1
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Zhao D, Tang X, Liu P, Huang Q, Li T, Ju L. Recent Progress of Ion-Modified TiO 2 for Enhanced Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production. Molecules 2024; 29:2347. [PMID: 38792207 PMCID: PMC11123945 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29102347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Harnessing solar energy to produce hydrogen through semiconductor-mediated photocatalytic water splitting is a promising avenue to address the challenges of energy scarcity and environmental degradation. Ever since Fujishima and Honda's groundbreaking work in photocatalytic water splitting, titanium dioxide (TiO2) has garnered significant interest as a semiconductor photocatalyst, prized for its non-toxicity, affordability, superior photocatalytic activity, and robust chemical stability. Nonetheless, the efficacy of solar energy conversion is hampered by TiO2's wide bandgap and the swift recombination of photogenerated carriers. In pursuit of enhancing TiO2's photocatalytic prowess, a panoply of modification techniques has been explored over recent years. This work provides an extensive review of the strategies employed to augment TiO2's performance in photocatalytic hydrogen production, with a special emphasis on foreign dopant incorporation. Firstly, we delve into metal doping as a key tactic to boost TiO2's capacity for efficient hydrogen generation via water splitting. We elaborate on the premise that metal doping introduces discrete energy states within TiO2's bandgap, thereby elevating its visible light photocatalytic activity. Following that, we evaluate the role of metal nanoparticles in modifying TiO2, hailed as one of the most effective strategies. Metal nanoparticles, serving as both photosensitizers and co-catalysts, display a pronounced affinity for visible light absorption and enhance the segregation and conveyance of photogenerated charge carriers, leading to remarkable photocatalytic outcomes. Furthermore, we consolidate perspectives on the nonmetal doping of TiO2, which tailors the material to harness visible light more efficiently and bolsters the separation and transfer of photogenerated carriers. The incorporation of various anions is summarized for their potential to propel TiO2's photocatalytic capabilities. This review aspires to compile contemporary insights on ion-doped TiO2, propelling the efficacy of photocatalytic hydrogen evolution and anticipating forthcoming advancements. Our work aims to furnish an informative scaffold for crafting advanced TiO2-based photocatalysts tailored for water-splitting applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongqiu Zhao
- School of Physics and Electric Engineering, Anyang Normal University, Anyang 455000, China; (D.Z.); (Q.H.); (T.L.)
| | - Xiao Tang
- Institute of Materials Physics and Chemistry, College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China;
| | - Penglan Liu
- School of Science and Technology, Beijing Normal University•Hong Kong Baptist University United International College, Zhuhai 519087, China;
| | - Qiao Huang
- School of Physics and Electric Engineering, Anyang Normal University, Anyang 455000, China; (D.Z.); (Q.H.); (T.L.)
| | - Tingxian Li
- School of Physics and Electric Engineering, Anyang Normal University, Anyang 455000, China; (D.Z.); (Q.H.); (T.L.)
| | - Lin Ju
- School of Physics and Electric Engineering, Anyang Normal University, Anyang 455000, China; (D.Z.); (Q.H.); (T.L.)
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2
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Judek J, Dhama R, Pianelli A, Wróbel P, Michałowski PP, Dana J, Caglayan H. Ultrafast optical properties of stoichiometric and non-stoichiometric refractory metal nitrides TiNx, ZrNx, and HfNx. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:3585-3596. [PMID: 38297576 DOI: 10.1364/oe.505442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Refractory metal nitrides have recently gained attention in various fields of modern photonics due to their cheap and robust production technology, silicon-technology compatibility, high thermal and mechanical resistance, and competitive optical characteristics in comparison to typical plasmonic materials like gold and silver. In this work, we demonstrate that by varying the stoichiometry of sputtered nitride films, both static and ultrafast optical responses of refractory metal nitrides can efficiently be controlled. We further prove that the spectral changes in ultrafast transient response are directly related to the position of the epsilon-near-zero region. At the same time, the analysis of the temporal dynamics allows us to identify three time components: the "fast" femtosecond one, the "moderate" picosecond one, and the "slow" at the nanosecond time scale. We also find out that the non-stoichiometry does not significantly decrease the recovery time of the reflectance value. Our results show the strong electron-phonon coupling and reveal the importance of both the electron and lattice temperature-induced changes in the permittivity near the ENZ region and the thermal origin of the long tail in the transient optical response of refractory nitrides.
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3
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Mascaretti L, Chen Y, Henrotte O, Yesilyurt O, Shalaev VM, Naldoni A, Boltasseva A. Designing Metasurfaces for Efficient Solar Energy Conversion. ACS PHOTONICS 2023; 10:4079-4103. [PMID: 38145171 PMCID: PMC10740004 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.3c01013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Metasurfaces have recently emerged as a promising technological platform, offering unprecedented control over light by structuring materials at the nanoscale using two-dimensional arrays of subwavelength nanoresonators. These metasurfaces possess exceptional optical properties, enabling a wide variety of applications in imaging, sensing, telecommunication, and energy-related fields. One significant advantage of metasurfaces lies in their ability to manipulate the optical spectrum by precisely engineering the geometry and material composition of the nanoresonators' array. Consequently, they hold tremendous potential for efficient solar light harvesting and conversion. In this Review, we delve into the current state-of-the-art in solar energy conversion devices based on metasurfaces. First, we provide an overview of the fundamental processes involved in solar energy conversion, alongside an introduction to the primary classes of metasurfaces, namely, plasmonic and dielectric metasurfaces. Subsequently, we explore the numerical tools used that guide the design of metasurfaces, focusing particularly on inverse design methods that facilitate an optimized optical response. To showcase the practical applications of metasurfaces, we present selected examples across various domains such as photovoltaics, photoelectrochemistry, photocatalysis, solar-thermal and photothermal routes, and radiative cooling. These examples highlight the ways in which metasurfaces can be leveraged to harness solar energy effectively. By tailoring the optical properties of metasurfaces, significant advancements can be expected in solar energy harvesting technologies, offering new practical solutions to support an emerging sustainable society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Mascaretti
- Czech
Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Regional Centre of Advanced
Technologies and Materials, Palacký
University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 77900 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Department
of Physical Electronics, Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical
Engineering, Czech Technical University
in Prague, Břehová
7, 11519 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Yuheng Chen
- Elmore
Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Birck Nanotechnology
Center, and Purdue Quantum Science and Engineering Institute, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- The
Quantum Science Center (QSC), a National Quantum Information Science
Research Center of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37931, United States
| | - Olivier Henrotte
- Czech
Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Regional Centre of Advanced
Technologies and Materials, Palacký
University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 77900 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Omer Yesilyurt
- Elmore
Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Birck Nanotechnology
Center, and Purdue Quantum Science and Engineering Institute, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- The
Quantum Science Center (QSC), a National Quantum Information Science
Research Center of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37931, United States
| | - Vladimir M. Shalaev
- Elmore
Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Birck Nanotechnology
Center, and Purdue Quantum Science and Engineering Institute, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- The
Quantum Science Center (QSC), a National Quantum Information Science
Research Center of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37931, United States
| | - Alberto Naldoni
- Department
of Chemistry and NIS Centre, University
of Turin, Turin 10125, Italy
| | - Alexandra Boltasseva
- Elmore
Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Birck Nanotechnology
Center, and Purdue Quantum Science and Engineering Institute, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- The
