local strain are explored. The representative applications based on locally strained 2D materials are illustrated, including memristor, single photon emitter, and photodetector. Finally, concluding remarks on the challenges and opportunities in the emerging field of locally strained 2D materials are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Wang
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute and Institute of Materials Research, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Liqiong He
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute and Institute of Materials Research, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Yunhao Zhang
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute and Institute of Materials Research, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Huiyu Nong
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute and Institute of Materials Research, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Shengnan Li
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute and Institute of Materials Research, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Qinke Wu
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute and Institute of Materials Research, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Junyang Tan
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute and Institute of Materials Research, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Bilu Liu
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute and Institute of Materials Research, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
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10
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Dai B, Su Y, Guo Y, Wu C, Xie Y. Recent Strategies for the Synthesis of Phase-Pure Ultrathin 1T/1T' Transition Metal Dichalcogenide Nanosheets. Chem Rev 2024; 124:420-454. [PMID: 38146851 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
The past few decades have witnessed a notable increase in transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) related research not only because of the large family of TMD candidates but also because of the various polytypes that arise from the monolayer configuration and layer stacking order. The peculiar physicochemical properties of TMD nanosheets enable an enormous range of applications from fundamental science to industrial technologies based on the preparation of high-quality TMDs. For polymorphic TMDs, the 1T/1T' phase is particularly intriguing because of the enriched density of states, and thus facilitates fruitful chemistry. Herein, we comprehensively discuss the most recent strategies for direct synthesis of phase-pure 1T/1T' TMD nanosheets such as mechanical exfoliation, chemical vapor deposition, wet chemical synthesis, atomic layer deposition, and more. We also review frequently adopted methods for phase engineering in TMD nanosheets ranging from chemical doping and alloying, to charge injection, and irradiation with optical or charged particle beams. Prior to the synthesis methods, we discuss the configuration of TMDs as well as the characterization tools mostly used in experiments. Finally, we discuss the current challenges and opportunities as well as emphasize the promising fields for the future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baohu Dai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yueqi Su
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yuqiao Guo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Changzheng Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yi Xie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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11
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Huang JT, Bai B, Han YX, Feng PY, Wang XJ, Li XZ, Huang GY, Sun HB. Super-Resolution Exciton Imaging of Nanobubbles in 2D Semiconductors with Near-Field Nanophotoluminescence Microscopy. ACS NANO 2024; 18:272-280. [PMID: 38096138 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c06102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors, such as transition metal dichalcogenides, have emerged as important candidate materials for next-generation chip-scale optoelectronic devices with the development of large-scale production techniques, such as chemical vapor deposition (CVD). However, 2D materials need to be transferred to other target substrates after growth, during which various micro- and nanoscale defects, such as nanobubbles, are inevitably generated. These nanodefects not only influence the uniformity of 2D semiconductors but also may significantly alter the local optoelectronic properties of the composed devices. Hence, super-resolution discrimination and characterization of nanodefects are highly demanded. Here, we report a near-field nanophotoluminescence (nano-PL) microscope that can quickly screen nanobubbles and investigate their impact on local excitonic properties of 2D semiconductors by directly visualize the PL emission distribution with a very high spatial resolution of ∼10 nm, far below the optical diffraction limit, and a high speed of 10 ms/point under ambient conditions. By using nano-PL microscopy to map the exciton and trion emission intensity distributions in transferred CVD-grown monolayer tungsten disulfide (1L-WS2) flakes, it is found that the PL intensity decreases by 13.4% as the height of the nanobubble increases by every nanometer, which is mainly caused by the suppression of trion emission due to the strong doping effect from the substrate. In addition to the nanobubbles, other types of nanodefects, such as cracks, stacks, and grain boundaries, can also be characterized. The nano-PL method is proven to be a powerful tool for the nondestructive quality inspection of nanodefects as well as the super-resolution exploration of local optoelectronic properties of 2D materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Tai Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Benfeng Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yu-Xiao Han
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Peng-Yi Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiao-Jie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiao-Ze Li
