1
|
Zhuang X, Deng Y, Zhang Y, Wang K, Chen Y, Gao S, Xu J, Wang L, Cheng X. A strategy to fabricate nanostructures with sub-nanometer line edge roughness. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 35:495301. [PMID: 39137800 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ad6e88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Line edge roughness (LER) has been an important issue in the nanofabrication research, especially in integrated circuits. Despite numerous research studies has made efforts on achieving smaller LER value, a strategy to achieve sub-nanometer level LER still remains challenging due to inability to deposit energy with a profile of sub-nanometer LER. In this work, we introduce a strategy to fabricate structures with sub-nanometer LER, specifically, we use scanning helium ion beam to expose hydrogen silsesquioxane (HSQ) resist on thin SiNx membrane (∼20 nm) and present the 0.16 nm spatial imaging resolution based on this suspended membrane geometric construction, which is characterized by scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM). The suspended membrane serves as an energy filter of helium ion beam and due to the elimination of backscattering induced secondary electrons, we can systematically study the factors that influences the LER of the fabricated nanostructures. Furthermore, we explore the parameters including step size, designed exposure linewidth (DEL), delivered dosage and resist thickness and choosing the high contrast developer, the process window allows to fabricate lines with 0.2 nm LER is determined. AFM measurement and simulation work further reveal that at specific beam step size and DEL, the nanostructures with minimum LER can only be fabricated at specific resist thickness and dosage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhuang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Nanoimprint Technology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunsheng Deng
- Pico Center and SUSTech Core Research Facilities, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Lyra Lab, Tencent Music Entertainment, Shenzhen 518000, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaimin Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Nanoimprint Technology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Yulong Chen
- Industrialization Center of Micro & Nano ICs and Devices, Sino-German College of Intelligent Manufacturing, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiyang Gao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Nanoimprint Technology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingfu Xu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Nanoimprint Technology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Liqiu Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China, People's Republic of China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing Cheng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Nanoimprint Technology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lim G, Lee K, Koh C, Nishi T, Yoon HJ. Multinuclear Tin-Based Macrocyclic Organometallic Resist for EUV Photolithography. ACS MATERIALS AU 2024; 4:468-478. [PMID: 39280807 PMCID: PMC11393934 DOI: 10.1021/acsmaterialsau.4c00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/18/2024]
Abstract
We report a new photoresist based on a multinuclear tin-based macrocyclic complex and its performance for extreme UV (EUV) photolithography. The new photoresist has a trinuclear macrocyclic structure containing three salicylhydroxamic acid ligands and six Sn-CH3 bonds, which was confirmed by multinuclear nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and FT-IR spectroscopies and single-crystal X-ray diffraction study. The resist exhibited good humidity, air, and thermal stabilities, while showing good photochemical reactivity. Photochemical cross-linking of the resist was confirmed by X-ray photoelectron and solid-state NMR spectroscopic analyses. EUV photolithography with the 44 nm-thick film on a silicon wafer revealed a line-edge-roughness (LER) of 1.1 nm in a 20 nm half-pitch pattern. The Z-factor, a metric that gauges the performance of photoresists by considering the tradeoff between resolution, LER, and sensitivity (RLS), was estimated to be 1.28 × 10-8 mJ·nm3, indicating its great performance compared to the EUV photoresists reported in the literature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gayoung Lim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Kangsik Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Chawon Koh
- Semiconductor R&D Center, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd, Gyeonggi-do 18448, Republic of Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Tsunehiro Nishi
- Semiconductor R&D Center, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd, Gyeonggi-do 18448, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Jae Yoon
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Saifullah MSM, Rajak AK, Hofhuis KA, Tiwale N, Mahfoud Z, Testino A, Karadan P, Vockenhuber M, Kazazis D, Valiyaveettil S, Ekinci Y. Approaching Angstrom-Scale Resolution in Lithography Using Low-Molecular-Mass Resists (<500 Da). ACS NANO 2024; 18:24076-24094. [PMID: 39163414 PMCID: PMC11375778 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c03939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2024]
Abstract
