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Zhong C, Wang Y, Mai D, Ye C, Li X, Wang H, Dai R, Wang Z, Sun X, Zhang Z. High Spatial Resolution 2D Imaging of Current Density and Pressure for Graphene Devices under High Pressure Using Nitrogen-Vacancy Centers in Diamond. NANO LETTERS 2024. [PMID: 38619219 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c00780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Current density imaging is helpful for discovering interesting electronic phenomena and understanding carrier dynamics, and by combining pressure distributions, several pressure-induced novel physics may be comprehended. In this work, noninvasive, high-resolution two-dimensional images of the current density and pressure gradient for graphene ribbon and hBN-graphene-hBN devices are explored using nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond under high pressure. The two-dimensional vector current density is reconstructed by the vector magnetic field mapped by the near-surface NV center layer in the diamond. The current density images accurately and clearly reproduce the complicated structure and current flow of graphene under high pressure. Additionally, the spatial distribution of the pressure is simultaneously mapped, rationalizing the nonuniformity of the current density under high pressure. The current method opens a significant new avenue to investigate electronic transport and conductance variations in two-dimensional materials and electrical devices under high pressure as well as for nondestructive evaluation of semiconductor circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhong
- Deep Space Exploration Laboratory/Department of Physics, School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Yupeng Wang
- Deep Space Exploration Laboratory/Department of Physics, School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Di Mai
- Deep Space Exploration Laboratory/Department of Physics, School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Chunhui Ye
- Deep Space Exploration Laboratory/Department of Physics, School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Xiangdong Li
- Deep Space Exploration Laboratory/Department of Physics, School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - He Wang
- Deep Space Exploration Laboratory/Department of Physics, School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Rucheng Dai
- Deep Space Exploration Laboratory/The Centre for Physical Experiments, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Zhongping Wang
- The Centre for Physical Experiments, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Xiaoyu Sun
- The Centre for Physical Experiments, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Zengming Zhang
- Deep Space Exploration Laboratory/The Centre for Physical Experiments, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Strongly Coupled Quantum Matter Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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2
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Janitz E, Herb K, Völker LA, Huxter WS, Degen CL, Abendroth JM. Diamond surface engineering for molecular sensing with nitrogen-vacancy centers. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. C 2022; 10:13533-13569. [PMID: 36324301 PMCID: PMC9521415 DOI: 10.1039/d2tc01258h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Quantum sensing using optically addressable atomic-scale defects, such as the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamond, provides new opportunities for sensitive and highly localized characterization of chemical functionality. Notably, near-surface defects facilitate detection of the minute magnetic fields generated by nuclear or electron spins outside of the diamond crystal, such as those in chemisorbed and physisorbed molecules. However, the promise of NV centers is hindered by a severe degradation of critical sensor properties, namely charge stability and spin coherence, near surfaces (< ca. 10 nm deep). Moreover, applications in the chemical sciences require methods for covalent bonding of target molecules to diamond with robust control over density, orientation, and binding configuration. This forward-looking Review provides a survey of the rapidly converging fields of diamond surface science and NV-center physics, highlighting their combined potential for quantum sensing of molecules. We outline the diamond surface properties that are advantageous for NV-sensing applications, and discuss strategies to mitigate deleterious effects while simultaneously providing avenues for chemical attachment. Finally, we present an outlook on emerging applications in which the unprecedented sensitivity and spatial resolution of NV-based sensing could provide unique insight into chemically functionalized surfaces at the single-molecule level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Janitz
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich Otto-Stern-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Konstantin Herb
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich Otto-Stern-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Laura A Völker
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich Otto-Stern-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - William S Huxter
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich Otto-Stern-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Christian L Degen
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich Otto-Stern-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - John M Abendroth
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich Otto-Stern-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Switzerland
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3
