1
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Hori I, Harashima H, Yamada Y. Development of Liposomes That Target Axon Terminals Encapsulating Berberine in Cultured Primary Neurons. Pharmaceutics 2023; 16:49. [PMID: 38258060 PMCID: PMC10821366 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16010049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Most of the energy in neurons is produced in mitochondria. Mitochondria generate the ATP that is essential for neuronal growth, function, and regeneration. Mitochondrial axonal transport plays a crucial role in maintaining neuronal homeostasis and biological activity. Decreased mitochondrial axonal transport at axon terminals, where the metabolism of substances is likely to be delayed, may contribute to neurological dysfunction. Therefore, regulation of mitochondrial dynamics at axon terminals has attracted considerable interest as a strategy to modulate neuronal function. Nanoparticles may be useful in controlling local mitochondrial dynamics. Nevertheless, there are few reports on the influence of drug delivery that nanoparticles impart on the mitochondrial dynamics in neurons. This paper reports the results of a study using liposomes (LPs) to examine local drug delivery and pharmacological actions on neurons. We tested berberine (BBR), which is an activator of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), to examine the utility of this drug as a cellular energy sensor. Axon terminals targeting LPs were prepared. The amount of axon terminals targeting LPs was increased compared with treatment using cationic LPs. Moreover, axon terminal-targeting LPs increased anterograde transport by about 40% compared with that of either naked BBR or cationic LPs and suppressed axonal retraction. Our findings suggest that local drug delivery to neurons is important for enhancing pharmacological activity in axon terminals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuma Hori
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-5, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan;
| | - Hideyoshi Harashima
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan;
| | - Yuma Yamada
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan;
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2
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Liu W, Li Y, Zhao T, Gong M, Wang X, Zhang Y, Xu L, Li W, Li Y, Jia J. The role of N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptors in Alzheimer's disease: From pathophysiology to therapeutic approaches. Prog Neurobiol 2023; 231:102534. [PMID: 37783430 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2023.102534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
N-Methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptors (NMDARs) are involved in multiple physiopathological processes, including synaptic plasticity, neuronal network activities, excitotoxic events, and cognitive impairment. Abnormalities in NMDARs can initiate a cascade of pathological events, notably in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and even other neuropsychiatric disorders. The subunit composition of NMDARs is plastic, giving rise to a diverse array of receptor subtypes. While they are primarily found in neurons, NMDAR complexes, comprising both traditional and atypical subunits, are also present in non-neuronal cells, influencing the functions of various peripheral tissues. Furthermore, protein-protein interactions within NMDAR complexes has been linked with Aβ accumulation, tau phosphorylation, neuroinflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction, all of which potentially served as an obligatory relay of cognitive impairment. Nonetheless, the precise mechanistic link remains to be fully elucidated. In this review, we provided an in-depth analysis of the structure and function of NMDAR, investigated their interactions with various pathogenic proteins, discussed the current landscape of NMDAR-based therapeutics, and highlighted the remaining challenges during drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenying Liu
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, PR China
| | - Yan Li
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, PR China
| | - Tan Zhao
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, PR China
| | - Min Gong
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, PR China
| | - Xuechu Wang
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, PR China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, PR China
| | - Lingzhi Xu
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, PR China; Clinical Center for Neurodegenerative Disease and Memory Impairment, Capital Medical University, PR China; Center of Alzheimer's Disease, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, PR China; Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100053, PR China
| | - Wenwen Li
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, PR China; Clinical Center for Neurodegenerative Disease and Memory Impairment, Capital Medical University, PR China; Center of Alzheimer's Disease, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, PR China; Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100053, PR China
| | - Yan Li
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, PR China; Clinical Center for Neurodegenerative Disease and Memory Impairment, Capital Medical University, PR China; Center of Alzheimer's Disease, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, PR China; Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100053, PR China
| | - Jianping Jia
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, PR China; Clinical Center for Neurodegenerative Disease and Memory Impairment, Capital Medical University, PR China; Center of Alzheimer's Disease, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, PR China; Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100053, PR China.