Quantum Science Center (QSC), a National Quantum Information Science
Research Center of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37931, United States
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4
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Mascaretti L, Mancarella C, Afshar M, Kment Š, Bassi AL, Naldoni A. Plasmonic titanium nitride nanomaterials prepared by physical vapor deposition methods. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 34:502003. [PMID: 37738967 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/acfc4f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Titanium nitride (TiN) has recently emerged as an alternative to coinage metals to enable the development of integrated plasmonic devices at visible and medium-infrared wavelengths. In this regard, its optical performance can be conveniently tuned by tailoring the process parameters of physical vapor deposition methods, such as magnetron sputtering and pulsed laser deposition (PLD). This review first introduces the fundamental features of TiN and a description on its optical properties, including insights on the main experimental techniques to measure them. Afterwards, magnetron sputtering and PLD are selected as fabrication techniques for TiN nanomaterials. The fundamental mechanistic aspects of both techniques are discussed in parallel with selected case studies from the recent literature, which elucidate the critical advantages of such techniques to engineer the nanostructure and the plasmonic performance of TiN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Mascaretti
- Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 77900 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Cristina Mancarella
- Micro- and Nanostructured Materials Laboratory, Department of Energy, Politecnico di Milano, Via Ponzio 34/3, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Morteza Afshar
- Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 77900 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 17. listopadu 1192/12, 77900 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Štěpán Kment
- Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 77900 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- CEET, Nanotechnology Centre, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, Ostrava-Poruba 708 00, Czech Republic
| | - Andrea Li Bassi
- Micro- and Nanostructured Materials Laboratory, Department of Energy, Politecnico di Milano, Via Ponzio 34/3, I-20133 Milano, Italy
- Center for Nanoscience and Technology-IIT@PoliMi, Via Rubattino 81, I-20134 Milano, Italy
| | - Alberto Naldoni
- Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 77900 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemistry and NIS Centre, University of Turin, Turin I-10125, Italy
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5
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Saha S, Ozlu MG, Chowdhury SN, Diroll BT, Schaller RD, Kildishev A, Boltasseva A, Shalaev VM. Tailoring the Thickness-Dependent Optical Properties of Conducting Nitrides and Oxides for Epsilon-Near-Zero-Enhanced Photonic Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2109546. [PMID: 35917390 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202109546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The unique properties of the emerging photonic materials, conducting nitrides and oxides, especially their tailorability, large damage thresholds, and, importantly, the so-called epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) behavior, have enabled novel photonic phenomena spanning optical circuitry, tunable metasurfaces, and nonlinear optical devices. This work explores direct control of the optical properties of polycrystalline titanium nitride (TiN) and aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO) by tailoring the film thickness, and their potential for ENZ-enhanced photonic applications. This study demonstrates that TiN-AZO bilayers support Ferrell-Berreman modes using the thickness-dependent ENZ resonances in the AZO films operating in the telecom wavelengths spanning from 1470 to 1750 nm. The bilayer stacks also act as strong light absorbers in the ultraviolet regime using the radiative ENZ modes and the Fabry-Perot modes in the constituent TiN films. The studied Berreman resonators exhibit optically induced reflectance modulation of 15% with picosecond response time. Together with the optical response tailorability of conducting oxides and nitrides, using the field enhancement near the tunable ENZ regime can enable a wide range of nonlinear optical phenomena, including all-optical switching, time refraction, and high-harmonic generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soham Saha
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Mustafa Goksu Ozlu
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Sarah N Chowdhury
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | | | | | - Alexander Kildishev
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Alexandra Boltasseva
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Purdue Quantum Science and Engineering Institute, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Vladimir M Shalaev
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Purdue Quantum Science and Engineering Institute, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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6
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Doiron B, Li Y, Bower R, Mihai A, Dal Forno S, Fearn S, Hüttenhofer L, Cortés E, Cohen LF, Alford NM, Lischner J, Petrov P, Maier SA, Oulton RF. Optimizing Hot Electron Harvesting at Planar Metal-Semiconductor Interfaces with Titanium Oxynitride Thin Films. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37307410 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c02812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Understanding metal-semiconductor interfaces is critical to the advancement of photocatalysis and sub-bandgap solar energy harvesting where electrons in the metal can be excited by sub-bandgap photons and extracted into the semiconductor. In this work, we compare the electron extraction efficiency across Au/TiO2 and titanium oxynitride (TiON)/TiO2-x interfaces, where in the latter case the spontaneously forming oxide layer (TiO2-x) creates a metal-semiconductor contact. Time-resolved pump-probe spectroscopy is used to study the electron recombination rates in both cases. Unlike the nanosecond recombination lifetimes in Au/TiO2, we find a bottleneck in the electron relaxation in the TiON system, which we explain using a trap-mediated recombination model. Using this model, we investigate the tunability of the relaxation dynamics with oxygen content in the parent film. The optimized film (TiO0.5N0.5) exhibits the highest carrier extraction efficiency (NFC ≈ 2.8 × 1019 m-3), slowest trapping, and an appreciable hot electron population reaching the surface oxide (NHE ≈ 1.6 × 1018 m-3). Our results demonstrate the productive role oxygen can play in enhancing electron harvesting and prolonging electron lifetimes, providing an optimized metal-semiconductor interface using only the native oxide of titanium oxynitride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brock Doiron
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BW, U.K
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BW, U.K
- Nanoinstitut München, Chair in Hybrid Nanosystems, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Königinstrasse 10, 80539 München, Germany
| | - Ryan Bower
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Andrei Mihai
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | | | - Sarah Fearn
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Ludwig Hüttenhofer
- Nanoinstitut München, Chair in Hybrid Nanosystems, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Königinstrasse 10, 80539 München, Germany
| | - Emiliano Cortés
- Nanoinstitut München, Chair in Hybrid Nanosystems, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Königinstrasse 10, 80539 München, Germany
| | - Lesley F Cohen
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BW, U.K
| | - Neil M Alford
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Johannes Lischner
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
- Thomas Young Centre for Theory and Simulation of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Peter Petrov
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Stefan A Maier
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BW, U.K
- Nanoinstitut München, Chair in Hybrid Nanosystems, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Königinstrasse 10, 80539 München, Germany
| | - Rupert F Oulton
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BW, U.K
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7
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Cortés E, Wendisch FJ, Sortino L, Mancini A, Ezendam S, Saris S, de S. Menezes L, Tittl A, Ren H, Maier SA. Optical Metasurfaces for Energy Conversion. Chem Rev 2022; 122:15082-15176. [PMID: 35728004 PMCID: PMC9562288 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Nanostructured surfaces with designed optical functionalities, such as metasurfaces, allow efficient harvesting of light at the nanoscale, enhancing light-matter interactions for a wide variety of material combinations. Exploiting light-driven matter excitations in these artificial materials opens up a new dimension in the conversion and management of energy at the nanoscale. In this review, we outline the impact, opportunities, applications, and challenges of optical metasurfaces in converting the energy of incoming photons into frequency-shifted photons, phonons, and energetic charge carriers. A myriad of opportunities await for the utilization of the converted energy. Here we cover the most pertinent aspects from a fundamental nanoscopic viewpoint all the way to applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiliano Cortés