Resists that enable high-throughput and high-resolution patterning are essential in driving the semiconductor technology forward. The ultimate patterning performance of a resist in lithography is limited because of the trade-off between resolution, line-width roughness, and sensitivity; improving one or two of these parameters typically leads to a loss in the third. As the patterned feature sizes approach angstrom scale, the trade-off between these three metrics becomes increasingly hard to resolve and calls for a fundamental rethinking of the resist chemistry. Low-molecular-mass monodispersed metal-containing resists of high atom economy can provide not only very high resolution but also very low line-width roughness without sacrificing sensitivity. Here we describe a modular metal-containing resist platform (molecular mass <500 Da) where a molecular resist consists of just two components: a metal and a radical initiator bonded to it. This simple system not only is amenable to high-resolution electron beam lithography (EBL) and extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUVL) but also unites them mechanistically, giving a consolidated perspective of molecular and chemical processes happening during exposure. Irradiation of the resist leads to the production of secondary electrons that generate radicals in the initiator bonded to metal. This brings about an intramolecular rearrangement and causes solubility switch in the exposed resist. We demonstrate record 1.9-2.0 nm isolated patterns and 7 nm half-pitch dense line-space features over a large area using EBL. With EUVL, 12 nm half-pitch line-space features are shown at a dose of 68 mJ/cm2. In both of these patterning techniques, the line-width roughness was found to be ≤2 nm, a record low value for any resist platform, also leading to a low-performance trade-off metric, Z factor, of 0.6 × 10-8 mJ·nm3. With the ultimate resolution limited by instrumental factors, potential patterning at the level of a unit cell can be envisaged, making low-molecular-mass resists best poised for angstrom-scale lithography.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad S M Saifullah
- Paul Scherrer Institut, Forschungsstrasse 111, Villigen PSI 5232, Switzerland
- PiBond Oy, Kutojantie 2B, Espoo 02630, Finland
| | - Anil Kumar Rajak
- Paul Scherrer Institut, Forschungsstrasse 111, Villigen PSI 5232, Switzerland
| | - Kevin A Hofhuis
- Paul Scherrer Institut, Forschungsstrasse 111, Villigen PSI 5232, Switzerland
| | - Nikhil Tiwale
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973-5000, United States of America
| | - Zackaria Mahfoud
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology, and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03 Innovis, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Andrea Testino
- Paul Scherrer Institut, Forschungsstrasse 111, Villigen PSI 5232, Switzerland
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, STI SMX-GE, Lausanne CH 1015, Switzerland
| | - Prajith Karadan
- Paul Scherrer Institut, Forschungsstrasse 111, Villigen PSI 5232, Switzerland
| | | | - Dimitrios Kazazis
- Paul Scherrer Institut, Forschungsstrasse 111, Villigen PSI 5232, Switzerland
| | - Suresh Valiyaveettil
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Republic of Singapore
| | - Yasin Ekinci
- Paul Scherrer Institut, Forschungsstrasse 111, Villigen PSI 5232, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang Y, Yu H, Wang L, Wu X, He J, Huang W, Ouyang C, Chen D, Keshta BE. Advanced lithography materials: From fundamentals to applications. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 329:103197. [PMID: 38781827 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2024.103197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The semiconductor industry has long been driven by advances in a nanofabrication technology known as lithography, and the fabrication of nanostructures on chips relies on an important coating, the photoresist layer. Photoresists are typically spin-coated to form a film and have a photolysis solubility transition and etch resistance that allow for rapid fabrication of nanostructures. As a result, photoresists have attracted great interest in both fundamental research and industrial applications. Currently, the semiconductor industry has entered the era of extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUVL) and expects photoresists to be able to fabricate sub-10 nm structures. In order to realize sub-10 nm nanofabrication, the development of photoresists faces several challenges in terms of sensitivity, etch resistance, and molecular size. In this paper, three types of lithographic mechanisms are reviewed to provide strategies for designing photoresists that can enable high-resolution nanofabrication. The discussion of the current state of the art in optical lithography is presented in depth. Practical applications of photoresists and related recent advances are summarized. Finally, the current achievements and remaining issues of photoresists are discussed and future research directions are envisioned.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanhui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Haojie Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China; Zhejiang-Russia Joint Laboratory of Photo-Electron-Megnetic Functional Materials, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China.