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Guan-Yao Huang
- Key Laboratory for Thermal Science and Power Engineering of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of CO2 Utilization and Reduction Technology, Department of Energy and Power Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hong-Bo Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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12
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Aftab S, Hussain S, Al-Kahtani AA. Latest Innovations in 2D Flexible Nanoelectronics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2301280. [PMID: 37104492 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202301280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
2D materials with dangling-bond-free surfaces and atomically thin layers have been shown to be capable of being incorporated into flexible electronic devices. The electronic and optical properties of 2D materials can be tuned or controlled in other ways by using the intriguing strain engineering method. The latest and encouraging techniques in regard to creating flexible 2D nanoelectronics are condensed in this review. These techniques have the potential to be used in a wider range of applications in the near and long term. It is possible to use ultrathin 2D materials (graphene, BP, WTe2 , VSe2 etc.) and 2D transition metal dichalcogenides (2D TMDs) in order to enable the electrical behavior of the devices to be studied. A category of materials is produced on smaller scales by exfoliating bulk materials, whereas chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and epitaxial growth are employed on larger scales. This overview highlights two distinct requirements, which include from a single semiconductor or with van der Waals heterostructures of various nanomaterials. They include where strain must be avoided and where it is required, such as solutions to produce strain-insensitive devices, and such as pressure-sensitive outcomes, respectively. Finally, points-of-view about the current difficulties and possibilities in regard to using 2D materials in flexible electronics are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sikandar Aftab
- Department of Intelligent Mechatronics Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, South Korea
| | - Sajjad Hussain
- Department of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, South Korea
| | - Abdullah A Al-Kahtani
- Chemistry Department, Collage of Science, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
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13
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Drawer JC, Mitryakhin VN, Shan H, Stephan S, Gittinger M, Lackner L, Han B, Leibeling G, Eilenberger F, Banerjee R, Tongay S, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Lienau C, Silies M, Anton-Solanas C, Esmann M, Schneider C. Monolayer-Based Single-Photon Source in a Liquid-Helium-Free Open Cavity Featuring 65% Brightness and Quantum Coherence. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:8683-8689. [PMID: 37688586 PMCID: PMC10540255 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c02584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Solid-state single-photon sources are central building blocks in quantum information processing. Atomically thin crystals have emerged as sources of nonclassical light; however, they perform below the state-of-the-art devices based on volume crystals. Here, we implement a bright single-photon source based on an atomically thin sheet of WSe2 coupled to a tunable optical cavity in a liquid-helium-free cryostat without the further need for active stabilization. Its performance is characterized by high single-photon purity (g(2)(0) = 4.7 ± 0.7%) and record-high, first-lens brightness of linearly polarized photons of 65 ± 4%, representing a decisive step toward real-world quantum applications. The high performance of our devices allows us to observe two-photon interference in a Hong-Ou-Mandel experiment with 2% visibility limited by the emitter coherence time and setup resolution. Our results thus demonstrate that the combination of the unique properties of two-dimensional materials and versatile open cavities emerges as an inspiring avenue for novel quantum optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens-Christian Drawer
- Institute of Physics, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | | | - Hangyong Shan
- Institute of Physics, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Sven Stephan
- Institute of Physics, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
- University of Applied Sciences Emden/Leer, 26723 Emden, Germany
| | - Moritz Gittinger
- Institute of Physics, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Lukas Lackner
- Institute of Physics, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Bo Han
- Institute of Physics, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Gilbert Leibeling
- Institute of Applied Physics, Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Fraunhofer-Institute for Applied Optics and Precision Engineering IOF, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Max-Planck-School of Photonics, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Falk Eilenberger
- Institute of Applied Physics, Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Fraunhofer-Institute for Applied Optics and Precision Engineering IOF, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Max-Planck-School of Photonics, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Rounak Banerjee
- Materials Science and Engineering, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Sefaattin Tongay
- Materials Science and Engineering, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Christoph Lienau
- Institute of Physics, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Martin Silies
- University of Applied Sciences Emden/Leer, 26723 Emden, Germany
| | - Carlos Anton-Solanas
- Depto. de Física de Materiales, Instituto Nicolás Cabrera, Instituto de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Martin Esmann
- Institute of Physics, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Christian Schneider
- Institute of Physics, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
