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Shtrikman H, Song MS, Załuska-Kotur MA, Buczko R, Wang X, Kalisky B, Kacman P, Houben L, Beidenkopf H. Intrinsic Magnetic (EuIn)As Nanowire Shells with a Unique Crystal Structure. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:8925-8931. [PMID: 36343206 PMCID: PMC9706668 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c03012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In the pursuit of magneto-electronic systems nonstoichiometric magnetic elements commonly introduce disorder and enhance magnetic scattering. We demonstrate the growth of (EuIn)As shells, with a unique crystal structure comprised of a dense net of Eu inversion planes, over InAs and InAs1-xSbx core nanowires. This is imaged with atomic and elemental resolution which reveal a prismatic configuration of the Eu planes. The results are supported by molecular dynamics simulations. Local magnetic and susceptibility mappings show magnetic response in all nanowires, while a subset bearing a DC signal points to ferromagnetic order. These provide a mechanism for enhancing Zeeman responses, operational at zero applied magnetic field. Such properties suggest that the obtained structures can serve as a preferred platform for time-reversal symmetry broken one-dimensional states including intrinsic topological superconductivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadas Shtrikman
- Department
of Condensed Matter Physics, Weizmann Institute
of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Man Suk Song
- Department
of Condensed Matter Physics, Weizmann Institute
of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | | | - Ryszard Buczko
- Institute
of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Aleja Lotnikow 32/46, Warsaw PL-02-668, Poland
| | - Xi Wang
- Department
of Physics and Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Beena Kalisky
- Department
of Physics and Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Perla Kacman
- Institute
of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Aleja Lotnikow 32/46, Warsaw PL-02-668, Poland
| | - Lothar Houben
- Department
of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute
of Science, Rehovot 761001, Israel
| | - Haim Beidenkopf
- Department
of Condensed Matter Physics, Weizmann Institute
of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
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2
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Song MS, Koren T, Załuska-Kotur M, Buczko R, Avraham N, Kacman P, Shtrikman H, Beidenkopf H. Sub-Band Spectrum Engineering via Structural Order in Tapered Nanowires. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:10215-10221. [PMID: 34882412 PMCID: PMC8704197 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c03071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The cross-sectional dimensions of nanowires set the quantization conditions for the electronic subbands they host. These can be used as a platform to realize one-dimesional topological superconductivity. Here we develop a protocol that forces such nanowires to kink and change their growth direction. Consequently, a thin rectangular nanoplate is formed, which gradually converges into a very thin square tip. We characterize the resulting tapered nanowires structurally and spectroscopically by scanning and transmission electron microscopy and scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy and model their growth. A unique structure composed of ordered rows of atoms on the (110) facet of the nanoflag is further revealed by atomically resolved topography and modeled by simulations. We discuss possible advantages tapered InAs nanowires offer for Majorana zero-mode realization and manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Suk Song
- Department
of Condensed Matter Physics, Weizmann Institute
of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Tom Koren
- Department
of Condensed Matter Physics, Weizmann Institute
of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Magdalena Załuska-Kotur
- Institute
of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Aleja Lotnikow 32/46, Warsaw PL-02-668, Poland
| | - Ryszard Buczko
- Institute
of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Aleja Lotnikow 32/46, Warsaw PL-02-668, Poland
| | - Nurit Avraham
- Department
of Condensed Matter Physics, Weizmann Institute
of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Perla Kacman
- Institute
of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Aleja Lotnikow 32/46, Warsaw PL-02-668, Poland
| | - Hadas Shtrikman
- Department
of Condensed Matter Physics, Weizmann Institute
of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Haim Beidenkopf
- Department
of Condensed Matter Physics, Weizmann Institute
of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
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3
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Khan SA, Stampfer L, Mutas T, Kang JH, Krogstrup P, Jespersen TS. Multiterminal Quantized Conductance in InSb Nanocrosses. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2100078. [PMID: 34075631 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202100078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
By studying the time-dependent axial and radial growth of InSb nanowires (NWs), the conditions for the synthesis of single-crystalline InSb nanocrosses (NCs) by molecular beam epitaxy are mapped. Low-temperature electrical measurements of InSb NC devices with local gate control on individual terminals exhibit quantized conductance and are used to probe the spatial distribution of the conducting channels. Tuning to a situation where the NC junction is connected by few-channel quantum point contacts in the connecting NW terminals, it is shown that transport through the junction is ballistic except close to pinch-off. Combined with a new concept for shadow-epitaxy of patterned superconductors on NCs, the structures reported here show promise for the realization of non-trivial topological states in multi-terminal Josephson junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabbir A Khan
- Microsoft Quantum Materials Lab Copenhagen, Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
- Center for Quantum Devices, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | - Lukas Stampfer
- Center for Quantum Devices, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | - Timo Mutas
- Center for Quantum Devices, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | - Jung-Hyun Kang
- Microsoft Quantum Materials Lab Copenhagen, Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
- Center for Quantum Devices, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | - Peter Krogstrup