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3
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Yu SP, Jiang MQ, Shim SS, Pourkhodadad S, Wei L. Extrasynaptic NMDA receptors in acute and chronic excitotoxicity: implications for preventive treatments of ischemic stroke and late-onset Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurodegener 2023; 18:43. [PMID: 37400870 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-023-00636-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke and late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD) are risk factors for each other; the comorbidity of these brain disorders in aging individuals represents a significant challenge in basic research and clinical practice. The similarities and differences between stroke and AD in terms of pathogenesis and pathophysiology, however, have rarely been comparably reviewed. Here, we discuss the research background and recent progresses that are important and informative for the comorbidity of stroke and late-onset AD and related dementia (ADRD). Glutamatergic NMDA receptor (NMDAR) activity and NMDAR-mediated Ca2+ influx are essential for neuronal function and cell survival. An ischemic insult, however, can cause rapid increases in glutamate concentration and excessive activation of NMDARs, leading to swift Ca2+ overload in neuronal cells and acute excitotoxicity within hours and days. On the other hand, mild upregulation of NMDAR activity, commonly seen in AD animal models and patients, is not immediately cytotoxic. Sustained NMDAR hyperactivity and Ca2+ dysregulation lasting from months to years, nevertheless, can be pathogenic for slowly evolving events, i.e. degenerative excitotoxicity, in the development of AD/ADRD. Specifically, Ca2+ influx mediated by extrasynaptic NMDARs (eNMDARs) and a downstream pathway mediated by transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member (TRPM) are primarily responsible for excitotoxicity. On the other hand, the NMDAR subunit GluN3A plays a "gatekeeper" role in NMDAR activity and a neuroprotective role against both acute and chronic excitotoxicity. Thus, ischemic stroke and AD share an NMDAR- and Ca2+-mediated pathogenic mechanism that provides a common receptor target for preventive and possibly disease-modifying therapies. Memantine (MEM) preferentially blocks eNMDARs and was approved by the Federal Drug Administration (FDA) for symptomatic treatment of moderate-to-severe AD with variable efficacy. According to the pathogenic role of eNMDARs, it is conceivable that MEM and other eNMDAR antagonists should be administered much earlier, preferably during the presymptomatic phases of AD/ADRD. This anti-AD treatment could simultaneously serve as a preconditioning strategy against stroke that attacks ≥ 50% of AD patients. Future research on the regulation of NMDARs, enduring control of eNMDARs, Ca2+ homeostasis, and downstream events will provide a promising opportunity to understand and treat the comorbidity of AD/ADRD and stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan P Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
- Center for Visual & Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA, 30033, USA.
| | - Michael Q Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Center for Visual & Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA, 30033, USA
| | - Seong S Shim
- Center for Visual & Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA, 30033, USA
| | - Soheila Pourkhodadad
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Center for Visual & Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA, 30033, USA
| | - Ling Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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Improvement of synaptic plasticity by nanoparticles and the related mechanisms: Applications and prospects. J Control Release 2022; 347:143-163. [PMID: 35513209 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Synaptic plasticity is an important basis of learning and memory and participates in brain network remodelling after different types of brain injury (such as that caused by neurodegenerative diseases, cerebral ischaemic injury, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and psychiatric disorders). Therefore, improving synaptic plasticity is particularly important for the treatment of nervous system-related diseases. With the rapid development of nanotechnology, increasing evidence has shown that nanoparticles (NPs) can cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in different ways, directly or indirectly act on nerve cells, regulate synaptic plasticity, and ultimately improve nerve function. Therefore, to better elucidate the effect of NPs on synaptic plasticity, we review evidence showing that NPs can improve synaptic plasticity by regulating different influencing factors, such as neurotransmitters, receptors, presynaptic membrane proteins and postsynaptic membrane proteins, and further discuss the possible mechanism by which NPs improve synaptic plasticity. We conclude that NPs can improve synaptic plasticity and restore the function of damaged nerves by inhibiting neuroinflammation and oxidative stress, inducing autophagy, and regulating ion channels on the cell membrane. By reviewing the mechanism by which NPs regulate synaptic plasticity and the applications of NPs for the treatment of neurological diseases, we also propose directions for future research in this field and provide an important reference for follow-up research.
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Hou K, Meng C, Huang Y, Zhang Z, Wang Z, Lü X. A Research on the Role and Mechanism of N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptors in the Effects of Silver Nanoparticles on the Electrical Excitability of Hippocampal Neuronal Networks. J Biomed Nanotechnol 2022. [DOI: 10.1166/jbn.2022.3357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to explore the role and mechanism of N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA) receptors in the effects of silver nanoparticles (SNPs) on the electrical excitability of hippocampal neuronal networks. First, the cytotoxicity of different concentrations of SNPs was evaluated
and screened by MTT experiment, then the Voltage Threshold Measurement Method (VTMM) was employed to study the effects of SNPs on the electrical excitability of hippocampal neuronal networks under non-cytotoxic (5 μM) and cytotoxic (100 μM) concentrations after different
action times. The role of NMDA receptors in the effects of SNPs on the electrical excitability of hippocampal neuronal networks was investigated through the NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801. Then, the effects of SNPs on the number of NMDA receptors and the Ca2+ content in hippocampal