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Wang M, Sun H, Ye X, Yu P, Liu H, Zhou J, Wang P, Shi F, Wang Y, Du J. Self-aligned patterning technique for fabricating high-performance diamond sensor arrays with nanoscale precision. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabn9573. [PMID: 36149948 PMCID: PMC9506708 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn9573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Efficient, nanoscale precision alignment of defect center creation in photonics structures in challenges the realization of high-performance photonic devices and quantum technology applications. Here, we propose a facile self-aligned patterning technique based on conventional engineering technology, with doping precision that can reach ~15 nm. We demonstrate this technique by fabricating diamond nanopillar sensor arrays with high consistency and near-optimal photon counts. The sensor array achieves high yield approaching the theoretical limit, and high efficiency for filtering sensors with different numbers of nitrogen vacancy centers. Combined with appropriate crystal orientation, the system achieves a saturated fluorescence rate of 4.34 Mcps and effective fluorescence-dependent detection sensitivity of 1800 cps-1/2 . These sensors also show enhanced spin properties in the isotope-enriched diamond. Our technique is applicable to all similar solid-state systems and could facilitate the development of parallel quantum sensing and scalable information processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqi Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Haoyu Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xiangyu Ye
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Pei Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Hangyu Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jingwei Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Pengfei Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Fazhan Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Ya Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Jiangfeng Du
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
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Hwang TY, Lee J, Jeon SW, Kim YS, Cho YW, Lim HT, Moon S, Han SW, Choa YH, Jung H. Sub-10 nm Precision Engineering of Solid-State Defects via Nanoscale Aperture Array Mask. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:1672-1679. [PMID: 35133163 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c04699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Engineering a strongly interacting uniform qubit cluster would be a major step toward realizing a scalable quantum system for quantum sensing and a node-based qubit register. For a solid-state system that uses a defect as a qubit, various methods to precisely position defects have been developed, yet the large-scale fabrication of qubits within the strong coupling regime at room temperature continues to be a challenge. In this work, we generate nitrogen vacancy (NV) color centers in diamond with sub-10 nm scale precision using a combination of nanoscale aperture arrays (NAAs) with a high aspect ratio of 10 and a secondary E-beam hole pattern used as an ion-blocking mask. We perform optical and spin measurements on a cluster of NV spins and statistically investigate the effect of the NAAs during an ion-implantation process. We discuss how this technique is effective for constructing a scalable system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Yeon Hwang
- Center for Quantum Information, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Junghyun Lee
- Center for Quantum Information, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Woo Jeon
- Center for Quantum Information, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Su Kim
- Center for Quantum Information, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Division of Nano & Information Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Wook Cho
- Department of Physics, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyang-Tag Lim
- Center for Quantum Information, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Division of Nano & Information Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Moon
- Center for Quantum Information, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Division of Nano & Information Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Wook Han
- Center for Quantum Information, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Division of Nano & Information Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Ho Choa
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Hojoong Jung
- Center for Quantum Information, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
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5
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Gale A, Fröch JE, Kianinia M, Bishop J, Aharonovich I, Toth M. Recoil implantation using gas-phase precursor molecules. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:9322-9327. [PMID: 33988218 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr00850a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ion implantation underpins a vast range of devices and technologies that require precise control over the physical, chemical, electronic, magnetic and optical properties of materials. A variant termed "recoil implantation" - in which a precursor is deposited onto a substrate as a thin film and implanted via momentum transfer from incident energetic ions - has a number of compelling advantages, particularly when performed using an inert ion nano-beam [Fröch et al., Nat. Commun., 2020, 11, 5039]. However, a major drawback of this approach is that the implant species are limited to the constituents of solid thin films. Here we overcome this limitation by demonstrating recoil implantation using gas-phase precursors. Specifically, we fabricate nitrogen-vacancy (NV) color centers in diamond using an Ar+ ion beam and the nitrogen-containing precursor gases N2, NH3 and NF3. Our work expands the applicability of recoil implantation with the potential to be suitable to a larger portion of the periodic table, and to applications in which thin film deposition/removal is impractical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angus Gale
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia.
| | - Johannes E Fröch
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia.