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14
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Abramov AN, Chestnov IY, Alimova ES, Ivanova T, Mukhin IS, Krizhanovskii DN, Shelykh IA, Iorsh IV, Kravtsov V. Photoluminescence imaging of single photon emitters within nanoscale strain profiles in monolayer WSe 2. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5737. [PMID: 37714836 PMCID: PMC10504242 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41292-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Local deformation of atomically thin van der Waals materials provides a powerful approach to create site-controlled chip-compatible single-photon emitters (SPEs). However, the microscopic mechanisms underlying the formation of such strain-induced SPEs are still not fully clear, which hinders further efforts in their deterministic integration with nanophotonic structures for developing practical on-chip sources of quantum light. Here we investigate SPEs with single-photon purity up to 98% created in monolayer WSe2 via nanoindentation. Using photoluminescence imaging in combination with atomic force microscopy, we locate single-photon emitting sites on a deep sub-wavelength spatial scale and reconstruct the details of the surrounding local strain potential. The obtained results suggest that the origin of the observed single-photon emission is likely related to strain-induced spectral shift of dark excitonic states and their hybridization with localized states of individual defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem N Abramov
- School of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, Saint Petersburg, 197101, Russia
| | - Igor Y Chestnov
- School of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, Saint Petersburg, 197101, Russia
| | - Ekaterina S Alimova
- Peter The Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, Saint Petersburg, 195251, Russia
| | - Tatiana Ivanova
- School of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, Saint Petersburg, 197101, Russia
| | - Ivan S Mukhin
- School of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, Saint Petersburg, 197101, Russia
- St. Petersburg Academic University, Saint Petersburg, 194021, Russia
| | | | - Ivan A Shelykh
- School of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, Saint Petersburg, 197101, Russia
- Science Institute, University of Iceland, Dunhagi-3, IS-107, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Abrikosov Center for Theoretical Physics, MIPT, Dolgoprudnyi, Moscow Region, 141701, Russia
- Russian Quantum Center, Skolkovo, Moscow, 143025, Russia
| | - Ivan V Iorsh
- School of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, Saint Petersburg, 197101, Russia
- Abrikosov Center for Theoretical Physics, MIPT, Dolgoprudnyi, Moscow Region, 141701, Russia
- Russian Quantum Center, Skolkovo, Moscow, 143025, Russia
| | - Vasily Kravtsov
- School of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, Saint Petersburg, 197101, Russia.
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15
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Seravalli L, Esposito F, Bosi M, Aversa L, Trevisi G, Verucchi R, Lazzarini L, Rossi F, Fabbri F. Built-in tensile strain dependence on the lateral size of monolayer MoS 2 synthesized by liquid precursor chemical vapor deposition. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:14669-14678. [PMID: 37624579 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr01687k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Strain engineering is an efficient tool to tune and tailor the electrical and optical properties of 2D materials. The built-in strain can be tuned during the synthesis process of a two-dimensional semiconductor, such as molybdenum disulfide, by employing different growth substrates with peculiar thermal properties. In this work, we demonstrate that the built-in strain of MoS2 monolayers, grown on a SiO2/Si substrate by liquid precursor chemical vapor deposition, is mainly dependent on the size of the monolayer. In fact, we identify a critical size equal to 20 μm, from which the built-in strain increases drastically. The built-in strain is the maximum for a 60 μm sized monolayer, leading to 1.2% tensile strain with a partial release of strain close to the monolayer triangular vertexes due to the formation of nanocracks. These findings also imply that the standard method for evaluation of the number of layers based on the Raman mode separation can become unreliable for highly strained monolayers with a lateral size above 20 μm.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Seravalli
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Magnetism (IMEM-CNR), Parco Area delle Scienze 37/a, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - F Esposito
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Magnetism (IMEM-CNR), Parco Area delle Scienze 37/a, 43124 Parma, Italy
- Department of Mathematical, Physical and Computer Sciences, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 7/a, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - M Bosi
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Magnetism (IMEM-CNR), Parco Area delle Scienze 37/a, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - L Aversa
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Magnetism (IMEM-CNR), FBK Trento unit, Via alla Cascata 56/C, 38123 Povo, Trento, Italy
| | - G Trevisi
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Magnetism (IMEM-CNR), Parco Area delle Scienze 37/a, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - R Verucchi
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Magnetism (IMEM-CNR), FBK Trento unit, Via alla Cascata 56/C, 38123 Povo, Trento, Italy
| | - L Lazzarini
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Magnetism (IMEM-CNR), Parco Area delle Scienze 37/a, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - F Rossi
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Magnetism (IMEM-CNR), Parco Area delle Scienze 37/a, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - F Fabbri
- NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze - CNR, Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy.