- Chair
in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nano Institute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Königinstraße 10, 80539 Munich, Germany,
| | - Fedja J. Wendisch
- Chair
in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nano Institute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Königinstraße 10, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Luca Sortino
- Chair
in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nano Institute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Königinstraße 10, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Andrea Mancini
- Chair
in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nano Institute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Königinstraße 10, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Simone Ezendam
- Chair
in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nano Institute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Königinstraße 10, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Seryio Saris
- Chair
in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nano Institute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Königinstraße 10, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Leonardo de S. Menezes
- Chair
in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nano Institute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Königinstraße 10, 80539 Munich, Germany,Departamento
de Física, Universidade Federal de
Pernambuco, 50670-901 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Andreas Tittl
- Chair
in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nano Institute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Königinstraße 10, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Haoran Ren
- MQ Photonics
Research Centre, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Macquarie University, Macquarie
Park, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Stefan A. Maier
- Chair
in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nano Institute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Königinstraße 10, 80539 Munich, Germany,School
of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia,Department
of Phyiscs, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom,
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8
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Xie Y, Yang L, Du J, Li Z. Giant Enhancement of Second-Harmonic Generation in Hybrid Metasurface Coupled MoS 2 with Fano-Resonance Effect. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2022; 17:97. [PMID: 36194308 PMCID: PMC9532486 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-022-03736-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Plasmonic nanostructures have been regarded as potential candidates for boosting the nonlinear up-conversion rate at the nanoscale level due to their strong near-field enhancement and inherent high design freedom. Here, we design a hybrid metasurface to realize the moderate interaction of Fano resonance and create the dual-resonant mode-matching condition to facilitate the nonlinear process of second harmonic generation (SHG). The hybrid metasurface presents dipolar and octupolar plasmonic modes near the fundamental and doubled-frequency wavelengths, respectively, further utilized to enhance the SHG of low-dimensional MoS2 semiconductors. The maximum intensity of SHG in hybrid metasurface coupled MoS2 is more than ten thousand times larger than that of other structure-units coupled MoS2. The conversion efficiency is reported to be as high as 3.27 × 10-7. This work paves the way to optimize nonlinear light-matter interactions in low-dimensional structures coupled with semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei Xie
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Liuli Yang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Du
- State Key Laboratory of High Field Laser Physics, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, 201800, People's Republic of China
- School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziwei Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
- State Key Laboratory of High Field Laser Physics, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, 201800, People's Republic of China.
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9
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Shah D, Yang M, Kudyshev Z, Xu X, Shalaev VM, Bondarev IV, Boltasseva A. Thickness-Dependent Drude Plasma Frequency in Transdimensional Plasmonic TiN. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:4622-4629. [PMID: 35640070 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c04692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plasmonic transdimensional materials (TDMs), which are atomically thin metals of precisely controlled thickness, are expected to exhibit large tailorability and dynamic tunability of their optical response as well as strong light confinement and nonlocal effects. Using spectroscopic ellipsometry, we characterize the complex permittivity of ultrathin films of passivated plasmonic titanium nitride with thicknesses ranging from 1 to 10 nm. By measuring passivated TiN, we experimentally distinguish between the contributions of an oxide layer and thickness to the optical properties. A decrease in the Drude plasma frequency and increase in the damping in thinner films is observed due to spatial confinement. We explain the experimental trends using a nonlocal Drude dielectric response theory based on the Keldysh-Rytova (KR) potential that predicts the thickness-dependent optical properties caused by electron confinement in plasmonic TDMs. Our experimental findings are consistent with the KR model and demonstrate quantum-confinement-induced optical properties in plasmonic transdimensional TiN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deesha Shah
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Morris Yang
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Zhaxylyk Kudyshev
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Xiaohui Xu
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Vladimir M Shalaev
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Igor V Bondarev
- Math & Physics Department, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina 27707, United States
| | - Alexandra Boltasseva
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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10
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Borgsmiller L, Agne MT, Male JP, Anand S, Li G, Morozov SI, Snyder GJ. Estimating the lower-limit of fracture toughness from ideal-strength calculations. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2022; 9:825-834. [PMID: 34913452 DOI: 10.1039/d1mh01831k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Fracture mechanics is a fundamental topic to materials science. Fracture toughness, in particular, is a material property of great technological importance for device design. The relatively low fracture toughness of many semiconductor materials, including electronic and energy materials, handicaps their use in applications involving large external stresses. Here, it is shown that quantum-mechanical density functional theory calculations of ideal strength, in conjunction with an integral stress-displacement method, can be used to estimate the fracture energy needed to calculate fracture toughness. Using the fracture energy associated with the weakest crystallographic direction provides an estimation for the lower-limit of the fracture toughness of a material. The lower-limit values are in good agreement with experimental single crystal measurements across several orders-of-magnitude of fracture toughness. Furthermore, the proposed methodology is useful for benchmarking experimental measurements of fracture toughness in polycrystalline materials and can serve as a starting point for the construction of more detailed fracture models and the computational design of new materials and devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Borgsmiller
- Northwestern University, Materials Science and Engineering, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA.
| | - Matthias T Agne
- Northwestern University, Materials Science and Engineering, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA.
| | - James P Male
- Northwestern University, Materials Science and Engineering, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA.
| | - Shashwat Anand
- Northwestern University, Materials Science and Engineering, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA.
| | - Guodong Li
- Wuhan University of Technology, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan 430070, China
- Wuhan University of Technology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Theory and Application of Advanced Materials Mechanics, School of Science, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Sergey I Morozov
- South Ural State University, Department of Physics of Nanoscale Systems, Chelyabinsk 454080, Russia
| | - G Jeffrey Snyder
- Northwestern University, Materials Science and Engineering, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA.