neurons were further investigated, and the relationship between these changes and neuronal networks electrical excitability was discussed. The results of voltage threshold (VTh) test showed that non-cytotoxic 5 μM SNPs has an excitatory effect on hippocampal neuronal
networks, while the effect of cytotoxic 100 μM SNPs gradually changed from excitatory to inhibitory with the extension of action time. It was found that SNPs could increase the electrical excitability of neuronal networks by activating NMDA receptors through the experiments with
MK-801 antagonists. Moreover, the fluorescent staining experiments showed that the activation of NMDA receptors by SNPs can lead to an increase in the intracellular Ca2+ content, and then trigger a negative feedback regulation mechanism of neurons between the number of NMDA receptors
and intracellular Ca2+ content. The high Ca2+ content in neurons can also decrease neurons’ cell viability, which in turn leads to changes in the electrical excitability of the neuronal networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, PR China
| | - Chen Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, PR China
| | - Yan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, PR China
| | - Zequn Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, PR China
| | - Zhigong Wang
- Institute of RF- & OE-ICs, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, PR China
| | - Xiaoying Lü
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, PR China
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6
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Li YX, Wang HB, Jin JB, Yang CL, Hu JB, Li J. Advances in the research of nano delivery systems in ischemic stroke. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:984424. [PMID: 36338131 PMCID: PMC9634573 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.984424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is the most common type of cerebrovascular disease with high disability rate and mortality. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) protects the homeostasis of the brain's microenvironment and impedes the penetration of 98% of drugs. Therefore, effective treatment requires the better drug transport across membranes and increased drug distribution. Nanoparticles are a good choice for drugs to cross BBB. The main pathways of nano delivery systems through BBB include passive diffusion, adsorption-mediated endocytosis, receptor-mediated transport, carrier-mediated transport, etc. At present, the materials used in brain-targeted delivery can be divided into natural polymer, synthetic polymers, inorganic materials and phospholipid. In this review, we first introduced several ways of nano delivery systems crossing the BBB, and then summarized their applications in ischemic stroke. Based on their potential and challenges in the treatment of ischemic stroke, new ideas and prospects are proposed for designing feasible and effective nano delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Xuan Li
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Hong-Bo Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Ningbo University Affiliated Yangming Hospital, Yuyao, China
| | - Jian-Bo Jin
- Department of Pharmacy, Ningbo University Affiliated Yangming Hospital, Yuyao, China
| | - Chun-Lin Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Ningbo University Affiliated Yangming Hospital, Yuyao, China
| | - Jing-Bo Hu
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Ningbo University Affiliated Yangming Hospital, Yuyao, China
- *Correspondence: Jing Li,
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7
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Tse YC, Nath M, Larosa A, Wong TP. Opposing Changes in Synaptic and Extrasynaptic N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Function in Response to Acute and Chronic Restraint Stress. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:716675. [PMID: 34690693 PMCID: PMC8531402 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.716675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A pertinent mechanism by which stress impacts learning and memory is through stress-induced plastic changes in glutamatergic transmission in the hippocampus. For instance, acute stress has been shown to alter the expression, binding, and function of the ionotropic glutamate N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR). However, the consequences of chronic stress, which could lead to various stress-related brain disorders, on NMDAR function remain unclear. While most studies on NMDARs focused on these receptors in synapses (synaptic NMDARs or sNMDARs), emerging findings have revealed functional roles of NMDARs outside synapses (extrasynaptic NMDARs or exNMDARs) that are distinct from those of sNMDARs. Using a restraint stress paradigm in adult rats, the objective of the current study is to examine whether sNMDARs and exNMDARs in the hippocampus are differentially regulated by acute and chronic stress. We examined sNMDAR and exNMDAR function in dorsal CA1 hippocampal neurons from brain slices of adult rats that were acutely (1 episode) or chronically (21 daily episodes) stressed by restraint (30 min). We found that acute stress increases sNMDAR but suppresses exNMDAR function. Surprisingly, we only observed a reduction in exNMDAR function after chronic stress. Taken together, our findings suggest that sNMDARs and exNMDARs may be differentially regulated by acute and chronic stress. Most importantly, the observed suppression in exNMDAR function by both acute and chronic stress implies crucial but overlooked roles of hippocampal exNMDARs in stress-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiu Chung Tse
- Neuroscience Division, Douglas Research Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Moushumi Nath
- Neuroscience Division, Douglas Research Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Amanda Larosa
- Neuroscience Division, Douglas Research Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Tak Pan Wong
- Neuroscience Division, Douglas Research Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Valente P, Kiryushko D, Sacchetti S, Machado P, Cobley CM, Mangini V, Porter AE, Spatz JP, Fleck RA, Benfenati F, Fiammengo R. Reply to Comment on Conopeptide-Functionalized Nanoparticles Selectively Antagonize Extrasynaptic N-Methyl-d-aspartate Receptors and Protect Hippocampal Neurons from Excitotoxicity In Vitro. ACS NANO 2021; 15:15409-15417. [PMID: 37738397 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c05607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pierluigi Valente