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China; Zhejiang-Russia Joint Laboratory of Photo-Electron-Megnetic Functional Materials, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Xudong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Jiawen He
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Wenbing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Chengaung Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Dingning Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Basem E Keshta
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sharma A, Zhu Y, Spangler EJ, Hoang TB, Laradji M. Highly Ordered Nanoassemblies of Janus Spherocylindrical Nanoparticles Adhering to Lipid Vesicles. ACS NANO 2024; 18:12957-12969. [PMID: 38720633 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c01099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, there has been a heightened interest in the self-assembly of nanoparticles (NPs) that is mediated by their adsorption onto lipid membranes. The interplay between the adhesive energy of NPs on a lipid membrane and the membrane's curvature energy causes it to wrap around the NPs. This results in an interesting membrane curvature-mediated interaction, which can lead to the self-assembly of NPs on lipid membranes. Recent studies have demonstrated that Janus spherical NPs, which adhere to lipid vesicles, can self-assemble into well-ordered nanoclusters with various geometries, including a few Platonic solids. The present study explores the additional effect of geometric anisotropy on the self-assembly of Janus NPs on lipid vesicles. Specifically, the current study utilized extensive molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the arrangement of Janus spherocylindrical NPs on lipid vesicles. We found that the additional geometric anisotropy significantly expands the range of NPs' self-assemblies on lipid vesicles. The specific geometries of the resulting nanoclusters depend on several factors, including the number of Janus spherocylindrical NPs adhering to the vesicle and their aspect ratio. The lipid membrane-mediated self-assembly of NPs, demonstrated by this work, provides an alternative cost-effective route for fabricating highly engineered nanoclusters in three dimensions. Such structures, with the current wide range of material choices, have great potential for advanced applications, including biosensing, bioimaging, drug delivery, nanomechanics, and nanophotonics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abash Sharma
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38152, United States
| | - Yu Zhu
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38152, United States
- Borch Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Eric J Spangler
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38152, United States
| | - Thang B Hoang
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38152, United States
| | - Mohamed Laradji
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38152, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Guan L, Cao C, Liu X, Liu Q, Qiu Y, Wang X, Yang Z, Lai H, Sun Q, Ding C, Zhu D, Kuang C, Liu X. Light and matter co-confined multi-photon lithography. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2387. [PMID: 38493192 PMCID: PMC10944545 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46743-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Mask-free multi-photon lithography enables the fabrication of arbitrary nanostructures low cost and more accessible than conventional lithography. A major challenge for multi-photon lithography is to achieve ultra-high precision and desirable lateral resolution due to the inevitable optical diffraction barrier and proximity effect. Here, we show a strategy, light and matter co-confined multi-photon lithography, to overcome the issues via combining photo-inhibition and chemical quenchers. We deeply explore the quenching mechanism and photoinhibition mechanism for light and matter co-confined multiphoton lithography. Besides, mathematical modeling helps us better understand that the synergy of quencher and photo-inhibition can gain a narrowest distribution of free radicals. By using light and matter co-confined multiphoton lithography, we gain a 30 nm critical dimension and 100 nm lateral resolution, which further decrease the gap with conventional lithography.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Guan
- Research Center for Intelligent Chips and Devices, Zhejiang Lab, 311121, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, 310027, Hangzhou, China.
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, 310018, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Xi Liu
- Research Center for Intelligent Chips and Devices, Zhejiang Lab, 311121, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiulan Liu
- Research Center for Intelligent Chips and Devices, Zhejiang Lab, 311121, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yiwei Qiu
- Research Center for Intelligent Chips and Devices, Zhejiang Lab, 311121, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaobing Wang
- Research Center for Intelligent Chips and Devices, Zhejiang Lab, 311121, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhenyao Yang
- Research Center for Intelligent Chips and Devices, Zhejiang Lab, 311121, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huiying Lai
- Research Center for Intelligent Chips and Devices, Zhejiang Lab, 311121, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiuyuan Sun
- Research Center for Intelligent Chips and Devices, Zhejiang Lab, 311121, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chenliang Ding
- Research Center for Intelligent Chips and Devices, Zhejiang Lab, 311121, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dazhao Zhu
- Research Center for Intelligent Chips and Devices, Zhejiang Lab, 311121, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cuifang Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, 310027, Hangzhou, China.
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, 311200, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Xu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, 310027, Hangzhou, China.
