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TABATA M, MIYAHARA Y. Control of interface functions in solid-state biosensors for stable detection of molecular recognition. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2024; 100:32-56. [PMID: 38199246 PMCID: PMC10864167 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.100.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Significant progress has been achieved in the field of solid-state biosensors over the past 50 years. Various sensing devices with high-density integration and flexible configuration, as well as new applications for clinical diagnosis and healthcare, have been developed using blood, serum, and other body fluids such as sweat, tears, and saliva. A high-density array of ion-sensitive field effect transistors was developed by exploiting the advantages of advanced semiconductor technologies and commercialized in combination with an enzymatic primer extension reaction as a DNA sequencer in 2011. Different types of materials such as inorganic materials, metals, polymers, and biomolecules are mixed together on the surface of the gate while maintaining their own functions; therefore, compatibility among different materials has to be optimized so that the best detection performance of solid-state biosensors, including stability and reliability, is achieved as designed. Solid-state biosensors are suitable for the rapid, cost-effective, and noninvasive identification of biomarkers at various timepoints over the course of a disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyuki TABATA
- Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuji MIYAHARA
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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2
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Li S, Zhang X, Su J. Surface charge density governs the ionic current rectification direction in asymmetric graphene oxide channels. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:7477-7486. [PMID: 36852635 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp05137k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Charged asymmetric channels are extensively investigated for the design of artificial biological channels, ionic diodes, artificial separation films, etc. These applications are attributed to the unique ionic current rectification phenomenon, where the surface charge density of the channel has a deep influence. In this work, we use molecular dynamics simulations to study the rectification phenomenon in asymmetric graphene oxide channels. A fascinating finding is that the ionic current rectification direction reverses from the negative to positive electric field direction with an increase in surface charge density. Specifically, at low charge density, the ionic flux reaches greater values in the negative electric field due to the enrichment of cations and anions, which provides a sufficient electrostatic shielding effect inside the channel and increases the possibility of ion release by the residues. However, at high charge density, the extremely strong residue attraction induces a Coulomb blockade effect in the negative electric field, which seriously impedes the ion transport and eventually leads to a smaller ionic current. Consequently, this ionic current order transition ultimately results in the rectification reversion phenomenon, providing a new route for the design of some novel nanofluidic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Li
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Microstructure and Quantum Sensing, and Department of Applied Physics, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China.
| | - Xinke Zhang
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Microstructure and Quantum Sensing, and Department of Applied Physics, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China.
| | - Jiaye Su
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Microstructure and Quantum Sensing, and Department of Applied Physics, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China.
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3
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Mostert AB. The importance of water content on the conductivity of biomaterials and bioelectronic devices. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:7108-7121. [PMID: 35735112 DOI: 10.1039/d2tb00593j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Conductive biocompatible-, bioinspired- and biomaterials are increasing in importance, especially in bioelectronic applications where these materials are used in a variety of devices. Given the intended purpose of many of these devices is to interface with the human body, a pertinent issue is the effect of water from the environment on the electrical properties of the materials and devices. A researcher on biomaterials may currently not be aware, but the conductivity of these materials and device performances can be significantly altered with the presence of hydration in the environment. Examples will be given to highlight the problem that the conductivity of biomaterials can change by orders of magnitude depending on water content. Furthermore, case studies will be discussed in which control of the water content was key to understanding the underlying charge transport mechanism of conductive biomaterials. Examples of various devices and their response to hydration content will also be covered. Finally, this perspective will also mention the various methods of hydration control (including contrast studies) that can be used to perform careful work on conductive biomaterials and devices. Overall, water content should be considered an environmental variable as important as temperature to control for sound scientific investigation and to yield understanding of conductive biomaterials and bioelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bernardus Mostert
- Department of Physics, Swansea University, Singleton Park, SA2, 8PP, Wales, UK.