| | - Mehran Kianinia
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia.
| | - James Bishop
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia.
| | - Igor Aharonovich
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia. and ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS), Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Milos Toth
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia. and ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS), Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
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6
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Storterboom J, Barbiero M, Castelletto S, Gu M. Ground-State Depletion Nanoscopy of Nitrogen-Vacancy Centres in Nanodiamonds. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2021; 16:44. [PMID: 33689036 PMCID: PMC7947094 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-021-03503-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy ([Formula: see text]) centre in nanodiamonds (NDs) has been recently studied for applications in cellular imaging due to its better photo-stability and biocompatibility if compared to other fluorophores. Super-resolution imaging achieving 20-nm resolution of [Formula: see text] in NDs has been proved over the years using sub-diffraction limited imaging approaches such as single molecule stochastic localisation microscopy and stimulated emission depletion microscopy. Here we show the first demonstration of ground-state depletion (GSD) nanoscopy of these centres in NDs using three beams, a probe beam, a depletion beam and a reset beam. The depletion beam at 638 nm forces the [Formula: see text] centres to the metastable dark state everywhere but in the local minimum, while a Gaussian beam at 594 nm probes the [Formula: see text] centres and a 488-nm reset beam is used to repopulate the excited state. Super-resolution imaging of a single [Formula: see text] centre with a full width at half maximum of 36 nm is demonstrated, and two adjacent [Formula: see text] centres separated by 72 nm are resolved. GSD microscopy is here applied to [Formula: see text] in NDs with a much lower optical power compared to bulk diamond. This work demonstrates the need to control the NDs nitrogen concentration to tailor their application in super-resolution imaging methods and paves the way for studies of [Formula: see text] in NDs' nanoscale interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelle Storterboom
- Optical Sciences Centre, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, PO Box 218, Hawthorn, VIC, 3122, Australia
- Department of Imaging Physics, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | | | - Stefania Castelletto
- Optical Sciences Centre, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, PO Box 218, Hawthorn, VIC, 3122, Australia
- School of Engineering RMIT University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Min Gu
- Optical Sciences Centre, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, PO Box 218, Hawthorn, VIC, 3122, Australia.
- Laboratory for Artificial-Intelligence Nanophotonics, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
- Centre for Artificial-Intelligence Nanophotonics, School of Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.
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7
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Fröch JE, Bahm A, Kianinia M, Mu Z, Bhatia V, Kim S, Cairney JM, Gao W, Bradac C, Aharonovich I, Toth M. Versatile direct-writing of dopants in a solid state host through recoil implantation. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5039. [PMID: 33028814 PMCID: PMC7541527 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18749-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Modifying material properties at the nanoscale is crucially important for devices in nano-electronics, nanophotonics and quantum information. Optically active defects in wide band gap materials, for instance, are critical constituents for the realisation of quantum technologies. Here, we demonstrate the use of recoil implantation, a method exploiting momentum transfer from accelerated ions, for versatile and mask-free material doping. As a proof of concept, we direct-write arrays of optically active defects into diamond via momentum transfer from a Xe+ focused ion beam (FIB) to thin films of the group IV dopants pre-deposited onto a diamond surface. We further demonstrate the flexibility of the technique, by implanting rare earth ions into the core of a single mode fibre. We conclusively show that the presented technique yields ultra-shallow dopant profiles localised to the top few nanometres of the target surface, and use it to achieve sub-50 nm positional accuracy. The method is applicable to non-planar substrates with complex geometries, and it is suitable for applications such as electronic and magnetic doping of atomically-thin materials and engineering of near-surface states of semiconductor devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes E Fröch
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Alan Bahm
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Hillsboro, OR, 97124, USA
| | - Mehran Kianinia
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Zhao Mu
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Vijay Bhatia
- Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Sejeong Kim
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Julie M Cairney
- Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Weibo Gao
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Carlo Bradac
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia.,Department of Physics & Astronomy, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Dr., Peterborough, ON, K9J 0G2, Canada
| | - Igor Aharonovich
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia. .,ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS), University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia.
| | - Milos Toth
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia. .,ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS), University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia.