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11
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Ai Q, Sterl F, Zhang H, Wang J, Giessen H. Giant Second Harmonic Generation Enhancement in a High- Q Doubly Resonant Hybrid Plasmon-Fiber Cavity System. ACS NANO 2021; 15:19409-19417. [PMID: 34871493 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c05970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A high-quality plasmon-fiber cavity in a doubly resonant configuration can exhibit second-harmonic generation (SHG) with over 5 orders of magnitude enhancement compared to gold nanoparticles on a fused silica substrate. Through coupling to a fiber cavity with the proper diameter, a high-quality (Q ≈ 160) resonance can be achieved in combination with a single gold nanoparticle. In a classical picture, where the incident electric field travels coherently Q times around the fiber during the nonlinear process, the high Q of the coupled mode aids in highly efficient SHG. We accomplish two feats: First, we analyze the Q factor dependence of the SHG efficiency, proving the expected Q4 dependence and thus confirming coherent E-field amplification in the fiber cavity. Second, we carefully adjust the fiber size further and tune the plasmon response of a gold nanoparticle to a high-Q cavity mode. We make sure that the second harmonic wavelength is simultaneously in resonance with a higher order fiber cavity mode, fulfilling the doubly resonant condition. As a result, a giant SH response with conversion efficiency up to 1.6 × 10-5 is detected upon a pump intensity of 5 × 108 W/cm2 for 100 fs pump pulses around 840 nm incident wavelength. Additionally, the importance of the doubly resonant condition is proven by detuning the size of the fiber, which leads to a drastic drop in SHG efficiency. This disparity of the SHG efficiency can be observed even by eye, when monitoring the intensity changes of the visible SH light during detuning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Ai
- 4th Physics Institute and Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Florian Sterl
- 4th Physics Institute and Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Han Zhang
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jianfang Wang
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Harald Giessen
- 4th Physics Institute and Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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12
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Zhang R, Li X, Meng F, Bi J, Zhang S, Peng S, Sun J, Wang X, Wu L, Duan J, Cao H, Zhang Q, Gu L, Huang LF, Cao Y. Wafer-Scale Epitaxy of Flexible Nitride Films with Superior Plasmonic and Superconducting Performance. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:60182-60191. [PMID: 34881876 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c18278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Transition-metal nitrides (e.g., TiN, ZrN, TaN) are incredible materials with excellent complementary metal-oxide semiconductor compatibility and remarkable performance in refractory plasmonics and superconducting quantum electronics. Epitaxial growth of flexible transition-metal nitride films, especially at the wafer scale, is fundamentally important for developing high-performance flexible photonics and superconducting electronics, but the study is rare thus far. This work reports the high-quality epitaxy of 2-in. titanium nitride (TiN) films on flexible fluorophlogopite-mica (F-mica) substrates via reactive magnetron sputtering. Combined measurements of spectroscopic ellipsometry and electrical transport reveal the superior plasmonic and superconducting performance of TiN/F-mica films owing to the high single crystallinity. More interestingly, the superconductivity of these flexible TiN films can be manipulated by the bending states, and enhanced superconducting critical temperature TC is observed in convex TiN films with in-plane tensile strain. Density functional theory calculations reveal that the strain can tune the electron-phonon interaction strength and the resultant superconductivity of TiN films. This study provides a promising route toward integrating scalable single-crystalline transition-metal nitride films with flexible electronics for high-performance plasmonics and superconducting electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruyi Zhang
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xinyan Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Fanqi Meng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jiachang Bi
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shunda Zhang
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shaoqin Peng
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jie Sun
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Xinming Wang
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Liang Wu
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
| | - Junxi Duan
- School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hongtao Cao
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Lin Gu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Liang-Feng Huang
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Yanwei Cao
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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13
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Judek J, Wróbel P, Michałowski PP, Ożga M, Witkowski B, Seweryn A, Struzik M, Jastrzębski C, Zberecki K. Titanium Nitride as a Plasmonic Material from Near-Ultraviolet to Very-Long-Wavelength Infrared Range. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14227095. [PMID: 34832492 PMCID: PMC8622232 DOI: 10.3390/ma14227095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Titanium nitride is a well-known conductive ceramic material that has recently experienced resumed attention because of its plasmonic properties comparable to metallic gold and silver. Thus, TiN is an attractive alternative for modern and future photonic applications that require compatibility with the Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (CMOS) technology or improved resistance to temperatures or radiation. This work demonstrates that polycrystalline TiNx films sputtered on silicon at room temperature can exhibit plasmonic properties continuously from 400 nm up to 30 μm. The films’ composition, expressed as nitrogen to titanium ratio x and determined in the Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy (SIMS) experiment to be in the range of 0.84 to 1.21, is essential for optimizing the plasmonic properties. In the visible range, the dielectric function renders the interband optical transitions. For wavelengths longer than 800 nm, the optical properties of TiNx are well described by the Drude model modified by an additional Lorentz term, which has to be included for part of the samples. The ab initio calculations support the experimental results both in the visible and infra-red ranges; particularly, the existence of a very low energy optical transition is predicted. Some other minor features in the dielectric function observed for the longest wavelengths are suspected to be of phonon origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarosław Judek
- Institute of Microelectronics and Optoelectronics, Warsaw University of Technology, Koszykowa 75, 00-662 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Piotr Wróbel
- Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Paweł Piotr Michałowski
- Łukasiewicz Research Network—Institute of Microelectronics and Photonics, Aleja Lotnikow 32/46, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Monika Ożga
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Aleja Lotników 32/46, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland; (M.O.); (B.W.); (A.S.)
| | - Bartłomiej Witkowski
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Aleja Lotników 32/46, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland; (M.O.); (B.W.); (A.S.)
| | - Aleksandra Seweryn
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Aleja Lotników 32/46, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland; (M.O.); (B.W.); (A.S.)
| | - Michał Struzik
- Faculty of Physics, Warsaw University of Technology, Koszykowa 75, 00-662 Warsaw, Poland; (M.S.); (C.J.); (K.Z.)
| | - Cezariusz Jastrzębski
- Faculty of Physics, Warsaw University of Technology, Koszykowa 75, 00-662 Warsaw, Poland; (M.S.); (C.J.); (K.Z.)
| | - Krzysztof Zberecki
- Faculty of Physics, Warsaw University of Technology, Koszykowa 75, 00-662 Warsaw, Poland; (M.S.); (C.J.); (K.Z.)
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14
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Abstract
High-harmonic generation is a cornerstone of nonlinear optics. It has been demonstrated in dielectrics, semiconductors, semi-metals, plasmas, and gases, but, until now, not in metals. Here we report high harmonics of 800-nm-wavelength light irradiating metallic titanium nitride film. Titanium nitride is a refractory metal known for its high melting temperature and large laser damage threshold. We show that it can withstand few-cycle light pulses with peak intensities as high as 13 TW/cm2, enabling high-harmonics generation up to photon energies of 11 eV. We measure the emitted vacuum ultraviolet radiation as a function of the crystal orientation with respect to the laser polarization and show that it is consistent with the anisotropic conduction band structure of titanium nitride. The generation of high harmonics from metals opens a link between solid and plasma harmonics. In addition, titanium nitride is a promising material for refractory plasmonic devices and could enable compact vacuum ultraviolet frequency combs.