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16
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Lyu J, Yin Y, Kong D, Zhao C, Zhang X, Li A, Yi W, Wu Y, Wang X, Liu R. On-Chip Ultralow-Threshold Tunable CdSSe Nanobelt Lasers Excited by the Emission of Linked ZnO Nanowire. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:3861-3868. [PMID: 37067291 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c00613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The integration of optical waveguide and on-chip nanolasers source has been one of the trends in photonic devices. For on-chip nanolasers, the integration of nanowires and high antidamage ability are imperative. Herein, we realized the on-chip ultralow-threshold and wavelength-tunable lasing from alloyed CdSSe nanobelt chip that is excited by the emission from linked ZnO nanowires. ZnO nanowire arrays are integrated into CdSSe nanobelt chips by the dry transfer method. A one-dimensional (1D) ZnO nanowire forms high-quality optical resonators and serves as an indirect pumping light to stimulate CdSSe nanobelt chips, and then wavelength-tunable lasing is generated with the ultralow threshold of 3.88 μW. The lasing mechanism is quite different than direct excitation by nanosecond laser pulse and indirect pumping by ZnO emission. The ZnO-CdSSe blocks provide a new solution to realize nanowire lasing from linked nanowires rather than direct laser pumping and thus avoid the light direct damage under general nanosecond laser excitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Lyu
- Beijing Key Lab of Nano-photonics and Ultrafine Optoelectronic Systems, School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
- Yangtze Delta Region Academy of Beijing Institute of Technology, Jiaxing 314000, P. R. China
| | - Yunsong Yin
- Beijing Key Lab of Nano-photonics and Ultrafine Optoelectronic Systems, School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Denan Kong
- Beijing Key Lab of Nano-photonics and Ultrafine Optoelectronic Systems, School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Chunyu Zhao
- Beijing Key Lab of Nano-photonics and Ultrafine Optoelectronic Systems, School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- Beijing Key Lab of Nano-photonics and Ultrafine Optoelectronic Systems, School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - An Li
- Beijing Key Lab of Nano-photonics and Ultrafine Optoelectronic Systems, School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Wen Yi
- Beijing Key Lab of Nano-photonics and Ultrafine Optoelectronic Systems, School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Yumei Wu
- Beijing Key Lab of Nano-photonics and Ultrafine Optoelectronic Systems, School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
- Yangtze Delta Region Academy of Beijing Institute of Technology, Jiaxing 314000, P. R. China
| | - Xianshuang Wang
- Beijing Key Lab of Nano-photonics and Ultrafine Optoelectronic Systems, School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Ruibin Liu
- Beijing Key Lab of Nano-photonics and Ultrafine Optoelectronic Systems, School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
- Yangtze Delta Region Academy of Beijing Institute of Technology, Jiaxing 314000, P. R. China
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17
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Dai D, Wang X, Yang J, Dang J, Yuan Y, Fu B, Xie X, Yang L, Xiao S, Shi S, Yan S, Zhu R, Zuo Z, Wang C, Jin K, Gong Q, Xu X. Single charge control of localized excitons in heterostructures with ferroelectric thin films and two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:14537-14543. [PMID: 36185039 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr04119g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Single charge control of localized excitons (LXs) in two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) is crucial for potential applications in quantum information processing and storage. However, traditional electrostatic doping method by applying metallic gates onto TMDCs may cause inhomogeneous charge distribution, optical quenching, and energy loss. Herein, by locally controlling the ferroelectric polarization of the ferroelectric thin film BiFeO3 (BFO) with a scanning probe, we can deterministically manipulate the doping type of monolayer WSe2 to achieve p-type and n-type doping. This nonvolatile approach can maintain the doping type and hold the localized excitonic charges for a long time without applied voltage. Our work demonstrated that the ferroelectric polarization of BFO can control the charges of LXs effectively. Neutral and charged LXs have been observed in different ferroelectric polarization regions, confirmed by magnetic optical measurement. Highly circular polarization degree with 90% photon emission from these quantum emitters was achieved in high magnetic fields. Controlling the single charge of LXs in a non-volatile way shows a great potential for deterministic photon emission with desired charge states for photonic long-term memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danjie Dai
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation and School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xinyan Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation and School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jingnan Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, School of Physics, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China.
| | - Jianchen Dang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation and School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yu Yuan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation and School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bowen Fu
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, School of Physics, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China.
| | - Xin Xie
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation and School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Longlong Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation and School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shan Xiao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation and School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shushu Shi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation and School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Sai Yan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation and School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Rui Zhu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation and School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhanchun Zuo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation and School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Can Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation and School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China
| | - Kuijuan Jin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation and School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China
| | - Qihuang Gong
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, School of Physics, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China.
| | - Xiulai Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, School of Physics, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China.