- Department of Experimental Medicine, School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa 16132, Italy
- IRCSS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa 16132, Italy
| | - Darya Kiryushko
- Department of Materials and London Center for Nanotechnology, Imperial College, London SW72AZ, United Kingdom
- Center for Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Silvio Sacchetti
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa 16132, Italy
| | - Pedro Machado
- Centre for Ultrastructural Imaging, Kings College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
| | - Claire M Cobley
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| | - Vincenzo Mangini
- Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnologies@UniLe, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Arnesano, Lecce 73010, Italy
| | - Alexandra E Porter
- Department of Materials and London Center for Nanotechnology, Imperial College, London SW72AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Joachim P Spatz
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Roland A Fleck
- Centre for Ultrastructural Imaging, Kings College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
| | - Fabio Benfenati
- IRCSS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa 16132, Italy
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa 16132, Italy
| | - Roberto Fiammengo
- Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnologies@UniLe, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Arnesano, Lecce 73010, Italy
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona 37134, Italy
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9
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Gold-Protein Composite Nanoparticles for Enhanced X-ray Interactions: A Potential Formulation for Triggered Release. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13091407. [PMID: 34575482 PMCID: PMC8471296 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13091407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-delivery vehicles have been used extensively to modulate the biodistribution of drugs for the purpose of maximizing their therapeutic effects while minimizing systemic toxicity. The release characteristics of the vehicle must be balanced with its encapsulation properties to achieve optimal delivery of the drug. An alternative approach is to design a delivery vehicle that preferentially releases its contents under specific endogenous (e.g., tissue pH) or exogenous (e.g., applied temperature) stimuli. In the present manuscript, we report on a novel delivery system with potential for triggered release using external beam radiation. Our group evaluated Zein protein as the basis for the delivery vehicle and used radiation as the exogenous stimulus. Proteins are known to react with free radicals, produced during irradiation in aqueous suspensions, leading to aggregation, fragmentation, amino acid modification, and proteolytic susceptibility. Additionally, we incorporated gold particles into the Zein protein matrix to create hybrid Zein-gold nanoparticles (ZAuNPs). Zein-only nanoparticles (ZNPs) and ZAuNPs were subsequently exposed to kVp radiation (single dose ranging from 2 to 80 Gy; fractionated doses of 2 Gy delivered 10 times) and characterized before and after irradiation. Our data indicated that the presence of gold particles within Zein particles was correlated with significantly higher levels of alterations to the protein, and was associated with higher rates of release of the encapsulated drug compound, Irinotecan. The aggregate results demonstrated a proof-of-principle that radiation can be used with gold nanoparticles to modulate the release rates of protein-based drug-delivery vehicles, such as ZNPs.
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Wing KD. Pharmaceutical technologies with potential application to insecticide discovery †. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:3617-3625. [PMID: 32896085 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Novel neuroactive insecticides are discovered/registered differently, have a lower value in use, and exert their physiological actions in manners distinct from neuroactive pharmaceuticals, but there are clear similarities in their biochemical modes of action. Insecticides are generally discovered using whole pest insect screens, and this eases difficulties in 'translational science' from laboratory to field, as opposed to pharmaceutical translation from biochemical or cell-based targets to animal models to human clinical trials to registered drug. This paper examines recent trends in pharmaceutical science and identifies some technologies which may represent complementary approaches to insecticide discovery screening and mode of action determination beyond the sound processes in common practice today. Examples will be drawn from nanoparticle delivery of neuroactives, unique ligand-polymer conjugates, proposed advances in insect cell culture following from pharmaceutical cell biology, and laboratory or organ-on-a-chip approaches. It is hoped that these concepts will stimulate novel thinking which may enable discovery of efficacious new neuroactive insecticides. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith D Wing
- Keith D. Wing Consulting, LLC, 122 Yardley Lane, Wilmington, DE, USA
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11
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New Approaches in Nanomedicine for Ischemic Stroke. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13050757. [PMID: 34065179 PMCID: PMC8161190 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13050757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke, caused by the interruption of blood flow to the brain and subsequent neuronal death, represents one of the main causes of disability in developed countries. Therapeutic methods such as recanalization approaches, neuroprotective drugs, or recovery strategies have been widely developed to improve the patient's outcome; however, important limitations such as a narrow therapeutic window, the ability to reach brain targets, or drug side effects constitute some of the main aspects that limit the clinical applicability of the current treatments. Nanotechnology has emerged as a promising tool to overcome many of these drug limitations and improve the efficacy of treatments for neurological diseases such as stroke. The use of nanoparticles as a contrast agent or as drug carriers to a specific target are some of the most common approaches developed in nanomedicine for stroke. Throughout this review, we have summarized our experience of using nanotechnology tools for the study of stroke and the search for novel therapies.