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15
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Sabzeghabae AN, Berrospe-Rodriguez C, Mangolini L, Aguilar G. Laser-induced cavitation in plasmonic nanoparticle solutions: A comparative study between gold and titanium nitride. J Biomed Mater Res A 2021; 109:2483-2492. [PMID: 34096159 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we present an extensive comparative study between novel titanium nitride nanoparticles (TiN NPs) and commercial gold nanorods (GNR), both dispersed in water and exposed to a pulsed laser-induced cavitation process. The optical density, shockwave emission, and bubble formation of these solutions were investigated using shadowgraphy, spatial transmittance modulation, and acoustic measurements. TiN nanoparticle solutions exhibited high stability undser a periodic nanosecond pulsed-laser irradiation, making these nanomaterials promising agents for high-power applications. In addition, they demonstrated a stronger nonlinear absorption compared to the GNR solutions, and plasma formation at lower laser energies. This study advances our understanding of the optical properties of TiN and discusses significant differences compared to gold, with important implications for future applications of this material in water treatment, nonlinear signal converting, and laser-induced cavitation for medical implementations, among others.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lorenzo Mangolini
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Guillermo Aguilar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
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16
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Nardi A, Turchetti M, Britton WA, Chen Y, Yang Y, Dal Negro L, Berggren KK, Keathley PD. Nanoscale refractory doped titanium nitride field emitters. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:315208. [PMID: 33862600 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/abf8de] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Refractory materials exhibit high damage tolerance, which is attractive for the creation of nanoscale field-emission electronics and optoelectronics applications that require operation at high peak current densities and optical intensities. Recent results have demonstrated that the optical properties of titanium nitride, a refractory and CMOS-compatible plasmonic material, can be tuned by adding silicon and oxygen dopants. However, to fully leverage the potential of titanium (silicon oxy)nitride, a reliable and scalable fabrication process with few-nm precision is needed. In this work, we developed a fabrication process for producing engineered nanostructures with gaps between 10 and 15 nm, aspect ratios larger than 5 with almost 90° steep sidewalls. Using this process, we fabricated large-scale arrays of electrically-connected bow-tie nanoantennas with few-nm free-space gaps. We measured a typical variation of 4 nm in the average gap size. Using applied DC voltages and optical illumination, we tested the electronic and optoelectronic response of the devices, demonstrating sub-10 V tunneling operation across the free-space gaps, and quantum efficiency of up to 1 × 10-3at 1.2μm, which is comparable to a bulk silicon photodiode at the same wavelength and three orders of magnitude higher than with nearly identical gold devices. Tests demonstrated that the titanium silicon oxynitride nanostructures did not significantly degrade, exhibiting less than 5 nm of shrinking of the average gap dimensions over few-μm2areas after 10 h of operation. Our results will be useful for developing the next generation of robust and CMOS-compatible nanoscale devices for high-speed and low-power field-emission electronics and optoelectronics applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Nardi
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 50 Vassar Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States of America
- Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Torino, I-10129, Italy
| | - M Turchetti
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 50 Vassar Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States of America
| | - W A Britton
- Division of Material Science & Engineering, Boston University, 15 Saint Mary's Street, Brookline, MA 02446, United States of America
| | - Y Chen
- Division of Material Science & Engineering, Boston University, 15 Saint Mary's Street, Brookline, MA 02446, United States of America
| | - Y Yang
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 50 Vassar Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States of America
| | - L Dal Negro
- Division of Material Science & Engineering, Boston University, 15 Saint Mary's Street, Brookline, MA 02446, United States of America
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering and Photonics Center, Boston University, 8 Saint Mary's Street, Boston, MA 02215, United States of America
- Department of Physics, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, United States of America
| | - K K Berggren
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 50 Vassar Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States of America
| | - P D Keathley
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 50 Vassar Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States of America
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17
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Tumkur TU, Sokhoyan R, Su MP, Ceballos-Sanchez A, Kafaie Shirmanesh G, Kim Y, Atwater HA, Feigenbaum E, Elhadj S. Toward high laser power beam manipulation with nanophotonic materials: evaluating thin film damage performance. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:7261-7275. [PMID: 33726231 DOI: 10.1364/oe.413843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nanophotonic materials enable unprecedented control of light-matter interactions, including the ability to dynamically steer or shape wavefronts. Consequently, nanophotonic systems such as metasurfaces have been touted as promising candidates for free-space optical communications, directed energy and additive manufacturing, which currently rely on slow mechanical scanners or electro-optical components for beam steering and shaping. However, such applications necessitate the ability to support high laser irradiances (> kW/cm2) and systematic studies on the high-power laser damage performance of nanophotonic materials and designs are sparse. Here, we experimentally investigate the pulsed laser-induced damage performance (at λ ∼ 1 µm) of model nanophotonic thin films including gold, indium tin oxide, and refractory materials such as titanium nitride and titanium oxynitride. We also model the spatio-thermal dissipation dynamics upon single-pulse illumination by anchoring experimental laser damage thresholds. Our findings show that gold exhibits the best laser damage resistance, but we argue that alternative materials such as transparent conducting oxides could be optimized to balance the tradeoff between damage resistance and optical tunability, which is critical for the design of thermally robust nanophotonic systems. We also discuss damage mitigation and ruggedization strategies for future device-scale studies and applications requiring high power beam manipulation.