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, 311200, Hangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Camino FE, Tiwale N, Hwang S, Du X, Yang JC. Mitigating challenges in aberration-corrected electron-beam lithography on electron-opaque substrates. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 35:065301. [PMID: 37918028 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ad0908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Aberration-corrected electron-beam lithography (AC-EBL) using ultra-thin electron transparent membranes has achieved single-digit nanometer resolution in two widely used electron-beam resists: poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and hydrogen silsesquioxane. On the other hand, AC-EBL implementation on thick, electron-opaque substrates is appealing for conventional top-down fabrication of quantum devices with nanometer-scale features. To investigate the performance of AC-EBL on thick substrates, we measured the lithographic point spread function of a 200 keV aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscope by defining both positive and negative patterns in PMMA thin films, spin-cast on thick SiO2/Si substrates. We present the problems encountered during pre-exposure beam focusing and discuss methods to overcome them. In addition, applying some of these methods using commercial 50 nm thick SiNXmembranes with thick Si support frames, we printed arrays of holes in PMMA with pitches around 26 nm on SiNX/Si substrates with increasing Si thickness. Our results show that proximity effects from even 50 nm thick SiNXmembranes limit hole arrays to 20 nm pitch; however, down to this limit, the effect of the substrate thickness on the pattern quality is minimal. These results highlight the need for novel resists less susceptible to proximity effects, or resists which can be used directly, after development, as the dielectric material in periodic gates in 2D quantum devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando E Camino
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, United States of America
| | - Nikhil Tiwale
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, United States of America
| | - Sooyeon Hwang
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, United States of America
| | - Xu Du
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook NY 11794, United States of America
| | - Judith C Yang
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhu Y, Sharma A, Spangler EJ, Laradji M. Non-close-packed hexagonal self-assembly of Janus nanoparticles on planar membranes. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:7591-7601. [PMID: 37755137 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm00984j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
The adhesion modes of an ensemble of spherical Janus nanoparticles on planar membranes are investigated through large-scale molecular dynamics simulations of a coarse-grained implicit-solvent model. We found that the Janus nanoparticles adhering to planar membranes exhibit a rich phase behavior that depends on their adhesion energy density and areal number density. In particular, effective repulsive membrane-curvature-mediated interactions between the Janus nanoparticles lead to their self-assembly into an ordered hexagonal superlattice at intermediate densities and intermediate to high adhesion energy density, with a lattice constant determined by their areal density. The melting behavior of the hexagonal superlattice proceeds through a two-stage melting scenario in agreement with the Kosterlitz-Thouless-Halperin-Nelson-Young classical theory of two-dimensional melting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhu
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA.
| | - Abash Sharma
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA.
| | - Eric J Spangler
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA.
| | - Mohamed Laradji
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Liu Y, Li X, Pei B, Ge L, Xiong Z, Zhang Z. Towards smart scanning probe lithography: a framework accelerating nano-fabrication process with in-situ characterization via machine learning. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2023; 9:128. [PMID: 37829156 PMCID: PMC10564742 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-023-00587-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Scanning probe lithography (SPL) is a promising technology to fabricate high-resolution, customized and cost-effective features at the nanoscale. However, the quality of nano-fabrication, particularly the critical dimension, is significantly influenced by various SPL fabrication techniques and their corresponding process parameters. Meanwhile, the identification and measurement of nano-fabrication features are very time-consuming and subjective. To tackle these challenges, we propose a novel framework for process parameter optimization and feature segmentation of SPL via machine learning (ML). Different from traditional SPL techniques that rely on manual labeling-based experimental methods, the proposed framework intelligently extracts reliable and global information for statistical analysis to fine-tune and optimize process parameters. Based on the proposed framework, we realized the processing of smaller critical dimensions through the optimization of process parameters, and performed direct-write nano-lithography on a large scale. Furthermore, data-driven feature extraction and analysis could potentially provide guidance for other characterization methods and fabrication quality optimization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yijie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology in Advanced Equipment, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Precision/Ultra-precision Manufacturing Equipments and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - Xuexuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology in Advanced Equipment, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Precision/Ultra-precision Manufacturing Equipments and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - Ben Pei
- Biomanufacturing Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
- Biomanufacturing and Rapid Forming Technology Key Laboratory of Beijing, Beijing, 100084 China
- ‘Biomanufacturing and Engineering Living Systems’ Innovation International Talents Base (111 Base), Beijing, 100084 China
| | - Lin Ge
- NT-MDT Spectrum Instruments China office, Beijing, 100053 China
| | - Zhuo Xiong
- Biomanufacturing Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
- Biomanufacturing and Rapid Forming Technology Key Laboratory of Beijing, Beijing, 100084 China