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Vaquero D, Clericò V, Salvador-Sánchez J, Quereda J, Diez E, Pérez-Muñoz AM. Ionic-Liquid Gating in Two-Dimensional TMDs: The Operation Principles and Spectroscopic Capabilities. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12121576. [PMID: 34945426 PMCID: PMC8704478 DOI: 10.3390/mi12121576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ionic-liquid gating (ILG) is able to enhance carrier densities well above the achievable values in traditional field-effect transistors (FETs), revealing it to be a promising technique for exploring the electronic phases of materials in extreme doping regimes. Due to their chemical stability, transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) are ideal candidates to produce ionic-liquid-gated FETs. Furthermore, as recently discovered, ILG can be used to obtain the band gap of two-dimensional semiconductors directly from the simple transfer characteristics. In this work, we present an overview of the operation principles of ionic liquid gating in TMD-based transistors, establishing the importance of the reference voltage to obtain hysteresis-free transfer characteristics, and hence, precisely determine the band gap. We produced ILG-based bilayer WSe2 FETs and demonstrated their ambipolar behavior. We estimated the band gap directly from the transfer characteristics, demonstrating the potential of ILG as a spectroscopy technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Vaquero
- Nanotechnology Group, USAL–Nanolab, Universidad de Salamanca, E-37008 Salamanca, Spain; (D.V.); (V.C.); (J.S.-S.); (J.Q.)
| | - Vito Clericò
- Nanotechnology Group, USAL–Nanolab, Universidad de Salamanca, E-37008 Salamanca, Spain; (D.V.); (V.C.); (J.S.-S.); (J.Q.)
| | - Juan Salvador-Sánchez
- Nanotechnology Group, USAL–Nanolab, Universidad de Salamanca, E-37008 Salamanca, Spain; (D.V.); (V.C.); (J.S.-S.); (J.Q.)
| | - Jorge Quereda
- Nanotechnology Group, USAL–Nanolab, Universidad de Salamanca, E-37008 Salamanca, Spain; (D.V.); (V.C.); (J.S.-S.); (J.Q.)
| | - Enrique Diez
- Nanotechnology Group, USAL–Nanolab, Universidad de Salamanca, E-37008 Salamanca, Spain; (D.V.); (V.C.); (J.S.-S.); (J.Q.)
- Correspondence: (E.D.); (A.M.P.-M.)
| | - Ana M. Pérez-Muñoz
- Nanotechnology Group, USAL–Nanolab, Universidad de Salamanca, E-37008 Salamanca, Spain; (D.V.); (V.C.); (J.S.-S.); (J.Q.)
- FIW Consulting S.L., Gabriel Garcia Marquez, 4 las Rozas, E-28232 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (E.D.); (A.M.P.-M.)
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Martinez-Gonzalez JA, Cavaye H, McGettrick JD, Meredith P, Motovilov KA, Mostert AB. Interfacial water morphology in hydrated melanin. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:7940-7952. [PMID: 34378618 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm00777g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The importance of electrically functional biomaterials is increasing as researchers explore ways to utilise them in novel sensing capacities. It has been recognised that for many of these materials the state of hydration is a key parameter that can heavily affect the conductivity, particularly those that rely upon ionic or proton transport as a key mechanism. However, thus far little attention has been paid to the nature of the water morphology in the hydrated state and the concomitant ionic conductivity. Presented here is an inelastic neutron scattering (INS) experiment on hydrated eumelanin, a model bioelectronic material, in order to investigate its 'water morphology'. We develop a rigorous new methodology for performing hydration dependent INS experiments. We also model the eumelanin dry spectra with a minimalist approach whereas for higher hydration levels we are able to obtain difference spectra to extract out the water scattering signal. A key result is that the physi-sorbed water structure within eumelanin is dominated by interfacial water with the number of water layers between 3-5, and no bulk water. We also detect for the first time, the potential signatures for proton cations, most likely the Zundel ion, within a biopolymer/water system. These new signatures may be general for soft proton ionomer systems, if the systems are comprised of only interfacial water within their structure. The nature of the water morphology opens up new questions about the potential ionic charge transport mechanisms within hydrated bioelectronics materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Martinez-Gonzalez
- ISIS Neutron and Muon Source, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Didcot, OX11 0QX, UK
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Prete D, Demontis V, Zannier V, Rodriguez-Douton MJ, Guazzelli L, Beltram F, Sorba L, Rossella F. Impact of electrostatic doping on carrier concentration and mobility in InAs nanowires. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:145204. [PMID: 33361570 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/abd659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We fabricate dual-gated electric double layer (EDL) field effect transistors based on InAs nanowires gated with an ionic liquid, and we perform electrical transport measurements in the temperature range from room temperature to 4.2 K. By adjusting the spatial distribution of ions inside the ionic liquid employed as gate dielectric, we electrostatically induce doping in the nanostructures under analysis. We extract low-temperature carrier concentration and mobility in very different doping regimes from the analysis of current-voltage characteristics and transconductances measured exploiting global back-gating. In the liquid gate voltage interval from -2 to 2 V, carrier concentration can be enhanced up to two orders of magnitude. Meanwhile, the effect of the ionic accumulation on the nanowire surface turns out to be detrimental to the electron mobility of the semiconductor nanostructure: the electron mobility is quenched irrespectively to the sign of the accumulated ionic species. The reported results shine light on the effective impact on crucial transport parameters of EDL gating in semiconductor nanodevices and they should be considered when designing experiments in which electrostatic doping of semiconductor nanostructures via electrolyte gating is involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenic Prete
- NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore and Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR, Piazza S. Silvestro 12, I-56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - Valeria Demontis
- NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore and Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR, Piazza S. Silvestro 12, I-56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - Valentina Zannier
- NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore and Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR, Piazza S. Silvestro 12, I-56127, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Lorenzo Guazzelli
- Università di Pisa, Dipartimento di Farmacia, via Bonanno 33, I-56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Fabio Beltram
- NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore and Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR, Piazza S. Silvestro 12, I-56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - Lucia Sorba
- NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore and Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR, Piazza S. Silvestro 12, I-56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesco Rossella
- NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore and Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR, Piazza S. Silvestro 12, I-56127, Pisa, Italy
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7
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Gluschke JG, Seidl J, Lyttleton RW, Nguyen K, Lagier M, Meyer F, Krogstrup P, Nygård J, Lehmann S, Mostert AB, Meredith P, Micolich AP. Integrated bioelectronic proton-gated logic elements utilizing nanoscale patterned Nafion. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2021; 8:224-233. [PMID: 34821301 DOI: 10.1039/d0mh01070g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A central endeavour in bioelectronics is the development of logic elements to transduce and process ionic to electronic signals. Motivated by this challenge, we report fully monolithic, nanoscale logic elements featuring n- and p-type nanowires as electronic channels that are proton-gated by electron-beam patterned Nafion. We demonstrate inverter circuits with state-of-the-art ion-to-electron transduction performance giving DC gain exceeding 5 and frequency response up to 2 kHz. A key innovation facilitating the logic integration is a new electron-beam process for patterning Nafion with linewidths down to 125 nm. This process delivers feature sizes compatible with low voltage, fast switching elements. This expands the scope for Nafion as a versatile patternable high-proton-conductivity element for bioelectronics and other applications requiring nanoengineered protonic membranes and electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Gluschke
- School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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8
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Coskun H, Aljabour A, de Luna P, Sun H, Nishiumi N, Yoshida T, Koller G, Ramsey MG, Greunz T, Stifter D, Strobel M, Hild S, Hassel AW, Sariciftci NS, Sargent EH, Stadler P. Metal-Free Hydrogen-Bonded Polymers Mimic Noble Metal Electrocatalysts. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1902177. [PMID: 32419235 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201902177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The most active and efficient catalysts for the electrochemical hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) rely on platinum, a fact that increases the cost of producing hydrogen and thereby limits the widespread adoption of this fuel. Here, a metal-free organic electrocatalyst that mimics the platinum surface by implementing a high work function and incorporating hydrogen-affine hydrogen bonds is introduced. These motifs, inspired from enzymology, are deployed here as selective reaction centres. It is shown that the keto-amine hydrogen-bond motif enhances the rate-determining step in proton reduction to molecular hydrogen. The keto-amine-functionalized polymers reported herein evolve hydrogen at an overpotential of 190 mV. They share certain key properties with platinum: a similar work function and excellent electrochemical stability and chemical robustness. These properties allow the demonstration of one week of continuous HER operation without notable degradation nor delamination from the carrier electrode. Scaled continuous-flow electrolysis is reported and 1 L net molecular hydrogen is produced within less than 9 h using 2.3 mg of polymer electrocatalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halime Coskun
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Strasse 69, Linz, 4040, Austria
| | - Abdalaziz Aljabour
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Strasse 69, Linz, 4040, Austria
| | - Phil de Luna
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and the Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G4, Canada
| | - He Sun
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Strasse 69, Linz, 4040, Austria
| | - Nobuyuki Nishiumi