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12
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Simões-Pires EN, Ferreira ST, Linden R. Roles of glutamate receptors in a novel in vitro model of early, comorbid cerebrovascular, and Alzheimer's diseases. J Neurochem 2020; 156:539-552. [PMID: 32683713 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Systemic multimorbidity is highly prevalent in the elderly and, remarkably, coexisting neuropathological markers of Alzheimer's (AD) and cerebrovascular (CVD) diseases are found at autopsy in most brains of patients clinically diagnosed as AD. Little is known on neurodegeneration peculiar to comorbidities, especially at early stages when pathogenesis may propagate at subclinical levels. We developed a novel in vitro model of comorbid CVD/AD in organotypic hippocampal cultures, by combining oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) and exposure to amyloid-Aβ oligomers (AβOs), both applied at levels subtoxic to neurons when used in isolation. We focused on synaptic proteins and the roles of glutamate receptors, which have been implicated in many basic and clinical approaches to either CVD or AD. Subtoxic insults by OGD and AβOs synergized to reduce levels of synaptophysin (SYP) and PSD-95 without cell death, while effects of antagonists of either metabotropic or ionotropic glutamate receptors were distinct from reports in models of isolated CVD or AD. In particular, modulation of glutamate receptors differentially impacted SYP and PSD-95, and antagonists of a single receptor subtype had distinct effects when either isolated or combined. Our findings highlight the complexity of CVD/AD comorbidity, help understand variable responses to glutamate receptor antagonists in patients diagnosed with AD and may contribute to future development of therapeutics based on investigation of the pattern of progressive comorbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sergio T Ferreira
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rafael Linden
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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13
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Kikuchi T. Is Memantine Effective as an NMDA-Receptor Antagonist in Adjunctive Therapy for Schizophrenia? Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10081134. [PMID: 32751985 PMCID: PMC7466074 DOI: 10.3390/biom10081134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Memantine, an n-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist approved for treating Alzheimer's disease, has a good safety profile and is increasingly being studied for possible use in a variety of non-dementia psychiatric disorders. There is an abundance of basic and clinical data that support the hypothesis that NMDA receptor hypofunction contributes to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. However, there are numerous randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials showing that add-on treatment with memantine improves negative and cognitive symptoms, particularly the negative symptoms of schizophrenia, indicating that memantine as adjunctive therapy in schizophrenia helps to ameliorate negative symptoms and cognitive deficits. It remains unclear why memantine does not show undesirable central nervous system (CNS) side effects in humans unlike other NMDA receptor antagonists, such as phencyclidine and ketamine. However, the answer could lie in the fact that it would appear that memantine works as a low-affinity, fast off-rate, voltage-dependent, and uncompetitive antagonist with preferential inhibition of extrasynaptic receptors. It is reasonable to assume that the effects of memantine as adjunctive therapy on negative symptoms and cognitive deficits in schizophrenia may derive primarily, if not totally, from its NMDA receptor antagonist activity at NMDA receptors including extrasynaptic receptors in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuro Kikuchi
- New Drug Research Division, Pharmaceutical Business Division, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 463-10 Kagasuno, Kawauchi-cho, Tokushima 771-0192, Japan
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14
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Valente P, Kiryushko D, Sacchetti S, Machado P, Cobley CM, Mangini V, Porter AE, Spatz JP, Fleck RA, Benfenati F, Fiammengo R. Conopeptide-Functionalized Nanoparticles Selectively Antagonize Extrasynaptic N-Methyl-d-aspartate Receptors and Protect Hippocampal Neurons from Excitotoxicity In Vitro. ACS NANO 2020; 14:6866-6877. [PMID: 32510204 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c00866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are ionotropic glutamate receptors controlling fundamental physiological processes in the central nervous system, such as learning and memory. Excessive activation of NMDARs causes excitotoxicity and results in neurodegeneration, which is observed in a number of pathological conditions. Because of their dichotomous role, therapeutic targeting of NMDAR is difficult. However, several lines of evidence suggest that excitotoxicity is predominantly linked to extrasynaptically located NMDARs. Here, we report on a nanoparticle-based strategy to inhibit extrasynaptic NMDARs exclusively and subtype selectively, while allowing synaptic NMDARs activity. We designed gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) carrying conopeptide derivatives conjugated on their poly(ethylene glycol) coating as allosteric NMDAR inhibitors and show that these nanoparticles antagonize exclusively extrasynaptic NMDAR-mediated currents in cultured hippocampal neurons. Additionally, we show that conopeptide-functionalized AuNPs are neuroprotective in an in vitro model of excitotoxicity. By using AuNPs carrying different allosteric inhibitors with distinct NMDAR subtype selectivity such as peptide conantokin-G or peptide conantokin-R, we suggest activation of extrasynaptic GluN2B-containing diheteromeric NMDARs as the main cause of excitotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierluigi Valente
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa 16132, Italy
- IRCSS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa 16132, Italy
| | - Darya Kiryushko
- Department of Materials and London Center for Nanotechnology, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
- Center for Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Silvio Sacchetti
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa 16132, Italy
| | - Pedro Machado
- Centre for Ultrastructural Imaging, Kings College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
| | - Claire M Cobley
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| | - Vincenzo Mangini
- Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnologies@UniLe, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Arnesano, Lecce 73010, Italy
| | - Alexandra E Porter
- Department of Materials and London Center for Nanotechnology, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Joachim P Spatz
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Roland A Fleck
- Centre for Ultrastructural Imaging, Kings College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
| | - Fabio Benfenati
- IRCSS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa 16132, Italy
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa 16132, Italy
| | - Roberto Fiammengo
- Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnologies@UniLe, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Arnesano, Lecce 73010, Italy
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15
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NMDARs in Cell Survival and Death: Implications in Stroke Pathogenesis and Treatment. Trends Mol Med 2020; 26:533-551. [PMID: 32470382 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2020.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability in developed countries. N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptors (NMDARs) have important roles in stroke pathology and recovery. Depending on their subtypes and locations, these NMDARs may promote either neuronal survival or death. Recently, the functions of previously overlooked NMDAR subtypes during stroke were characterized, and NMDARs expressed at different subcellular locations were found to have synergistic rather than opposing functions. Moreover, the complexity of the neuronal survival and death signaling pathways following NMDAR activation was further elucidated. In this review, we summarize the recent developments in these areas and discuss how delineating the dual roles of NMDARs in stroke has directed the development of novel neuroprotective therapeutics for stroke.