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18
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Wang X, Wang H. Self-assembled nitride-metal nanocomposites: recent progress and future prospects. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:20564-20579. [PMID: 33090168 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr06316a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Two-phase nanocomposites have gained significant research interest because of their multifunctionalities, tunable geometries and potential device applications. Different from the previously demonstrated oxide-oxide 2-phase nanocomposites, coupling nitrides with metals shows high potential for building alternative hybrid plasmonic metamaterials towards chemical sensing, tunable plasmonics, and nonlinear optics. Unique advantages, including distinct atomic interface, excellent crystalline quality, large-scale surface coverage and durable solid-state platform, address the high demand for new hybrid metamaterial designs for versatile optical material needs. This review summarizes the recent progress on nitride-metal nanocomposites, specifically targeting bottom-up self-assembled nanocomposite thin films. Various morphologies including vertically aligned nanocomposites (VANs), self-organized nanoinclusions, and nanoholes fabricated by additional chemical treatments are introduced. Starting from thin film nucleation and growth, the prerequisites of successful strain coupling and the underlying growth mechanisms are discussed. These findings facilitate a better control of tunable nanostructures and optical functionalities. Future research directions are proposed, including morphological control of the secondary phase to enhance its homogeneity, coupling nitrides with magnetic phase for the magneto-optical effect and growing all-ceramic nanocomposites to extend functionalities and anisotropy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejing Wang
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA. and School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Haiyan Wang
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA. and School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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19
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Naldoni A, Kudyshev ZA, Mascaretti L, Sarmah SP, Rej S, Froning JP, Tomanec O, Yoo JE, Wang D, Kment Š, Montini T, Fornasiero P, Shalaev VM, Schmuki P, Boltasseva A, Zbořil R. Solar Thermoplasmonic Nanofurnace for High-Temperature Heterogeneous Catalysis. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:3663-3672. [PMID: 32320257 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c00594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Most of existing solar thermal technologies require highly concentrated solar power to operate in the temperature range 300-600 °C. Here, thin films of refractory plasmonic TiN cylindrical nanocavities manufactured via flexible and scalable process are presented. The fabricated TiN films show polarization-insensitive 95% broadband absorption in the visible and near-infrared spectral ranges and act as plasmonic "nanofurnaces" capable of reaching temperatures above 600 °C under moderately concentrated solar irradiation (∼20 Suns). The demonstrated structures can be used to control nanometer-scale chemistry with zeptoliter (10-21 L) volumetric precision, catalyzing C-C bond formation and melting inorganic deposits. Also shown is the possibility to perform solar thermal CO oxidation at rates of 16 mol h-1 m-2 and with a solar-to-heat thermoplasmonic efficiency of 63%. Access to scalable, cost-effective refractory plasmonic nanofurnaces opens the way to the development of modular solar thermal devices for sustainable catalytic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Naldoni
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Zhaxylyk A Kudyshev
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Luca Mascaretti
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Smritakshi P Sarmah
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Sourav Rej
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jens P Froning
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Tomanec
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jeong Eun Yoo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Martensstrasse 7, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Di Wang
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Štěpán Kment
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Tiziano Montini
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, INSTM and ICCOM-CNR, University of Trieste, via L. Giorgieri 1, Trieste 34127, Italy
| | - Paolo Fornasiero
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, INSTM and ICCOM-CNR, University of Trieste, via L. Giorgieri 1, Trieste 34127, Italy
| | - Vladimir M Shalaev
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Patrik Schmuki
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Martensstrasse 7, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alexandra Boltasseva
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Radek Zbořil
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
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20
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Park SJ, Kim YB, Moon YJ, Cho JW, Kim SK. Tuning of polarized room-temperature thermal radiation based on nanogap plasmon resonance. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:15472-15481. [PMID: 32403574 DOI: 10.1364/oe.393013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
When a one-dimensional (1D) metal array is coupled to a planar metal mirror with a dielectric gap, localized plasmon resonance is excited inside the gap at a specific polarization of light in free space. Herein, we report on the completely polarized, mid-infrared thermal radiation that is released from gap plasmon resonators with a nanometer-thick dielectric. We fabricated nanogap plasmon resonators with 1D Au or Ni array of various widths (w) using laser interference lithography. An atomic layer deposition process was used to introduce a 10 nm-thick alumina gap between a 1D metal array and a planar metal mirror. It was observed that only for the Au nanogap plasmon resonators, high-amplitude absorption peaks that were attributed to gap plasmon modes with different orders appeared at discrete wavelengths in a polarization-resolved spectrum. In addition, all the pronounced peaks were gradually redshifted with increasing w. At w = 1.2-1.6 µm, the fundamental gap plasmon mode was tuned to the main wavelengths (8-9 µm) of thermal radiation at room temperature (e.g., ∼300 K), which led to polarization-selective camouflage against standard infrared thermal imaging. The results of electromagnetic simulations quantitatively agreed with the measured absorbance spectra in both peak wavelength and amplitude. We believe that these experimental efforts towards achieving radiation/absorption spectra tailored at mid-infrared wavelengths will be further exploited in thermal-radiation harnessed energy devices, spectroscopic sensors, and radiative coolers.
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21
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Álvarez-Tamayo RI, Gaspar-Ramírez O, Prieto-Cortés P, García-Méndez M, Barcelata-Pinzón A. TiO xN y Thin Film Sputtered on a Fiber Ball Lens as Saturable Absorber for Passive Q-Switched Generation of a Single-Tunable/Dual-Wavelength Er-Yb Double Clad Fiber Laser. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:nano10050923. [PMID: 32397608 PMCID: PMC7279307 DOI: 10.3390/nano10050923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The use of titanium oxynitride (TiOxNy) thin films as a saturable absorber (SA) element for generation of passive Q-switched (PQS) laser pulses, from a linear cavity Er-Yb double-clad fiber (EYDCF) laser, is demonstrated. Additionally, the deposition of the material as a thin film covering a fiber micro-ball lens (MBL) structure is reported for the first time. The TiOxNy coating is deposited by a direct current (DC) magnetron-sputtering technique. The MBL is inserted within the laser cavity in a reflection configuration, alongside a reflecting mirror. As a result, the coated fiber MBL simultaneously acts as a SA element for PQS laser pulses generation and as an interference filter for wavelength selection and tuning of the generated laser line. Tunable single-laser emission in a wavelength range limited by dual-wavelength laser generation at 1541.96 and 1547.04 nm is obtained. PQS laser pulses with a repetition rate from 18.67 to 124.04 kHz, minimum pulse duration of 3.57 µs, maximum peak power of 0.359 W, and pulse energy of 1.28 µJ were obtained in a pump power range from 1 to 1.712 W.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo I. Álvarez-Tamayo
- Postgraduate Programs Department, Universidad Popular Autónoma del Estado de Puebla, Puebla 72410, Mexico;
| | - Omar Gaspar-Ramírez
- Faculty of Physics and Mathematics, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza 66455, Mexico; (O.G.-R.); (P.P.-C.)
| | - Patricia Prieto-Cortés
- Faculty of Physics and Mathematics, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza 66455, Mexico; (O.G.-R.); (P.P.-C.)
| | - Manuel García-Méndez
- Faculty of Physics and Mathematics, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza 66455, Mexico; (O.G.-R.); (P.P.-C.)