- Research Center for Organic Electronics (ROEL), Faculty of Engineering, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata, 992-8510, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Yoshida
- Research Center for Organic Electronics (ROEL), Faculty of Engineering, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata, 992-8510, Japan
| | - Georg Koller
- Department of Physics, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 5, Graz, 8010, Austria
| | - Michael G Ramsey
- Department of Physics, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 5, Graz, 8010, Austria
| | - Theresia Greunz
- Center for Surface and Nanoanalytics (ZONA), Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Strasse 69, Linz, 4040, Austria
| | - David Stifter
- Center for Surface and Nanoanalytics (ZONA), Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Strasse 69, Linz, 4040, Austria
| | - Moritz Strobel
- Institute for Polymer Science, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Strasse 69, Linz, 4040, Austria
| | - Sabine Hild
- Institute for Polymer Science, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Strasse 69, Linz, 4040, Austria
| | - Achim Walter Hassel
- Institute for Chemical Technology of Inorganic Materials, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Strasse 69, Linz, 4040, Austria
| | - Niyazi Serdar Sariciftci
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Strasse 69, Linz, 4040, Austria
| | - Edward H Sargent
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and the Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G4, Canada
| | - Philipp Stadler
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Linz Institute of Technology, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Strasse 69, Linz, 4040, Austria
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9
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Shen X, Peng L, Li R, Li H, Wang X, Huang B, Wu D, Zhang P, Zhao J. Semi‐Interpenetrating Network‐Structured Single‐Ion Conduction Polymer Electrolyte for Lithium‐Ion Batteries. ChemElectroChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201901045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiu Shen
- State Key Lab of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Engineering Research Center of Electrochemical Technology, Ministry of Education, State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Power Source Technology for New Energy Vehicle, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P.R.China
| | - Longqing Peng
- State Key Lab of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Engineering Research Center of Electrochemical Technology, Ministry of Education, State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Power Source Technology for New Energy Vehicle, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P.R.China
| | - Ruiyang Li
- State Key Lab of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Engineering Research Center of Electrochemical Technology, Ministry of Education, State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Power Source Technology for New Energy Vehicle, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P.R.China
| | - Hang Li
- College of Energy Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P.R. China
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Lab of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Engineering Research Center of Electrochemical Technology, Ministry of Education, State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Power Source Technology for New Energy Vehicle, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P.R.China
| | - Boyang Huang
- State Key Lab of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Engineering Research Center of Electrochemical Technology, Ministry of Education, State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Power Source Technology for New Energy Vehicle, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P.R.China
| | - Dezhi Wu
- School of Aerospace Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Peng Zhang
- College of Energy Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P.R. China
| | - Jinbao Zhao
- State Key Lab of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Engineering Research Center of Electrochemical Technology, Ministry of Education, State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Power Source Technology for New Energy Vehicle, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P.R.China
- College of Energy Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P.R. China
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10
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Barrigón E, Heurlin M, Bi Z, Monemar B, Samuelson L. Synthesis and Applications of III-V Nanowires. Chem Rev 2019; 119:9170-9220. [PMID: 31385696 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Low-dimensional semiconductor materials structures, where nanowires are needle-like one-dimensional examples, have developed into one of the most intensely studied fields of science and technology. The subarea described in this review is compound semiconductor nanowires, with the materials covered limited to III-V materials (like GaAs, InAs, GaP, InP,...) and III-nitride materials (GaN, InGaN, AlGaN,...). We review the way in which several innovative synthesis methods constitute the basis for the realization of highly controlled nanowires, and we combine this perspective with one of how the different families of nanowires can contribute to applications. One reason for the very intense research in this field is motivated by what they can offer to main-stream semiconductors, by which ultrahigh performing electronic (e.g., transistors) and photonic (e.g., photovoltaics, photodetectors or LEDs) technologies can be merged with silicon and CMOS. Other important aspects, also covered in the review, deals with synthesis methods that can lead to dramatic reduction of cost of fabrication and opportunities for up-scaling to mass production methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Barrigón