- ‘Biomanufacturing and Engineering Living Systems’ Innovation International Talents Base (111 Base), Beijing, 100084 China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology in Advanced Equipment, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Precision/Ultra-precision Manufacturing Equipments and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Liu Y, Liu X, Zhang Z, Lu J, Wang Y, Xu K, Zhu H, Wang B, Lin L, Xue W. Experimental and fluid flow simulation studies of laser-electrochemical hybrid manufacturing of micro-nano symbiotic superamphiphobic surfaces. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:114702. [PMID: 37712795 DOI: 10.1063/5.0166375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Micro-nano symbiotic superamphiphobic surfaces can prevent liquids from adhering to metal surfaces and, as a result, improve their corrosion resistance, self-cleaning performance, pollution resistance, and ice resistance. However, the fabrication of stable and controllable micro-nano symbiotic superamphiphobic structures on metal surfaces commonly used in industry remains a significant challenge. In this study, a laser-electrochemical hybrid subtractive-additive manufacturing method was proposed and developed for preparing copper superamphiphobic surfaces. Both experimental and fluid simulation studies were carried out. Utilizing this novel hybrid method, the controllable preparation of superamphiphobic micro-nano symbiotic structures was realized. The experimental results showed that the prepared surfaces had excellent superamphiphobic properties following subsequent modification with low surface energy substances. The contact angles of water droplets and oil droplets on the surface following electrodeposition treatment reached values of 161 ± 4° and 151 ± 4°, respectively, which showed that the prepared surface possessed perfect superamphiphobicity. Both the fabrication method and the test results provided useful insights for the preparation of stable and controllable superamphiphobic structures on metal surfaces in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Xinyu Liu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Zhaoyang Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Jinzhong Lu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Yufeng Wang
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Kun Xu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Hao Zhu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Saarland University, Saarbrucken 66123, German
| | - Liqu Lin
- Institute of Laser and Optoelectronics Intelligent Manufacturing, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Wei Xue
- Institute of Laser and Optoelectronics Intelligent Manufacturing, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wang Y, Yuan J, Chen J, Zeng Y, Yu T, Guo X, Wang S, Yang G, Li Y. A Single-Component Molecular Glass Resist Based on Tetraphenylsilane Derivatives for Electron Beam Lithography. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:12173-12182. [PMID: 37033792 PMCID: PMC10077460 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c08112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
A novel molecular glass (TPSiS) with photoacid generator (sulfonium salt group) binding to tetraphenylsilane derivatives was synthesized and characterized. The physical properties such as solubility, film-forming ability, and thermal stability of TPSiS were examined to assess the suitability for application as a candidate for photoresist materials. The sulfonium salt unit underwent photolysis to effectively generate photoacid on UV irradiation, which catalyzed the deprotection of the t-butyloxycarbonyl groups. It demonstrates that the TPSiS can be used as a 'single-component' molecular resist without any additives. The lithographic performance of the TPSiS resist was evaluated by electron beam lithography. The TPSiS resist can resolve 25 nm dense line/space patterns and 16 nm L/4S semidense line/space patterns at a dose of 45 and 85 μC/cm2 for negative-tone development (NTD). The etching selectivity of the TPSiS resist to Si substrate is 8.6 under SF6/O2 plasma, indicating a potential application. Contrast analysis suggests that the significant solubility switch within a narrow exposure dose range (18-47 μC/cm2) by NTD is favorable for high-resolution patterns. This study supplies useful guidelines for the optimization and development of single-component molecular glass resists with high lithographic performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yake Wang
- Key
Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jundi Yuan
- Key
Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jinping Chen
- Key
Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yi Zeng
- Key
Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tianjun Yu
- Key
Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xudong Guo
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory
of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Shuangqing Wang
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory
of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Guoqiang Yang
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory
of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yi Li
- Key
Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhu Y, Sharma A, Spangler EJ, Carrillo JMY, Kumar PBS, Laradji M. Lipid vesicles induced ordered nanoassemblies of Janus nanoparticles. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:2204-2213. [PMID: 36880601 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm01693a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Since many advanced applications require specific assemblies of nanoparticles (NPs), considerable efforts have been made to fabricate nanoassemblies with specific geometries. Although nanoassemblies can be fabricated through top-down approaches, recent advances show that intricate nanoassemblies can also be obtained through self-assembly, mediated for example by DNA strands. Here, we show, through extensive molecular dynamics simulations, that highly ordered self-assemblies of NPs can be mediated by their adhesion to lipid vesicles (LVs). Specifically, Janus NPs are considered so that the amount by which they are wrapped by the LV is controlled. The specific geometry of the nanoassembly is the result of effective curvature-mediated repulsion between the NPs and the number of NPs adhering to the LV. The NPs are arranged on the LV into polyhedra which satisfy the upper limit of Euler's polyhedral formula, including several deltahedra and three Platonic solids, corresponding to the tetrahedron, octahedron, and icosahedron.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhu
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA.
| | - Abash Sharma
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA.
| | - Eric J Spangler
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA.
| | - Jan-Michael Y Carrillo
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - P B Sunil Kumar
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Mohamed Laradji
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Hu S, Chen J, Yu T, Zeng Y, Guo X, Wang S, Yang G, Li Y. Photoresists based on bisphenol A derivatives with tert-butyl ester groups for electron beam lithography. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2022.114351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|