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22
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Chang CC, Nogan J, Yang ZP, Kort-Kamp WJM, Ross W, Luk TS, Dalvit DAR, Azad AK, Chen HT. Highly Plasmonic Titanium Nitride by Room-Temperature Sputtering. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15287. [PMID: 31653881 PMCID: PMC6814862 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51236-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Titanium nitride (TiN) has recently emerged as an attractive alternative material for plasmonics. However, the typical high-temperature deposition of plasmonic TiN using either sputtering or atomic layer deposition has greatly limited its potential applications and prevented its integration into existing CMOS device architectures. Here, we demonstrate highly plasmonic TiN thin films and nanostructures by a room-temperature, low-power, and bias-free reactive sputtering process. We investigate the optical properties of the TiN films and their dependence on the sputtering conditions and substrate materials. We find that our TiN possesses one of the largest negative values of the real part of the dielectric function as compared to all other plasmonic TiN films reported to date. Two-dimensional periodic arrays of TiN nanodisks are then fabricated, from which we validate that strong plasmonic resonances are supported. Our room-temperature deposition process can allow for fabricating complex plasmonic TiN nanostructures and be integrated into the fabrication of existing CMOS-based photonic devices to enhance their performance and functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Chieh Chang
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, 87545, USA. .,Institute of Electro-Optical Engineering, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, 11677, Taiwan.
| | - John Nogan
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 87123, USA
| | - Zu-Po Yang
- Institute of Photonic System, National Chiao Tung University, 301 Gaofa 3rd. Road, Tainan, 71150, Taiwan
| | - Wilton J M Kort-Kamp
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, 87545, USA.,Center for Nonlinear Studies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, 87545, USA
| | - Willard Ross
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 87123, USA
| | - Ting S Luk
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 87123, USA
| | - Diego A R Dalvit
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, 87545, USA
| | - Abul K Azad
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, 87545, USA
| | - Hou-Tong Chen
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, 87545, USA.
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23
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Wang X, Jian J, Diaz-Amaya S, Kumah CE, Lu P, Huang J, Lim DG, Pol VG, Youngblood JP, Boltasseva A, Stanciu LA, O'Carroll DM, Zhang X, Wang H. Hybrid plasmonic Au-TiN vertically aligned nanocomposites: a nanoscale platform towards tunable optical sensing. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2019; 1:1045-1054. [PMID: 36133204 PMCID: PMC9473282 DOI: 10.1039/c8na00306h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Tunable plasmonic structure at the nanometer scale presents enormous opportunities for various photonic devices. In this work, we present a hybrid plasmonic thin film platform: i.e., a vertically aligned Au nanopillar array grown inside a TiN matrix with controllable Au pillar density. Compared to single phase plasmonic materials, the presented tunable hybrid nanostructures attain optical flexibility including gradual tuning and anisotropic behavior of the complex dielectric function, resonant peak shifting and change of surface plasmon resonances (SPRs) in the UV-visible range, all confirmed by numerical simulations. The tailorable hybrid platform also demonstrates enhanced surface plasmon Raman response for Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and photoluminescence (PL) measurements, and presents great potentials as designable hybrid platforms for tunable optical-based chemical sensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejing Wang
- Department of Materials Engineering, Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana 47907 USA
| | - Jie Jian
- Department of Materials Engineering, Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana 47907 USA
| | - Susana Diaz-Amaya
- Department of Materials Engineering, Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana 47907 USA
| | - Cindy E Kumah
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Rutgers University Piscataway New Jersey 08854 USA
| | - Ping Lu
- Sandia National Laboratories Albuquerque New Mexico 87185 USA
| | - Jijie Huang
- Department of Materials Engineering, Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana 47907 USA
| | - Daw Gen Lim
- Department of Materials Engineering, Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana 47907 USA
| | - Vilas G Pol
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana 47907 USA
| | - Jeffrey P Youngblood
- Department of Materials Engineering, Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana 47907 USA
| | - Alexandra Boltasseva
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana 47907 USA
| | - Lia A Stanciu
- Department of Materials Engineering, Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana 47907 USA
| | - Deirdre M O'Carroll
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Rutgers University Piscataway New Jersey 08854 USA
| | - Xinghang Zhang
- Department of Materials Engineering, Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana 47907 USA
| | - Haiyan Wang
- Department of Materials Engineering, Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana 47907 USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana 47907 USA
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24
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Ai Q, Gui L, Paone D, Metzger B, Mayer M, Weber K, Fery A, Giessen H. Ultranarrow Second-Harmonic Resonances in Hybrid Plasmon-Fiber Cavities. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:5576-5582. [PMID: 30075631 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b02005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate second-harmonic generation with ultranarrow resonances in hybrid plasmon-fiber cavities, formed by depositing single-crystalline gold nanorods onto the surface of tapered microfibers with diameters in the range of 1.7-1.8 μm. The localized surface plasmon mode of the single gold nanorod efficiently couples with a whispering gallery mode of the fiber, resulting in a very narrow hybrid plasmon-fiber resonance with a high quality factor Q of up to 250. When illuminated with a tunable 100 fs laser, a sharp SHG peak narrower than half of the spectral width of the impinging laser emerges, superimposed on a broad multiphoton photoluminescence background. The enhancement of the SHG peak of the hybrid system is typically 1000-fold when compared to that of a single gold nanorod alone. Tuning the laser over the hybrid resonance enables second-harmonic spectroscopy and yields an ultranarrow line width as small as 6.4 nm. We determine the second-harmonic signal to rise with the square of the laser power, while the multiphoton photoluminescence background rises with powers between 4 and 6, indicating a very efficient higher-order process. A coupled anharmonic oscillator model is able to describe the linear as well as second-harmonic resonances very well. Our work will open the door to the simultaneous utilization of narrow whispering gallery resonances together with high plasmonic near-field enhancement and should allow for nonlinear sensing and extremely efficient nonlinear light generation from ultrasmall volumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Ai
- 4th Physics Institute and Research Center SCoPE , University of Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 57 , 70569 Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Lili Gui
- 4th Physics Institute and Research Center SCoPE , University of Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 57 , 70569 Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Domenico Paone
- 4th Physics Institute and Research Center SCoPE , University of Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 57 , 70569 Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Bernd Metzger
- 4th Physics Institute and Research Center SCoPE , University of Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 57 , 70569 Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Martin Mayer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Polymer Physics , Leibniz-Institut für Polymer Forschung Dresden e.V. (IPF) , Hohe Strasse 6 , 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Ksenia Weber
- 4th Physics Institute and Research Center SCoPE , University of Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 57 , 70569 Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Andreas Fery
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Polymer Physics , Leibniz-Institut für Polymer Forschung Dresden e.V. (IPF) , Hohe Strasse 6 , 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Harald Giessen
- 4th Physics Institute and Research Center SCoPE , University of Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 57 , 70569 Stuttgart , Germany
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25
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Hao Q, Li W, Xu H, Wang J, Yin Y, Wang H, Ma L, Ma F, Jiang X, Schmidt OG, Chu PK. VO 2 /TiN Plasmonic Thermochromic Smart Coatings for Room-Temperature Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:1705421. [PMID: 29349814 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201705421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Vanadium dioxide/titanium nitride (VO2 /TiN) smart coatings are prepared by hybridizing thermochromic VO2 with plasmonic TiN nanoparticles. The VO2 /TiN coatings can control infrared (IR) radiation dynamically in accordance with the ambient temperature and illumination intensity. It blocks IR light under strong illumination at 28 °C but is IR transparent under weak irradiation conditions or at a low temperature of 20 °C. The VO2 /TiN coatings exhibit a good integral visible transmittance of up to 51% and excellent IR switching efficiency of 48% at 2000 nm. These unique advantages make VO2 /TiN promising as smart energy-saving windows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Hao