- Division of Solid State Physics and NanoLund , Lund University , Box 118, 22100 Lund , Sweden
| | - Magnus Heurlin
- Division of Solid State Physics and NanoLund , Lund University , Box 118, 22100 Lund , Sweden.,Sol Voltaics AB , Scheelevägen 63 , 223 63 Lund , Sweden
| | - Zhaoxia Bi
- Division of Solid State Physics and NanoLund , Lund University , Box 118, 22100 Lund , Sweden
| | - Bo Monemar
- Division of Solid State Physics and NanoLund , Lund University , Box 118, 22100 Lund , Sweden
| | - Lars Samuelson
- Division of Solid State Physics and NanoLund , Lund University , Box 118, 22100 Lund , Sweden
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11
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Demontis V, Rocci M, Donarelli M, Maiti R, Zannier V, Beltram F, Sorba L, Roddaro S, Rossella F, Baratto C. Conductometric Sensing with Individual InAs Nanowires. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 19:E2994. [PMID: 31284650 PMCID: PMC6651090 DOI: 10.3390/s19132994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we isolate individual wurtzite InAs nanowires and fabricate electrical contacts at both ends, exploiting the single nanostructures as building blocks to realize two different architectures of conductometric sensors: (a) the nanowire is drop-casted onto-supported by-a SiO2/Si substrate, and (b) the nanowire is suspended at approximately 250 nm from the substrate. We test the source-drain current upon changes in the concentration of humidity, ethanol, and NO2, using synthetic air as a gas carrier, moving a step forward towards mimicking operational environmental conditions. The supported architecture shows higher response in the mid humidity range (50% relative humidity), with shorter response and recovery times and lower detection limit with respect to the suspended nanowire. These experimental pieces of evidence indicate a minor role of the InAs/SiO2 contact area; hence, there is no need for suspended nanostructures to improve the sensing performance. Moreover, the sensing capability of single InAs nanowires for detection of NO2 and ethanol in the ambient atmosphere is reported and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Demontis
- NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore and Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Mirko Rocci
- NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore and Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Maurizio Donarelli
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Brescia, Via Branze 38, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Rishi Maiti
- Department of ECE, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA (current address)
| | - Valentina Zannier
- NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore and Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Fabio Beltram
- NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore and Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Lucia Sorba
- NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore and Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefano Roddaro
- NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore and Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesco Rossella
- NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore and Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Camilla Baratto
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Brescia, Via Branze 38, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
- CNR-INO Brescia, Via Branze 45, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
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12
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Amdursky N, Głowacki ED, Meredith P. Macroscale Biomolecular Electronics and Ionics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1802221. [PMID: 30334284 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201802221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The conduction of ions and electrons over multiple length scales is central to the processes that drive the biological world. The multidisciplinary attempts to elucidate the physics and chemistry of electron, proton, and ion transfer in biological charge transfer have focused primarily on the nano- and microscales. However, recently significant progress has been made on biomolecular materials that can support ion and electron currents over millimeters if not centimeters. Likewise, similar transport phenomena in organic semiconductors and ionics have led to new innovations in a wide variety of applications from energy generation and storage to displays and bioelectronics. Here, the underlying principles of conduction on the macroscale in biomolecular materials are discussed, highlighting recent examples, and particularly the establishment of accurate structure-property relationships to guide rationale material and device design. The technological viability of biomolecular electronics and ionics is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadav Amdursky
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Eric Daniel Głowacki
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Bredgatan 33, SE-60174, Norrköping, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Linköping University, 58183, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Paul Meredith
- Department of Physics, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