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16
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Jin GZ, Chakraborty A, Lee JH, Knowles JC, Kim HW. Targeting with nanoparticles for the therapeutic treatment of brain diseases. J Tissue Eng 2020; 11:2041731419897460. [PMID: 32180936 PMCID: PMC7057401 DOI: 10.1177/2041731419897460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain diseases including neurodegenerative disorders and tumours are among the most serious health problems, degrading the quality of life and causing massive economic cost. Nanoparticles that load and deliver drugs and genes have been intensively studied for the treatment of brain diseases, and have demonstrated some biological effects in various animal models. Among other efforts taken in the nanoparticle development, targeting of blood brain barrier, specific cell type or local intra-/extra-cellular space is an important strategy to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of the nanoparticle delivery systems. This review underlies the targeting issue in the nanoparticle development for the treatment of brain diseases, taking key exemplar studies carried out in various in vivo models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Zhen Jin
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea.,Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 PLUS Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Atanu Chakraborty
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hwan Lee
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea.,Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 PLUS Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea.,UCL Eastman-Korea Dental Medicine Innovation Centre, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jonathan C Knowles
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea.,UCL Eastman-Korea Dental Medicine Innovation Centre, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea.,Division of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, London, UK
| | - Hae-Won Kim
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea.,Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 PLUS Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea.,UCL Eastman-Korea Dental Medicine Innovation Centre, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
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17
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Tse YC, Lopez J, Moquin A, Wong SMA, Maysinger D, Wong TP. The susceptibility to chronic social defeat stress is related to low hippocampal extrasynaptic NMDA receptor function. Neuropsychopharmacology 2019; 44:1310-1318. [PMID: 30723288 PMCID: PMC6785155 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-019-0325-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) have been highly implicated in the pathogenesis and treatment of depression. While NMDARs can be found inside and outside glutamate synapses, it remains unclear if NMDARs at synaptic (sNMDAR) and extrasynaptic locations (exNMDAR) play different roles in the formation of depression-related behaviors. Using chronic social defeat stress (CSDS), an animal model for anxiety- and depression-related behaviors, we found that mice susceptible to CSDS exhibited low hippocampal exNMDAR function. Raising exNMDAR function by enhancing the release of glutamate from astrocytic cystine-glutamate antiporters or targeting extrasynaptic receptors with agonist-coated gold nanoparticles that cannot enter the synaptic cleft prevented social avoidance behavior in stressed mice. Interestingly, ketamine, which is a fast-acting antidepressant, exhibited stronger blockade to sNMDARs than to exNMDARs. These findings suggest that the susceptibility and resilience of mice toward CSDS is related to low and high exNMDAR function in the hippocampus, respectively. Enhancing exNMDAR function could be a novel treatment approach for mood and anxiety disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiu Chung Tse
- 0000 0001 2353 5268grid.412078.8Douglas Mental Health University Institute, 6875 LaSalle Blvd, Montreal, QC Canada
| | - Joëlle Lopez
- 0000 0001 2353 5268grid.412078.8Douglas Mental Health University Institute, 6875 LaSalle Blvd, Montreal, QC Canada
| | - Alexandre Moquin
- 0000 0004 1936 8649grid.14709.3bDepartment of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC Canada
| | - Shui-Ming Alice Wong
- 0000 0001 2353 5268grid.412078.8Douglas Mental Health University Institute, 6875 LaSalle Blvd, Montreal, QC Canada
| | - Dusica Maysinger
- 0000 0004 1936 8649grid.14709.3bDepartment of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC Canada
| | - Tak Pan Wong
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, 6875 LaSalle Blvd, Montreal, QC, Canada. .,Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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18
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Engin AB, Engin A. Nanoparticles and neurotoxicity: Dual response of glutamatergic receptors. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2019; 245:281-303. [PMID: 30961871 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Although the use of nanoparticles for neuro-diagnostic and neurotherapeutic purposes provides superior benefits than the conventional approaches, it may be potentially toxic in central nervous system. In this respect, nanotechnological research focuses on nanoneurotoxicity-nanoneurosafety concepts. Despite these efforts, nanoparticles (NPs) may cause neurotoxicity, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration by penetrating the brain-olfactory route and blood-brain barrier (BBB). Indeed, due to their unique structures nanomaterials can easily cross biological barriers, thus avoid drug delivery problems. Despite the advancement of nanotechnology for designing therapeutic agents, toxicity of these nanomaterials is still a concern. Activation of neurons by astrocytic glutamate is a result of NPs-mediated astrocyte-neuron crosstalk. Increased extracellular glutamate levels due to enhanced synthesis and reduced reuptake may induce neuronal damage by abnormal activation of extrasynaptic N-methyl d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) subunits. NMDAR is the key factor that mediates the disturbances in intracellular calcium homeostasis, mitochondrial dysfunction and generation of reactive oxygen species in NPs exposed neurons. While some NPs cause neuronal death by inducing NMDARs, others may be neurotoxic through the alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors or protect the neurons via blocking NMDARs. However, mechanisms of dual effects of NPs, neurotoxicity or neuroprotection are not precisely known. Some NPs present neuroprotective effect either by selectively inhibiting extrasynaptic subunit of NMDARs or by attenuating oxidative stress. NPs-related proinflammatory activation of microglia contributes to the dysfunction and cytotoxicity in neurons. Therefore, investigation of the interaction of NPs with the neuronal signaling molecules and neuronal receptors is necessary for the better understanding of the neurotoxicity or neurosafety of nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Basak Engin