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18
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Li S, Chui KK, Shen F, Huang H, Wen S, Yam C, Shao L, Xu J, Wang J. Generation and Detection of Strain-Localized Excitons in WS 2 Monolayer by Plasmonic Metal Nanocrystals. ACS NANO 2022; 16:10647-10656. [PMID: 35816169 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c02300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Excitons in a transition-metal dichalcogenide (TMDC) monolayer can be modulated through strain with spatial and spectral control, which offers opportunities for constructing quantum emitters for applications in on-chip quantum communication and information processing. Strain-localized excitons in TMDC monolayers have so far mainly been observed under cryogenic conditions because of their subwavelength emission area, low quantum yield, and thermal-fluctuation-induced delocalization. Herein, we demonstrate both generation and detection of strain-localized excitons in WS2 monolayer through a simple plasmonic structure design, where WS2 monolayer covers individual Au nanodisks or nanorods. Enhanced emission from the strain-localized excitons of the deformed WS2 monolayer near the plasmonic hotspots is observed at room temperature with a photoluminescence energy redshift up to 200 meV. The emission intensity and peak energy of the strain-localized excitons can be adjusted by the nanodisk size. Furthermore, the excitation and emission polarization of the strain-localized excitons are modulated by anisotropic Au nanorods. Our results provide a promising strategy for constructing nonclassical integrated light sources, high-sensitivity strain sensors, or tunable nanolasers for future dense nanophotonic integrated circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Li
- Shenzhen JL Computational Science and Applied Research Institute, Shenzhen 518131, China
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR
- Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ka Kit Chui
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Fuhuan Shen
- Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR
| | - He Huang
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Shizheng Wen
- Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing 100193, China
| | - ChiYung Yam
- Shenzhen JL Computational Science and Applied Research Institute, Shenzhen 518131, China
- Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lei Shao
- Shenzhen JL Computational Science and Applied Research Institute, Shenzhen 518131, China
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Jianbin Xu
- Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Jianfang Wang
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR
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19
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Kim G, Kim HM, Kumar P, Rahaman M, Stevens CE, Jeon J, Jo K, Kim KH, Trainor N, Zhu H, Sohn BH, Stach EA, Hendrickson JR, Glavin NR, Suh J, Redwing JM, Jariwala D. High-Density, Localized Quantum Emitters in Strained 2D Semiconductors. ACS NANO 2022; 16:9651-9659. [PMID: 35621266 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c02974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional chalcogenide semiconductors have recently emerged as a host material for quantum emitters of single photons. While several reports on defect- and strain-induced single-photon emission from 2D chalcogenides exist, a bottom-up, lithography-free approach to producing a high density of emitters remains elusive. Further, the physical properties of quantum emission in the case of strained 2D semiconductors are far from being understood. Here, we demonstrate a bottom-up, scalable, and lithography-free approach for creating large areas of localized emitters with high density (∼150 emitters/um2) in a WSe2 monolayer. We induce strain inside the WSe2 monolayer with high spatial density by conformally placing the WSe2 monolayer over a uniform array of Pt nanoparticles with a size of 10 nm. Cryogenic, time-resolved, and gate-tunable luminescence measurements combined with near-field luminescence spectroscopy suggest the formation of localized states in strained regions that emit single photons with a high spatial density. Our approach of using a metal nanoparticle array to generate a high density of strained quantum emitters will be applied to scalable, tunable, and versatile quantum light sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwangwoo Kim
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Hyong Min Kim
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Pawan Kumar
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Mahfujur Rahaman
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Christopher E Stevens
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Sensors Directorate, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433, United States
- KBR Inc., Beavercreek, Ohio 45431, United States
| | - Jonghyuk Jeon
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kiyoung Jo
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Kwan-Ho Kim
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Nicholas Trainor
- 2D Crystal Consortium-Materials Innovation Platform, Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Haoyue Zhu
- 2D Crystal Consortium-Materials Innovation Platform, Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Byeong-Hyeok Sohn
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Eric A Stach
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Joshua R Hendrickson
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Sensors Directorate, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Nicholas R Glavin
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Joonki Suh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Joan M Redwing
- 2D Crystal Consortium-Materials Innovation Platform, Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Deep Jariwala
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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20
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Electrically tunable quantum confinement of neutral excitons. Nature 2022; 606:298-304. [PMID: 35614215 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04634-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Confining particles to distances below their de Broglie wavelength discretizes their motional state. This fundamental effect is observed in many physical systems, ranging from electrons confined in atoms or quantum dots1,2 to ultracold atoms trapped in optical tweezers3,4. In solid-state photonics, a long-standing goal has been to achieve fully tunable quantum confinement of optically active electron-hole pairs, known as excitons. To confine excitons, existing approaches mainly rely on material modulation5, which suffers from poor control over the energy and position of trapping potentials. This has severely impeded the engineering of large-scale quantum photonic systems. Here we demonstrate electrically controlled quantum confinement of neutral excitons in 2D semiconductors. By combining gate-defined in-plane electric fields with inherent interactions between excitons and free charges in a lateral p-i-n junction, we achieve exciton confinement below 10 nm. Quantization of excitonic motion manifests in the measured optical response as a ladder of discrete voltage-dependent states below the continuum. Furthermore, we observe that our confining potentials lead to a strong modification of the relative wave function of excitons. Our technique provides an experimental route towards creating scalable arrays of identical single-photon sources and has wide-ranging implications for realizing strongly correlated photonic phases6,7 and on-chip optical quantum information processors8,9.