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13
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Ullah AR, Meyer F, Gluschke JG, Naureen S, Caroff P, Krogstrup P, Nygård J, Micolich AP. p-GaAs Nanowire Metal-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistors with Near-Thermal Limit Gating. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:5673-5680. [PMID: 30134098 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b02249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Difficulties in obtaining high-performance p-type transistors and gate insulator charge-trapping effects present two major challenges for III-V complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) electronics. We report a p-GaAs nanowire metal-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MESFET) that eliminates the need for a gate insulator by exploiting the Schottky barrier at the metal-GaAs interface. Our device beats the best-performing p-GaSb nanowire metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET), giving a typical subthreshold swing of 62 mV/dec, within 4% of the thermal limit, on-off ratio ∼105, on-resistance ∼700 kΩ, contact resistance ∼30 kΩ, peak transconductance 1.2 μS/μm, and high-fidelity ac operation at frequencies up to 10 kHz. The device consists of a GaAs nanowire with an undoped core and heavily Be-doped shell. We carefully etch back the nanowire at the gate locations to obtain Schottky-barrier insulated gates while leaving the doped shell intact at the contacts to obtain low contact resistance. Our device opens a path to all-GaAs nanowire MESFET complementary circuits with simplified fabrication and improved performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Ullah
- School of Physics , University of New South Wales , Sydney , NSW 2052 , Australia
| | - F Meyer
- School of Physics , University of New South Wales , Sydney , NSW 2052 , Australia
| | - J G Gluschke
- School of Physics , University of New South Wales , Sydney , NSW 2052 , Australia
| | - S Naureen
- Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics and Engineering , The Australian National University , Canberra , ACT 2601 , Australia
- IRnova AB , Electrum 236, SE-164 40 Kista , Sweden
| | - P Caroff
- Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics and Engineering , The Australian National University , Canberra , ACT 2601 , Australia
- Microsoft Station Q , Delft University of Technology , 2600 GA Delft , The Netherlands
| | - P Krogstrup
- Center for Quantum Devices, Niels Bohr Institute , University of Copenhagen , DK-2100 Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - J Nygård
- Center for Quantum Devices, Niels Bohr Institute , University of Copenhagen , DK-2100 Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - A P Micolich
- School of Physics , University of New South Wales , Sydney , NSW 2052 , Australia
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Sanjuan-Alberte P, Alexander MR, Hague RJM, Rawson FJ. Electrochemically stimulating developments in bioelectronic medicine. Bioelectron Med 2018; 4:1. [PMID: 32232077 PMCID: PMC7098225 DOI: 10.1186/s42234-018-0001-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular homeostasis is in part controlled by biological generated electrical activity. By interfacing biology with electronic devices this electrical activity can be modulated to actuate cellular behaviour. There are current limitations in merging electronics with biology sufficiently well to target and sense specific electrically active components of cells. By addressing this limitation, researchers give rise to new capabilities for facilitating the two-way transduction signalling mechanisms between the electronic and cellular components. This is required to allow significant advancement of bioelectronic technology which offers new ways of treating and diagnosing diseases. Most of the progress that has been achieved to date in developing bioelectronic therapeutics stimulate neural communication, which ultimately orchestrates organ function back to a healthy state. Some devices used in therapeutics include cochlear and retinal implants and vagus nerve stimulators. However, all cells can be impacted by electrical inputs which gives rise to the opportunity to broaden the use of bioelectronic medicine for treating disease. Electronic actuation of non-excitable cells has been shown to lead to ‘programmed’ cell behaviour via application of electronic input which alter key biological processes. A neglected form of cellular electrical communication which has not yet been considered when developing bioelectronic therapeutics is faradaic currents. These are generated during redox reactions. A precedent of electrochemical technology being used to modulate these reactions, thereby controlling cell behaviour, has already been set. In this mini review we highlight the current state of the art of electronic routes to modulating cell behaviour and identify new ways in which electrochemistry could be used to contribute to the new field of bioelectronic medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Sanjuan-Alberte
- 1Regenerative Medicine and Cellular Therapies, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2QL UK.,2Centre for Additive Manufacturing, School of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2QL UK
| | - Morgan R Alexander
- 3Advanced Materials and Healthcare Technologies, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2QL UK
| | - Richard J M Hague
- 2Centre for Additive Manufacturing, School of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2QL UK
| | - Frankie J Rawson
- 1Regenerative Medicine and Cellular Therapies, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2QL UK
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