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Atilla Engin
- Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
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19
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Ji J, Moquin A, Bertorelle F, KY Chang P, Antoine R, Luo J, McKinney RA, Maysinger D. Organotypic and primary neural cultures as models to assess effects of different gold nanostructures on glia and neurons. Nanotoxicology 2019; 13:285-304. [DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2018.1543468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeff Ji
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Alexandre Moquin
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Franck Bertorelle
- CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, Université Lyon Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Philip KY Chang
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Rodolphe Antoine
- CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, Université Lyon Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Julia Luo
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - R. Anne McKinney
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Dusica Maysinger
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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20
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Moquin A, Ji J, Neibert K, Winnik F, Maysinger D. Encapsulation and Delivery of Neutrophic Proteins and Hydrophobic Agents Using PMOXA-PDMS-PMOXA Triblock Polymersomes. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:13882-13893. [PMID: 30411053 PMCID: PMC6217674 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b02311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Polymersomes are attractive nanocarriers for hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs; they are more stable than liposomes, tunable, and relatively easy to prepare. The copolymer composition and molar mass are critical features that determine the physicochemical properties of the polymersomes including the rate of drug release. We used the triblock-copolymer, poly(2-methyl-2-oxazoline)-block-poly-(dimethysiloxane)-block-poly(2-methyl-2-oxazoline) (PMOXA-PDMS-PMOXA), to form amphipathic polymersomes capable of loading proteins and small hydrophobic agents. The selected agents were unstable neurotrophins (nerve growth factor and brain-derived neurotrophic factor), a large protein CD109, and the fluorescent drug curcumin. We prepared, characterized, and tested polymersomes loaded with selected agents in 2D and 3D biological models. Curcumin-loaded and rhodamine-bound PMOXA-PDMS-PMOXA polymersomes were used to visualize them inside cells. N-Methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) agonists and antagonists were also covalently attached to the surface of polymersomes for targeting neurons. Labeled and unlabeled polymersomes with or without loaded agents were characterized using dynamic light scattering (DLS), UV-vis fluorescence spectroscopy, and asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation (AF4). Polymersomes were imaged and tested for biological activity in human and murine fibroblasts, murine macrophages, primary murine dorsal root ganglia, and murine hippocampal cultures. Polymersomes were rapidly internalized and there was a clear intracellular co-localization of the fluorescent drug (curcumin) with the fluorescent rhodamine-labeled polymersomes. Polymersomes containing CD109, a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored protein, promoted cell migration in the model of wound healing. Nerve growth factor-loaded polymersomes effectively enhanced neurite outgrowth in dissociated and explanted dorsal root ganglia. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor increased dendritic spine density in serum-deprived hippocampal slice cultures. NMDAR agonist- and antagonist-functionalized polymersomes targeted selectively neurons over glial cells in mixed cultures. Collectively, the study reveals the successful incorporation into polymersomes of biologically active trophic factors and small hydrophilic agents that retain their biological activity in vitro, as demonstrated in selected central and peripheral tissue models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Moquin
- Department
of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir-William-Osler, H3G
1Y6 Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jeff Ji
- Department
of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir-William-Osler, H3G
1Y6 Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Kevin Neibert
- Department
of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir-William-Osler, H3G
1Y6 Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Françoise
M. Winnik
- Département
de Chimie, Université de Montréal, CP 6128 Succursale Centre-Ville, H3C 3J7 Montréal, Québec, Canada
- International
Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, 305-0044 Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dusica Maysinger
- Department
of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir-William-Osler, H3G
1Y6 Montreal, Québec, Canada
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21