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Yang X, Wu R, Zheng B, Luo Z, You W, Liu H, Li L, Zhang Y, Tan Q, Liang D, Chen Y, Qu J, Yi X, Wang X, Zhou J, Duan H, Wang S, Chen S, Pan A. A Waveguide-Integrated Two-Dimensional Light-Emitting Diode Based on p-Type WSe 2/n-Type CdS Nanoribbon Heterojunction. ACS NANO 2022; 16:4371-4378. [PMID: 35191308 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c10607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have emerged as two-dimensional (2D) building blocks to construct nanoscale light sources. To date, a wide array of TMD-based light-emitting devices (LEDs) have been successfully demonstrated. Yet, their atomically thin and planar nature entails an additional waveguide/microcavity for effective optical routing/confinement. In this sense, integration of TMDs with electronically active photonic nanostructures to form a functional heterojunction is of crucial importance for 2D optoelectronic chips with reduced footprint and higher integration capacity. Here, we report a room-temperature waveguide-integrated light-emitting device based on a p-type monolayer (ML) tungsten diselenide (WSe2) and n-type cadmium sulfide (CdS) nanoribbon (NR) heterojunction diode. The hybrid LED exhibited clear rectification under forward biasing, giving pronounced electroluminescence (EL) at 1.65 eV from exciton resonances in ML WSe2. The integrated EL intensity against the driving current shows a superlinear profile at a high current level, implying a facilitated carrier injection via intervalley scattering. By leveraging CdS NR waveguides, the WSe2 EL can be efficiently coupled and further routed for potential optical interconnect functionalities. Our results manifest the waveguided LEDs as a dual-role module for TMD-based optoelectronic circuitries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yang
- Key Laboratory for Micro-Nano Physics and Technology of Hunan Province, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Wu
- Key Laboratory for Micro-Nano Physics and Technology of Hunan Province, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Biyuan Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Micro-Nano Physics and Technology of Hunan Province, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziyu Luo
- Key Laboratory for Micro-Nano Physics and Technology of Hunan Province, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenxia You
- Key Laboratory for Micro-Nano Physics and Technology of Hunan Province, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Huawei Liu
- Key Laboratory for Micro-Nano Physics and Technology of Hunan Province, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lihui Li
- College of Physics and Electronics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yushuang Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Micro-Nano Physics and Technology of Hunan Province, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Qin Tan
- College of Physics and Electronics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Delang Liang
- Key Laboratory for Micro-Nano Physics and Technology of Hunan Province, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Chen
- Key Laboratory for Micro-Nano Physics and Technology of Hunan Province, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Junyu Qu
- Key Laboratory for Micro-Nano Physics and Technology of Hunan Province, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Yi
- Key Laboratory for Micro-Nano Physics and Technology of Hunan Province, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingjun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Huigao Duan
- College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Shuangyin Wang
- Key Laboratory for Micro-Nano Physics and Technology of Hunan Province, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shula Chen
- Key Laboratory for Micro-Nano Physics and Technology of Hunan Province, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Anlian Pan
- Key Laboratory for Micro-Nano Physics and Technology of Hunan Province, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, Hunan, People's Republic of China
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