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Zhu K, Yao H, Song J, Liao Q, He S, Guang T, Wang H, Hao X, Lu B, Lin T, Cheng H, Liu X, Qu L. Temperature-adaptive dual-modal photonic textiles for thermal management. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadr2062. [PMID: 39383222 PMCID: PMC11463281 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adr2062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 09/06/2024] [Indexed: 10/11/2024]
Abstract
Maintaining a thermally comfortable living and working environment with renewable energy sources is crucial for human health. However, achieving temperature self-regulation in individual textiles without external interventions remains a challenge. Here, we present a dual-modal photonic textile capable of autonomously achieving both low-temperature solar heating and high-temperature radiative cooling under sunlight. This innovative textile is primarily composed of textile fibers that are functionalized with thermochromic microcapsules encapsulated in graphene and barium sulfate coatings, which exhibit approximately 80% visible light optical modulation when integrated into the fabric. We demonstrate that garment and tent (3.5 m × 2.9 m × 1.3 m) fabricated from these textiles can achieve temperature-adaptive, all-weather thermal management, expanding the thermal comfort range by 8.5°C. This research showcases notable potential for applications in fabric-related heat management and highlights the importance of exploring temperature-adaptive solutions for a sustainable and healthy lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaixuan Zhu
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering, Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology in Advanced Equipment (SKLT), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Houze Yao
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering, Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology in Advanced Equipment (SKLT), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - JiaJia Song
- Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology, Beijing 100105, P. R. China
- Academy of Arts & Design, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Qihua Liao
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering, Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology in Advanced Equipment (SKLT), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Shuang He
- Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology, Beijing 100105, P. R. China
- Academy of Arts & Design, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Tianlei Guang
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering, Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology in Advanced Equipment (SKLT), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Haiyan Wang
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering, Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology in Advanced Equipment (SKLT), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xuanzhang Hao
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering, Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology in Advanced Equipment (SKLT), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Bing Lu
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering, Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology in Advanced Equipment (SKLT), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Tengyu Lin
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering, Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology in Advanced Equipment (SKLT), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P. R. China
- HurRain NanoTech (Beijing) Co. Ltd., Beijing 102627, P. R. China
| | - Huhu Cheng
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering, Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology in Advanced Equipment (SKLT), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xin Liu
- Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology, Beijing 100105, P. R. China
| | - Liangti Qu
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering, Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology in Advanced Equipment (SKLT), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P. R. China
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Lee G, Kang H, Yun J, Chae D, Jeong M, Jeong M, Lee D, Kim M, Lee H, Rho J. Integrated triboelectric nanogenerator and radiative cooler for all-weather transparent glass surfaces. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6537. [PMID: 39095384 PMCID: PMC11297326 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50872-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Sustainable energies from weather are the most ubiquitous and non-depleted resources. However, existing devices exploiting weather-dependent energies are sensitive to weather conditions and geographical locations, making their universal applicability challenging. Herein, we propose an all-weather sustainable glass surface integrating a triboelectric nanogenerator and radiative cooler, which serves as a sustainable device, harvesting energy from raindrops and saving energy on sunny days. By systematically designing transparent, high-performance triboelectric layers, functioning as thermal emitters simultaneously, particularly compatible with radiative cooling components optimized with an evolutionary algorithm, our proposed device achieves optimal performance for all-weather-dependent energies. We generate 248.28 Wm-2 from a single droplet with an energy conversion ratio of 2.5%. Moreover, the inner temperature is cooled down by a maximum of 24.1 °C compared to pristine glass. Notably, as the proposed device is realized to provide high transparency up to 80% in the visible range, we are confident that our proposed device can be applied to versatile applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geon Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjung Kang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Jooyeong Yun
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongwoo Chae
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Minsu Jeong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Minseo Jeong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yonsei University, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Dasol Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yonsei University, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Miso Kim
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, Republic of Korea
- SKKU Institute of Energy Science and Engineering (SIEST), Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Heon Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Junsuk Rho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea.
- POSCO-POSTECH-RIST Convergence Research Center for Flat Optics and Metaphotonics, Pohang, Republic of Korea.
- National Institute of Nanomaterials Technology (NINT), Pohang, Republic of Korea.