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Maysinger D, Ji J, Moquin A, Hossain S, Hancock MA, Zhang I, Chang PK, Rigby M, Anthonisen M, Grütter P, Breitner J, McKinney RA, Reimann S, Haag R, Multhaup G. Dendritic Polyglycerol Sulfates in the Prevention of Synaptic Loss and Mechanism of Action on Glia. ACS Chem Neurosci 2018; 9:260-271. [PMID: 29078046 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic polyglycerols (dPG), particularly dendritic polyglycerol sulfates (dPGS), have been intensively studied due to their intrinsic anti-inflammatory activity. As related to brain pathologies involving neuroinflammation, the current study examined if dPG and dPGS can (i) regulate neuroglial activation, and (ii) normalize the morphology and function of excitatory postsynaptic dendritic spines adversely affected by the neurotoxic 42 amino acid amyloid-β (Aβ42) peptide of Alzheimer disease (AD). The exact role of neuroglia, such as microglia and astrocytes, remains controversial especially their positive and negative impact on inflammatory processes in AD. To test dPGS effectiveness in AD models we used primary neuroglia and organotypic hippocampal slice cultures exposed to Aβ42 peptide. Overall, our data indicate that dPGS is taken up by both microglia and astrocytes in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. The mechanism of action of dPGS involves binding to Aβ42, i.e., a direct interaction between dPGS and Aβ42 species interfered with Aβ fibril formation and reduced the production of the neuroinflammagen lipocalin-2 (LCN2) mainly in astrocytes. Moreover, dPGS normalized the impairment of neuroglia and prevented the loss of dendritic spines at excitatory synapses in the hippocampus. In summary, dPGS has desirable therapeutic properties that may help reduce amyloid-induced neuroinflammation and neurotoxicity in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dusica Maysinger
- Department
of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada H3G 1Y6
| | - Jeff Ji
- Department
of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada H3G 1Y6
| | - Alexandre Moquin
- Department
of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada H3G 1Y6
| | - Shireen Hossain
- Department
of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada H3G 1Y6
| | - Mark A. Hancock
- Department
of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada H3G 1Y6
| | - Issan Zhang
- Department
of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada H3G 1Y6
| | - Philip K.Y. Chang
- Department
of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada H3G 1Y6
| | - Matthew Rigby
- Department
of Physics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada H3A 2T8
| | | | - Peter Grütter
- Department
of Physics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada H3A 2T8
| | - John Breitner
- Douglas
Hospital Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada H4H 1R3
| | - R. Anne McKinney
- Department
of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada H3G 1Y6
| | - Sabine Reimann
- Institut
für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rainer Haag
- Institut
für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerhard Multhaup
- Department
of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada H3G 1Y6
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22
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Carletti R, Tacconi S, Mugnaini M, Gerrard P. Receptor distribution studies. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2017; 35:94-100. [PMID: 28803835 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2017.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Receptor distribution studies have played a key role in the characterization of receptor systems (e.g. GABAB, NMDA (GluNRs), and Neurokinin 1) and in generating hypotheses to exploit these systems as potential therapeutic targets. Distribution studies can provide important information on the potential role of candidate receptors in normal physiology/disease and alert for possible adverse effects of targeting the receptors. Moreover, they can provide valuable information relating to quantitative target engagement (e.g. % receptor occupancy) to drive mechanistic pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) hypotheses for compounds in the Drug Discovery process. Finally, receptor distribution and quantitative target engagement studies can be used to validate truly translational technologies such as PET ligands and pharmacoEEG paradigms to facilitate bridging of the preclinical/clinical interface and thus increase probability of success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renzo Carletti
- Center of Drug Discovery & Development, Aptuit S.r.l., via Fleming 4, 37135 Verona, Italy.
| | - Stefano Tacconi
- Center of Drug Discovery & Development, Aptuit S.r.l., via Fleming 4, 37135 Verona, Italy
| | - Manolo Mugnaini
- Neuroscience Discovery, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Knollstraße 50, 67061 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Philip Gerrard
- Center of Drug Discovery & Development, Aptuit S.r.l., via Fleming 4, 37135 Verona, Italy
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23
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Bading H. Therapeutic targeting of the pathological triad of extrasynaptic NMDA receptor signaling in neurodegenerations. J Exp Med 2017; 214:569-578. [PMID: 28209726 PMCID: PMC5339681 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20161673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of extrasynaptic N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors causes neurodegeneration and cell death. The disease mechanism involves a pathological triad consisting of mitochondrial dysfunction, loss of integrity of neuronal structures and connectivity, and disruption of excitation-transcription coupling caused by CREB (cyclic adenosine monophosphate-responsive element-binding protein) shut-off and nuclear accumulation of class IIa histone deacetylases. Interdependency within the triad fuels an accelerating disease progression that culminates in failure of mitochondrial energy production and cell loss. Both acute and slowly progressive neurodegenerative conditions, including stroke, Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Huntington's disease, share increased death signaling by extrasynaptic NMDA receptors caused by elevated extracellular glutamate concentrations or relocalization of NMDA receptors to extrasynaptic sites. Six areas of therapeutic objectives are defined, based on which a broadly applicable combination therapy is proposed to combat the pathological triad of extrasynaptic NMDA receptor signaling that is common to many neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilmar Bading
- Department of Neurobiology, Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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