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8
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Mitterreiter E, Schuler B, Cochrane KA, Wurstbauer U, Weber-Bargioni A, Kastl C, Holleitner AW. Atomistic Positioning of Defects in Helium Ion Treated Single-Layer MoS 2. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:4437-4444. [PMID: 32368920 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c01222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Structuring materials with atomic precision is the ultimate goal of nanotechnology and is becoming increasingly relevant as an enabling technology for quantum electronics/spintronics and quantum photonics. Here, we create atomic defects in monolayer MoS2 by helium ion (He-ion) beam lithography with a spatial fidelity approaching the single-atom limit in all three dimensions. Using low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), we confirm the formation of individual point defects in MoS2 upon He-ion bombardment and show that defects are generated within 9 nm of the incident helium ions. Atom-specific sputtering yields are determined by analyzing the type and occurrence of defects observed in high-resolution STM images and compared with Monte Carlo simulations. Both theory and experiment indicate that the He-ion bombardment predominantly generates sulfur vacancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elmar Mitterreiter
- Walter Schottky Institut and Physics Department, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 4a, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Bruno Schuler
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Katherine A Cochrane
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ursula Wurstbauer
- Walter Schottky Institut and Physics Department, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 4a, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Institute of Physics, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Str.10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Alexander Weber-Bargioni
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Christoph Kastl
- Walter Schottky Institut and Physics Department, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 4a, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Alexander W Holleitner
- Walter Schottky Institut and Physics Department, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 4a, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology (MCQST), Schellingstrasse 4, 80799 München, Germany
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9
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Giménez-Santamarina S, Cardona-Serra S, Clemente-Juan JM, Gaita-Ariño A, Coronado E. Exploiting clock transitions for the chemical design of resilient molecular spin qubits. Chem Sci 2020; 11:10718-10728. [PMID: 34094324 PMCID: PMC8162297 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc01187h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular spin qubits are chemical nanoobjects with promising applications that are so far hampered by the rapid loss of quantum information, a process known as decoherence. A strategy to improve this situation involves employing so-called Clock Transitions (CTs), which arise at anticrossings between spin energy levels. At CTs, the spin states are protected from magnetic noise and present an enhanced quantum coherence. Unfortunately, these optimal points are intrinsically hard to control since their transition energy cannot be tuned by an external magnetic field; moreover, their resilience towards geometric distortions has not yet been analyzed. Here we employ a python-based computational tool for the systematic theoretical analysis and chemical optimization of CTs. We compare three relevant case studies with increasingly complex ground states. First, we start with vanadium(iv)-based spin qubits, where the avoided crossings are controlled by hyperfine interaction and find that these S = 1/2 systems are very promising, in particular in the case of vanadyl complexes in an L-band pulsed EPR setup. Second, we proceed with a study of the effect of symmetry distortions in a holmium polyoxotungstate of formula [Ho(W5O18)2]9- where CTs had already been experimentally demonstrated. Here we determine the relative importance of the different structural distortions that causes the anticrossings. Third, we study the most complicated case, a polyoxopalladate cube [HoPd12(AsPh)8O32]5- which presents an unusually rich ground spin multiplet. This system allows us to find uniquely favorable CTs that could nevertheless be accessible with standard pulsed EPR equipment (X-band or Q-band) after a suitable chemical distortion to break the perfect cubic symmetry. Since anticrossings and CTs constitute a rich source of physical phenomena in very different kinds of quantum systems, the generalization of this study is expected to have impact not only in molecular spin science but also in other related fields such as molecular photophysics and photochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Salvador Cardona-Serra