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Zhou P, Wang Y, Zhang X. Supramolecularly Connected Armor-like Nanostructure Enables Mechanically Robust Radiative Cooling Materials. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:6395-6402. [PMID: 38757657 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c01418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Passive daytime radiative cooling (PDRC) is a promising practice to realize sustainable thermal management with no energy and resources consumption. However, there remains a challenge of simultaneously integrating desired solar reflectivity, environmental durability, and mechanical robustness for polymeric composites with nanophotonic structures. Herein, inspired by a classical armor shell of a pangolin, we adopt a generic design strategy that harnesses supramolecular bonds between the TiO2-decorated mica microplates and cellulose nanofibers to collectively produce strong interfacial interactions for fabricating interlayer nanostructured PDRC materials. Owing to the strong light scattering excited by hierarchical nanophotonic structures, the bioinspired film demonstrates a desired reflectivity (92%) and emissivity (91%) and an excellent temperature drop of 10 °C under direct sunlight. Notably, the film guarantees high strength (41.7 MPa), toughness (10.4 MJ m-3), and excellent environmental durability. This strategy provides possibilities in designing polymeric PDRC materials, further establishing a blueprint for other functional applications like soft robots, wearable devices, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Yuyan Wang
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Xinxing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
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Zhang X, Du J, Wang F, Xu Z, Li X, Liang H, Yi H. Hierarchical pore structure with a confined resonant mode for improving the solar energy utilizing efficiency of ultra-thin perovskite solar cells. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:17197-17210. [PMID: 38858909 DOI: 10.1364/oe.523065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
The perovskite solar cell (PSC) has the benefits of flexibility, inexpensiveness, and high efficiency, and has important prospective applications. However, serious optical losing and low solar energy-utilizing efficiency remain a challenge for the ultra-thin PSCs because of the interface reflection of traditional planar structure. In this study, a hierarchical pore structure with a confined resonant mode is introduced and optimized by electromagnetic theory to improve the solar energy absorbing and utilizing efficiency of ultra-thin PSCs. The large pores in the top layer that support a whispering gallery mode can focus and guide the incident light into the solar cell. The small pores in the bottom layer enable backward scattering of the unabsorbed light and can improve the effective absorption of active layer. The finite-difference time-domain method is employed to optimize the geometric parameters of hierarchical pore structure to improve the light absorption of PSCs. The proposed resonant hierarchical pore structure can greatly improve sunlight absorption of ultra-thin PSCs, and the effective light absorption and photocurrent of PSCs with a hierarchical pore structure is 20.7% higher than that of PSCs with traditional planar structure. This work can offer a beneficial guideline for improving solar energy utilizing efficiency of various thin-film solar cells.
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Han D, Wang C, Han CB, Cui Y, Ren WR, Zhao WK, Jiang Q, Yan H. Highly Optically Selective and Thermally Insulating Porous Calcium Silicate Composite SiO 2 Aerogel Coating for Daytime Radiative Cooling. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:9303-9312. [PMID: 38343044 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c18101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Daytime radiative cooling technology offers a low-carbon, environmentally friendly, and nonpower-consuming approach to realize building energy conservation. It is important to design materials with high solar reflectivity and high infrared emissivity in atmospheric windows. Herein, a porous calcium silicate composite SiO2 aerogel water-borne coating with strong passive radiative cooling and high thermal insulation properties is proposed, which shows an exceptional solar reflectance of 94%, high sky window emissivity of 96%, and 0.0854 W/m·K thermal conductivity. On the SiO2/CaSiO3 radiative cooling coating (SiO2-CS-coating), a strategy is proposed to enhance the atmospheric window emissivity by lattice resonance, which is attributed to the eight-membered ring structure of porous calcium silicate, thereby increasing the atmospheric window emissivity. In the daytime test (solar irradiance 900W/m2, ambient temperature 43 °C, wind speed 0.53 m/s, humidity 25%), the temperature inside the box can achieve a cooling temperature of 13 °C lower than that of the environment, which is 30 °C, and the theoretical cooling power is 96 W/m2. Compared with the commercial white coating, SiO2-CS-coating can save 70 kW·h of electric energy in 1 month, and the energy consumption is reduced by 36%. The work provides a scalable, widely applicable radiative-cooling coating for building comfort, which can greatly reduce indoor temperatures and is suitable for building surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Han
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials (Beijing University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenghai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials (Beijing University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, People's Republic of China
- Langgu (Tianjin) New Material Technology Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300392, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang Bao Han
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials (Beijing University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanan Cui
- Langgu (Tianjin) New Material Technology Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300392, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Rui Ren
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials (Beijing University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Kang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials (Beijing University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, People's Republic of China
| | - Quan Jiang
- China Testing & Certification International Group Co., Ltd., Beijing 100000, People's Republic of China
- China Buiding Material Federation Metal Composite Materials & Products Branch, Beijing 100024, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Yan
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials (Beijing University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, People's Republic of China