- Microsoft Quantum Materials Lab Copenhagen, Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
- Center for Quantum Devices, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | - Thomas S Jespersen
- Center for Quantum Devices, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
- Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical University of Denmark, Fysikvej, Building, Lyngby, 310, 2800, Denmark
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4
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Wang Y, Šikola T, Kolíbal M. Collector Droplet Behavior during Formation of Nanowire Junctions. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:6498-6504. [PMID: 32787234 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c01653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Formation of nanowire networks is an appealing strategy for demonstrating novel phenomena at the nanoscale, e.g., detection of Majorana Fermions, as well as an essential step in realizing complex nanowire-based architectures. However, a detailed description of mechanisms taking place during growth of such complex structures is lacking. Here, the experimental observations of gold-catalyzed germanium nanowire junction formation are explained utilizing phase field modeling corroborated with real-time in situ scanning electron microscopy. When the two nanowires collide head on during the growth, we observe two scenarios. (i) Two catalytic droplets merge into one, and the growth continues as a single nanowire. (ii) The droplets merge and subsequently split again, giving rise to the growth of two daughter nanowires. Both the experiments and modeling indicate the critical importance of the liquid-solid growth interface anisotropy and the growth kinetics in facilitating the structural transition during the nanowire merging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanming Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Tomáš Šikola
- Institute of Physical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, Technická 2, 616 69 Brno, Czech Republic
- CEITEC BUT, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 123, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Kolíbal
- Institute of Physical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, Technická 2, 616 69 Brno, Czech Republic
- CEITEC BUT, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 123, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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5
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Friedl M, Cerveny K, Huang C, Dede D, Samani M, Hill MO, Morgan N, Kim W, Güniat L, Segura-Ruiz J, Lauhon LJ, Zumbühl DM, Fontcuberta I Morral A. Remote Doping of Scalable Nanowire Branches. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:3577-3584. [PMID: 32315191 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c00517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Selective-area epitaxy provides a path toward high crystal quality, scalable, complex nanowire networks. These high-quality networks could be used in topological quantum computing as well as in ultrafast photodetection schemes. Control of the carrier density and mean free path in these devices is key for all of these applications. Factors that affect the mean free path include scattering by surfaces, donors, defects, and impurities. Here, we demonstrate how to reduce donor scattering in InGaAs nanowire networks by adopting a remote-doping strategy. Low-temperature magnetotransport measurements indicate weak anti-localization-a signature of strong spin-orbit interaction-across a nanowire Y-junction. This work serves as a blueprint for achieving remotely doped, ultraclean, and scalable nanowire networks for quantum technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Friedl
- Institute of Materials, Faculty of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kris Cerveny
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Chunyi Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States
| | - Didem Dede
- Institute of Materials, Faculty of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mohammad Samani
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Megan O Hill
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States
| | - Nicholas Morgan
- Institute of Materials, Faculty of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Wonjong Kim
- Institute of Materials, Faculty of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lucas Güniat
- Institute of Materials, Faculty of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Lincoln J Lauhon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States
| | | | - Anna Fontcuberta I Morral
- Institute of Materials, Faculty of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Basic Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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6
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Kang JH, Krizek F, Zaluska-Kotur M, Krogstrup P, Kacman P, Beidenkopf H, Shtrikman H. Au-Assisted Substrate-Faceting for Inclined Nanowire Growth. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:4115-4122. [PMID: 29879360 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b00853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We study the role of gold droplets in the initial stage of nanowire growth via the vapor-liquid-solid method. Apart from serving as a collections center for growth species, the gold droplets carry an additional crucial role that necessarily precedes the nanowire emergence, that is, they assist the nucleation of nanocraters with strongly faceted {111}B side walls. Only once these facets become sufficiently large and regular, the gold droplets start nucleating and guiding the growth of nanowires. We show that this dual role of the gold droplets can be detected and monitored by high-energy electron diffraction during growth. Moreover, gold-induced formation of craters and the onset of nanowires growth on the {111}B facets inside the craters are confirmed by the results of Monte Carlo simulations. The detailed insight into the growth mechanism of inclined nanowires will help to engineer new and complex nanowire-based device architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Hyun Kang
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Braun Center for Submicron Research , Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 76100 , Israel
| | - Filip Krizek
- Center for Quantum Devices and Station Q Copenhagen, Niels Bohr Institute , University of Copenhagen , 2100 Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Magdalena Zaluska-Kotur
- Institute of Physics Polish Academy of Science , Al. Lotnikow 32/46 , 02-668 Warsaw , Poland