- ICMol, Universitat de València C/Catedrático José Beltrán no 2 46980 Paterna Valencia Spain
| | - Juan M Clemente-Juan
- ICMol, Universitat de València C/Catedrático José Beltrán no 2 46980 Paterna Valencia Spain
| | - Alejandro Gaita-Ariño
- ICMol, Universitat de València C/Catedrático José Beltrán no 2 46980 Paterna Valencia Spain
| | - Eugenio Coronado
- ICMol, Universitat de València C/Catedrático José Beltrán no 2 46980 Paterna Valencia Spain
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10
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Boretti A, Rosa L, Blackledge J, Castelletto S. Nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond for nanoscale magnetic resonance imaging applications. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 10:2128-2151. [PMID: 31807400 PMCID: PMC6880812 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.10.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center is a point defect in diamond with unique properties for use in ultra-sensitive, high-resolution magnetometry. One of the most interesting and challenging applications is nanoscale magnetic resonance imaging (nano-MRI). While many review papers have covered other NV centers in diamond applications, there is no survey targeting the specific development of nano-MRI devices based on NV centers in diamond. Several different nano-MRI methods based on NV centers have been proposed with the goal of improving the spatial and temporal resolution, but without any coordinated effort. After summarizing the main NV magnetic imaging methods, this review presents a survey of the latest advances in NV center nano-MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Boretti
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, Al Khobar, Saudi Arabia
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Lorenzo Rosa
- Department of Engineering “Enzo Ferrari”, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Applied Plasmonics Lab, Centre for Micro-Photonics, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jonathan Blackledge
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Technological University Dublin, Ireland
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Wales, Wrexham, United Kingdom
- Department of Computer Science, University of Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
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Triple nitrogen-vacancy centre fabrication by C 5N 4H n ion implantation. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2664. [PMID: 31197143 PMCID: PMC6565727 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10529-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantum information processing requires quantum registers based on coherently interacting quantum bits. The dipolar couplings between nitrogen vacancy (NV) centres with nanometre separation makes them a potential platform for room-temperature quantum registers. The fabrication of quantum registers that consist of NV centre arrays has not advanced beyond NV pairs for several years. Further scaling up of coupled NV centres by using nitrogen implantation through nanoholes has been hampered because the shortening of the separation distance is limited by the nanohole size and ion straggling. Here, we demonstrate the implantation of C5N4Hn from an adenine ion source to achieve further scaling. Because the C5N4Hn ion may be regarded as an ideal point source, the separation distance is solely determined by straggling. We successfully demonstrate the fabrication of strongly coupled triple NV centres. Our method may be extended to fabricate small quantum registers that can perform quantum information processing at room temperature.
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Abstract
Spins in solids or in molecules possess discrete energy levels, and the associated quantum states can be tuned and coherently manipulated by means of external electromagnetic fields. Spins therefore provide one of the simplest platforms to encode a quantum bit (qubit), the elementary unit of future quantum computers. Performing any useful computation demands much more than realizing a robust qubit-one also needs a large number of qubits and a reliable manner with which to integrate them into a complex circuitry that can store and process information and implement quantum algorithms. This 'scalability' is arguably one of the challenges for which a chemistry-based bottom-up approach is best-suited. Molecules, being much more versatile than atoms, and yet microscopic, are the quantum objects with the highest capacity to form non-trivial ordered states at the nanoscale and to be replicated in large numbers using chemical tools.