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, 999077, Hong Kong, China
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, Helmholtzstraße 20, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Wan Li
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, 999077, Hong Kong, China
| | - Huiyan Xu
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, 999077, Hong Kong, China
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiawei Wang
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, Helmholtzstraße 20, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Yin Yin
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, Helmholtzstraße 20, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Huaiyu Wang
- Center for Biomedical Materials and Interfaces, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, P.R. China
| | - Libo Ma
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, Helmholtzstraße 20, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Fei Ma
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, 999077, Hong Kong, China
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xuchuan Jiang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Oliver G Schmidt
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, Helmholtzstraße 20, 01069, Dresden, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, Reichenhainer Str. 70, 09107, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Paul K Chu
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, 999077, Hong Kong, China
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26
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Agrawal A, Cho SH, Zandi O, Ghosh S, Johns RW, Milliron DJ. Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance in Semiconductor Nanocrystals. Chem Rev 2018; 118:3121-3207. [PMID: 29400955 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) in semiconductor nanocrystals (NCs) that results in resonant absorption, scattering, and near field enhancement around the NC can be tuned across a wide optical spectral range from visible to far-infrared by synthetically varying doping level, and post synthetically via chemical oxidation and reduction, photochemical control, and electrochemical control. In this review, we will discuss the fundamental electromagnetic dynamics governing light matter interaction in plasmonic semiconductor NCs and the realization of various distinctive physical properties made possible by the advancement of colloidal synthesis routes to such NCs. Here, we will illustrate how free carrier dielectric properties are induced in various semiconductor materials including metal oxides, metal chalcogenides, metal nitrides, silicon, and other materials. We will highlight the applicability and limitations of the Drude model as applied to semiconductors considering the complex band structures and crystal structures that predominate and quantum effects that emerge at nonclassical sizes. We will also emphasize the impact of dopant hybridization with bands of the host lattice as well as the interplay of shape and crystal structure in determining the LSPR characteristics of semiconductor NCs. To illustrate the discussion regarding both physical and synthetic aspects of LSPR-active NCs, we will focus on metal oxides with substantial consideration also of copper chalcogenide NCs, with select examples drawn from the literature on other doped semiconductor materials. Furthermore, we will discuss the promise that LSPR in doped semiconductor NCs holds for a wide range of applications such as infrared spectroscopy, energy-saving technologies like smart windows and waste heat management, biomedical applications including therapy and imaging, and optical applications like two photon upconversion, enhanced luminesence, and infrared metasurfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Agrawal
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering , The University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
| | - Shin Hum Cho
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering , The University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
| | - Omid Zandi
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering , The University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
| | - Sandeep Ghosh
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering , The University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
| | - Robert W Johns
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering , The University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States.,Department of Chemistry , University of California Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Delia J Milliron
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering , The University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
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27
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Albrecht G, Kaiser S, Giessen H, Hentschel M. Refractory Plasmonics without Refractory Materials. NANO LETTERS 2017; 17:6402-6408. [PMID: 28853899 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b03303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Refractory plasmonics deals with metallic nanostructures that can withstand high temperatures and intense laser pulses. The common belief was that refractory materials such as TiN are necessary for this purpose. Here we show that refractory plasmonics is possible without refractory materials. We demonstrate that gold nanostructures which are overcoated with 4 and 40 nm Al2O3 (alumina) by an atomic layer deposition process or by thick IC1-200 resist can withstand temperatures of over 800 °C at ambient atmospheric conditions. Furthermore, the alumina-coated structures can withstand intense laser radiation of over 10 GW/cm2 at ambient conditions without damage. Thus, it is possible to combine the excellent linear and nonlinear plasmonic properties of gold with material properties that were believed to be only possible with the lossier and less nonlinear refractory materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gelon Albrecht
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research , Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- 4th Physics Institute and Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Stefan Kaiser
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research , Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- 4th Physics Institute and Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Harald Giessen
- 4th Physics Institute and Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Mario Hentschel
- 4th Physics Institute and Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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28
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Li Z, Liu W, Li Z, Cheng H, Chen S, Tian J. Fano-resonance-based mode-matching hybrid metasurface for enhanced second-harmonic generation. OPTICS LETTERS 2017; 42:3117-3120. [PMID: 28809887 DOI: 10.1364/ol.42.003117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Plasmonic nanostructures have been considered as potential candidates for enhancing the nonlinear upconversion rate at nanoscale levels due to their strong near-field enhancement. Here, we propose a Fano-resonance-based mode-matching hybrid metasurface that combines the advantages of Fano resonances and mode-matching for boosting second-harmonic conversion. A confined and strong near-field intensity is generated by gold nanoantennas within the volume of polycrystalline zinc sulfide nanoparticles, thus resulting in a larger effective second-harmonic coefficient. The combination of the abovementioned features allows for the realization of a second-harmonic generation (SHG) conversion efficiency of 5.55×10-8, and the SHG signal is twice that obtained with dipole hybrid metasurfaces. Our designed metasurface may pave the way for optimizing nonlinear light-matter interactions at the nanoscale.
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29
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Albrecht G, Hentschel M, Kaiser S, Giessen H. Hybrid Organic-Plasmonic Nanoantennas with Enhanced Third-Harmonic Generation. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:2577-2582. [PMID: 31457602 PMCID: PMC6640914 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b00481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Resonantly excited plasmonic gold nanoantennas are strong sources of third-harmonic (TH) radiation. It has been shown that the response originates from large microscopic nonlinearity of the gold itself, which is enhanced by the near-field of the plasmonic nanoantenna. To further enhance this response, one can incorporate nonlinear media into the near-fields of the nanoantenna, as an additional TH source. To obtain a significant contribution from the added medium, its nonlinear susceptibility should be comparable to that of the antenna material. Many organic materials offer the necessary nonlinear susceptibility and their incorporation is possible with simple spin-coating. Furthermore, organic materials are often susceptible to photodegradation. This degradation can be used to investigate the influence of organic materials on the hybrid system. Our investigated hybrid organic plasmonic nanoantenna system consists of a gold nanorod array and poly(methyl methacrylate) as the nonlinear dielectric medium. The experiments clearly reveal two contributions to the generated TH radiation, one from the nanoantenna itself and one from the polymer. The nonlinear response of the hybrid material exceeds the response of both individual constituents and opens the path to more efficient nanoscale nonlinear light generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gelon Albrecht
- 4th
Physics Institute and Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Max
Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Mario Hentschel
- 4th
Physics Institute and Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Stefan Kaiser
- 4th
Physics Institute and Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Max
Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Harald Giessen
- 4th
Physics Institute and Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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