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Yu L, Huang Y, Zhao Y, Rao Z, Li W, Chen Z, Chen M. Self-sustained and Insulated Radiative/Evaporative Cooler for Daytime Subambient Passive Cooling. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:6513-6522. [PMID: 38273444 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c19223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Passive cooling technologies are one of the promising solutions to the global energy crisis due to no consumption of fossil fuels during operation. However, the existing radiative and evaporative coolers still have problems achieving daytime subambient cooling while maintaining evaporation over the long term. Here, we propose a self-sustained and insulated radiative/evaporative cooler (SIREC), which consists of a porous polyethylene film (P-PE) at the top, an air layer in the middle, and poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogel with lithium bromide (PLH) at the bottom. In particular, the P-PE shows high solar reflectance (R̅solar = 0.91) and long-wave infrared transmittance (τ̅LWIR = 0.92), which reflects sunlight while enhancing the direct radiative heat transfer between outer space and PLH (ε̅LWIR = 0.96) for sky radiative cooling. In addition, the desirable vapor permeability (579 s m-1) of the P-PE also results in good compatibility with PLH for evaporative cooling (EC). Moreover, the PLH's ability to harvest atmospheric water at night provides self-sustainment for daytime EC. The air layer between P-PE and PLH further enhances the subambient cooling performance of the SIREC. These findings indicate promising prospects for the integration of passive cooling technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yu
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Yimou Huang
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Yanwei Zhao
- Department of Energy and Power Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhenghua Rao
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Weihong Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Meijie Chen
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
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Guo N, Yu L, Shi C, Yan H, Chen M. A Facile and Effective Design for Dynamic Thermal Management Based on Synchronous Solar and Thermal Radiation Regulation. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:1447-1453. [PMID: 38252892 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c04996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Passive solar heating and radiative cooling have attracted great interest in global energy consumption reduction due to their unique electricity-free advantage. However, static single radiation cooling or solar heating would lead to overcooling or overheating in cold and hot weather, respectively. To achieve a facile, effective approach for dynamic thermal management, a novel structured polyethylene (PE) film was engineered with a switchable cooling and heating mode obtained through a moisture transfer technique. The 100 μm PE film showed excellent solar modulation from 0.92 (dried state) to 0.32 (wetted state) and thermal modulation from 0.86 (dried state) to 0.05 (wetted state). Outdoor experiments demonstrated effective thermal regulation during both daytime and nighttime. Furthermore, our designed PE film can save 1.3-41.0% of annual energy consumption across the whole country of China. This dual solar and thermal regulation mechanism is very promising for guiding scalable approaches to energy-saving temperature regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Guo
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 430001, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Yu
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 430001, People's Republic of China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, People's Republic of China
| | - Changmin Shi
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence 02912, Rhode Island United States
| | - Hongjie Yan
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 430001, People's Republic of China
| | - Meijie Chen
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 430001, People's Republic of China
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Wu X, Li J, Xie F, Wu XE, Zhao S, Jiang Q, Zhang S, Wang B, Li Y, Gao D, Li R, Wang F, Huang Y, Zhao Y, Zhang Y, Li W, Zhu J, Zhang R. A dual-selective thermal emitter with enhanced subambient radiative cooling performance. Nat Commun 2024; 15:815. [PMID: 38280849 PMCID: PMC10821923 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45095-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Radiative cooling is a zero-energy technology that enables subambient cooling by emitting heat into outer space (~3 K) through the atmospheric transparent windows. However, existing designs typically focus only on the main atmospheric transparent window (8-13 μm) and ignore another window (16-25 μm), under-exploiting their cooling potential. Here, we show a dual-selective radiative cooling design based on a scalable thermal emitter, which exhibits selective emission in both atmospheric transparent windows and reflection in the remaining mid-infrared and solar wavebands. As a result, the dual-selective thermal emitter exhibits an ultrahigh subambient cooling capacity (~9 °C) under strong sunlight, surpassing existing typical thermal emitters (≥3 °C cooler) and commercial counterparts (as building materials). Furthermore, the dual-selective sample also exhibits high weather resistance and color compatibility, indicating a high practicality. This work provides a scalable and practical radiative cooling design for sustainable thermal management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueke Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinlei Li
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fei Xie
- GPL Photonics Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, PR China
| | - Xun-En Wu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Siming Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Qinyuan Jiang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Shiliang Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Baoshun Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yunrui Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Di Gao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Run Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Ya Huang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanlong Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Wei Li
- GPL Photonics Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, PR China
| | - Jia Zhu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rufan Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
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