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Raghunandan M, Wrachtrup J, Weimer H. High-Density Quantum Sensing with Dissipative First Order Transitions. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 120:150501. [PMID: 29756853 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.150501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The sensing of external fields using quantum systems is a prime example of an emergent quantum technology. Generically, the sensitivity of a quantum sensor consisting of N independent particles is proportional to sqrt[N]. However, interactions invariably occurring at high densities lead to a breakdown of the assumption of independence between the particles, posing a severe challenge for quantum sensors operating at the nanoscale. Here, we show that interactions in quantum sensors can be transformed from a nuisance into an advantage when strong interactions trigger a dissipative phase transition in an open quantum system. We demonstrate this behavior by analyzing dissipative quantum sensors based upon nitrogen-vacancy defect centers in diamond. Using both a variational method and a numerical simulation of the master equation describing the open quantum many-body system, we establish the existence of a dissipative first order transition that can be used for quantum sensing. We investigate the properties of this phase transition for two- and three-dimensional setups, demonstrating that the transition can be observed using current experimental technology. Finally, we show that quantum sensors based on dissipative phase transitions are particularly robust against imperfections such as disorder or decoherence, with the sensitivity of the sensor not being limited by the T_{2} coherence time of the device. Our results can readily be applied to other applications in quantum sensing and quantum metrology where interactions are currently a limiting factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghana Raghunandan
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Appelstraße 2, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Jörg Wrachtrup
- 3. Physikalisches Institut, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Hendrik Weimer
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Appelstraße 2, 30167 Hannover, Germany
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14
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Yang Y, Li YG, Short MP, Kim CS, Berggren KK, Li J. Nano-beam and nano-target effects in ion radiation. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:1598-1606. [PMID: 29323393 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr08116b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Full three dimensional (3D) simulations of ion implantation are necessary in a wide range of nanoscience and nanotechnology applications to capture the increasing effect of ion leakage out of surfaces. Using a recently developed 3D Monte Carlo simulation code IM3D, we first quantify the relative error of the 1D approach in three applications of nano-scale ion implantation: (1) nano-beam for nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center creation, (2) implantation of nanowires to fabricate p-n junctions, and (3) irradiation of nano-pillars for small-scale mechanical testing of irradiated materials. Because the 1D approach fails to consider the exchange and leakage of ions from boundaries, its relative error increases dramatically as the beam/target size shrinks. Lastly, the "Bragg peak" phenomenon, where the maximum radiation dose occurs at a finite depth away from the surface, relies on the assumption of broad beams. We discovered a topological transition of the point-defect or defect-cluster distribution isosurface when one varies the beam width, in agreement with a previous focused helium ion beam irradiation experiment. We conclude that full 3D simulations are necessary if either the beam or the target size is comparable or below the SRIM longitudinal ion range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
| | - Yong Gang Li
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA. and Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Institute of Solid State Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China and University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Michael P Short
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
| | - Chung-Soo Kim
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Karl K Berggren
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Ju Li
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA. and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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Tu Y, Han B, Shimizu Y, Inoue K, Fukui Y, Yano M, Tanii T, Shinada T, Nagai Y. Atom probe tomographic assessment of the distribution of germanium atoms implanted in a silicon matrix through nano-apertures. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 28:385301. [PMID: 28699622 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aa7f49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Ion implantation through nanometer-scale apertures (nano-apertures) is a promising method to precisely position ions in silicon matrices, which is a requirement for next generation electronic and quantum computing devices. This paper reports the application of atom probe tomography (APT) to investigate the three-dimensional distribution of germanium atoms in silicon after implantation through nano-aperture of 10 nm in diameter, for evaluation of the amount and spatial distribution of implanted dopants. The experimental results obtained by APT are consistent with a simple simulation with consideration of several effects during lithography and ion implantation, such as channeling and resist flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Tu
- Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Oarai, Ibaraki 311-1313, Japan
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Burgarth D, Ajoy A. Evolution-Free Hamiltonian Parameter Estimation through Zeeman Markers. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 119:030402. [PMID: 28777617 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.119.030402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We provide a protocol for Hamiltonian parameter estimation which relies only on the Zeeman effect. No time-dependent quantities need to be measured; it fully suffices to observe spectral shifts induced by fields applied to local "markers." We demonstrate the idea with a simple tight-binding Hamiltonian and numerically show stability with respect to Gaussian noise on the spectral measurements. Then we generalize the result to show applicability to a wide range of systems, including quantum spin chains, networks of qubits, and coupled harmonic oscillators, and suggest potential experimental implementations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Burgarth
- Institute of Mathematics, Physics and Computer Science, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth SY23 3BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Ashok Ajoy
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, and Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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