| | - Peter Krogstrup
- Center for Quantum Devices and Station Q Copenhagen, Niels Bohr Institute , University of Copenhagen , 2100 Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Perla Kacman
- Institute of Physics Polish Academy of Science , Al. Lotnikow 32/46 , 02-668 Warsaw , Poland
| | - Haim Beidenkopf
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Braun Center for Submicron Research , Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 76100 , Israel
| | - Hadas Shtrikman
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Braun Center for Submicron Research , Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 76100 , Israel
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7
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Kang JH, Grivnin A, Bor E, Reiner J, Avraham N, Ronen Y, Cohen Y, Kacman P, Shtrikman H, Beidenkopf H. Robust Epitaxial Al Coating of Reclined InAs Nanowires. NANO LETTERS 2017; 17:7520-7527. [PMID: 29115842 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b03444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
It was recently shown that in situ epitaxial aluminum coating of indium arsenide nanowires is possible and yields superior properties relative to ex-situ evaporation of aluminum ( Nat. Mater. 2015 , 14 , 400 - 406 ). We demonstrate a robust and adaptive epitaxial growth protocol satisfying the need for producing an intimate contact between the aluminum superconductor and the indium arsenide nanowire. We show that the (001) indium arsenide substrate allows successful aluminum side-coating of reclined indium arsenide nanowires that emerge from (111)B microfacets. A robust, induced hard superconducting gap in the obtained indium arsenide/aluminum core/partial shell nanowires is clearly demonstrated. We compare epitaxial side-coating of round and hexagonal cross-section nanowires and find the surface roughness of the round nanowires to induce a more uniform aluminum profile. Consequently, the extended aluminum grains result in increased strain at the interface with the indium arsenide nanowire, which is found to induce dislocations penetrating into round nanowires only. A unique feature of proposed growth protocol is that it supports in situ epitaxial deposition of aluminum on all three arms of indium arsenide nanowire intersections in a single growth step. Such aluminum coated intersections play a key role in engineering topologically superconducting networks required for Majorana based quantum computation schemes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Hyun Kang
- Dept. of Condensed Matter Physics, Braun Center for Submicron Research, Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Anna Grivnin
- Dept. of Condensed Matter Physics, Braun Center for Submicron Research, Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Ella Bor
- Dept. of Condensed Matter Physics, Braun Center for Submicron Research, Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Jonathan Reiner
- Dept. of Condensed Matter Physics, Braun Center for Submicron Research, Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Nurit Avraham
- Dept. of Condensed Matter Physics, Braun Center for Submicron Research, Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Yuval Ronen
- Dept. of Condensed Matter Physics, Braun Center for Submicron Research, Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Yonatan Cohen
- Dept. of Condensed Matter Physics, Braun Center for Submicron Research, Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Perla Kacman
- Institute of Physics Polish Academy of Science , Al. Lotnikow 32/46, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Hadas Shtrikman
- Dept. of Condensed Matter Physics, Braun Center for Submicron Research, Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Haim Beidenkopf
- Dept. of Condensed Matter Physics, Braun Center for Submicron Research, Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 76100, Israel
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8
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Krizek F, Kanne T, Razmadze D, Johnson E, Nygård J, Marcus CM, Krogstrup P. Growth of InAs Wurtzite Nanocrosses from Hexagonal and Cubic Basis. NANO LETTERS 2017; 17:6090-6096. [PMID: 28895746 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b02604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Epitaxially connected nanowires allow for the design of electron transport experiments and applications beyond the standard two terminal device geometries. In this Letter, we present growth methods of three distinct types of wurtzite structured InAs nanocrosses via the vapor-liquid-solid mechanism. Two methods use conventional wurtzite nanowire arrays as a 6-fold hexagonal basis for growing single crystal wurtzite nanocrosses. A third method uses the 2-fold cubic symmetry of (100) substrates to form well-defined coherent inclusions of zinc blende in the center of the nanocrosses. We show that all three types of nanocrosses can be transferred undamaged to arbitrary substrates, which allows for structural, compositional, and electrical characterization. We further demonstrate the potential for synthesis of as-grown nanowire networks and for using nanowires as shadow masks for in situ fabricated junctions in radial nanowire heterostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Krizek
- Center for Quantum Devices and Station Q Copenhagen, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen , 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Kanne
- Center for Quantum Devices and Station Q Copenhagen, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen , 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Davydas Razmadze
- Center for Quantum Devices and Station Q Copenhagen, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen , 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Erik Johnson
- Center for Quantum Devices and Station Q Copenhagen, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen , 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark , DTU Risø Campus, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Jesper Nygård
- Center for Quantum Devices and Station Q Copenhagen, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen , 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Charles M Marcus
- Center for Quantum Devices and Station Q Copenhagen, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen , 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Krogstrup
- Center for Quantum Devices and Station Q Copenhagen, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen , 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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